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Rao D, Zhu L, Liu W, Guo Z. Molecular Mechanism of Double-Displacement Retaining β-Kdo Glycosyltransferase WbbB. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39051443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are pivotal enzymes involved in glycosidic bond synthesis, which can lead to either retention or inversion of the glycosyl moiety's anomeric configuration. However, the catalytic mechanism for retaining GTs remains a subject of controversy. In this study, we employ MD and QM/MM metadynamics to investigate the double-displacement catalytic mechanism of the retaining β-Kdo transferase WbbB. Our findings demonstrate that the nucleophile Asp232 initiates the reaction by attacking the sugar ring containing a carboxylate at the anomeric position, forming a covalent adduct. Subsequently, the adduct undergoes a rotational rearrangement, ensuring proper orientation of the anomeric carbon for the acceptor substrate. In the second step, Glu158 acts as the catalytic base to abstract the proton of the acceptor substrate to complete the transglycosylation reaction. Notably, His265 does not function as the anticipated catalytic acid; instead, it stabilizes the phosphate group through H-bonding interactions. Our simulations support the double-displacement mechanism implicated from the crystallographic studies of WbbB. This mechanism deviates from the common SNi-type and retaining glycoside hydrolase mechanisms, thereby expanding our understanding of GT catalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Rao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
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Tvaroška I. Glycosylation Modulates the Structure and Functions of Collagen: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1417. [PMID: 38611696 PMCID: PMC11012932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Collagens are fundamental constituents of the extracellular matrix and are the most abundant proteins in mammals. Collagens belong to the family of fibrous or fiber-forming proteins that self-assemble into fibrils that define their mechanical properties and biological functions. Up to now, 28 members of the collagen superfamily have been recognized. Collagen biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, where specific post-translational modification-glycosylation-is also carried out. The glycosylation of collagens is very specific and adds β-d-galactopyranose and β-d-Glcp-(1→2)-d-Galp disaccharide through β-O-linkage to hydroxylysine. Several glycosyltransferases, namely COLGALT1, COLGALT2, LH3, and PGGHG glucosidase, were associated the with glycosylation of collagens, and recently, the crystal structure of LH3 has been solved. Although not fully understood, it is clear that the glycosylation of collagens influences collagen secretion and the alignment of collagen fibrils. A growing body of evidence also associates the glycosylation of collagen with its functions and various human diseases. Recent progress in understanding collagen glycosylation allows for the exploitation of its therapeutic potential and the discovery of new agents. This review will discuss the relevant contributions to understanding the glycosylation of collagens. Then, glycosyltransferases involved in collagen glycosylation, their structure, and catalytic mechanism will be surveyed. Furthermore, the involvement of glycosylation in collagen functions and collagen glycosylation-related diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wozniak K, Brzezinski K. Biological Catalysis and Information Storage Have Relied on N-Glycosyl Derivatives of β-D-Ribofuranose since the Origins of Life. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050782. [PMID: 37238652 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most naturally occurring nucleotides and nucleosides are N-glycosyl derivatives of β-d-ribose. These N-ribosides are involved in most metabolic processes that occur in cells. They are essential components of nucleic acids, forming the basis for genetic information storage and flow. Moreover, these compounds are involved in numerous catalytic processes, including chemical energy production and storage, in which they serve as cofactors or coribozymes. From a chemical point of view, the overall structure of nucleotides and nucleosides is very similar and simple. However, their unique chemical and structural features render these compounds versatile building blocks that are crucial for life processes in all known organisms. Notably, the universal function of these compounds in encoding genetic information and cellular catalysis strongly suggests their essential role in the origins of life. In this review, we summarize major issues related to the role of N-ribosides in biological systems, especially in the context of the origin of life and its further evolution, through the RNA-based World(s), toward the life we observe today. We also discuss possible reasons why life has arisen from derivatives of β-d-ribofuranose instead of compounds based on other sugar moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wozniak
- Department of Structural Biology of Prokaryotic Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-074 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Department of Structural Biology of Prokaryotic Organisms, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-074 Poznan, Poland
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4
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In silico modelling of the function of disease-related CAZymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:355-372. [PMID: 36912236 PMCID: PMC10154626 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In silico modelling of proteins comprises a diversity of computational tools aimed to obtain structural, electronic, and/or dynamic information about these biomolecules, capturing mechanistic details that are challenging to experimental approaches, such as elusive enzyme-substrate complexes, short-lived intermediates, and reaction transition states (TS). The present article gives the reader insight on the use of in silico modelling techniques to understand complex catalytic reaction mechanisms of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), along with the underlying theory and concepts that are important in this field. We start by introducing the significance of carbohydrates in nature and the enzymes that process them, CAZymes, highlighting the conformational flexibility of their carbohydrate substrates. Three commonly used in silico methods (classical molecular dynamics (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and enhanced sampling techniques) are described for nonexpert readers. Finally, we provide three examples of the application of these methods to unravel the catalytic mechanisms of three disease-related CAZymes: β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), responsible for Krabbe disease; α-mannoside β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5), involved in cancer; and O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), involved in several human diseases such as leukemia and the Dowling-Degos disease.
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Matera A, Dulak K, Sordon S, Waśniewski K, Huszcza E, Popłoński J. Evaluation of double expression system for co-expression and co-immobilization of flavonoid glucosylation cascade. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7763-7778. [PMID: 36334126 PMCID: PMC9668961 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glucosylation cascade consisting of Leloir glycosyltransferase and sucrose synthase with in situ regeneration system of expensive and low available nucleotide sugars is a game-changing strategy for enzyme-based production of glycoconjugates of relevant natural products. We designed a stepwise approach including co-expression and one-step purification and co-immobilization on glass-based EziG resins of sucrose synthase from Glycine max (GmSuSy) with promiscuous glucosyltransferase YjiC from Bacillus licheniformis to produce efficient, robust, and versatile biocatalyst suited for preparative scale flavonoid glucosylation. The undertaken investigations identified optimal reaction conditions (30 °C, pH 7.5, and 10 mM Mg2+) and the best-suited carrier (EziG Opal). The prepared catalyst exhibited excellent reusability, retaining up to 96% of initial activity after 12 cycles of reactions. The semi-preparative glucosylation of poorly soluble isoflavone Biochanin A resulted in the production of 73 mg Sissotrin (Biochanin A 7-O-glucoside). Additionally, the evaluation of the designed double-controlled, monocistronic expression system with two independently induced promoters (rhaBAD and trc) brought beneficial information for dual-expression plasmid design. Key points • Simultaneous and titratable expression from two independent promoters is possible, although full control over the expression is limited. • Designed catalyst managed to glucosylate poorly soluble isoflavone. • The STY of Sissotrin using the designed catalyst reached 0.26 g/L∙h∙g of the resin. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12259-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matera
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Dulak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sandra Sordon
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kacper Waśniewski
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
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Subedi P, Kim MS, Lee JH, Park JK, Oh TJ. Insight into glucocorticoids glucosylation by glucosyltransferase: A combined experimental and in-silico approach. Biophys Chem 2022; 289:106875. [PMID: 35987098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases catalyze the glucosidic bond formation by transferring a glucose molecule from an activated sugar donor to an acceptor substrate. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are adrenal-derived steroid hormones most widely used for anti-inflammatory treatments. In this study, we biotransformed two selected GCs, cortisone and prednisone, into their O-glucoside derivatives using a versatile UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT-1. Complete structural assignment of glucosylated products revealed that the bioconversion by regio-selective glucosylation of cortisone and prednisone produced cortisone 21-glucoside and prednisone 21-glucoside, respectively. We also combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the binding feature and mechanism of glucosylation. MD simulation studies showed the formation of a stable complex between protein, glucose donor, and substrate, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Overall, we were able to provide explanations for the experimentally observed selectivity for glucosylation by integrating experimental and computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Subedi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Lee
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Lin Y, Lian L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Li H, Zheng Y, Cai Q, He W, Xie H, Wei Y, Wang H, Xie H, Zhang J. Characterization and expression analysis of the glycosyltransferase 64 familyin rice (Oryza sativa). Gene 2022; 838:146708. [PMID: 35772655 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferase 64 (GT64) family is widely conserved in many species, including animals and plants. The functions of GT64 family genes in animals have been well characterized in the biosynthesis of extracellular heparan sulfate, whereas two GT64 members in Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the glycosylation of plasma membrane glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs). GIPCs are the main components of plant sphingolipids and serve as important signal molecules in various developmental processes and stress responses. Rice (Oryza sativa), a model monocot plant, contains four GT64 members in its genome. Using phylogenetic analysis, 73 GT64s from 19 plant species were divided into three main groups. Each group can be represented by the three members in Arabidopsis and show a trend of monocot-eudicot divergences. A promoter and genomic variation analysis of GT64s in rice showed that various stress-related regulatory elements exist in their promoters, and many sequence variations were found between the two main rice subspecies, japonica and indica. Additionally, the transmembrane domain and subcellular localization analyses revealed that these genes all encode membrane-bound glycosyltransferases and localize to the Golgi apparatus. Finally, expression analysis of the four GT64 genes in rice, as assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, showed that they have distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and respond to different hormone treatments or abiotic stresses. Our results indicated that this family of genes may play a role in different stress responses and hormone signaling pathways in rice, and therefore provides fundamental information for the further investigation of their function in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Lin
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Lian
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Lanling Wang
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Wei He
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China.
