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New thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-fused pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as potential thymidylate synthase inhibitors: Synthesis, SAR, in vitro and in silico study. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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2
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Zahran SS, Ragab FA, El-Gazzar MG, Soliman AM, Mahmoud WR, Ghorab MM. Antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and apoptotic effect of new hybrids of quinazoline-4(3H)-ones and sulfachloropyridazine. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Tayag JCS, Ishii T, Kokuba S, Hirata T, Shiohira H, Nakamura K. Changes in Pharmacodynamic Parameters during Co-administration of 5-FU with Warfarin: A Retrospective Case Series. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1101-1105. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos S. Tayag
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - Takeo Ishii
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital
| | - Shun Kokuba
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital
| | - Tetsuo Hirata
- Health Information Management Center, University of the Ryukyus Hospital
| | - Hideo Shiohira
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital
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4
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Sanad SMH, Mekky AEM, Ahmed AAM. Tandem synthesis, cytotoxicity, and in silico study of new 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles as potential thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200170. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed E. M. Mekky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. M. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
- Common First Year Deanship Jouf University Sakaka Saudi Arabia
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5
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Kurasaka C, Nishizawa N, Ogino Y, Sato A. Trapping of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine Monophosphate by Thymidylate Synthase Confers Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6046-6052. [PMID: 35224365 PMCID: PMC8868108 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major metabolite of the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), which is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS). Recently, we hypothesized that 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have increased levels of TS protein relative to 5-FU-sensitive CRC cells and use a fraction of their TS to trap FdUMP, which results in resistance to 5-FU. In this study, we analyzed the difference between the regulation of the balance of the free, active form of TS and the inactive FdUMP-TS form in 5-FU-resistant HCT116 cells and parental HCT116 cells. Silencing of TYMS, the gene that encodes TS, resulted in greater enhancement of the anticancer effect of 5-FU in the 5-FU-resistant HCT116RF10 cells than in the parental HCT116 cells. In addition, the trapping of FdUMP by TS was more effective in the 5-FU-resistant HCT116RF10 cells than in the parental HCT116 cells. Our observations suggest that the regulation of the balance between the storage of the active TS form and the accumulation of FdUMP-TS is responsible for direct resistance to 5-FU. The findings provide a better understanding of 5-FU resistance mechanisms and may enable the development of anticancer strategies that reverse the sensitivity of 5-FU resistance in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nana Nishizawa
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department
of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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6
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Shiohira H, Fukunaga K, Tayag JCS, Tamashiro Y, Mushiroda T, Nakamura K. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on mRNA expression of drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes in human hepatoma cell lines. Biomed Res 2021; 42:121-127. [PMID: 34380920 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.42.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are well known to have drug-drug interactions with anticoagulant medications such as warfarin. This study investigated the mRNA expression of pharmacokinetic (PK)-related genes in response to 5-FU using the hepatocarcinoma cell lines after examining relevant gene expression via RNA sequencing. We used HepaRG cells for 5-FU treatment analysis because these cells displayed PK-related gene expression. 5-FU exposure significantly reduced cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) mRNA expression. Additionally, the mRNA expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (also known as pregnane X receptor), a nuclear receptor transcription factor that promotes the expression of many CYP genes, was also decreased in HepaRG cells following 5-FU treatment. The mRNA expressions of the CYP2B6 and ATP-binding cassette transporter genes were decreased after 5-FU treatment. This study revealed that 5-FU treatment reduced PK-related gene expression in HepaRG cells. These findings should be useful for further drug-drug interaction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shiohira
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences
| | - Jose Carlos S Tayag
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, University of the Ryukyus, Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Taisei Mushiroda
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Ryukyus Hospital.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, University of the Ryukyus, Graduate School of Medicine
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7
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Zhou T, Qin R, Shi S, Zhang H, Niu C, Ju G, Miao S. DTYMK promote hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by regulating cell cycle. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1681-1691. [PMID: 34369850 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1958502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of DTYMK is related with tumorigenesis and progression in several human tumors. However, the role of upregulated DTYMK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients still remains unclear. In this study, the DTYMK expression in HCC tumors was evaluated in three GEO series (GSE14520, GSE54236, GSE63898), TCGA-LIHC, and ICGC-IRLR-JP cohorts. Survival analysis of DTYMK based on TCGA-LIHC and ICGC-LIRI-JP cohorts was conducted. We found that DTYMK was dramatically upregulated in tumor tissue compared with that in adjacent liver tissue. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of DTYMK in HCC patients' tumor tissue was significantly corresponded to worse overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that overexpressing DTYMK led to poor relapse free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, DTYMK is upregulated in tumors and correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In our report, DTYMK is higher expression in HCC cancer tissue and cell line than tumor adjacent tissue and normal liver cell line. Knocking down DTYMK can inhabit tumor cell proliferation by interfering cell cycle, whereas overexpression of DTYMK can promote tumor cell proliferation. These findings indicate that upregulation of DTYMK enhances tumor growth and proliferation by promoting cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Susu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chuanling Niu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Gaoda Ju
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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8
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Jacob F, Marchetti RL, Kind AB, Russell K, Schoetzau A, Heinzelmann-Schwarz VA. High-grade serous peritoneal cancer follows a high stromal response signature and shows worse outcome than ovarian cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:91-103. [PMID: 33016563 PMCID: PMC7782088 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of personalized medicine, where transition from organ‐based to individualized genetic diagnosis takes place, the tailoring of treatment in cancer becomes increasingly important. This is particularly true for high‐grade, advanced FIGO stage serous adenocarcinomas of the ovary (OC), fallopian tube (TC), and peritoneum (PC), which are currently all treated identically. We analyzed three independent patient cohorts using histopathologically classified diagnosis and various molecular approaches (transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry, next‐generation sequencing, fluorescent and chromogenic in situ hybridization). Using multivariate Cox regression model, we found that PC is more aggressive compared with advanced‐stage OC independent of residual disease as shown by an earlier relapse‐free survival in two large cohorts (HR: 2.63, CI: 1.59–4.37, P < 0.001, and HR: 1.66, CI: 1.04–2.63, P < 0.033). In line with these findings, transcriptomic data revealed differentially expressed gene signatures identifying PC as high stromal response tumors. The third independent cohort (n = 4054) showed a distinction between these cancer types for markers suggested to be predictive for chemotherapy drug response. Our findings add additional evidence that ovarian and peritoneal cancers are epidemiologically and molecularly distinct diseases. Moreover, our data also suggest consideration of the tumor‐sampling site for future diagnosis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Jacob
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Lina Marchetti
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - André B Kind
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schoetzau
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viola A Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Hospital for Women, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Liu S, Zhang J, Fang S, Su X, Zhang Q, Zhu G, Zhu L, Zhao M, Liu F. Antitumor efficacy of oncolytic HSV-1 expressing cytosine deaminase is synergistically enhanced by DPD down-regulation and EMT inhibition in uveal melanoma xenograft. Cancer Lett 2020; 495:123-134. [PMID: 32946963 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular tumor in adults and has a high incidence of metastases. Possible treatments remain limited in UM with enucleation and radiation, leading to poor prognosis in this chemo-resistant carcinoma. Thus, urging demand for novel treatment is needed. We examined the antitumor efficacy of a new recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (oHSV-1) armed with E.coli cytosine deaminase (CD). We determined the efficacy of the oncolytic virus in UM cell lines. In vivo experiments showed that oHSV-CD/5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) treatment reduce tumor volume and prolonged survival. We further demonstrated the molecular mechanisms of oHSV-CD/5-FC treatment. The oncolytic virus down-regulated IL-6 expression and thereby reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism, was also down-regulated. Therefore, the efficacy of oHSV-CD/5-FC was synergistically enhanced by DPD down-regulation and EMT inhibition. This study provides solid evidence for the antitumor efficacy of oHSV-CD/5-FC treatment in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanisms of this treatment may bring a new therapeutic approach for future treatment of UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junwen Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Fang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Guidong Zhu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, China.
