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Meghwanshi GK, Kaur N, Verma S, Dabi NK, Vashishtha A, Charan PD, Purohit P, Bhandari HS, Bhojak N, Kumar R. Enzymes for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:586-601. [PMID: 32248597 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are highly efficient and selective biocatalysts, present in the living beings. They exist in enormous varieties in terms of the types of reactions catalyzed by them for instance oxidation-reduction, group transfers within the molecules or between the molecules, hydrolysis, isomerization, ligation, bond cleavage, and bond formation. Besides, enzyme based catalyses are performed with much higher fidelity, under mild reaction conditions and are highly efficient in terms of number of steps, giving them an edge over their chemical counter parts. The unique characteristics of enzymes makes them highly applicable fora number of chemical transformation reactions in pharmaceutical industries, such as group protection and deprotection, selective acylation and deacylation, selective hydrolysis, deracemization, kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures, esterification, transesterification, and many others. In this review, an overview of the enzymes, their production and their applications in pharmaceutical syntheses and enzyme therapies are presented with diagrams, reaction schemes and table for easy understanding of the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | - Swati Verma
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | | | | | - P D Charan
- Department of Environmental Science, M.G.S. University, Bikaner, India
| | - Praveen Purohit
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering College, Bikaner, India
| | - H S Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, GCRC Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, India
| | - N Bhojak
- Department of Chemistry, GCRC Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become important and state of the art in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes (biocatalysts) for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities providing products in high yields and purity. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of key chiral intermediates for development pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates, LLC, Consultation in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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3
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Satheesh S, Ba-akdah MA, Al-Sofyani AA. Natural antifouling compound production by microbes associated with marine macroorganisms — A review. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Du CJ, Rios-Solis L, Ward JM, Dalby PA, Lye GJ. Evaluation of CV2025 ω-transaminase for the bioconversion of lignin breakdown products into value-added chemicals: synthesis of vanillylamine from vanillin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.976632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Improving the NADH-cofactor specificity of the highly active AdhZ3 and AdhZ2 from Escherichia coli K-12. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:157-65. [PMID: 24992211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a promising tool for the sustainable production of chemicals. When cofactor depending enzymatic reactions are involved the applicability of the right cofactor is a central issue. One important example in this regard is the production of alcohols by nicotinamide cofactor (NAD(P)(+)) depending alcohol dehydrogenases. AdhZ3 from Escherichia coli, which is important for the production of alcohols from biomass, has a preference for NADPH as cofactor. We used a structure guided site-specific random approach, to change the cofactor preference towards NADH and to deduce more general rules for redesigning the cofactor specificity. Transfer of a triplet motif from NADH preferring horse liver ADH to AdhZ3 showed an insufficient switch in the preference towards NADH. A combinatorial site saturation mutagenesis altering three residues at once was applied. Library screening with two different cofactor concentrations (0.1 and 0.3mM) resulted in nine improved variants with AdhZ3-LND having the highest vmax and AdhZ3-CND having the lowest K(m). Asparagine was the most frequent amino acid found in eight of nine triplet motifs. To verify the triplet-motif, two variants of E. coli AdhZ2 DIN and LND were designed and confirmed for improved activity with NADH.