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological control of Crop Pests between Fujian and Taiwan/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice/South-China Research Base of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Incubating base of State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology/Fuzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center/ Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice Germplasm innovation and Molecular Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas for South China /Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China.
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8
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Zhang M, Qian J, Xu X, Ahmed T, Yang Y, Yan C, Elsharkawy MM, Hassan MM, Alorabi JA, Chen J, Li B. Resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to Lytic Phage X2 by Spontaneous Mutation of Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis-Related Glycosyltransferase. Viruses 2022; 14:1088. [PMID: 35632829 PMCID: PMC9143033 DOI: 10.3390/v14051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is a promising biocontrol management on plant diseases caused by bacterial pathogens due to its specificity, efficiency and environmental friendliness. The emergence of natural phage-resistant bacteria hinders the application of phage therapy. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of the devastating bacterial leaf blight disease of rice. Here, we obtained a spontaneous mutant C2R of an Xoo strain C2 showing strong resistance to the lytic phage X2. Analysis of the C2R genome found that the CDS2289 gene encoding glycosyltransferase acquired a frameshift mutation at the 180th nucleotide site, which also leads to a premature stop mutation at the 142nd amino acid. This mutation confers the inhibition of phage adsorption through the changes in lipopolysaccharide production and structure and bacterial surface morphology. Interestingly, glycosyltransferase-deficient C2R and an insertional mutant k2289 also showed reduced virulence, suggesting the trade-off costs of phage resistance. In summary, this study highlights the role of glycosyltransferase in interactions among pathogenic bacteria, phages and plant hosts, which provide insights into balanced coevolution from environmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.X.); (T.A.)
| | - Jiahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.X.); (T.A.)
| | - Xinyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.X.); (T.A.)
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.X.); (T.A.)
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chenqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.Y.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Mohsen Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif P.O. Box 21974, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.H.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Jamal A. Alorabi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif P.O. Box 21974, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.H.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.Y.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.X.); (T.A.)
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9
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Muscato J, Morris HG, Mychack A, Rajagopal M, Baidin V, Hesser AR, Lee W, İnecik K, Wilson LJ, Kraml CM, Meredith TC, Walker S. Rapid Inhibitor Discovery by Exploiting Synthetic Lethality. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3696-3705. [PMID: 35170959 PMCID: PMC9012225 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality occurs when inactivation of two genes is lethal but inactivation of either single gene is not. This phenomenon provides an opportunity for efficient compound discovery. Using differential growth screens, one can identify biologically active compounds that selectively inhibit proteins within the synthetic lethal network of any inactivated gene. Here, based purely on synthetic lethalities, we identified two compounds as the only possible inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) biosynthesis from a screen of ∼230,000 compounds. Both compounds proved to inhibit the glycosyltransferase UgtP, which assembles the LTA glycolipid anchor. UgtP is required for β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and the inhibitors restored sensitivity to oxacillin in a highly resistant S. aureus strain. As no other compounds were pursued as possible LTA glycolipid assembly inhibitors, this work demonstrates the extraordinary efficiency of screens that exploit synthetic lethality to discover compounds that target specified pathways. The general approach should be applicable not only to other bacteria but also to eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob
D. Muscato
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Heidi G. Morris
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aaron Mychack
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mithila Rajagopal
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Vadim Baidin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Anthony R. Hesser
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wonsik Lee
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kemal İnecik
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura J. Wilson
- Lotus
Separations LLC, B20 Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Christina M. Kraml
- Lotus
Separations LLC, B20 Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Timothy C. Meredith
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard University, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States,Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,
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10
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Nothaft H, Bian X, Shajahan A, Miller WG, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Azadi P, Ng KKS, Szymanski CM. Detecting Glucose Fluctuations in the Campylobacter jejuni N-Glycan Structure. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2690-2701. [PMID: 34726367 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a significant cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and all strains express an N-glycan that is added to at least 80 different proteins. We characterized 98 C. jejuni isolates from infants from 7 low- and middle-income countries and identified 4 isolates unreactive with our N-glycan-specific antiserum that was raised against the C. jejuni heptasaccharide composed of GalNAc-GalNAc-GalNAc(Glc)-GalNAc-GalNAc-diNAcBac. Mass spectrometric analyses indicated these isolates express a hexasaccharide lacking the glucose branch. Although all 4 strains encode the PglI glucosyltransferase (GlcTF), one aspartate in the DXDD motif was missing, an alteration also present in ∼4% of all available PglI sequences. Deleting this residue from an active PglI resulted in a nonfunctional GlcTF when the protein glycosylation system was reconstituted in E. coli, while replacement with Glu/Ala was not deleterious. Molecular modeling proposed a mechanism for how the DXDD residues and the structure/length beyond the motif influence activity. Mouse vaccination with an E. coli strain expressing the full-length heptasaccharide produced N-glycan-specific antibodies and a corresponding reduction in Campylobacter colonization and weight loss following challenge. However, the antibodies did not recognize the hexasaccharide and were unable to opsonize C. jejuni isolates lacking glucose, suggesting this should be considered when designing N-glycan-based vaccines to prevent campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Nothaft
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, 527 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Asif Shajahan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William G. Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - David T. Bolick
- Center for Global Health Equity, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Center for Global Health Equity, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kenneth K. S. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, 527 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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Zhao L, Xu X, Tian Y, Pang B, Chu J, He B. Single site mutations of glycosyltransferase with improved activity and regioselectivity for directed biosynthesis of unnatural protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside product. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Huo J, Wu L, Zang Y, Dong H, Liu X, He F, Zhang X. Eight-gene metabolic signature related with tumor-associated macrophages predicting overall survival for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:31. [PMID: 33413205 PMCID: PMC7789516 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and solid tumors has become a research hotspot. This study aims to explore the close relationship of TAMs with metabolic reprogramming genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to provide new methods of treatment for HCC. METHODS The study selected 343 HCC patients with complete survival information (survival time > = 1 month) in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as study subjects. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assisted in determining the relationship between macrophage infiltration and overall survival (OS), and Pearson correlation tests were used to identify metabolic reprogramming genes (MRGs) associated with tumor macrophage abundance. Lasso regression algorithms were used on prognosis-related MRGs identified by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis to construct a risk score; another independent cohort (including 228 HCC patients) from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was used to verify prognostic signature externally. RESULTS A risk score composed of 8 metabolic genes could accurately predict the OS of a training cohort (TCGA) and a testing cohort (ICGC). The risk score could be widely used for people with different clinical characteristics, and it is a predictor that is independent of other clinical factors that affect prognosis. As expected, compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group exhibited an obviously higher macrophage abundance, together with a positive correlation between the risk score and the expression levels of three commonly used immune checkpoints (PD1, PDL1, and CTLA4). CONCLUSION Our study constructed and validated a novel eight-gene signature for predicting HCC patient OS, which may contribute to clinical treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Huo