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10
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Detection of a G-Quadruplex as a Regulatory Element in Thymidylate synthase for Gene Silencing Using Polypurine Reverse Hoogsteen Hairpins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145028. [PMID: 32708710 PMCID: PMC7404261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) enzyme is an anti-cancer target given its role in DNA biosynthesis. TYMS inhibitors (e.g., 5-Fluorouracil) can lead to drug resistance through an autoregulatory mechanism of TYMS that causes its overexpression. Since G-quadruplexes (G4) can modulate gene expression, we searched for putative G4 forming sequences (G4FS) in the TYMS gene that could be targeted using polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRH). G4 structures in the TYMS gene were detected using the quadruplex forming G-rich sequences mapper and confirmed through spectroscopic approaches such as circular dichroism and NMR using synthetic oligonucleotides. Interactions between G4FS and TYMS protein or G4FS and a PPRH targeting this sequence (HpTYMS-G4-T) were studied by EMSA and thioflavin T staining. We identified a G4FS in the 5’UTR of the TYMS gene in both DNA and RNA capable of interacting with TYMS protein. The PPRH binds to its corresponding target dsDNA, promoting G4 formation. In cancer cells, HpTYMG-G4-T decreased TYMS mRNA and protein levels, leading to cell death, and showed a synergic effect when combined with 5-fluorouracil. These results reveal the presence of a G4 motif in the TYMS gene, probably involved in the autoregulation of TYMS expression, and the therapeutic potential of a PPRH targeted to the G4FS.
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11
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Ding XJ, Zhang R, Liu RP, Song XQ, Qiao X, Xie CZ, Zhao XH, Xu JY. A class of Pt( iv) triple-prodrugs targeting nucleic acids, thymidylate synthases and histone deacetylases. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A Pt(iv)-triple-prodrug, comprising VPA, 5-FU, regulated TS, HDAC, and γH2AX, showing higher efficiency and lower toxicity than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Rui-Ping Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Xue-Qing Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Xiu-He Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
| | - Jing-Yuan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- China
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12
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El Hassouni B, Sarkisjan D, Vos JC, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Targeting the Ribosome Biogenesis Key Molecule Fibrillarin to Avoid Chemoresistance. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6020-6032. [PMID: 30501594 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Inherent or acquired chemo resistance in cancer patients has been a perpetual
limitation in cancer treatment. Expanding knowledge on essential cellular processes opens a new
window for therapeutic targeting. Ribosome biogenesis is a process that shows potential due to its
fundamental role in cell development and contribution to tumorigenesis as a result of its upregulation.
Inhibiting components of ribosome biogenesis has been explored and has shown interesting
results. Yet, an important key component, methyltransferase Fibrillarin (FBL), which influences
both the abundance and composition of ribosomes, has not been exploited thus far.
Methods:
In this literature review, we describe relevant aspects of ribosome biogenesis in cancer to
emphasize the potential of FBL as a therapeutic target, in order to lower the genotoxic effects of
anti-cancer treatment.
Results:
Remarkably, the amplification of the 19q13 cytogenetic band, including the gene coding
for FBL, correlated to cell viability and resistance in pancreatic cells as well as to a trend toward a
shorter survival in pancreatic cancer patients.
:
Targeting ribosome biogenesis, more specifically compared to the secondary effects of chemotherapeutics
such as 5-fluorouracil or oxaliplatin, has been achieved by compound CX-5461. The cell
dependent activity of this Pol I inhibitor has been reported in ovarian cancer, melanoma and leukemia
models with active or mutated p53 status, presenting a promising mechanism to evade p53 resistance.
Conclusion:
Targeting critical ribosome biogenesis components in order to decrease the genotoxic
activity in cancer cell looks promising. Hence, we believe that targeting key protein rRNA methyltransferase
FBL shows great potential, due to its pivotal role in ribosome biogenesis, its correlation
to an improved survival rate at low expression in breast cancer patients and its association with p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Btissame El Hassouni
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dzjemma Sarkisjan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Enhancing 5-fluorouracil efficacy through suppression of PKM2 in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:1081-1086. [PMID: 30155759 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer cells alter regular metabolic pathways in order to sustain rapid proliferation. One example of metabolic remodeling in cancerous tissue is the upregulation of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis. Indeed, PKM2 has previously been identified as a tumor biomarker and as a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, the role of PKM2 in the anticancer efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS HCT116, SW480 and HT-29 cells were used by transfection with lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against PKM2. In response to 5-FU treatment, cellular proliferation was examined, the levels of ATP/ADP ratio were monitored, the intracellular accumulation of 5-FU was measured, and intracellular levels of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate and lactate were evaluated by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A CRC subcutaneous tumor model was performed to investigate the effect of PKM2 inhibition on 5-FU efficacy in vivo. RESULTS Suppression of PKM2 resulted in changes in glucose metabolism, leading to decreased synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Reduced levels of ATP/ADP ratio resulted in the intracellular accumulation of 5-FU, consequently enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of this drug in several CRC cell lines. Furthermore, the enhanced efficacy of 5-FU by simultaneous inhibition of PKM2 was demonstrated in an in vivo HCT116 CRC model. CONCLUSION We show that the combination treatment showed superior anticancer efficacy as compared to 5-FU alone. These findings suggest that targeting PKM2 can increase the efficacy of chemotherapy, potentially providing a new approach for improving the outcome of chemotherapy in patients with CRC.
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14
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Was H, Czarnecka J, Kominek A, Barszcz K, Bernas T, Piwocka K, Kaminska B. Some chemotherapeutics-treated colon cancer cells display a specific phenotype being a combination of stem-like and senescent cell features. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 19:63-75. [PMID: 29053388 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1385675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death among cancer patients in the Northern countries. CRC can reappear a long time after treatment. Recent clinical studies demonstrated that, in response to chemotherapy, cancer cells may undergo stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), which typically results in growth arrest. Nonetheless, these senescent cells were reported to divide in an atypical manner and thus contribute to cancer re-growth. Therefore, we examined if SIPS escape may follow treatment with chemotherapeutics used clinically: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin (OXA) and irinotecan (IRINO). To mimic the therapeutic regimes we exposed human colon cancer HCT116 and SW480 cells to repeated cycles of drug treatment. The cells treated with 5-FU or IRINO exhibited several hallmarks of SIPS: growth arrest, increased size and granularity, polyploidization, augmented activity of the SA-β-galactosidase, accumulation of P21 and CYCLIN D1 proteins, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Moreover, re-population of the cancer cell cultures was delayed upon treatment with the senescence-inducing agents. At the same time, we detected a subpopulation of senescent colon cancer cells with features of stemness: elevated NANOG expression, exclusion of Hoechst 33342 (typical for side population) and increased CD24 expression. Additionally, rare, polyploid cells exhibited blastocyst-like morphology and produced progeny. In parallel, majority of chemotherapeutics-treated cells underwent mesenchymal to epithelial transition, as the percentage of CD44-positve cells was reduced, and levels of E-cadherin (epithelial marker) were elevated. Our study demonstrates that a subpopulation of chemotherapeutics-treated colon cancer cells display a specific phenotype being a combination of stem-like and senescent cell features. This may contribute to their resistance to chemotherapy and their ability to re-grow cancer after completion of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Was
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland.,d Laboratory of Molecular Oncology , Military Institute of Medicine , Szaserów 128 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - J Czarnecka
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - A Kominek
- b Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - K Barszcz
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - T Bernas
- c Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - K Piwocka
- b Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
| | - B Kaminska
- a Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteur 3 street, Warsaw , Poland
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Kim SY, Jung JH, Lee HJ, Soh H, Lee SJ, Oh SJ, Chae SY, Lee JH, Lee SJ, Hong YS, Kim TW, Moon DH. [ 18F]fluorothymidine PET Informs the Synergistic Efficacy of Capecitabine and Trifluridine/Tipiracil in Colon Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:7120-7130. [PMID: 29055019 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer therapy, enhanced thymidine uptake by the salvage pathway can bypass dTMP depletion, thereby conferring resistance to thymidylate synthase inhibition. We investigated whether sequential combination therapy of capecitabine and trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) could synergistically enhance antitumor efficacy in colon cancer xenograft models. We also examined 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) PET as a means to predict therapeutic response to a sequential combination of capecitabine and trifluridine/tipiracil. [3H]FLT uptake after 5-fluorouracil treatment in vitro and [18F]FLT uptake after capecitabine (360 mg/kg/day) in athymic nude mice (Balb/c-nu) with xenografts (n = 10-12 per group) were measured using eight human colon cancer cell lines. We determined the synergistic effects of sequential combinations of 5-fluorouracil and trifluridine in vitro as well as the sequential combination of oral capecitabine (30-360 mg/kg) and trifluridine/tipiracil (trifluridine 75 or 150 mg/kg with tipiracil) in six xenograft models (n = 6-10 per group). We observed significant increases in [3H]FLT uptake in all cell lines and [18F]FLT uptake in five xenograft models after 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine treatment, respectively. Increased [18F]FLT uptake after capecitabine followed by extinction of uptake correlated strongly with tumor growth inhibition (ρ = -0.81, P = 0.02). The effects of these combinations were synergistic in vitro A synergy for sequential capecitabine and trifluridine/tipiracil was found only in mouse xenograft models showing increased [18F]FLT uptake after capecitabine. Our results suggest that the sequential combination of capecitabine and trifluridine/tipiracil is synergistic in tumors with an activated salvage pathway after capecitabine treatment in mice, and [18F]FLT PET imaging may predict the response to capecitabine and the synergistic antitumor efficacy of a sequential combination of capecitabine and trifluridine/tipiracil. Cancer Res; 77(24); 7120-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Young Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Jung
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Jung Lee
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Soh
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Chae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Hyuen Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyuk Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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P53 represses pyrimidine catabolic gene dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) expression in response to thymidylate synthase (TS) targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9711. [PMID: 28851987 PMCID: PMC5575263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide metabolism in cancer cells can influence malignant behavior and intrinsic resistance to therapy. Here we describe p53-dependent control of the rate-limiting enzyme in the pyrimidine catabolic pathway, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and its effect on pharmacokinetics of and response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Using in silico/chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis we identify a conserved p53 DNA-binding site (p53BS) downstream of the DPYD gene with increased p53 occupancy following 5-FU treatment of cells. Consequently, decrease in Histone H3K9AC and increase in H3K27me3 marks at the DPYD promoter are observed concomitantly with reduced expression of DPYD mRNA and protein in a p53-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies reveal inhibition of DPYD expression by p53 is augmented following thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition and DPYD repression by p53 is dependent on DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling. In-vivo, liver specific Tp53 loss increases the conversion of 5-FU to 5-FUH2 in plasma and elicits a diminished 5-FU therapeutic response in a syngeneic colorectal tumor model consistent with increased DPYD-activity. Our data suggest that p53 plays an important role in controlling pyrimidine catabolism through repression of DPYD expression, following metabolic stress imposed by nucleotide imbalance. These findings have implications for the toxicity and efficacy of the cancer therapeutic 5-FU.
