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Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Locht C. Recombinant BCG to Enhance Its Immunomodulatory Activities. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:827. [PMID: 35632582 PMCID: PMC9143156 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis derivative that has been widely used as a live vaccine against tuberculosis for a century. In addition to its use as a tuberculosis vaccine, BCG has also been found to have utility in the prevention or treatment of unrelated diseases, including cancer. However, the protective and therapeutic efficacy of BCG against tuberculosis and other diseases is not perfect. For three decades, it has been possible to genetically modify BCG in an attempt to improve its efficacy. Various immune-modulatory molecules have been produced in recombinant BCG strains and tested for protection against tuberculosis or treatment of several cancers or inflammatory diseases. These molecules include cytokines, bacterial toxins or toxin fragments, as well as other protein and non-protein immune-modulatory molecules. The deletion of genes responsible for the immune-suppressive properties of BCG has also been explored for their effect on BCG-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Most studies limited their investigations to the description of T cell immune responses that were modified by the genetic modifications of BCG. Some studies also reported improved protection by recombinant BCG against tuberculosis or enhanced therapeutic efficacy against various cancer forms or allergies. However, so far, these investigations have been limited to mouse models, and the prophylactic or therapeutic potential of recombinant BCG strains has not yet been illustrated in other species, including humans, with the exception of a genetically modified BCG strain that is now in late-stage clinical development as a vaccine against tuberculosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the different molecular engineering strategies adopted over the last three decades in order to enhance the immune-modulatory potential of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Camille Locht
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019–UMR9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, F-59000 Lille, France
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2
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Li G, Tao T, Deng D, Zhang S, Chao Y, Dai Y, Li Y, Tao R, Yuan S, Liu Z, Wu S. Collagen-targeted tumor-specific transepithelial penetration enhancer mediated intravesical chemoimmunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Santos HJSP, Matheus LHG, Silva A, Dalmazzo SV, Santos AA, Santos LRAR, Souza DM, Reis ST, Nascimento IP, Dellê H. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 Expression is Changed During Bladder Cancer Cell Invasion. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469211065612. [PMID: 35002253 PMCID: PMC8733347 DOI: 10.1177/11786469211065612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of the bladder carcinoma (BC) is directly linked to cell invasion and metastasis. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) is an INF-γ-induced immunomodulating enzyme that has been linked to the cancer cell invasiveness. Because IDO1 is variable among the tumors, we analyzed its expression in the BC invasion using BC mice models and cell culture. MB49 cells were orthotopically or ectopically inoculated in C57Bl6 mice to evaluate IDO1 by immunohistochemistry. For in vitro experiments, expression of IDO1 and INF-γ was evaluated in grade-1 (RT4) and in grade-3 (T24) BC cell lines. Invading and non-invading T24 cells were separated using the Matrigel/Transwell system, of which total RNA was extracted immediately or after 2 weeks of subculture. Finally, IDO1 was silenced in T24 cells to verify its role on cell invasiveness. In both animal models, IDO1 was differentially expressed between non-invading and invading cells. In cell culture, T24 cells expressed more IDO1 than RT4 cells, independently of the INF-γ expression. IDO1 was differentially expressed between non-invading and invading T24 cells, a difference that was lost by long-time subculture. IDO1 silencing resulted in diminished cell invasiveness. In conclusion, IDO1 expression is changed during bladder carcinoma invasion, playing an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Diego Mota Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Thalita Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto Dellê
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Tham SM, Rahmat JN, Chiong E, Wu Q, Esuvaranathan K, Mahendran R. Intravesical High Dose BCG Tokyo and Low Dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF+IFN α Induce Systemic Immunity in a Murine Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121766. [PMID: 34944584 PMCID: PMC8698822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates a short therapy schedule for bladder cancer using BCG Tokyo. BCG Tokyo was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, RAW macrophages and the murine bladder cancer cell line, MB49PSA, and compared to other BCG strains. BCG Tokyo > BCG TICE at inducing cytokine production. In vivo, high dose (1 × 107 colony forming units (cfu)) and low dose (1 × 106 cfu) BCG Tokyo with and without cytokine genes (GMCSF + IFNα) were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice (n = 12–16 per group) with orthotopically implanted MB49PSA cells. Mice were treated with four instillations of cytokine gene therapy and BCG therapy. Both high dose BCG alone and low dose BCG combined with cytokine gene therapy were similarly effective. In the second part the responsive groups, mice (n = 27) were monitored by urinary PSA analysis for a further 7 weeks after therapy cessation. More mice were cured at day 84 than at day 42 confirming activation of the immune system. Cured mice resisted the re-challenge with subcutaneous tumors unlike naïve, age matched mice. Antigen specific T cells recognizing BCG, HY and PSA were identified. Thus, fewer intravesical instillations, with high dose BCG Tokyo or low dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF + IFNα gene therapy, can induce effective systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mun Tham