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liqun Wu
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Yunjin Zang
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fu He
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, China
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14
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Structural and biochemical studies of the glycosyltransferase Bs-YjiC from Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:806-817. [PMID: 33152360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation possess prominent biological and pharmacological significance in natural product and drug candidate synthesis. The glycosyltransferase YjiC, discovered from Bacillus subtilis (Bs-YjiC), shows potential applications in drug development due to its wide substrate spectrums. In order to elucidate its catalytic mechanism, we solved the crystal structure of Bs-YjiC, demonstrating that Bs-YjiC adopts a typical GT-B fold consisting of a flexible N-domain and a relatively rigid C-domain. Structural analysis coupled with site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that site Ser277 was critical for Nucleoside Diphosphate (NDP) recognition, while Glu317, Gln318, Ser128 and Ser129 were crucial for glycosyl moiety recognition. Our results illustrate the structural basis for acceptor promiscuity in Bs-YjiC and provide a starting point for further protein engineering of Bs-YjiC in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
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15
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Minen RI, Martinez MP, Iglesias AA, Figueroa CM. Biochemical characterization of recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and galactinol synthase from Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:780-788. [PMID: 32866791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose (Raf) protects plant cells during seed desiccation and under different abiotic stress conditions. The biosynthesis of Raf starts with the production of UDP-galactose by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPPase) and continues with the synthesis of galactinol by galactinol synthase (GolSase). Galactinol is then used by Raf synthase to produce Raf. In this work, we report the biochemical characterization of USPPase (BdiUSPPase) and GolSase 1 (BdiGolSase1) from Brachypodium distachyon. The catalytic efficiency of BdiUSPPase was similar with galactose 1-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, but 5- to 17-fold lower with other sugar 1-phosphates. The catalytic efficiency of BdiGolSase1 with UDP-galactose was three orders of magnitude higher than with UDP-glucose. A structural model of BdiGolSase1 allowed us to determine the residues putatively involved in the binding of substrates. Among these, we found that Cys261 lies within the putative catalytic pocket. BdiGolSase1 was inactivated by oxidation with diamide and H2O2. The activity of the diamide-oxidized enzyme was recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol or E. coli thioredoxin, suggesting that BdiGolSase1 is redox-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina I Minen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María P Martinez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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Mitachi K, Yun HG, Gillman CD, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Clemons WM, Kurosu M. Substrate Tolerance of Bacterial Glycosyltransferase MurG: Novel Fluorescence-Based Assays. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1501-1516. [PMID: 31769280 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MurG (uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylmuramyl-(pentapeptide) pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol N-acetylglucosamine transferase) is an essential bacterial glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transformation of lipid I to lipid II during peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Park's nucleotide has been a convenient biochemical tool to study the function of MraY (phospho-MurNAc-(pentapeptide) translocase) and MurG; however, no fluorescent probe has been developed to differentiate individual processes in the biotransformation of Park's nucleotide to lipid II via lipid I. Herein, we report a robust assay of MurG using either the membrane fraction of a M. smegmatis strain or a thermostable MraY and MurG of Hydrogenivirga sp. as enzyme sources, along with Park's nucleotide or Park's nucleotide-Nε-C6-dansylthiourea and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcN-C6-FITC as acceptor and donor substrates. Identification of both the MraY and MurG products can be performed simultaneously by HPLC in dual UV mode. Conveniently, the generated lipid II fluorescent analogue can also be quantitated via UV-Vis spectrometry without the separation of the unreacted lipid I derivative. The microplate-based assay reported here is amenable to high-throughput MurG screening. A preliminary screening of a collection of small molecules has demonstrated the robustness of the assays and resulted in rediscovery of ristocetin A as a strong antimycobacterial MurG and MraY inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Hyun Gi Yun
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Cody D. Gillman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Karolina Skorupinska-Tudek
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - William M. Clemons
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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17
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Zhang P, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Wang J, Wu C. Glycosyltransferase GT1 family: Phylogenetic distribution, substrates coverage, and representative structural features. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1383-1390. [PMID: 32637037 PMCID: PMC7316871 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic distribution of GT1 family enzymes showed domain-dependent pattern. The domain-dependent characterized GTs showed distinct substrates spectrum. Two regions that discriminate the GT1 enzymes from different domains were identified.
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are responsible for transferring glycosyl moieties from activated sugar donors to certain acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes have been known for their outstanding glycosylation capacities toward diverse natural products, such as glycolipids, flavonoids and macrolides etc. However, there still lacks a systematic collation of this important family members. In this minireview, all the GT1 family sequences were phylogenetically analyzed, and the grouping of GT1 proteins exhibited a taxonomic life domain-dependent pattern, revealing many untapped clades of GTs. The further phylogenetic analysis of the characterized GTs facilitated the classification of substrates coverage of GT1 family enzymes from different life domains, whereby the GTs from bacteria can tolerate a wider spectrum of chemical skeletons as substrates, showing higher promiscuity than those from other domains. Furthermore, the sequence sizes of GTs from different domains were compared to understand their different substrates selectivity. Based on the multiple sequence alignments of 28 representative GT1 enzymes with crystal structures, two critical regions located in the N-terminal of GTs were identified, which were most variable among sequences from different taxonomic domains and essential for substrates binding and/or catalysis. The key roles of these two regions were validated by enumerating the influential residues that interacted with substrates in the representative structures from bacteria and plants. The atlas for GT1 family in terms of phylogeny, substrates selectivity, sequence length, and critical motifs provides the clues for the exploration of unknown GT1s and rational engineering of known enzymes, synthesizing novel promising glycoconjugates for pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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18
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Advances on the in vivo and in vitro glycosylations of flavonoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6587-6600. [PMID: 32514754 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids possess diverse bioactivity and potential medicinal values. Glycosylation of flavonoids, coupling flavonoid aglycones and glycosyl groups in conjugated form, can change the biological activity of flavonoids, increase water solubility, reduce toxic and side effects, and improve specific targeting. Therefore, it is desirable to synthesize various flavonoid glycosides for further investigation on their medicinal values. Compared with chemical glycosylations, biotransformations catalyzed by uridine diphospho-glycosyltransferases provide an environmentally friendly way to construct glycosidic bonds without repetitive chemical synthetic steps of protection, activation, coupling, and deprotection. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge on the biotechnological glycosylation reactions either in vitro or in vivo for the synthesis of flavonoid O- and C-glycosides and other rare analogs.Key points• Flavonoid glycosides usually show improved properties compared with their flavonoid aglycones.• Chemical glycosylation requires repetitive synthetic steps and purifications.• Biotechnological glycosylation reactions either in vitro or in vivo were discussed.• Provides representative synthetic examples in detail.