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7
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In vivo evolution of metabolic pathways by homeologous recombination in mitotic cells. Metab Eng 2014; 23:123-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Bai S, Hu X, Sun J, Ren B. Preparation and characterization of Ti supported bimodal mesoporous catalysts using a self-assembly route combined with a ship-in-a-bottle method. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01078c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ti supported bimodal mesoporous catalysts prepared by route II presented the higher dispersion of tetrahedrally-coordinated titanium species and activity in the epoxidation of cyclohexene as compared with route I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing, P. R. China
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9
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Adelin E, Martin MT, Bricot MF, Cortial S, Retailleau P, Ouazzani J. Biotransformation of natural compounds: unexpected thio conjugation of Sch-642305 with 3-mercaptolactate catalyzed by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:135-140. [PMID: 22975164 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sch-642305 is produced by the endophytic fungi Phomopsis sp. CMU-LMA and exhibits both antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The incubation of Sch-642305 with Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 resting cells leads to two unexpected thio conjugates. Compound (1) is formed by the addition of the cysteine metabolite 3-mercaptolactate to the double bond of Sch-642305. Compound (1) undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to give compound (2), which contains two rings: a five-membered hydroxylactone ring and a five-membered thiophene ring. The absolute configuration of compound (1) is similar to that of the parent compound, but the configuration of the mercaptolactate side-chain was not determined. The absolute configuration of compound (2) was deduced from the crystal structure and confirmed by the anomal effect of the sulfur atom. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a conjugation rearrangement reactions were observed. The biological significance and the reaction mechanisms are discussed. Compound (1) exhibits a weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, whereas derivatives (1) and (2) showed an IC₅₀ of 1 and 1.2 μM, respectively, against colonic epithelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Adelin
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ICSN, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique C.N.R.S., Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Bock Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul; Republic of Korea
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11
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A New Esterase from Thermobifida halotolerans Hydrolyses Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polylactic Acid (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4010617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Ma L, Liu X, Liang J, Zhang Z. Biotransformations of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and acetophenone with Mucor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tufvesson P, Lima-Ramos J, Nordblad M, Woodley JM. Guidelines and Cost Analysis for Catalyst Production in Biocatalytic Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op1002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joana Lima-Ramos
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Nordblad
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Nam DH, Won K, Kim YH, Sang BI. A novel route for immobilization of proteins to silica particles incorporating silaffin domains. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 25:1643-9. [PMID: 19774662 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis, modified peptides called silaffin polypeptides are responsible for silica deposition in vivo at ambient conditions. Recently, it was discovered that the synthetic R5 peptide, the repeat unit of silaffin polypeptide without post-translational modification, was capable of precipitating silica in vitro and at ambient conditions. Herein, chimeric proteins were generated by incorporating synthetic silaffin R5 peptides and related unmodified silaffin domains (R1-R7) from Cylindrotheca fusiformis onto green fluorescent protein (GFP) by recombinant DNA technology and their ability to cause silicification was also examined. GFP chimeric proteins showed silicification at very low concentrations (600-700 microg/mL) when compared with adding excess amounts of R5 peptides (10 mg/mL) as previously reported. Sensitive to pH conditions, only the GFP-R1 chimera showed silicification activity at pH 8.0. The protein immobilization efficiencies of these chimeras were unexpectedly high ranging from 75 to 85%, with the R1 silaffin-protein construct showing excellent immobilization efficiency and a constant molar ratio of silica to protein ranging from 250 to 350 over a wide pH range. The average silica particle sizes had a tendency to decrease as pH increased to basic conditions. This study demonstrated the production of nanoscale immobilized protein, fabricated via silaffin-fused proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
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Sheldon RA, Schoevaart R, Van Langen LM. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs): A novel and versatile method for enzyme immobilization (a review). BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500183378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Pharmaceutical Intermediates. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420077070.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Nolan LC, O'Connor KE. Dioxygenase- and monooxygenase-catalysed synthesis of cis-dihydrodiols, catechols, epoxides and other oxygenated products. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1879-91. [PMID: 18612597 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Nolan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Abstract
The electrochemical recycling of cofactors during enzymatic biocatalysis has long been
acknowledged as a potentially powerful technology in fine chemical synthesis. Major obstacle for this
approach is that cofactors only in the immediate vicinity of the electrode surface are productive. This
problem further causes high overpotential at electrode surfaces leading to undesired side reactions
producing enzymatically-inactive dimer and isomer of cofactor. So far, several attempts had been
made to address these problems by focusing on surface modifications, which explored to retain the
enzyme and/or cofactor close to the working electrode including electrode deposition and membranes
surrounding the electrode. In this work, we demonstrate a new concept of cofactor regeneration by
using ‘electronically-conductive’ sol-gel hybrid materials. When conductive hybrid gels were added
to the reaction medium, we found that cofactor could be efficiently recycled throughout the whole
reactor system leading to high yield of product, which was unattainable with conventional
technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Masson
- Centre de recherches du service de santé des armées, Département de toxicologie, unité d'enzymologie, BP 87, F 38702 La Tronche Cedex.