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
| | - Juwita N. Rahmat
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Qinghui Wu
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Kesavan Esuvaranathan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (S.M.T.); (J.N.R.); (E.C.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6601-3982; Fax: +65-6777-8427
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5
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de Queiroz NMGP, Marinho FV, de Araujo ACVSC, Fahel JS, Oliveira SC. MyD88-dependent BCG immunotherapy reduces tumor and regulates tumor microenvironment in bladder cancer murine model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15648. [PMID: 34341449 PMCID: PMC8329301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only FDA approved first line therapy for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. The purpose of this study is to better understand the role of innate immune pathways involved in BCG immunotherapy against murine bladder tumor. We first characterized the immunological profile induced by the MB49 mouse urothelial carcinoma cell line. MB49 cells were not able to activate an inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-10 or IFN-β) after the stimulus with different agonists or BCG infection, unlike macrophages. Although MB49 cells are not able to induce an efficient immune response, BCG treatment could activate other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We evaluated BCG intratumoral treatment in animals deficient for different innate immune molecules (STING-/-, cGAS-/-, TLR2-/-, TLR3-/-, TLR4-/-, TLR7-/-, TLR9-/-, TLR3/7/9-/-, MyD88-/-, IL-1R-/-, Caspase1/11-/-, Gasdermin-D-/- and IFNAR-/-) using the MB49 subcutaneous mouse model. Only MyD88-/- partially responded to BCG treatment compared to wild type (WT) mice, suggesting a role played by this adaptor molecule. Additionally, BCG intratumoral treatment regulates cellular infiltrate in TME with an increase of inflammatory macrophages, neutrophils and CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting an immune response activation that favors tumor remission in WT mice but not in MyD88-/-. The experiments using MB49 cells infected with BCG and co-cultured with macrophages also demonstrated that MyD88 is essential for an efficient immune response. Our data suggests that BCG immunotherapy depends partially on the MyD88-related innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M G P de Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio V Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina V S C de Araujo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia S Fahel
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, Salvador, BA, 31270-901, Brazil.
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6
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Jinyu L, Mengyang Z, Xin Z, Shasha G, Shuang L, Lin P, Yuxue M, Chen C, Xiaoya L, Rui Z, Xuanye F, Bo D, Liqun J, Yulin L, Yueqi W, Zhiqiang C, Yi T, Dayong C. A model for anticancer surveillance was pharmacologically developed to evaluate vitality principle in breast cancer rats. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Potts KG, Irwin CR, Favis NA, Pink DB, Vincent KM, Lewis JD, Moore RB, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Deletion of F4L (ribonucleotide reductase) in vaccinia virus produces a selective oncolytic virus and promotes anti-tumor immunity with superior safety in bladder cancer models. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:638-654. [PMID: 28289079 PMCID: PMC5412795 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer has a recurrence rate of up to 80% and many patients require multiple treatments that often fail, eventually leading to disease progression. In particular, standard of care for high-grade disease, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), fails in 30% of patients. We have generated a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) by mutating the F4L gene that encodes the virus homolog of the cell-cycle-regulated small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RRM2). The F4L-deleted VACVs are highly attenuated in normal tissues, and since cancer cells commonly express elevated RRM2 levels, have tumor-selective replication and cell killing. These F4L-deleted VACVs replicated selectively in immune-competent rat AY-27 and xenografted human RT112-luc orthotopic bladder cancer models, causing significant tumor regression or complete ablation with no toxicity. It was also observed that rats cured of AY-27 tumors by VACV treatment developed anti-tumor immunity as evidenced by tumor rejection upon challenge and by ex vivo cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assays. Finally, F4L-deleted VACVs replicated in primary human bladder cancer explants. Our findings demonstrate the enhanced safety and selectivity of F4L-deleted VACVs, with application as a promising therapy for patients with BCG-refractory cancers and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Potts
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chad R Irwin
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole A Favis
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Desmond B Pink