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19
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Righino B, Bozzi M, Pirolli D, Sciandra F, Bigotti MG, Brancaccio A, De Rosa MC. Identification and Modeling of a GT-A Fold in the α-Dystroglycan Glycosylating Enzyme LARGE1. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3145-3156. [PMID: 32356985 PMCID: PMC7340341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
acetylglucosaminyltransferase-like protein LARGE1 is an enzyme
that is responsible for the final steps of the post-translational
modifications of dystroglycan (DG), a membrane receptor that links
the cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix in the skeletal muscle
and in a variety of other tissues. LARGE1 acts by adding the repeating
disaccharide unit [-3Xyl-α1,3GlcAβ1-] to the extracellular
portion of the DG complex (α-DG); defects in the LARGE1 gene result in an aberrant glycosylation of α-DG and consequent
impairment of its binding to laminin, eventually affecting the connection
between the cell and the extracellular environment. In the skeletal
muscle, this leads to degeneration of the muscular tissue and muscular
dystrophy. So far, a few missense mutations have been identified within
the LARGE1 protein and linked to congenital muscular dystrophy, and
because no structural information is available on this enzyme, our
understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies
is still very limited. Here, we generated a 3D model structure of
the two catalytic domains of LARGE1, combining different molecular
modeling approaches. Furthermore, by using molecular dynamics simulations,
we analyzed the effect on the structure and stability of the first
catalytic domain of the pathological missense mutation S331F that
gives rise to a severe form of muscle–eye–brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Righino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Pirolli
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bigotti
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, BS2 8HW Bristol, U.K.,School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, U.K
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.,School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, U.K
| | - Maria Cristina De Rosa
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC)-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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20
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Bokhari H, Maryam A, Shahid R, Siddiqi AR. Oligosaccharyltransferase PglB of Campylobacter jejuni is a glycoprotein. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 36:9. [PMID: 31858269 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the one of the leading cause of bacterial food borne gastroenteritis. PglB, a glycosyltransferase, plays a crucial role of mediating glycosylation of numerous periplasmic proteins. It catalyzes N-glycosylation at the sequon D/E-X1-N-X2-S/T in its substrate proteins. Here we report that the PglB itself is a glycoprotein which self-glycosylates at N534 site in its DYNQS sequon by its own catalytic WWDYG motif. Site-directed mutagenesis, lectin Immunoblot, and mobility shift assays confirmed that the DYNQS is an N-glycosylation motif. PglB's N-glycosylation motif is structurally and functionally similar to its widely studied glycosylation substrate, the OMPH1. Its DYNQS motif forms a solvent-exposed crest. This motif is close to a cluster of polar and hydrophilic residues, which form a loop flanked by two α helices. This arrangement extremely apposite for auto-glycosylation at N534. This self-glycosylation ability of PglB could mediate C. jejuni's ability to colonize the intestinal epithelium. Further this capability may also bear significance for the development of novel conjugated vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf Siddiqi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Chak Shazad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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21
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Tang J, Sun Z, Chen Q, Damaris RN, Lu B, Hu Z. Nitrogen Fertilizer Induced Alterations in The Root Proteome of Two Rice Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153674. [PMID: 31357526 PMCID: PMC6695714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plants and a key limiting factor of crop production. However, excessive application of N fertilizers and the low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have brought in severe damage to the environment. Therefore, improving NUE is urgent and critical for the reductions of N fertilizer pollution and production cost. In the present study, we investigated the effects of N nutrition on the growth and yield of the two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, conventional rice Huanghuazhan and indica hybrid rice Quanliangyou 681, which were grown at three levels of N fertilizer (including 135, 180 and 225 kg/hm2, labeled as N9, N12, N15, respectively). Then, a proteomic approach was employed in the roots of the two rice cultivars treated with N fertilizer at the level of N15. A total of 6728 proteins were identified, among which 6093 proteins were quantified, and 511 differentially expressed proteins were found in the two rice cultivars after N fertilizer treatment. These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in ammonium assimilation, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, energy production/regulation, material transport, and stress/defense response. Together, this study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of nitrogen fertilization in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Tang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Agricultural college, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhigui Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Agricultural college, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Agricultural college, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Bilin Lu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Agricultural college, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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22
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Bai L, Kovach A, You Q, Kenny A, Li H. Structure of the eukaryotic protein O-mannosyltransferase Pmt1-Pmt2 complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:704-711. [PMID: 31285605 PMCID: PMC6684406 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, a nascent peptide entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is scanned by two Sec61-translocon-associated large membrane machines for protein N-glycosylation and protein O-mannosylation, respectively. While the structure of the eight-protein oligosaccharyltransferase complex has been determined recently, the structures of mannosyltransferases of the PMT family, which are an integral part of ER protein homeostasis, are still unknown. Here we report cryo-EM structures of the S. cerevisiae Pmt1–Pmt2 complex bound to a donor and an acceptor peptide at 3.2-Å resolution, showing that each subunit contains 11 transmembrane helices and a lumenal β-trefoil fold termed the MIR domain. The structures reveal the substrate recognition model and confirm an inverting mannosyl-transferring reaction mechanism by the enzyme complex. Furthermore, we found that the transmembrane domains of Pmt1 and Pmt2 share a structural fold with the catalytic subunits of oligosaccharyltransferases, confirming a previously proposed evolutionary relationship between protein O-mannosylation and protein N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Kovach
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Qinglong You
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alanna Kenny
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Structural Biology Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Uridine Diphosphate-Dependent Glycosyltransferases from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Catalyze the 15- O-Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid A. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113469. [PMID: 30400606 PMCID: PMC6275011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis ATCC (American type culture collection) 6633 was found to biotransform ganoderic acid A (GAA), which is a major lanostane triterpenoid from the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Five glycosyltransferase family 1 (GT1) genes of this bacterium, including two uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, BsUGT398 and BsUGT489, were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the two purified UGT proteins biotransform ganoderic acid A into a metabolite, while the other three purified GT1 proteins cannot biotransform GAA. The optimal enzyme activities of BsUGT398 and BsUGT489 were at pH 8.0 with 10 mM of magnesium or calcium ion. In addition, no candidates showed biotransformation activity toward antcin K, which is a major ergostane triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea. One biotransformed metabolite from each BsUGT enzyme was then isolated with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated metabolite from each BsUGT was identified as ganoderic acid A-15-O-β-glucoside by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The two BsUGTs in the present study are the first identified enzymes that catalyze the 15-O-glycosylation of triterpenoids.