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Hong C, Zheng J, Li X. Inhibition of GOT1 sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:835-840. [PMID: 28314989 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Almost all colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines are known to overexpress aspartate aminotransferase (GOT1), which potentially regulates the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the production of NADPH, and supports tumor growth. In our study, the role of GOT1 in the anticancer efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was examined. METHODS HCT116, SW480, and HT-29 cells were transfected with lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against GOT1. Following 5-FU treatment, cellular proliferation was evaluated, the NADP+/NADPH ratio was monitored, ROS was measured, and intracellular levels of glutamine (Gln), Aspartate (Asp), oxaloacetate (OAA), malate, and pyruvate were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A CRC subcutaneous tumor model was performed to determine the impact of GOT1 inhibition on 5-FU efficacy in vivo. RESULTS In response to 5-FU administration, CRC cells undergo metabolic adaptation, resulting in increased glutamine flux for the synthesis of aspartate. GOT1 is responsible for the conversion of glutamine-derived aspartate into OAA, which subsequently can be converted into malate and pyruvate. The GOT1-mediated metabolic process is able to maintain the NADP+/NADPH ratio, which counteracts 5-FU-induced oxidative stress. Inhibition of GOT1 impaired the defense against 5-FU-induced ROS, thereby sensitizing cells to 5-FU. The importance of GOT1 in supporting tumor growth during 5-FU treatment was also indicated in an in vivo tumor model of CRC. CONCLUSION These findings show that GOT1 could serve as a promising target for increasing the anticancer efficacy of the conventional therapy in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology (3), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology (3), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Medical Oncology (3), Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Xun Z, Yang Y. Inhibition of phosphoserine phosphatase enhances the anticancer efficacy of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:633-639. [PMID: 27349874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines are identified to overexpress phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), which regulates the intracellular synthesis of serine and glycine, and supports tumor growth. In this study, the effect of PSPH on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) efficacy was evaluated. CRC cells exposed to 5-FU acquire metabolic remodeling, resulting in increased glucose flux for PSPH-mediated serine synthesis. Then serine is converted into GSH, which promotes cell survival through the detoxification of 5-FU-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, repression of PSPH by the use of shRNAs for PSPH impaired the defense against drug-induced oxidative stress, thereby sensitizing cells to 5-FU. The importance of the PSPH in supporting tumor growth during 5-FU treatment was also demonstrated in an in vivo tumor model of CRC. These findings indicate that the PSPH could serve as a target for increasing the anticancer efficacy of conventional therapy in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xun
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Liu MN, Liu AY, Pei FH, Ma X, Fan YJ, DU YJ, Liu BR. Functional mechanism of the enhancement of 5-fluorouracil sensitivity by TUSC4 in colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3682-3688. [PMID: 26788191 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the chemotherapeutic drug of choice for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor suppressor candidate 4 (TUSC4), also referred to as nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (NPRL2), is located at chromosome 3p21.3 and expressed in numerous normal tissues, including the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional mechanism by which TUSC4 affects sensitivity to 5-FU and to determine its clinical significance in CRC. The results of the present study demonstrated that TUSC4 overexpression increases the sensitivity of HCT116 cells to 5-FU. The IC50 of 5-FU was reduced in cells transduced with TUSC4 compared with negative control (NC) cells, and the effect of TUSC4 on 5-FU sensitivity was time dependent. Following TUSC4 transduction in HCT116 cells, a proportion of the cells were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and a reduction in the S phase population was observed. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that TUSC4 transduction and 5-FU treatment increased apoptosis compared with NC cells. The mechanism through which TUSC4 overexpression enhances 5-FU sensitivity involves the downregulation of the function of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network. Furthermore, 5-FU upregulated caspase-3 and caspase-9, promoting apoptosis in TUSC4-overexpressing cells compared with cells that were transduced with TUSC4 or treated with 5-FU and NC cells. The findings of the present study indicate that TUSC4 has potential as a biomarker for the prediction of the response to 5-FU and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer and other types of human cancer. TUSC4 may also act as a molecular therapeutic agent for enhancing the patient's response to 5-FU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Na Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Pei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ju DU
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P.R. China
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20
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Liu W, Fang Y, Wang XT, Liu J, Dan X, Sun LL. Overcoming 5-Fu resistance of colon cells through inhibition of Glut1 by the specific inhibitor WZB117. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7037-41. [PMID: 25227787 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most commonly used drug in colon cancer therapy. However, despite impressive clinical responses initially, development of drug resistance to 5-Fu in human tumor cells is the primary cause of failure of chemotherapy. In this study, we established a 5-Fu-resistant human colon cancer cell line for comparative chemosensitivity studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Real time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine gene expression levels. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Glucose uptake was assess using an Amplex Red Glucose/Glucose Oxidase assay kit. RESULTS We found that 5-Fu resistance was associated with the overexpression of Glut1 in colon cancer cells. 5-Fu treatment at low toxic concentration induced Glut1 expression. At the same time, upregulation of Glut1 was detected in 5-Fu resistant cells when compared with their parental cells. Importantly, inhibition of Glut1 by a specific inhibitor, WZB117, significantly increased the sensitivity of 5-Fu resistant cells to the drug. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel information for the future development of targeted therapies for the treatment of chemo-resistant colon cancer patients. In particular it demonstrated that Glut1 inhibitors such as WZB117 may be considered an additional treatment options for patients with 5-Fu resistant colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China E-mail :
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21
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He J, Xie G, Tong J, Peng Y, Huang H, Li J, Wang N, Liang H. Overexpression of microRNA-122 re-sensitizes 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells to 5-FU through the inhibition of PKM2 in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:1343-50. [PMID: 24898807 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most commonly used anticancer drugs in the treatment of colon cancer. However, acquired chemoresistance is becoming one of the major challenges for patients with advanced stages of colon cancer. Currently, the mechanisms underlying cancer cell resistance to 5-FU are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been suggested to play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance in colon cancer. In this study, we generated 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cell lines from which we found that miR-122 was downregulated in 5-FU-resistant cells compared with sensitive cells. Meanwhile, the glucose metabolism is significantly upregulated in 5-FU-resistant cells. We report that PKM2 is a direct target of miR-122 in colon cancer cell. Importantly, overexpression of miR-122 in 5-FU-resistant cells resensitizes 5-FU resistance through the inhibition of PKM2 both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, these findings reveal that the dysregulated glucose metabolism contributes to 5-FU resistance, and glycolysis inhibition by miR-122 might be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome 5-FU resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia He