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Krista M Vincent
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald B Moore
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada .,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Toshkov IA, Gleiberman AS, Mett VL, Hutson AD, Singh AK, Gudkov AV, Burdelya LG. Mitigation of Radiation-Induced Epithelial Damage by the TLR5 Agonist Entolimod in a Mouse Model of Fractionated Head and Neck Irradiation. Radiat Res 2017; 187:570-580. [PMID: 28323577 PMCID: PMC5541767 DOI: 10.1667/rr14514.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation treatment of head and neck cancer frequently causes severe collateral damage to normal tissues including mouth mucosa, salivary glands and skin. This toxicity limits the radiation dose that can be delivered and affects the patient's quality of life. Previous studies in mice and nonhuman primates showed that entolimod, a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist derived from bacterial flagellin, effectively reduced radiation damage to hematopoietic and gastrointestinal tissues in both total-body and local irradiation scenarios, with no protection of tumors. Here, using a mouse model, we analyzed the efficacy of entolimod administered before or after irradiation in reducing damage to normal tissues. Animals received local fractionated radiation to the head and neck area, thus modeling radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Tissue damage was evaluated through histomorphological examination of samples collected at different time points up to four weeks, mice were exposed locally to five daily fractions of 5, 6 or 7 Gy. A semiquantitative scoring system was used to assess the severity of observed pathomorphological changes. In this model, radiation damage was most severe in the lips, tongue and skin, moderate in the upper esophagus and minor in salivary glands. The kinetics of injury appearance and recovery of normal morphology varied among tissues, with maximal damage to the tongue, esophagus and salivary glands developing at earlier times (days 8-11 postirradiation) relative to that of lip and skin mucosa (days 11-15 postirradiation). While both tested regimens of entolimod significantly reduced the extent of radiation damage and accelerated restoration of normal structure in all tissues analyzed, administration of entolimod 1 h after each irradiation was more effective than treatment 30 min before irradiation. These results support the potential clinical use of entolimod as an adjuvant for improving the therapeutic index of head and neck cancer radiotherapy by reducing the radiation toxicity in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan D. Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anurag K. Singh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Andrei V. Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Buffalo, New York
| | - Lyudmila G. Burdelya
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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9
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Li T, Yang L, Fu SJ, Xiao EL, Yuan X, Lu JZ, Ma BL, Shi TK, Wang ZP. Subcutaneous Injections of the Mannose-Sensitive Hemagglutination Pilus Strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulate Host Immunity, Reduce Bladder Cancer Size and Improve Tumor Survival in Mice. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 73:245-52. [PMID: 25724441 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We wished to evaluate the effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mannose-sensitive hemagglutination pilus strain, PA-MSHA) as an immunostimulating and anti-tumor agent for treatment of bladder cancer. Immunostimulating effects were assessed by the in vitro proliferation assay of murine splenic lymphocytes. Anti-tumor effects were studied in a subcutaneous tumor model established in female C57BL/6 mice using the MB49 bladder cell line. These mice received subcutaneous injections of normal saline (control group) or PA-MSHA (high, medium, or low dose, respectively, 1.6-2.0 × 10(9), 3.2- .0 × 10(8), 6.4-8.0 × 10(7) CFU/ml) twice a week for 3 weeks. Mice survival, tumor volume, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, microvessel density (MVD), serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and blood CD4(+) /CD8(+) counts were the study outcomes. We observed that PA-MSHA promoted the growth of splenic lymphocytes in vitro. In the murine tumor model, PA-MSHA prolonged mice survival and reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, VEGF and MVD were also diminished by PA-MSHA. Mice that received high and medium dose of PA-MSHA had significantly higher serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α (days 21 and 28), and higher levels of CD4(+) /CD8(+) cells (days 21 and 28). In conclusion, PA-MSHA exerts beneficial effects on increasing proliferation of murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro and inhibits the growth of bladder tumor in a murine model. Therefore, PA-MSHA may be useful an immunostimulating and anti-tumor agent for bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Fu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Er-Long Xiao
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Bao-Liang Ma
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Ting-Kai Shi
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, , Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cui YingMen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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10