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24
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Sawitri WD, Afidah SN, Nakagawa A, Hase T, Sugiharto B. Identification of UDP-glucose binding site in glycosyltransferase domain of sucrose phosphate synthase from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) by structure-based site-directed mutagenesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:293-298. [PMID: 29222806 PMCID: PMC5899720 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is believed to be the key enzyme for controlling the biosynthesis of sucrose. SPSs consist of a functional glycosyltransferase domain that shares conserved residues with the glycosyltransferase domain of sucrose biosynthesis-related protein. The formation of sucrose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by SPS with the transfer of a glycosyl group of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-G) as an activated donor sugar to a fructose-6-phosphate as a sugar acceptor. However, understanding of the mechanism of catalytic and substrate binding in SPS is very limited. Based on amino acid sequence alignments with several enzymes that belong to the glycosyltransferase family, the UDP-G binding sites that might be critical for catalytic mechanism were identified. Here, we report that single point mutation of R496, D498, and V570 located in the proposed UDP-G binding site led to less active or complete loss of enzyme activity. Through structure-based site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical studies, the results indicated that these residues contribute to the catalytic activity of plant SPS. Moreover, understanding of the UDP-G binding site provides an insight into new strategies for enzyme engineering and redesigning a catalytic mechanism for UDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widhi Dyah Sawitri
- Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Jember University, J1. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Siti Nurul Afidah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Research Center for State-of-the-art Functional Protein Analysis, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Division of Protein Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Bambang Sugiharto
- Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Jember University, J1. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.
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25
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Díaz-Lobo M, Concia AL, Gómez L, Clapés P, Fita I, Guinovart JJ, Ferrer JC. Inhibitory properties of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) derivatives acting on glycogen metabolising enzymes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9105-9113. [PMID: 27714243 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) are the key enzymes that control, respectively, the synthesis and degradation of glycogen, a multi-branched glucose polymer that serves as a form of energy storage in bacteria, fungi and animals. An abnormal glycogen metabolism is associated with several human diseases. Thus, GS and GP constitute adequate pharmacological targets to modulate cellular glycogen levels by means of their selective inhibition. The compound 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) is a known potent inhibitor of GP. We studied the inhibitory effect of DAB, its enantiomer LAB, and 29 DAB derivatives on the activity of rat muscle glycogen phosphorylase (RMGP) and E. coli glycogen synthase (EcGS). The isoform 4 of sucrose synthase (SuSy4) from Solanum tuberosum L. was also included in the study for comparative purposes. Although these three enzymes possess highly conserved catalytic site architectures, the DAB derivatives analysed showed extremely diverse inhibitory potential. Subtle changes in the positions of crucial residues in their active sites are sufficient to discriminate among the structural differences of the tested inhibitors. For the two Leloir-type enzymes, EcGS and SuSy4, which use sugar nucleotides as donors, the inhibitory potency of the compounds analysed was synergistically enhanced by more than three orders of magnitude in the presence of ADP and UDP, respectively. Our results are consistent with a model in which these compounds bind to the subsite in the active centre of the enzymes that is normally occupied by the glucosyl residue which is transferred between donor and acceptor substrates. The ability to selectively inhibit the catalytic activity of the key enzymes of the glycogen metabolism may represent a new approach for the treatment of disorders of the glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Díaz-Lobo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alda Lisa Concia
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Livia Gómez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan C Ferrer
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Chandrasekaran R, Lacy DB. The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:723-750. [PMID: 29048477 PMCID: PMC5812492 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. The incidence, severity, mortality and healthcare costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) are rising, making C. difficile a major threat to public health. Traditional treatments for CDI involve use of antibiotics such as metronidazole and vancomycin, but disease recurrence occurs in about 30% of patients, highlighting the need for new therapies. The pathogenesis of C. difficile is primarily mediated by the actions of two large clostridial glucosylating toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Some strains produce a third toxin, the binary toxin C. difficile transferase, which can also contribute to C. difficile virulence and disease. These toxins act on the colonic epithelium and immune cells and induce a complex cascade of cellular events that result in fluid secretion, inflammation and tissue damage, which are the hallmark features of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and mechanism of action of the C. difficile toxins and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramyavardhanee Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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27
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Nourdin-Galindo G, Sánchez P, Molina CF, Espinoza-Rojas DA, Oliver C, Ruiz P, Vargas-Chacoff L, Cárcamo JG, Figueroa JE, Mancilla M, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Yañez AJ. Comparative Pan-Genome Analysis of Piscirickettsia salmonis Reveals Genomic Divergences within Genogroups. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:459. [PMID: 29164068 PMCID: PMC5671498 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia, a disease that seriously affects the salmonid industry. Despite efforts to genomically characterize P. salmonis, functional information on the life cycle, pathogenesis mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and control of this fish pathogen remain lacking. To address this knowledge gap, the present study conducted an in silico pan-genome analysis of 19 P. salmonis strains from distinct geographic locations and genogroups. Results revealed an expected open pan-genome of 3,463 genes and a core-genome of 1,732 genes. Two marked genogroups were identified, as confirmed by phylogenetic and phylogenomic relationships to the LF-89 and EM-90 reference strains, as well as by assessments of genomic structures. Different structural configurations were found for the six identified copies of the ribosomal operon in the P. salmonis genome, indicating translocation throughout the genetic material. Chromosomal divergences in genomic localization and quantity of genetic cassettes were also found for the Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system. To determine divergences between core-genomes, additional pan-genome descriptions were compiled for the so-termed LF and EM genogroups. Open pan-genomes composed of 2,924 and 2,778 genes and core-genomes composed of 2,170 and 2,228 genes were respectively found for the LF and EM genogroups. The core-genomes were functionally annotated using the Gene Ontology, KEGG, and Virulence Factor databases, revealing the presence of several shared groups of genes related to basic function of intracellular survival and bacterial pathogenesis. Additionally, the specific pan-genomes for the LF and EM genogroups were defined, resulting in the identification of 148 and 273 exclusive proteins, respectively. Notably, specific virulence factors linked to adherence, colonization, invasion factors, and endotoxins were established. The obtained data suggest that these genes could be directly associated with inter-genogroup differences in pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions, information that could be useful in designing novel strategies for diagnosing and controlling P. salmonis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Nourdin-Galindo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian F Molina
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,AUSTRAL-omics, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniela A Espinoza-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime E Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcos Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, ADL Diagnostic Chile SpA., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Instituto Vandique, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Beagle Bioinformatics, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yañez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,AUSTRAL-omics, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Benini S, Toccafondi M, Rejzek M, Musiani F, Wagstaff BA, Wuerges J, Cianci M, Field RA. Glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase from Erwinia amylovora: Activity, structure and substrate specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1348-1357. [PMID: 28844747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative plant pathogen, is the causal agent of Fire Blight, a contagious necrotic disease affecting plants belonging to the Rosaceae family, including apple and pear. E. amylovora is highly virulent and capable of rapid dissemination in orchards; effective control methods are still lacking. One of its most important pathogenicity factors is the exopolysaccharide amylovoran. Amylovoran is a branched polymer made by the repetition of units mainly composed of galactose, with some residues of glucose, glucuronic acid and pyruvate. E. amylovora glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, EC 2.7.7.9) has a key role in amylovoran biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyses the production of UDP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP, which the epimerase GalE converts into UDP-galactose, the main building block of amylovoran. We determined EaGalU kinetic parameters and substrate specificity with a range of sugar 1-phosphates. At time point 120min the enzyme catalysed conversion of the sugar 1-phosphate into the corresponding UDP-sugar reached 74% for N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate, 28% for α-d-galactose 1-phosphate, 0% for α-d-galactosamine 1-phosphate, 100% for α-d-xylose 1-phosphate, 100% for α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate, 70% for α-d-mannose 1-phosphate, and 0% for α-d-galacturonic acid 1-phosphate. To explain our results we obtained the crystal structure of EaGalU and augmented our study by docking the different sugar 1-phosphates into EaGalU active site, providing both reliable models for substrate binding and enzyme specificity, and a rationale that explains the different activity of EaGalU on the sugar 1-phosphates used. These data demonstrate EaGalU potential as a biocatalyst for biotechnological purposes, as an alternative to the enzyme from Escherichia coli, besides playing an important role in E. amylovora pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Benini