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Li X, Zhao H, Zhou X, Song L. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A by microRNA-34a resensitizes colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:577-82. [PMID: 25333573 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of advanced colon cancer. However, the development of resistance to 5-FU is a significant obstacle to successful treatment. MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a) has been reported to be downregulated in a number of tumor types and has also been shown to act as a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanisms underlying the biological effects of miR-34a in chemoresistance remain unclear. The present study showed that the expression of miR-34a is downregulated in 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells. In addition, 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells exhibited upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression and activity compared with parental cells. Furthermore, LDHA was shown to be a direct target of miR-34a. Overexpression of miR-34a reduced the expression of LDHA, probably through binding to the 3' untranslated region, leading to the re-sensitization of 5-FU-resistant cancer cells to 5-FU. Additionally, overexpression of LDHA rendered colon cancer cells resistant to 5-FU, suggesting that the miR-34a-induced sensitization to 5-FU is mediated through the inhibition of LDHA. In conclusion, the current study showed that miR-34a is involved in sensitivity to 5-FU in part through its effects on LDHA expression. This indicates that miR-34a‑mediated inhibition of glucose metabolism may be a therapeutic target in patients with chemoresistant colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Xijian Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The 101st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
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Mishra S, Malhotra P, Gupta AK, Singh PK, Javed S, Kumar R. A semiquinone glucoside derivative isolated from Bacillus sp. INM-1 provides protection against 5-fluorouracil-induced immunotoxicity. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:56-63. [PMID: 24512327 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.882448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used anti-cancer agent; however, it induces immunosuppression in patients undergoing a chemotherapy regime. The mode of action by which 5-FU induces immunosuppression is primarily via inhibition of hematopoietic growth factors. In the present study, immunoprotective effects of a semiquinone glucoside derivative (SQGD), a bacterial metabolite isolated from Bacillus sp. INM-1, were evaluated in a model of 5-FU-induced immunotoxicity in C57Bl/6 male mice. The evaluation was done by analyzing G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF expression in the serum, spleen, and bone marrow cells of the mice at different timepoints after 5-FU treatment. Mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of either 5-FU (75 mg/kg) alone, SQGD (50 mg/kg) alone, or SQGD 2 h prior to the 5-FU treatment. Control mice received saline vehicle only. The results demonstrated that 5-FU treatment significantly inhibited G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF expression in all three sites at all timepoints from 6-72 h post 5-FU. In SQGD treated mice, up-regulation of factor expression was observed in each compartment, and significantly so most often after 12 h. SQGD treatment prior to 5-FU administration to the mice significantly increased in all sites evaluated - relative to values in both control mice and 5-FU only-treated mice - G-CSF, M-CSF, and GM-CSF expression at almost every timepoint. The present findings suggest that SQGD provides protection against 5-FU-induced immunotoxicity in mice and could protect bone marrow progenitor cells against the effects of cytotoxic drugs used for treatment of cancer. The findings also suggested to us that SQGD is a potential immunomodulator and could protect hematopoiesis against toxic assault caused by anti-cancer drugs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Radiation Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Delhi , India and
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Li G, Chen Y, Hu J, Wu X, Hu J, He X, Li J, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Hu H, Li Y, Lan P. A 5-fluorouracil-loaded polydioxanone weft-knitted stent for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9451-61. [PMID: 24011711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In-stents restenosis caused by tumour ingrowth is a major problem for patients undergoing stent displacement because the conventional stents often lack a sustained anti-tumour capability. The aim of this paper was to develop a weft-knitted polydioxanone stent which can slow release 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In order to determine the most suitable drug concentration, the 5-FU safe concentration in vivo and appropriate loading percentage in the membranes were investigated, and then 5-FU-loaded poly-l-lactide membranes at concentration of 3.2%, 6.4% and 12.8% were coated onto the stent using electro-spinning method, respectively. The morphology, chemical structure and in vitro drug release property of the coating membranes were subsequently examined. Their anti-tumour activity and mechanism were assessed in vitro and in vivo using a human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116 and tumour-bearing BALB/c nude mice. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the median lethal dose (LD50) demonstrated that the 6.4% and 12.8% membranes had better anti-tumour effects than pure 5-FU due to the sustainable drug releasing property of the coated membranes on the stent. The membranes possessing appropriate drug loading doses, such as 6.4% or 12.8% also provided better anti-in-stents restenosis effects than other groups tested. Therefore, it is concluded that the drug-loaded stents have great potential for the use in the treatment of intestinal cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Guangdong-HK International Textile Bioengineering Joint Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
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Du QR, Li DD, Pi YZ, Li JR, Sun J, Fang F, Zhong WQ, Gong HB, Zhu HL. Novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether derivatives targeting thymidylate synthase as dual anticancer/antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2286-2297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Trifunctional antibodies induce efficient antitumour activity with immune cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients after radio-chemotherapy treatment. Clin Transl Oncol 2011; 13:889-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-011-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Discovery of safe and orally effective 4-aminoquinaldine analogues as apoptotic inducers with activity against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:432-45. [PMID: 22024817 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00700-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antileishmanials are urgently required to overcome emergence of drug resistance, cytotoxic effects, and difficulties in oral delivery. Toward this, we investigated a series of novel 4-aminoquinaldine derivatives, a new class of molecules, as potential antileishmanials. 4-Aminoquinaldine derivatives presented inhibitory effects on L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes (50% inhibitory concentration range, 0.94 to 127 μM). Of these, PP-9 and PP-10 were the most effective in vitro and demonstrated strong efficacies in vivo through the intraperitoneal route. They were also found to be effective against both sodium antimony gluconate-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani strains in BALB/c mice when treated orally, resulting in more than 95% protection. Investigation of their mode of action revealed that killing by PP-10 involved moderate inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and elicitation of the apoptotic cascade. Our studies implicate that PP-10 augments reactive oxygen species generation, evidenced from decreased glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Subsequent disruption of Leishmania promastigote mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of cytosolic proteases initiated the apoptotic pathway, resulting in DNA fragmentation and parasite death. Our results demonstrate that PP-9 and PP-10 are promising lead compounds with the potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL) through the oral route.