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Vandeveer AJ, Fallon JK, Tighe R, Sabzevari H, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Systemic Immunotherapy of Non-Muscle Invasive Mouse Bladder Cancer with Avelumab, an Anti-PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:452-62. [PMID: 26921031 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the standard of care for intravesical therapy for carcinoma in situ and non-muscle invasive, nonmetastatic human urothelial carcinoma. Although the responsiveness to this immunotherapeutic is believed to be linked with (i) a high number of somatic mutations and (ii) a large number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, recent findings of the roles that inhibitory immune receptors and their ligands play in tumor evasion may provide insights into the limitations of the effectiveness of BCG and offer new targets for immune-based therapy. In this study, an aggressive, bioluminescent orthotopic bladder cancer model, MB49 tumor cells transfected with luciferase (MB49(luc)), was used to study the antitumor effects of avelumab, an antibody to PD-L1. MB49(luc) murine tumor cells form multifocal tumors on the mucosal wall of the bladder reminiscent of non-muscle invasive, nonmetastatic urothelial carcinomas. MB49(luc) bladder tumors are highly positive for the expression of PD-L1, and avelumab administration induced significant (P < 0.05) antitumor effects. These antitumor effects were more dependent on the presence of CD4 than CD8 T cells, as determined by in vivo immune cell depletions. The findings suggest that in this bladder tumor model, interruption of the immune-suppressive PD-1/PD-L1 complex releases a local adaptive immune response that, in turn, reduces tumor growth. This bladder tumor model can be used to further identify host antitumor immune mechanisms and evaluate combinations of immune-based therapies for carcinoma in situ and non-muscle invasive, nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma, to provide the rationale for subsequent clinical studies. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 452-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Vandeveer
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan K Fallon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Tighe
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Sabzevari
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - John W Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Wu Y, Enting D, Rudman S, Chowdhury S. Immunotherapy for urothelial cancer: from BCG to checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:509-23. [PMID: 25882710 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1015419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction almost 40 years ago, intravesical BCG for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer remains one of the most successful cancer immunotherapies. However, up to 40% of patients will progress after BCG therapy and develop invasive bladder cancer. Despite its extensive clinical use, we are only beginning to understand how BCG works. Here we review preclinical and clinical data that implicate BCG-induced Th1 and cytotoxic cellular immune responses in cancer regression. We propose that future immunotherapies should aim to augment Th1 and/or cellular responses in those that fail BCG therapy. We review clinical trials of immunotherapy in bladder cancer with a focus on the promising role of checkpoint blockade inhibitors that target the programmed cell death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis and/or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Programme of Infection and Immunity, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Ingersoll MA, Albert ML. From infection to immunotherapy: host immune responses to bacteria at the bladder mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1041-53. [PMID: 24064671 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of urinary tract infection and mechanisms of the protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder cancer highlight the importance of studying the bladder as a unique mucosal surface. Innate responses to bacteria are reviewed, and although our collective knowledge remains incomplete, we discuss how adaptive immunity may be generated following bacterial challenge in the bladder microenvironment. Interestingly, the widely held belief that the bladder is sterile has been challenged recently, indicating the need for further study of the impact of commensal microorganisms on the immune response to uropathogen infection or intentional instillation of BCG. This review addresses the aspects of bladder biology that have been well explored and defines what still must be discovered about the immunobiology of this understudied organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ingersoll
- 1] Unité d'Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] INSERM U818, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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13
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Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: BCG and Beyond. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:181987. [PMID: 22778725 PMCID: PMC3388311 DOI: 10.1155/2012/181987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has become the predominant conservative treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Its mechanism of action continues to be defined but has been shown to involve a T helper type 1 (Th1) immunomodulatory response. While BCG treatment is the current standard of care, a significant proportion of patients fails or do not tolerate treatment. Therefore, many efforts have been made to identify other intravesical and immunomodulating therapeutics to use alone or in conjunction with BCG. This paper reviews the progress of basic science and clinical experience with several immunotherapeutic agents including IFN-α, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10.