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B2Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B2Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 40, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Ben A Wagstaff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jochen Wuerges
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography laboratory (B2Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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29
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Chen Q, Zhang JW, Chen LL, Yang J, Yang XL, Ling Y, Yang Q. Design and synthesis of chitin synthase inhibitors as potent fungicides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Fan B, Chen T, Zhang S, Wu B, He B. Mining of efficient microbial UDP-glycosyltransferases by motif evolution cross plant kingdom for application in biosynthesis of salidroside. Sci Rep 2017; 7:463. [PMID: 28352078 PMCID: PMC5428655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom provides a large resource of natural products and various related enzymes are analyzed. The high catalytic activity and easy genetically modification of microbial enzymes would be beneficial for synthesis of natural products. But the identification of functional genes of target enzymes is time consuming and hampered by many contingencies. The potential to mine microbe-derived glycosyltransferases (GTs) cross the plant kingdom was assessed based on alignment and evolution of the full sequences and key motifs of target enzymes, such as Rhodiola-derived UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT73B6) using in salidroside synthesis. The GTs from Bacillus licheniformis ZSP01 with high PSPG motif similarity were speculated to catalyze the synthesis of salidroside. The UGTBL1, which had similarity (61.4%) PSPG motif to UGT73B6, displayed efficient activity and similar regioselectivity. Highly efficient glycosylation of tyrosol (1 g/L) was obtained by using engineered E. coli harboring UGTBL1 gene, which generated 1.04 g/L salidroside and 0.99 g/L icariside D2. All glycosides were secreted into the culture medium and beneficial for downstream purification. It was the first report on the genome mining of UGTs from microorganisms cross the plant kingdom. The mining approach may have broader applications in the selection of efficient candidate for making high-value natural products.
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31
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Xiang T, Yang G, Liu X, Zhou Y, Fu Z, Lu F, Gu J, Taniguchi N, Tan Z, Chen X, Xie Y, Guan F, Zhang XL. Alteration of N-glycan expression profile and glycan pattern of glycoproteins in human hepatoma cells after HCV infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1036-1045. [PMID: 28229927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes chronic liver diseases, liver fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However little is known about any information of N-glycan pattern in human liver cell after HCV infection. METHODS The altered profiles of N-glycans in HCV-infected Huh7.5.1 cell were analyzed by using mass spectrometry. Then, lectin microarray, lectin pull-down assay, reverse transcription-quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western-blotting were used to identify the altered N-glycosylated proteins and glycosyltransferases. RESULTS Compared to uninfected cells, significantly elevated levels of fucosylated, sialylated and complex N-glycans were found in HCV infected cells. Furthermore, Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)-binding glycoconjugates were increased most. Then, the LCA-agarose was used to precipitate the specific glycosylated proteins and identify that fucosylated modified annexin A2 (ANXA2) and heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (HSP90B1) was greatly increased in HCV-infected cells. However, the total ANXA2 and HSP90B1 protein levels remained unchanged. Additionally, we screened the mRNA expressions of 47 types of different glycosyltransferases and found that α1,6-fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) was the most up-regulated and contributed to strengthen the LCA binding capability to fucosylated modified ANXA2 and HSP90B1 after HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection caused the altered N-glycans profiles, increased expressions of FUT8, fucosylated ANXA2 and HSP90B1 as well as enhanced LCA binding to Huh7.5.1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results may lay the foundation for clarifying the role of N-glycans and facilitate the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets based on the increased FUT8, fucosylated ANXA2 and HSP90B1 after HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yidan Zhou
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Microbiology, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhongxiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fangfang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Group, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN and RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zengqi Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Medical Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology. Hubei province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-related diseases, Medical Research Institute, Department of Immunology of Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Szpryngiel S, Mäler L. Insights into the Membrane Interacting Properties of the C-Terminal Domain of the Monotopic Glycosyltransferase DGD2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6776-6786. [PMID: 27951648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are responsible for regulating the membrane composition of plants. The synthesis of one of the main lipids in the membrane, the galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol, is regulated by the enzyme digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2 (atDGD2) under starving conditions, such as phosphate shortage. The enzyme belongs to the GT-B fold, characterized by two β/α/β Rossmann domains that are connected by a flexible linker. atDGD2 has previously been shown to attach to lipid membranes by the N-terminal domain via interactions with negatively charged lipids. The role of the C-terminal domain in the membrane interaction is, however, not known. Here we have used a combination of in silico prediction methods and biophysical experimental techniques to shed light on the membrane interacting properties of the C-terminal domain. Our results demonstrate that there is an amphipathic sequence, corresponding to residues V240-E258, that interacts with lipids in a charge-dependent way. A second sequence was identified as being potentially important, with a high charge density, but no amphipathic character. The features of the plant atDGD2 observed here are similar in prokaryotic glycosyltransferases. On the basis of our results, and by analogy to other glycosyltransferases, we propose that atDGD2 interacts with the membrane through the N-terminus and with parts of the C-terminus acting as a switch, allowing for a dynamic interaction with the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Szpryngiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Mäler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li J. Highly sensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor for galactosyltransferase activity and inhibition detection using gold nanorod and enzymatic dual signal amplification. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Carbohydrate-binding domain of the POMGnT1 stem region modulates O-mannosylation sites of α-dystroglycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9280-5. [PMID: 27493216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525545113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin glycoprotein complex, which connects the cell membrane to the basement membrane, is essential for a variety of biological events, including maintenance of muscle integrity. An O-mannose-type GalNAc-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,4-(phosphate-6)-Man structure of α-dystroglycan (α-DG), a subunit of the complex that is anchored to the cell membrane, interacts directly with laminin in the basement membrane. Reduced glycosylation of α-DG is linked to some types of inherited muscular dystrophy; consistent with this relationship, many disease-related mutations have been detected in genes involved in O-mannosyl glycan synthesis. Defects in protein O-linked mannose β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1), a glycosyltransferase that participates in the formation of GlcNAc-β1,2-Man glycan, are causally related to muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), a congenital muscular dystrophy, although the role of POMGnT1 in postphosphoryl modification of GalNAc-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,4-(phosphate-6)-Man glycan remains elusive. Our crystal structures of POMGnT1 agreed with our previous results showing that the catalytic domain recognizes substrate O-mannosylated proteins via hydrophobic interactions with little sequence specificity. Unexpectedly, we found that the stem domain recognizes the β-linked GlcNAc of O-mannosyl glycan, an enzymatic product of POMGnT1. This interaction may recruit POMGnT1 to a specific site of α-DG to promote GlcNAc-β1,2-Man clustering and also may recruit other enzymes that interact with POMGnT1, e.g., fukutin, which is required for further modification of the GalNAc-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,4-(phosphate-6)-Man glycan. On the basis of our findings, we propose a mechanism for the deficiency in postphosphoryl modification of the glycan observed in POMGnT1-KO mice and MEB patients.