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23
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Catana R, Eloy M, Rocha J, Ferreira B, Cabral J, Fernandes P. Stability evaluation of an immobilized enzyme system for inulin hydrolysis. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Rudroff F, Alphand V, Furstoss R, Mihovilovic MD. Optimizing Fermentation Conditions of Recombinant Escherichia coli Expressing Cyclopentanone Monooxygenase. Org Process Res Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/op0502654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rudroff
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, and Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, UMR CNRS 6111, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Véronique Alphand
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, and Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, UMR CNRS 6111, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Roland Furstoss
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, and Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, UMR CNRS 6111, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, and Groupe Biocatalyse et Chimie Fine, UMR CNRS 6111, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Xiao MT, Huang YY, Shi XA, Guo YH. Bioreduction of phenylglyoxylic acid to R-(−)-mandelic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae FD11b. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Johannes TW, Woodyer RD, Zhao H. Directed evolution of a thermostable phosphite dehydrogenase for NAD(P)H regeneration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5728-34. [PMID: 16204481 PMCID: PMC1265921 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.10.5728-5734.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases are valuable tools for synthesis of chiral compounds. The expense of the cofactors, however, requires in situ cofactor regeneration for preparative applications. We have attempted to develop an enzymatic system based on phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) from Pseudomonas stutzeri to regenerate the reduced nicotinamide cofactors NADH and NADPH. Here we report the use of directed evolution to address one of the main limitations with the wild-type PTDH enzyme, its low stability. After three rounds of random mutagenesis and high-throughput screening, 12 thermostabilizing amino acid substitutions were identified. These 12 mutations were combined by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in a mutant whose T50 is 20 degrees C higher and half-life of thermal inactivation at 45 degrees C is >7,000-fold greater than that of the parent PTDH. The engineered PTDH has a half-life at 50 degrees C that is 2.4-fold greater than the Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase, an enzyme widely used for NADH regeneration. In addition, its catalytic efficiency is slightly higher than that of the parent PTDH. Various mechanisms of thermostabilization were identified using molecular modeling. The improved stability and effectiveness of the final mutant were shown using the industrially important bioconversion of trimethylpyruvate to l-tert-leucine. The engineered PTDH will be useful in NAD(P)H regeneration for industrial biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Johannes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Vidal-Mas J, Busquets M, Manresa A. Cloning and expression of a lipoxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 87:245-51. [PMID: 15803390 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-004-4021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to produce (S) 10-monohydroxy-8E-octadecenoic acid (MHOD) from oleic acid, a full-length probable lipoxygenase cDNA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography to electrophoretic homogeneity and specifically stained. Its molecular mass was 70 kDa. The activity of the rec-LOX with oleic acid was about 30% of that of the preferred substrate, linoleic acid (100%). Bacterial LOX forms a new subfamily in the lipoxygenase phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Vidal-Mas
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Abstract
Systematic approaches to directed evolution of proteins have been documented since the 1970s. The ability to recruit new protein functions arises from the considerable substrate ambiguity of many proteins. The substrate ambiguity of a protein can be interpreted as the evolutionary potential that allows a protein to acquire new specificities through mutation or to regain function via mutations that differ from the original protein sequence. All organisms have evolutionarily exploited this substrate ambiguity. When exploited in a laboratory under controlled mutagenesis and selection, it enables a protein to "evolve" in desired directions. One of the most effective strategies in directed protein evolution is to gradually accumulate mutations, either sequentially or by recombination, while applying selective pressure. This is typically achieved by the generation of libraries of mutants followed by efficient screening of these libraries for targeted functions and subsequent repetition of the process using improved mutants from the previous screening. Here we review some of the successful strategies in creating protein diversity and the more recent progress in directed protein evolution in a wide range of scientific disciplines and its impacts in chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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29