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Biological evaluation of MR36, a novel non-polyglutamatable thymidylate synthase inhibitor that blocks cell cycle progression in melanoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1484-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Protein-protein interface-binding peptides inhibit the cancer therapy target human thymidylate synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E542-9. [PMID: 21795601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104829108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thymidylate synthase is a homodimeric enzyme that plays a key role in DNA synthesis and is a target for several clinically important anticancer drugs that bind to its active site. We have designed peptides to specifically target its dimer interface. Here we show through X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic, kinetic, and calorimetric evidence that the peptides do indeed bind at the interface of the dimeric protein and stabilize its di-inactive form. The "LR" peptide binds at a previously unknown binding site and shows a previously undescribed mechanism for the allosteric inhibition of a homodimeric enzyme. It inhibits the intracellular enzyme in ovarian cancer cells and reduces cellular growth at low micromolar concentrations in both cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells without causing protein overexpression. This peptide demonstrates the potential of allosteric inhibition of hTS for overcoming platinum drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
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30
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Muregi FW, Ohta I, Masato U, Kino H, Ishih A. Resistance of a rodent malaria parasite to a thymidylate synthase inhibitor induces an apoptotic parasite death and imposes a huge cost of fitness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21251. [PMID: 21698180 PMCID: PMC3116895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The greatest impediment to effective malaria control is drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, and thus understanding how resistance impacts on the parasite's fitness and pathogenicity may aid in malaria control strategy. Methodology/Principal Findings To generate resistance, P. berghei NK65 was subjected to 5-fluoroorotate (FOA, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, TS) pressure in mice. After 15 generations of drug pressure, the 2% DT (the delay time for proliferation of parasites to 2% parasitaemia, relative to untreated wild-type controls) reduced from 8 days to 4, equalling the controls. Drug sensitivity studies confirmed that FOA-resistance was stable. During serial passaging in the absence of drug, resistant parasite maintained low growth rates (parasitaemia, 15.5%±2.9, 7 dpi) relative to the wild-type (45.6%±8.4), translating into resistance cost of fitness of 66.0%. The resistant parasite showed an apoptosis-like death, as confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy and corroborated by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Conclusions/Significance The resistant parasite was less fit than the wild-type, which implies that in the absence of drug pressure in the field, the wild-type alleles may expand and allow drugs withdrawn due to resistance to be reintroduced. FOA resistance led to depleted dTTP pools, causing thymineless parasite death via apoptosis. This supports the tenet that unicellular eukaryotes, like metazoans, also undergo apoptosis. This is the first report where resistance to a chemical stimulus and not the stimulus itself is shown to induce apoptosis in a unicellular parasite. This finding is relevant in cancer therapy, since thymineless cell death induced by resistance to TS-inhibitors can further be optimized via inhibition of pyrimidine salvage enzymes, thus providing a synergistic impact. We conclude that since apoptosis is a process that can be pharmacologically modulated, the parasite's apoptotic machinery may be exploited as a novel drug target in malaria and other protozoan diseases of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis W Muregi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Hasegawa M, Miyajima A, Kosaka T, Yasumizu Y, Tanaka N, Maeda T, Shirotake S, Ide H, Kikuchi E, Oya M. Low-dose docetaxel enhances the sensitivity of S-1 in a xenograft model of human castration resistant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:431-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Perotti A, Locatelli A, Sessa C, Hess D, Viganò L, Capri G, Maur M, Cerny T, Cresta S, Rojo F, Albanell J, Marsoni S, Corradino I, Berk L, Rivera VM, Haluska F, Gianni L. Phase IB study of the mTOR inhibitor ridaforolimus with capecitabine. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4554-61. [PMID: 20855840 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Synergistic/additive cytotoxicity in tumor models and widespread applicability of fluoropyrimidines in solid tumors prompted the study of the combination of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, non-prodrug rapamycin analog ridaforolimus, with capecitabine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two adult patients were treated. Intravenous ridaforolimus was given once weekly for 3 weeks and capecitabine was given from days 1 to 14 every 4 weeks. Ridaforolimus was given at 25, 37.5, 50, or 75 mg with capecitabine at 1,650 mg/m(2) or 1,800 mg/m(2) divided into two daily doses. Pharmacokinetics of both drugs were determined during cycles 1 and 2. Pharmacodynamic studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and wound tissue of the skin characterized pathways associated with the metabolism or disposition of fluoropyrimidines and mTOR and ERK signaling. RESULTS Two recommended doses (RDs) were defined: 75 mg ridaforolimus/1,650 mg/m(2) capecitabine and 50 mg ridaforolimus/1,800 mg/m(2) capecitabine. Dose-limiting toxicities were stomatitis and skin rash. One patient achieved a partial response lasting 10 months and 10 of 29 evaluable patients had stable disease for ≥ 6 months. The only pharmacokinetic interaction was a ridaforolimus-induced increase in plasma exposure to fluorouracil. PBMC data suggested that prolonged exposure to capecitabine reduced the ridaforolimus inhibition of mTOR. Ridaforolimus influenced the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines and inhibited dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, behavior similar to that of rapamycin. Inhibition of the target thymidylate synthase by capecitabine was unaffected. mTOR and ERK signaling was inhibited in proliferating endothelial cells and was more pronounced at the RD with the larger amount of ridaforolimus. CONCLUSION Good tolerability, feasibility of prolonged treatment, antitumor activity, and favorable pharmacologic profile support further investigation of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Perotti
- Montabone Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Temmink OH, Bijnsdorp IV, Prins HJ, Losekoot N, Adema AD, Smid K, Honeywell RJ, Ylstra B, Eijk PP, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Trifluorothymidine resistance is associated with decreased thymidine kinase and equilibrative nucleoside transporter expression or increased secretory phospholipase A2. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1047-57. [PMID: 20371715 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trifluorothymidine (TFT) is part of the novel oral formulation TAS-102, which is currently evaluated in phase II studies. Drug resistance is an important limitation of cancer therapy. The aim of the present study was to induce resistance to TFT in H630 colon cancer cells using two different schedules and to analyze the resistance mechanism. Cells were exposed either continuously or intermittently to TFT, resulting in H630-cTFT and H630-4TFT, respectively. Cells were analyzed for cross-resistance, cell cycle, protein expression, and activity of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), thymidine kinase (TK), thymidylate synthase (TS), equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT), gene expression (microarray), and genomic alterations. Both cell lines were cross-resistant to 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (>170-fold). Exposure to IC(75)-TFT increased the S/G(2)-M phase of H630 cells, whereas in the resistant variants, no change was observed. The two main target enzymes TS and TP remained unchanged in both TFT-resistant variants. In H630-4TFT cells, TK protein expression and activity were decreased, resulting in less activated TFT and was most likely the mechanism of TFT resistance. In H630-cTFT cells, hENT mRNA expression was decreased 2- to 3-fold, resulting in a 5- to 10-fold decreased TFT-nucleotide accumulation. Surprisingly, microarray-mRNA analysis revealed a strong increase of secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2; 47-fold), which was also found by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR; 211-fold). sPLA2 inhibition reversed TFT resistance partially. H630-cTFT had many chromosomal aberrations, but the exact role of sPLA2 in TFT resistance remains unclear. Altogether, resistance induction to TFT can lead to different mechanisms of resistance, including decreased TK protein expression and enzyme activity, decreased hENT expression, as well as (phospho)lipid metabolism. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 1047-57. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf H Temmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Jung H, Lee JI, Lee HH, Kim SH, Hur H, Jeon HM. Gastric Cancer Susceptibility according to Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Thymidylate Synthase Gene Polymorphism. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2010.79.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hun Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Im Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Heong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Myung Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bijnsdorp IV, Schwendener RA, Schott H, Fichtner I, Smid K, Laan AC, Schott S, Losekoot N, Honeywell RJ, Peters GJ. Cellular pharmacology of multi- and duplex drugs consisting of ethynylcytidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Invest New Drugs 2009; 29:248-57. [PMID: 19957099 PMCID: PMC3037477 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs can have the advantage over parent drugs in increased activation and cellular uptake. The multidrug ETC-L-FdUrd and the duplex drug ETC-FdUrd are composed of two different monophosphate-nucleosides, 5-fluoro-2′deoxyuridine (FdUrd) and ethynylcytidine (ETC), coupled via a glycerolipid or phosphodiester, respectively. The aim of the study was to determine cytotoxicity levels and mode of drug cleavage. Moreover, we determined whether a liposomal formulation of ETC-L-FdUrd would improve cytotoxic activity and/or cleavage. Drug effects/cleavage were studied with standard radioactivity assays, HPLC and LC-MS/MS in FM3A/0 mammary cancer cells and their FdUrd resistant variants FM3A/TK−. ETC-FdUrd was active (IC50 of 2.2 and 79 nM) in FM3A/0 and TK− cells, respectively. ETC-L-FdUrd was less active (IC50: 7 nM in FM3A/0 vs 4500 nM in FM3A/TK−). Although the liposomal formulation was less active than ETC-L-FdUrd in FM3A/0 cells (IC50:19.3 nM), resistance due to thymidine kinase (TK) deficiency was greatly reduced. The prodrugs inhibited thymidylate synthase (TS) in FM3A/0 cells (80–90%), but to a lower extent in FM3A/TK− (10–50%). FdUMP was hardly detected in FM3A/TK− cells. Inhibition of the transporters and nucleotidases/phosphatases resulted in a reduction of cytotoxicity of ETC-FdUrd, indicating that this drug was cleaved outside the cells to the monophosphates, which was verified by the presence of FdUrd and ETC in the medium. ETC-L-FdUrd and the liposomal formulation were neither affected by transporter nor nucleotidase/phosphatase inhibition, indicating circumvention of active transporters. In vivo, ETC-FdUrd and ETC-L-FdURd were orally active. ETC nucleotides accumulated in both tumor and liver tissues. These formulations seem to be effective when a lipophilic linker is used combined with a liposomal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene V. Bijnsdorp