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Cui L, Yao S, Dai X, Yin Q, Liu Y, Jiang X, Wu Y, Qian Y, Pang Y, Gao L, Xia T. Identification of UDP-glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of astringent taste compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2285-97. [PMID: 26941235 PMCID: PMC4809296 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Galloylated catechins and flavonol 3-O-glycosides are characteristic astringent taste compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis). The mechanism involved in the formation of these metabolites remains unknown in tea plants. In this paper, 178 UGT genes (CsUGTs) were identified inC. sinensis based on an analysis of tea transcriptome data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 132 of these genes were clustered into 15 previously established phylogenetic groups (A to M, O and P) and a newly identified group R. Three of the 11 recombinant UGT proteins tested were found to be involved in the in vitro biosynthesis of β-glucogallin and glycosylated flavonols. CsUGT84A22 exhibited catalytic activity toward phenolic acids, in particular gallic acid, to produce β-glucogallin, which is the immediate precursor of galloylated catechin biosynthesis in tea plants. CsUGT78A14 and CsUGT78A15 were found to be responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonol 3-O-glucosides and flavonol 3-O-galactosides, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Q373H substitution for CsUGT78A14 indicated that the Q (Gln) residue played a catalytically crucial role for flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity. The expression profiles of the CsUGT84A22, CsUGT78A14, and CsUGT78A15 genes were correlated with the accumulation patterns of β-glucogallin and the glycosylated flavonols which indicated that these three CsUGT genes were involved in the biosynthesis of astringent compounds inC. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yumei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Zhan YT, Su HY, An W. Glycosyltransferases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2483-2493. [PMID: 26937136 PMCID: PMC4768194 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease and its incidence is increasing worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD are still not fully understood. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are a diverse class of enzymes involved in catalyzing the transfer of one or multiple sugar residues to a wide range of acceptor molecules. GTs mediate a wide range of functions from structure and storage to signaling, and play a key role in many fundamental biological processes. Therefore, it is anticipated that GTs have a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In this article, we present an overview of the basic information on NAFLD, particularly GTs and glycosylation modification of certain molecules and their association with NAFLD pathogenesis. In addition, the effects and mechanisms of some GTs in the development of NAFLD are summarized.
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Chen S, Sun C, Wang H, Wang J. The Role of Rho GTPases in Toxicity of Clostridium difficile Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5254-67. [PMID: 26633511 PMCID: PMC4690124 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea prevailing in hospital settings. In the past decade, the morbidity and mortality of C. difficile infection (CDI) has increased significantly due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains. Toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), the two exotoxins of C. difficile, are the major virulence factors of CDI. The common mode of action of TcdA and TcdB is elicited by specific glucosylation of Rho-GTPase proteins in the host cytosol using UDP-glucose as a co-substrate, resulting in the inactivation of Rho proteins. Rho proteins are the key members in many biological processes and signaling pathways, inactivation of which leads to cytopathic and cytotoxic effects and immune responses of the host cells. It is supposed that Rho GTPases play an important role in the toxicity of C. difficile toxins. This review focuses on recent progresses in the understanding of functional consequences of Rho GTPases glucosylation induced by C. difficile toxins and the role of Rho GTPases in the toxicity of TcdA and TcdB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chunli Sun
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
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38
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Mickum ML, Rojsajjakul T, Yu Y, Cummings RD. Schistosoma mansoni α1,3-fucosyltransferase-F generates the Lewis X antigen. Glycobiology 2015; 26:270-85. [PMID: 26582608 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence suggests that the Schistosoma mansoni genome contains six genes that encode α1,3-fucosyltransferases (smFuTs). To date, the activities and specificities of these putative fucosyltransferases are unknown. As Schistosoma express a variety of fucosylated glycans, including the Lewis X antigen Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ-R, it is likely that this family of genes encode enzymes that are partly responsible for the generation of those structures. Here, we report the molecular cloning of fucosyltransferase-F (smFuT-F) from S. mansoni, as a soluble, green fluorescent protein fusion protein and its acceptor specificity. The gene smFuT-F was expressed in HEK freestyle cells, purified by affinity chromatography, and analyzed toward a broad panel of glycan acceptors. The enzyme product of smFuT-F effectively utilizes a type II chain acceptor Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R, but notably not the LDN sequence GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R, to generate Lewis X type-glycans, and smFuT-F transcripts are present in all intramammalian life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Mickum
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teerapat Rojsajjakul
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Gagnon SML, Meloncelli PJ, Zheng RB, Haji-Ghassemi O, Johal AR, Borisova SN, Lowary TL, Evans SV. High Resolution Structures of the Human ABO(H) Blood Group Enzymes in Complex with Donor Analogs Reveal That the Enzymes Utilize Multiple Donor Conformations to Bind Substrates in a Stepwise Manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27040-27052. [PMID: 26374898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous glycosyltransferases α-(1→3)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) and α-(1→3)-galactosyltransferase (GTB) catalyze the final step in ABO(H) blood group A and B antigen synthesis through sugar transfer from activated donor to the H antigen acceptor. These enzymes have a GT-A fold type with characteristic mobile polypeptide loops that cover the active site upon substrate binding and, despite intense investigation, many aspects of substrate specificity and catalysis remain unclear. The structures of GTA, GTB, and their chimeras have been determined to between 1.55 and 1.39 Å resolution in complex with natural donors UDP-Gal, UDP-Glc and, in an attempt to overcome one of the common problems associated with three-dimensional studies, the non-hydrolyzable donor analog UDP-phosphono-galactose (UDP-C-Gal). Whereas the uracil moieties of the donors are observed to maintain a constant location, the sugar moieties lie in four distinct conformations, varying from extended to the "tucked under" conformation associated with catalysis, each stabilized by different hydrogen bonding partners with the enzyme. Further, several structures show clear evidence that the donor sugar is disordered over two of the observed conformations and so provide evidence for stepwise insertion into the active site. Although the natural donors can both assume the tucked under conformation in complex with enzyme, UDP-C-Gal cannot. Whereas UDP-C-Gal was designed to be "isosteric" with natural donor, the small differences in structure imposed by changing the epimeric oxygen atom to carbon appear to render the enzyme incapable of binding the analog in the active conformation and so preclude its use as a substrate mimic in GTA and GTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah M L Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ruixiang B Zheng
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Omid Haji-Ghassemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Asha R Johal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Svetlana N Borisova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Todd L Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Stephen V Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and.