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Fishman A, Tao Y, Bentley WE, Wood TK. Protein engineering of toluene 4-monooxygenase of Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 for synthesizing 4-nitrocatechol from nitrobenzene. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 87:779-90. [PMID: 15329936 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After discovering that toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO) of Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 oxidizes nitrobenzene to 4-nitrocatechol, albeit at a very low rate, this reaction was improved using directed evolution and saturation mutagenesis. Screening 550 colonies from a random mutagenesis library generated by error-prone PCR of tmoAB using Escherichia coli TG1/pBS(Kan)T4MO on agar plates containing nitrobenzene led to the discovery of nitrocatechol-producing mutants. One mutant, NB1, contained six amino acid substitutions (TmoA Y22N, I84Y, S95T, I100S, S400C; TmoB D79N). It was believed that position I100 of the alpha subunit of the hydroxylase (TmoA) is the most significant for the change in substrate reactivity due to previous results in our lab with a similar enzyme, toluene ortho-monooxygenase of Burkholderia cepacia G4. Saturation mutagenesis at this position resulted in the generation of two more nitrocatechol mutants, I100A and I100S; the rate of 4-nitrocatechol formation by I100A was more than 16 times higher than that of wild-type T4MO at 200 microM nitrobenzene (0.13 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.008 +/- 0.001 nmol/min.mg protein). HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that variants NB1, I100A, and I100S produce 4-nitrocatechol via m-nitrophenol, while the wild-type produces primarily p-nitrophenol and negligible amounts of nitrocatechol. Relative to wild-type T4MO, whole cells expressing variant I100A convert nitrobenzene into m-nitrophenol with a Vmax of 0.61 +/- 0.037 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.071 nmol/min.mg protein and convert m-nitrophenol into nitrocatechol with a Vmax of 3.93 +/- 0.26 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.033 nmol/min.mg protein. Hence, the regiospecificity of nitrobenzene oxidation was changed by the random mutagenesis, and this led to a significant increase in 4-nitrocatechol production. The regiospecificity of toluene oxidation was also altered, and all of the mutants produced 20% m-cresol and 80% p-cresol, while the wild-type produces 96% p-cresol. Interestingly, the rate of toluene oxidation (the natural substrate of the enzyme) by I100A was also higher by 65% (7.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.3 nmol/min mg protein). Homology-based modeling of TmoA suggests reducing the size of the side chain of I100 leads to an increase in the width of the active site channel, which facilitates access of substrates and promotes more flexible orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3222, USA
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Walton AZ, Stewart JD. Understanding and improving NADPH-dependent reactions by nongrowing Escherichia coli cells. Biotechnol Prog 2004; 20:403-11. [PMID: 15058984 DOI: 10.1021/bp030044m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that whole Escherichia coli cells overexpressing NADPH-dependent cyclohexanone monooxygenase carry out a model Baeyer-Villiger oxidation with high volumetric productivity (0.79 g epsilon-caprolactone/L.h ) under nongrowing conditions (Walton, A. Z.; Stewart, J. D. Biotechnol. Prog. 2002, 18, 262-268). This is approximately 20-fold higher than the space-time yield for reactions that used growing cells of the same strain. Here, we show that the intracellular stability of cyclohexanone monooxygenase and the rate of substrate transport across the cell membrane were the key limitations on the overall reaction duration and rate, respectively. Directly measuring the levels of intracellular nicotinamide cofactors under bioprocess conditions suggested that E. coli cells could support even more efficient NADPH-dependent bioconversions if a more suitable enzyme-substrate pair were identified. This was demonstrated by reducing ethyl acetoacetate with whole cells of an E. coli strain that overexpressed an NADPH-dependent, short-chain dehydrogenase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Under glucose-fed, nongrowing conditions, this reduction proceeded with a space-time yield of 2.0 g/L.h and a final product titer of 15.8 g/L using a biocatalyst:substrate ratio (g/g) of only 0.37. These values are significantly higher than those obtained previously. Moreover, the stoichiometry linking ketone reduction and glucose consumption (2.3 +/- 0.1) suggested that the citric acid cycle supplied the bulk of the intracellular NADPH under our process conditions. This information can be used to improve the efficiency of glucose utilization even further by metabolic engineering strategies that increase carbon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z Walton
- Department of Chemistry, 127 Chemistry Research Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Jestin JL, Kaminski PA. Directed enzyme evolution and selections for catalysis based on product formation. J Biotechnol 2004; 113:85-103. [PMID: 15380650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme engineering by molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis can be remarkably efficient. Directed enzyme evolution appears as a more general strategy for the isolation of catalysts as it can be applied to most chemical reactions in aqueous solutions. Selections, as opposed to screening, allow the simultaneous analysis of protein properties for sets of up to about 10(14) different proteins. These approaches for the parallel processing of molecular information 'Is the protein a catalyst?' are reviewed here in the case of selections based on the formation of a specific reaction product. Several questions are addressed about in vivo and in vitro selections for catalysis reported in the literature. Can the selection system be extended to other types of enzymes? Does the selection control regio- and stereo-selectivity? Does the selection allow the isolation of enzymes with an efficient turnover? How should substrates be substituted or mimicked for the design of efficient selections while minimising the number of chemical synthesis steps? Engineering sections provide also some clues to design selections or to circumvent selection biases. A special emphasis is put on the comparison of in vivo and in vitro selections for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Jestin
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Unité de Chimie Organique URA 2128 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France.