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reto A. Schwendener
- Laboratory of Liposome Research, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Schott
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Experimental Pharmacology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kees Smid
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie C. Laan
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Schott
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Losekoot
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Honeywell
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, CCA 1.38, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kunz C, Focke F, Saito Y, Schuermann D, Lettieri T, Selfridge J, Schär P. Base excision by thymine DNA glycosylase mediates DNA-directed cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e91. [PMID: 19402749 PMCID: PMC2671560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used in cancer treatment, imbalances nucleotide pools, thereby favoring misincorporation of uracil and 5-FU into genomic DNA. The processing of these bases by DNA repair activities was proposed to cause DNA-directed cytotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms have not been resolved. In this study, we investigated a possible role of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), one of four mammalian uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs), in the cellular response to 5-FU. Using genetic and biochemical tools, we found that inactivation of TDG significantly increases resistance of both mouse and human cancer cells towards 5-FU. We show that excision of DNA-incorporated 5-FU by TDG generates persistent DNA strand breaks, delays S-phase progression, and activates DNA damage signaling, and that the repair of 5-FU–induced DNA strand breaks is more efficient in the absence of TDG. Hence, excision of 5-FU by TDG, but not by other UDGs (UNG2 and SMUG1), prevents efficient downstream processing of the repair intermediate, thereby mediating DNA-directed cytotoxicity. The status of TDG expression in a cancer is therefore likely to determine its response to 5-FU–based chemotherapy. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used in clinical cancer therapy for more than four decades. Despite a moderate response rate and a high propensity of tumors to develop resistance to the drug, 5-FU remains a mainstay in the first-line treatment of colorectal cancer in particular. But precisely how 5-FU kills cancerous cells is not well understood. It is known, for example, that 5-FU affects RNA or DNA metabolism. Its DNA-directed cytotoxicity is thought to be based on extensive misincorporation of uracil and 5-FU into cellular DNA, and it has been proposed that the excision of these bases by uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs) results in destructive DNA fragmentation, which can ultimately lead to cell death. However, the UDG responsible has not been identified. We now show that inactivation of only one of four mammalian UDGs, the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) in mouse and human cells is sufficient to confer resistance to 5-FU, whereas overexpression of TDG sensitizes cells to the drug. We provide further experimental evidence to show that excision of 5-FU from DNA by TDG, but not by other UDGs, inhibits efficient downstream processing of the lesion. This leads to an accumulation of DNA repair intermediates, which induce DNA damage signaling and, eventually, cell death. Thus, TDG activity in cells represents an important determinant of the DNA-directed cytotoxicity of 5-FU, an observation that might help us to understand the variable response to 5-FU treatments in cancer. Targeted disruption of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) in mouse cells and down-regulation in human cancer cells establishes an important role of this protein in the cellular response to the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kunz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Focke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schuermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jim Selfridge
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Primo Schär
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Pavón MA, Parreño M, León X, Sancho FJ, Céspedes MV, Casanova I, Lopez-Pousa A, Mangues MA, Quer M, Barnadas A, Mangues R. Ku70 predicts response and primary tumor recurrence after therapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1068-79. [PMID: 18546291 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil and cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy (IC) is commonly used to treat locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The role of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) genes (Ku70, Ku80 and DNA-PKcs) in double-strand break (DSB) repair, genomic instability and apoptosis suggest a possible impact on tumor response to radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin, as these agents are direct or indirect inductors of DSBs. We evaluated the relationship between Ku80, Ku70 or DNA PKcs mRNA expression in pretreatment tumor biopsies, and tumor response to IC or local recurrence, in 50 patients with HNSCC. Additionally, in an independent cohort of 75 patients with HNSCC, we evaluated the relationship between tumor Ku70 protein expression and the same clinical outcomes or patient survival. Tumors in the responder group had significantly higher mRNA levels for Ku70, Ku80 and DNA-PKcs than those in the nonresponder group. Ku70 mRNA was the marker most significantly associated with response to IC. Moreover, high tumor Ku70 mRNA expression was associated with significantly longer local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Ku70 protein expression was also significantly related to response, and patients with higher percentage of tumor cells expressing Ku70 had longer LRFS. In addition, the percentage of Ku70 positive cells, tumor localization and node involvement were significantly associated with overall survival of patient. Therefore, Ku70 expression is a candidate predictive marker that could distinguish patients who are likely to benefit from chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy after the induction chemotherapy treatment, suggesting a contribution of the NHEJ system in HNSCC clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Pavón
- Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER) and Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Molecular mechanism of Mitomycin C-dependent caspase-8 regulation: implications for apoptosis and synergism with interferon-α signalling. Apoptosis 2007; 12:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Avallone A, Di Gennaro E, Bruzzese F, Laus G, Delrio P, Caraglia M, Pepe S, Comella P, Budillon A. Synergistic antitumour effect of raltitrexed and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid combination in human cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:781-91. [PMID: 17581300 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32809ef9b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil, usually in combination with folinic acid, is widely used in the treatment of both colorectal and head and neck squamous cell cancer patients. Since 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid and the antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitor; raltitrexed have distinct mechanisms of action and toxicity profiles, we have evaluated the potential synergistic antitumor interaction between these two agents combined with a sequential schedule of administration in KB (wt-p53) and Cal27 (mut-p53) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and LoVo (wt-p53) and HT29 (mut-p53) colorectal cell lines. The combination between a 24-h exposure to raltitrexed followed by a 4-h exposure to 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid was globally synergistic, as assessed by the median effect principle and combination index. A specific contribution of folinic acid to the cytotoxic effect of the raltitrexed/5-fluorouracil combination was clearly demonstrated by the evaluation of the potentiation factor. In all cell lines, a 1.5- up to 17-fold reduction in the IC50 of both raltitrexed and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid was observed in the combination setting compared with the concentrations of the each drug used alone. Moreover, we demonstrated that raltitrexed/5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid induced a distinct S-phase block of the cell cycle, as well as a potentiation of the apoptotic cell death, compared with 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid or raltitrexed/5-fluorouracil combination. This preclinical work represents, at least to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a synergistic interaction between raltitrexed and 5-fluorouracil modulated by folinic acid, and could represent a rationale for further clinical investigation of raltitrexed/5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Avallone
- National Tumour Institute, Federico II University Medical School, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Mauritz R, van Groeningen CJ, Smid K, Jansen G, Pinedo HM, Peters GJ. Thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA expression after administration of 5-fluorouracil to patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2609-12. [PMID: 17330233 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) exposure on mRNA levels of its target enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) and the rate-limiting catabolic enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in tumors of colorectal cancer patients. TS and DPD mRNA levels were determined in primary tumor and liver metastasis samples from patients who were either not pretreated (n = 29) or given one presurgery bolus of 5FU (n = 67). In both groups a wide variation in TS mRNA levels was observed. Median TS mRNA expression in 17 primary tumors of exposed patients was 3.0-fold higher than in 19 primary tumors of unexposed patients (p = 0.015). TS mRNA expression in liver metastasis samples of exposed patients (n = 16) was also higher (5.2-fold) than that of unexposed patients (n = 48; p < 0.001). Also DPD mRNA expression displayed a large degree of interpatient variation. No difference in DPD expression in liver metastasis samples was observed between exposed and unexposed patients. However, median DPD mRNA expression in 15 primary tumors of exposed patients was 3.2-fold lower than in 18 primary tumors of unexposed patients (p = 0.027). In conclusion, administration of 5FU in vivo influences the gene expression of TS and DPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mauritz