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Bella M, Koóš M, Lin CH. Towards inhibitors of glycosyltransferases: A novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1547-52. [PMID: 26425214 PMCID: PMC4578356 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel synthetic strategy leading to 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose 9 is presented. The latter compound, after some manipulations, was transformed into fully protected 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose 11 as a potential substrate for the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase inhibitors designed by computational methods. After the attempted thioglycosylation of 11 with EtSH in the presence of BF3·OEt2, 2-methyloxazoline derivatives 13 and 14 were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroš Bella
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Koóš
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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41
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Possner DDD, Claesson M, Guy JE. Structure of the Glycosyltransferase Ktr4p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136239. [PMID: 26296208 PMCID: PMC4546622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, members of the Kre2/Mnt1 protein family have been shown to be α-1,2-mannosyltransferases or α-1,2-mannosylphosphate transferases, utilising an Mn2+-coordinated GDP-mannose as the sugar donor and a variety of mannose derivatives as acceptors. Enzymes in this family are localised to the Golgi apparatus, and have been shown to be involved in both N- and O-linked glycosylation of newly-synthesised proteins, including cell wall glycoproteins. Our knowledge of the nine proteins in this family is however very incomplete at present. Only one family member, Kre2p/Mnt1p, has been studied by structural methods, and three (Ktr4p, Ktr5p, Ktr7p) are completely uncharacterised and remain classified only as putative glycosyltransferases. Here we use in vitro enzyme activity assays to provide experimental confirmation of the predicted glycosyltransferase activity of Ktr4p. Using GDP-mannose as the donor, we observe activity towards the acceptor methyl-α-mannoside, but little or no activity towards mannose or α-1,2-mannobiose. We also present the structure of the lumenal catalytic domain of S. cerevisiae Ktr4p, determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.2 Å, and the complex of the enzyme with GDP to 1.9 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D. D. Possner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 6, S 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Claesson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, S 106-91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jodie E. Guy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 6, S 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The article reviews the significant contributions to, and the present status of, applications of computational methods for the characterization and prediction of protein-carbohydrate interactions. After a presentation of the specific features of carbohydrate modeling, along with a brief description of the experimental data and general features of carbohydrate-protein interactions, the survey provides a thorough coverage of the available computational methods and tools. At the quantum-mechanical level, the use of both molecular orbitals and density-functional theory is critically assessed. These are followed by a presentation and critical evaluation of the applications of semiempirical and empirical methods: QM/MM, molecular dynamics, free-energy calculations, metadynamics, molecular robotics, and others. The usefulness of molecular docking in structural glycobiology is evaluated by considering recent docking- validation studies on a range of protein targets. The range of applications of these theoretical methods provides insights into the structural, energetic, and mechanistic facets that occur in the course of the recognition processes. Selected examples are provided to exemplify the usefulness and the present limitations of these computational methods in their ability to assist in elucidation of the structural basis underlying the diverse function and biological roles of carbohydrates in their dialogue with proteins. These test cases cover the field of both carbohydrate biosynthesis and glycosyltransferases, as well as glycoside hydrolases. The phenomenon of (macro)molecular recognition is illustrated for the interactions of carbohydrates with such proteins as lectins, monoclonal antibodies, GAG-binding proteins, porins, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Pérez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry, CNRS, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Igor Tvaroška
- Department of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine The Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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44
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Tvaroška I. Atomistic insight into the catalytic mechanism of glycosyltransferases by combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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45
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Schwab W, Fischer TC, Giri A, Wüst M. Potential applications of glucosyltransferases in terpene glucoside production: impacts on the use of aroma and fragrance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:165-74. [PMID: 25431013 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of glucoconjugated forms of monoterpene alcohols in rose petals in the late 1960s opened the new field of nonvolatile aroma precursors in flavor research. It is now well established that odorless glycosides represent a significant pool of aroma precursors in plants where they act as preformed but inactivated defense or attractive chemicals. Technical improvements in the separation and identification of plant secondary metabolites have provided a multitude of chemical structures, but functional characterization of glycosyltransferases that catalyze their formation lags behind. As technical efforts and costs for DNA sequencing dramatically dropped during the last decade, the number of plant genome sequences increased significantly, thus providing opportunities to functionally characterize the glycosyltransferase gene families in plants. These studies yielded the first glycosyltransferase genes that encode efficient biocatalysts for the production of monoterpene glucosides. They have applications in the food, feed, chemical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries as slow release aroma chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany,
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Huynh N, Li Y, Yu H, Huang S, Lau K, Chen X, Fisher AJ. Crystal structures of sialyltransferase from Photobacterium damselae. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4720-9. [PMID: 25451227 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialyltransferase structures fall into either GT-A or GT-B glycosyltransferase fold. Some sialyltransferases from the Photobacterium genus have been shown to contain an additional N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain. Photobacterium damselae α2-6-sialyltransferase has been used efficiently in enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of α2-6-linked sialosides. Here we report three crystal structures of this enzyme. Two structures with and without a donor substrate analog CMP-3F(a)Neu5Ac contain an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain and adopt the GT-B sialyltransferase fold. The binary structure reveals a non-productive pre-Michaelis complex, which are caused by crystal lattice contacts that prevent the large conformational changes. The third structure lacks the Ig-domain. Comparison of the three structures reveals small inherent flexibility between the two Rossmann-like domains of the GT-B fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Huynh
- Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shengshu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Brockhausen I. Crossroads between Bacterial and Mammalian Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25368613 PMCID: PMC4202792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases (GT) often synthesize the same glycan linkages as mammalian GT; yet, they usually have very little sequence identity. Nevertheless, enzymatic properties, folding, substrate specificities, and catalytic mechanisms of these enzyme proteins may have significant similarity. Thus, bacterial GT can be utilized for the enzymatic synthesis of both bacterial and mammalian types of complex glycan structures. A comparison is made here between mammalian and bacterial enzymes that synthesize epitopes found in mammalian glycoproteins, and those found in the O antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. These epitopes include Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF or T) antigen, blood group O, A, and B, type 1 and 2 chains, Lewis antigens, sialylated and fucosylated structures, and polysialic acids. Many different approaches can be taken to investigate the substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms of GT, including crystal structure analyses, mutations, comparison of amino acid sequences, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the protein structures and functions helps to design GT for specific glycan synthesis and to develop inhibitors. The goals are to develop new strategies to reduce bacterial virulence and to synthesize vaccines and other biologically active glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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Wang S, Czuchry D, Liu B, Vinnikova AN, Gao Y, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Wang L, Feng L, Brockhausen I. Characterization of two UDP-Gal:GalNAc-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-galactosyltransferases WbwC from Escherichia coli serotypes O104 and O5. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3122-33. [PMID: 24957618 PMCID: PMC4135647 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01698-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli displays O antigens on the outer membrane that play an important role in bacterial interactions with the environment. The O antigens of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O104 and O5 contain a Galβ1-3GalNAc disaccharide at the reducing end of the repeating unit. Several other O antigens contain this disaccharide, which is identical to the mammalian O-glycan core 1 or the cancer-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen. We identified the wbwC genes responsible for the synthesis of the disaccharide in E. coli serotypes O104 and O5. To functionally characterize WbwC, an acceptor substrate analog, GalNAcα-diphosphate-phenylundecyl, was synthesized. WbwC reaction products were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, galactosidase and O-glycanase digestion, and anti-TF antibody. The results clearly showed that the Galβ1-3GalNAcα linkage was synthesized, confirming WbwCECO104 and WbwCECO5 as UDP-Gal:GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid β1,3-Gal-transferases. Sequence analysis revealed a conserved DxDD motif, and mutagenesis showed the importance of these Asp residues in catalysis. The purified enzymes require divalent cations (Mn(2+)) for activity and are specific for UDP-Gal and GalNAc-diphosphate lipid substrates. WbwC was inhibited by bis-imidazolium salts having aliphatic chains of 18 to 22 carbons. This work will help to elucidate mechanisms of polysaccharide synthesis in pathogenic bacteria and provide technology for vaccine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Czuchry
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anna N Vinnikova
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Z Vlahakis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter A Szarek
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Fabre E, Hurtaux T, Fradin C. Mannosylation of fungal glycoconjugates in the Golgi apparatus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Fustero S, Simón-Fuentes A, Barrio P, Haufe G. Olefin Metathesis Reactions with Fluorinated Substrates, Catalysts, and Solvents. Chem Rev 2014; 115:871-930. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Fustero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Barrio
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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