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Directed evolution of the dioxygenase complex for the synthesis of furanone flavor compounds. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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García-Granados A, Fernández A, Gutiérrez MC, Martínez A, Quirós R, Rivas F, Arias JM. Biotransformation of ent-13-epi-manoyl oxides difunctionalized at C-3 and C-12 by filamentous fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:107-115. [PMID: 14697276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of ent-3beta,12alpha-dihydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide with Fusarium moniliforme gave the regioselective oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C-3 and the ent-7beta-hydroxylation. The action of Gliocladium roseum in the 3,12-diketoderivative originated monohydroxylations at C-1 and C-7, both by the ent-beta face, while Rhizopus nigricans produced hydroxylation at C-7 or C-18, epoxidation of the double bond, reduction of the keto group at C-3, and combined actions as biohydroxylation at C-2/epoxidation of the double bond and hydroxylation at C-7/reduction of the keto group at C-3. In the ent-3-hydroxy-12-keto epimers, G. roseum originated monohydroxylations at C-1 and C-7 and R. nigricans originated the oxidation at C-3 as a major transformation, epoxidation of double bond and hydroxylation at C-2. Finally, in the ent-3beta-hydroxy epimer R. nigricans also originated minor hydroxylations at C-1, C-6, C-7 and C-20 and F. moniliforme produced an hydroxylation at C-7 and a dihydroxylation at C-7/C-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García-Granados
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
This article describes oxidising enzymes used for biocatalytic applications. Redox biocatalysts are highly sought after because of the selectivity, controllability and economy of their reactions, in comparison with conventional chemical reactions. Increasing numbers of oxidative biotransformations are being reported, indicating wide variability in the biocatalyst characteristics and a range of potential and established applications. Several limitations apply to oxidative biotransformations, including the requirement for cofactor regeneration, and low stability and activities. Recent advances in addressing these problems include molecular and reaction engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Burton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Abstract
New strategies are continually being developed for using enzymes to efficiently catalyse the enantioselective synthesis of chiral non-racemic compounds. Alternatives to asymmetric synthesis or kinetic resolution include dynamic kinetic resolution, deracemisation and enantioconvergent transformations. Moreover, a much greater understanding is being developed of the parameters that can affect the stereochemical outcome of the reaction (e.g. solvent, substrate design, immobilization and directed evolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.
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Abstract
Enzymes as drugs have two important features that distinguish them from all other types of drugs. First, enzymes often bind and act on their targets with great affinity and specificity. Second, enzymes are catalytic and convert multiple target molecules to the desired products. These two features make enzymes specific and potent drugs that can accomplish therapeutic biochemistry in the body that small molecules cannot. These characteristics have resulted in the development of many enzyme drugs for a wide range of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vellard
- Department of Cellular Genetics, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 46 Galli Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA.
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Abstract
Thanks to biotechnology, proteins are becoming increasingly important tools to fight disease, both as therapeutics in their own right and as catalysts for the synthesis of small molecule drugs. However, the properties of these proteins are not necessarily optimal for their intended tasks. In vitro evolution is a set of technologies useful to address their shortcomings. Moreover, in vitro evolution can help illuminate natural evolutionary pathways, thus potentially enabling prediction of drug resistance evolution. We consider here recent developments in the area of in vitro evolution, as well as its application to proteins of interest to medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Delagrave
- Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer USA, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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