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Giovannetti E, Backus HHJ, Wouters D, Ferreira CG, van Houten VMM, Brakenhoff RH, Poupon MF, Azzarello A, Pinedo HM, Peters GJ. Changes in the status of p53 affect drug sensitivity to thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors by altering TS levels. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:769-75. [PMID: 17339891 PMCID: PMC2360080 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) resistance to fluoropyrimidines and other inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a serious clinical problem often associated with increased intracellular levels of TS. Since the tumour suppressor gene p53, which is mutated in 50% of CRC, regulates the expression of several genes, it may modulate TS activity, and changes in the status of p53 might be responsible for chemoresistance. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate TS levels and sensitivity to TS inhibitors in wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt) p53 CRC cells, Lovo and WiDr, respectively, transfected with mt and wt p53. Lovo 175X2 cells (transfected with mt p53) were more resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 2-fold), nolatrexed (3-fold), raltitrexed (3-fold) and pemetrexed (10-fold) in comparison with the wt p53 parental cells Lovo 92. Resistance was associated with an increase in TS protein expression and catalytic activity, which might be caused by the loss of the inhibitory effect on the activity of TS promoter or by the lack of TS mRNA degradation, as suggested by the reversal of TS expression to the levels of Lovo 92 cells by adding actinomycin. In contrast, Lovo li cells, characterized by functionally inactive p53, were 3-13-fold more sensitive to nolatrexed, raltitrexed and pemetrexed, and had a lower TS mRNA, protein expression and catalytic activity than Lovo 92. However, MDM-2 expression was significantly higher in Lovo li, while no significant differences were observed in Lovo 175X2 cells with respect to Lovo 92. Finally, mt p53 WiDr transfected with wt p53 were not significantly different from mt p53 WiDr cells with respect to sensitivity to TS inhibitors or TS levels. Altogether, these results indicate that changes in the status of p53, can differently alter sensitivity to TS inhibitors by affecting TS levels, depending on activity or cell line, and might explain the lack of clear correlation between mutations in p53 and clinical outcome after chemotherapy with TS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - H H J Backus
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Wouters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C G Ferreira
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V M M van Houten
- Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H Brakenhoff
- Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M-F Poupon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - A Azzarello
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H M Pinedo
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, CCA 1.42, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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Mikes J, Kleban J, Sacková V, Horváth V, Jamborová E, Vaculová A, Kozubík A, Hofmanová J, Fedorocko P. Necrosis predominates in the cell death of human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells treated under variable conditions of photodynamic therapy with hypericin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:758-66. [PMID: 17609769 DOI: 10.1039/b700350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a new rapidly-developing anticancer approach based on administration of a non- or weakly-toxic photosensitizer and its activation with light of appropriate wavelength. Hypericin, one of the promising photosensitizers, is known to induce apoptosis with high efficiency in various cell line models. However, here we report the prevalence of necrosis accompanied by suppression of caspase-3 activation in colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells exposed to an extensive range of PDT doses evoked by variations in two variables -- hypericin concentration and light dose. Necrosis was the principal mode of cell death despite different PDT doses and the absence of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, even if the same condition induced caspase-3 activity at similar toxicity in HeLa cells. Introduction of Bcl-2 into HT-29 cells invoked caspase-3 activation, changed the Bcl-X(L) expression pattern, increased the apoptosis ratio with no effect on overall toxicity, and supported arrest in the G(2)/M-phase of cell cycle. Since it is known that Bcl-2 suppression in HT-29 is reversible and linked to the over-expression of mutated p53 and also considering our data, we suggest that the mutation in p53 and events linked to this feature may play a role in cell death signalling in HT-29 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Mikes
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P J Safárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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43
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Kamoshida S, Suzuki M, Shimomura R, Sakurai Y, Komori Y, Uyama I, Tsutsumi Y. Immunostaining of thymidylate synthase and p53 for predicting chemoresistance to S-1/cisplatin in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:277-83. [PMID: 17211470 PMCID: PMC2360001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) and inactivation of p53 are allegedly associated with chemoresistance. The authors evaluated TS and p53 expression in gastric cancer treated with neoadjuvant S-1/cisplatin chemotherapy. Paraffin sections of pretreatment biopsy and surgical specimens from 41 gastric cancers were immunostained for TS and p53 protein after appropriate antigen retrieval. Fifty-one cases without neoadjuvant chemotherapy were also studied. In the pretreatment biopsies, high expression of TS was seen in 8% of the histologic responders, in 28% of the nonresponders and in 31% of the controls. High expression of p53 was observed in 56% of the nonresponders, but in 8% of the responders and in 29% of the controls (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). The TS- and/or p53-high phenotype was seen in 76% of the nonresponders and in 54% of the controls, but in 8% of the responders (P<0.0001 and P<0.005, respectively). The data of the surgical specimens were consistent with those of the pretreatment biopsies. These results suggest that immunostaining for TS and p53 protein is useful for pretreatment selection of gastric cancer patients unresponsive to S-1/cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamoshida
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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De Angelis PM, Svendsrud DH, Kravik KL, Stokke T. Cellular response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cell lines during treatment and recovery. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:20. [PMID: 16709241 PMCID: PMC1524802 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of cells with the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) causes DNA damage, which in turn affects cell proliferation and survival. Two stable wild-type TP53 5-FU-resistant cell lines, ContinB and ContinD, generated from the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, demonstrate moderate and strong resistance to 5-FU, respectively, markedly-reduced levels of 5-FU-induced apoptosis, and alterations in expression levels of a number of key cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory genes as a result of resistance development. The aim of the present study was to determine potential differential responses to 8 and 24-hour 5-FU treatment in these resistant cell lines. We assessed levels of 5-FU uptake into DNA, cell cycle effects and apoptosis induction throughout treatment and recovery periods for each cell line, and alterations in expression levels of DNA damage response-, cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory genes in response to short-term drug exposure. Results 5-FU treatment for 24 hours resulted in S phase arrests, p53 accumulation, up-regulation of p53-target genes on DNA damage response (ATF3, GADD34, GADD45A, PCNA), cell cycle-regulatory (CDKN1A), and apoptosis-regulatory pathways (FAS), and apoptosis induction in the parental and resistant cell lines. Levels of 5-FU incorporation into DNA were similar for the cell lines. The pattern of cell cycle progression during recovery demonstrated consistently that the 5-FU-resistant cell lines had the smallest S phase fractions and the largest G2(/M) fractions. The strongly 5-FU-resistant ContinD cell line had the smallest S phase arrests, the lowest CDKN1A levels, and the lowest levels of 5-FU-induced apoptosis throughout the treatment and recovery periods, and the fastest recovery of exponential growth (10 days) compared to the other two cell lines. The moderately 5-FU-resistant ContinB cell line had comparatively lower apoptotic levels than the parental cells during treatment and recovery periods and a recovery time of 22 days. Mitotic activity ceased in response to drug treatment for all cell lines, consistent with down-regulation of mitosis-regulatory genes. Differential expression in response to 5-FU treatment was demonstrated for genes involved in regulation of nucleotide binding/metabolism (ATAD2, GNL2, GNL3, MATR3), amino acid metabolism (AHCY, GSS, IVD, OAT), cytoskeleton organization (KRT7, KRT8, KRT19, MAST1), transport (MTCH1, NCBP1, SNAPAP, VPS52), and oxygen metabolism (COX5A, COX7C). Conclusion Our gene expression data suggest that altered regulation of nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, transport, and oxygen metabolism may underlie the differential resistance to 5-FU seen in these cell lines. The contributory roles to 5-FU resistance of some of the affected genes on these pathways will be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M De Angelis
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Molecular Chemoresistance, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo, Norway
| | - Debbie H Svendsrud
- Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katherine L Kravik
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Molecular Chemoresistance, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Stokke
- Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo, Norway
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Toner LE, Vrhovac R, Smith EA, Gardner J, Heaney M, Gonen M, Teruya-Feldstein J, Sirotnak F, O'Connor OA. The Schedule-Dependent Effects of the Novel Antifolate Pralatrexate and Gemcitabine Are Superior to Methotrexate and Cytarabine in Models of Human Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:924-32. [PMID: 16467107 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methotrexate is known to synergize with cytarabine [1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C)] in a schedule-dependent manner. The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the activity of pralatrexate (10-propargyl-10-deazaminopterin)/gemcitabine to the standard combination of methotrexate/ara-C and to determine if schedule dependency of this combination is important in lymphoma. EXPERIMENT DESIGN Cytotoxicity assays using the standard trypan blue exclusion assay were used to explore the in vitro activity of pralatrexate and gemcitabine against a panel of lymphoma cell lines. Both severe combined imunodeficient beige and irradiated nonobese diabetic/severe combined imunodeficient mouse xenograft models were used to compare and contrast the in vivo activity of these combinations as a function of schedule. In addition, apoptosis assays were conducted. RESULTS Compared with methotrexate-containing combinations, pralatrexate plus gemcitabine combinations displayed improved therapeutic activity with some schedule dependency. The combination of pralatrexate and gemcitabine was superior to any methotrexate and ara-C combination in inducing apoptosis and in activating caspase-3. In vivo, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the sequence of pralatrexate --> gemcitabine. Complete remissions were only appreciated in animals receiving pralatrexate followed by gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the combination of pralatrexate followed by gemcitabine was superior to methotrexate/ara-C in vitro and in vivo, and was far more potent in inducing apoptosis in a large B-cell lymphoma. These data provide strong rationale for further study of this combination in lymphomas where methotrexate and ara-C are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine E Toner
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics for the Lymphoproliferative Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Yang SA, Paek SH, Kozukue N, Lee KR, Kim JA. Alpha-chaconine, a potato glycoalkaloid, induces apoptosis of HT-29 human colon cancer cells through caspase-3 activation and inhibition of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:839-46. [PMID: 16387404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although alpha-chaconine, one of the two major potato trisaccharide glycoalkaloids, have shown cytotoxic effects on human cancer cells, the exact mechanism of this action of alpha-chaconine is not completely understood. In this study, we found that alpha-chaconine induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by using flow cytometric analysis. We also found that caspase-3 activity and the active form of caspase-3 were increased 12 h after alpha-chaconine treatment. Caspase inhibitors, N-Ac-DEVD-CHO and Z-VAD-fmk, prevented alpha-chaconine-induced apoptosis, whereas alpha-chaconine-induced apoptosis was potentiated by PD98059, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor. However, pretreatment of the cells with LY294002 and SB203580, inhibitors of PI3K and p38, respectively, BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Trolox had no effect on the alpha-chaconine-induced cell death. In addition, phosphorylation of ERK was reduced by the treatment with alpha-chaconine. Moreover, alpha-chaconine-induced caspase-3 activity was further increased by the pretreatment with PD98059. Thus, the results indicate that alpha-chaconine induces apoptosis of HT-29 cells through inhibition of ERK and, in turn, activation of caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun-Ah Yang
- Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
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Aguiar S, Lopes A, Soares FA, Rossi BM, Ferreira FO, Nakagawa WT, Carvalho AL, Filho WJD. Prognostic and predictive value of the thymidylate synthase expression in patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31:863-8. [PMID: 15923105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the value of thymidylate synthase (TS) expression as a predictive factor in the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer, as well as its independent prognostic value for survival. METHODS We studied 114 high risk colorectal carcinoma patients (high risk stage II and stage III), distributed in two treatment groups: surgery alone (61 patients) or surgery followed by 5-FU-based chemotherapy (53 patients). TS protein expression in the tumour tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the surgery alone subgroup, overall survival (OS) at 5 years were 77.5% for the patients with low TS expression, against 57.7% for the patients with high TS expression (p=0.006). Among patients with low TS, there was no difference in OS as a result of whether adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out or not (65.8 vs 77.5%, p=0.29). Among the patients with high TS, there was a significant gain in OS in favor of chemotherapy (87.8 vs 57.7%, p=0.04). Analyzing the complete sample, TS expression was not shown as an independent prognostic factor for survival in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The immunohistochemical TS expression may be used for selecting patients for better adjuvant chemotherapy protocols. In this sample, TS expression was not an independent prognostic factor for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguiar
- Department of Pelvic Surgery, Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Maring JG, Groen HJM, Wachters FM, Uges DRA, de Vries EGE. Genetic factors influencing pyrimidine-antagonist chemotherapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2005; 5:226-43. [PMID: 16041392 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine antagonists, for example, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cytarabine (ara-C) and gemcitabine (dFdC), are widely used in chemotherapy regimes for colorectal, breast, head and neck, non-small-cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and leukaemias. Extensive metabolism is a prerequisite for conversion of these pyrimidine prodrugs into active compounds. Interindividual variation in the activity of metabolising enzymes can affect the extent of prodrug activation and, as a result, act on the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment. Genetic factors at least partly explain interindividual variation in antitumour efficacy and toxicity of pyrimidine antagonists. In this review, proteins relevant for the efficacy and toxicity of pyrimidine antagonists will be summarised. In addition, the role of germline polymorphisms, tumour-specific somatic mutations and protein expression levels in the metabolic pathways and clinical pharmacology of these drugs are described. Germline polymorphisms of uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT), thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and gene expression levels of OPRT, UMPK, TS, DPD, uridine phosphorylase, uridine kinase, thymidine phosphorylase, thymidine kinase, deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotide hydrolase are discussed in relation to 5-FU efficacy. Cytidine deaminase (CDD) and 5'-nucleotidase (5NT) gene polymorphisms and CDD, 5NT, deoxycytidine kinase and MRP5 gene expression levels and their potential relation to dFdC and ara-C cytotoxicity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Maring
- Department of Pharmacy, Diaconessen Hospital Meppel & Bethesda Hospital Hoogeveen, Meppel, The Netherlands.
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Massari D, Trobonjac Z, Rukavina D, Radosević-Stasić B. SMS 201-995 enhances S-phase block induced by 5-fluorouracil in a human colorectal cancer cell line. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:989-96. [PMID: 16162975 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000180118.93535.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The action of the somatostatin analog SMS-201.995 (SMS) was tested in monotherapy and in combined therapy with the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on cell cycle kinetics of the human colon cancer cell line WiDr, expressing a mutant p53 (mp53). The data, obtained by flow cytometric DNA analysis, showed that SMS at 0.2 microg/ml increased apoptosis, augmenting the proportion of cells with subdiploid DNA content by 65 and 48% after 3 and 6 h, respectively. In cultures lasting 24 and 36 h, it also decreased the percentages of cells in G0/G1 phase by 22.9 and 14.3%; whereas at a dose of 0.1 microg/ml, SMS decreased the percentage of cells in G2/M by 14.3%. In contrast to SMS, 5-FU (0.1 microg/ml) augmented the apoptosis at 12 h, and markedly increased the fraction of cells in S phase, increasing its value from 24 and 72 h by 108 and 234%, respectively, in comparison to the control. The most evident finding after the combination of SMS (0.2 microg/ml) and 5-FU (0.1 microg/ml) was a potentiation of 5-FU-induced S-phase block by a further 7.9, 12.9 and 42.1% at 24, 36 and 72 h, respectively. Treatment with 5-FU also upregulated HLA class I expression of the cancer cells. In this sense, SMS was less effective and when given in combination with 5-FU did not change the effects induced by 5-FU. The data emphasize that SMS exhibits pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects, which in proper dose combinations might enhance the effects of 5-FU on human colorectal cancer cells expressing mp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Massari
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Temmink OH, Hoogeland MFM, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Low folate conditions may enhance the interaction of trifluorothymidine with antifolates in colon cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 57:171-9. [PMID: 16010590 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trifluorothymidine (TFT) is a fluoropyrimidine that is part of the novel combination metabolite TAS-102, in which TFT is combined with a potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI). TAS-102 is currently tested as an orally chemotherapeutic agent in different schedules in a phase I study. In its monophosphate form, TFT can inhibit thymidylate synthase (TS) activity after binding to the TS-nucleotide binding site leading to dTTP depletion, and in its triphosphate form TFT is incorporated into DNA, eventually leading to DNA damage. In this in vitro study, we investigated whether TFT could potentiate cytotoxicity of the antifolate-based TS inhibitors AG337 (Nolatrexed), ZD1694 (Raltitrexed) and GW1843; and whether increased TS inhibition or DNA damage would be related to this result. METHODS The drug combinations were studied in colon cancer cell lines either grown at low or high folate conditions. Multiple drug effect analysis was performed after measuring growth inhibition when the drugs were combined (MTT Assay) and expressed as Combination Index (CI), where CI<0.9 indicates synergism, CI=0.9-1.1 indicates additivity and CI>1.1 indicates antagonism. Drug target analysis was performed using the TS in situ inhibition assay and the FADU DNA-damage assay. Cells were exposed to either the drugs alone or in combination to determine the effect on TS activity and DNA damage induction, respectively. RESULTS Three experimental procedures were used to test the interaction of the drugs: either one of the drugs was kept at a constant concentration (IC25) or two drugs were added in a 1:1 IC50-based molar ratio. The combinations of TFT with one of the antifolates in which one of the drugs was kept at a constant concentration were synergistic for all antifolates in WiDr/F cells, which grow in low folate medium (CI=0.6-0.8), but only additive to antagonistic for the cell lines growing in high folate medium: TFT-AG337: CI=0.9-2.3; TFT-ZD1694: CI=0.9-1.3; TFT-GW1843: CI=0.8-1.7. The procedure in which the two drugs were added in a 1:1 IC50-based molar ratio showed antagonism for all three combinations in all cell lines (CI>2.7). TS inhibition (14.3%) and DNA damage (8%) were more pronounced than expected (P<0.05) when TFT was combined with GW1843 in WiDr/F cells, in contrast to AG337 and ZD1694, which showed inhibiting effects as expected (additive). CONCLUSIONS The combination of TFT with the antifolates AG337, ZD1694 and GW1843 is mainly additive when the drugs are given simultaneously and this is mediated by an additive TS inhibition and DNA damage. The drug interaction may partly be dependent on the folate homeostasis since WiDr/F cells growing at low folate conditions show pronounced synergism in growth inhibition, two-sided TS inhibition and DNA damage, especially when TFT is combined with the tight-binding TS inhibitor GW1843.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf H Temmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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