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Fishman AI, Johnson B, Alexander B, Won J, Choudhury M, Konno S. Additively enhanced antiproliferative effect of interferon combined with proanthocyanidin on bladder cancer cells. J Cancer 2012; 3:107-12. [PMID: 22393334 PMCID: PMC3293172 DOI: 10.7150/jca.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interferon (IFN) has been often used as immunotherapy for bladder cancer, its efficacy is rather unsatisfactory, demanding further improvement. Combination therapy is one of viable options, and grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) could be such an agent to be used with IFN because it has been shown to have anticancer activity. We thus investigated whether combination of IFN and GSP might enhance the overall antiproliferative effect on bladder cancer cells in vitro. Human bladder cancer T24 cells were employed and treated with the varying concentrations of recombinant IFN-α2b (0-100,000 IU/ml), GSP (0-100 μg/ml), or their combinations. IFN-α2b alone led to a ~50% growth reduction at 20,000 (20K) IU/ml, which further declined to ~67% at ≥50K IU/ml. Similarly, GSP alone induced a ~35% and ~100% growth reduction at 25 and ≥50 μg/ml, respectively. When IFN-α2b and GSP were then combined, combination of 50K IU/ml IFN-α2b and 25 μg/ml GSP resulted in a drastic >95% growth reduction. Cell cycle analysis indicated that such an enhanced growth inhibition was accompanied by a G1 cell cycle arrest. This was further confirmed by Western blot analysis revealing that expressions of G1-specific cell cycle regulators (CDK2, CDK4, cyclin E and p27/Kip1) were distinctly modulated with such IFN-α2b/GSP treatment. Therefore, these findings support the notion that combination of IFN-α2b and GSP is capable of additively enhancing antiproliferative effect on T24 cells with a G1 cell cycle arrest, implying an adjuvant therapeutic modality for superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Fishman
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Xiao Z, Hanel E, Mak A, Moore RB. Antitumor Efficacy of Intravesical BCG, Gemcitabine, Interferon-α and Interleukin-2 as Mono- or Combination-Therapy for Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Tumor Model. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2011; 5:315-23. [PMID: 22084620 PMCID: PMC3201113 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To reduce adverse effects and improve efficacy of intravesical BCG for bladder cancer, alternative treatment options were investigated in an orthotopic rat tumor model. Methods: Superficial bladder cancer was established in syngeneic female rat bladders by instillation of AY-27 cells. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups including dose escalation of intravesical BCG with or without interferon-α (IFN-α) or interleukin-2 (IL-2); or graded doses of gemcitabine alone; or BCG plus gemcitabine. Treatments were given twice weekly for 3 weeks. Rats in control groups received saline instillations. Treatment response was monitored by animals’ well-being, survival days, tumor growth inhibition, and histological examination at necropsy. Results: Rats receiving monotherapy with intravesical BCG, gemcitabine, or IFN-α, attained significantly better survival and tumor reduction compared with control (P = 0.002; 0.001; 0.002, respectively, Log-rank Test). A dose-dependent treatment response was observed in animals with established bladder tumor receiving escalated BCG instillations. Only high-dose BCG significantly improved animal survival. Although high-dose BCG plus gemcitabine or IFN-α did not increase benefit over monotherapies, low-dose BCG plus IL-2 did show improved efficacy (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Intravesical monotherapies with gemcitabine and IFN-α were as effective as BCG for treatment of early non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer in this immune competent rat model. Combining these agents with high-dose BCG did not further increase efficacy. However, combining low-dose BCG with IL-2 enhanced BCG effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Xiao
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Louie B, Rajamahanty S, Won J, Choudhury M, Konno S. Synergistic potentiation of interferon activity with maitake mushroom d-fraction on bladder cancer cells. BJU Int 2010; 105:1011-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zaharoff DA, Hoffman BS, Hooper HB, Benjamin CJ, Khurana KK, Hance KW, Rogers CJ, Pinto PA, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Intravesical immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer with chitosan/interleukin-12. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6192-9. [PMID: 19638573 PMCID: PMC2788203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical BCG has been used successfully to treat superficial bladder cancer for three decades. However, 20% to 30% of patients will fail initial BCG therapy and 30% to 50% of patients will develop recurrent tumors within 5 years. Alternative or complementary strategies for the management of superficial bladder cancer are needed. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent T(H)1 cytokine with robust antitumor activity and the ability to potentiate immunologic memory. Unfortunately, intravesical IL-12 did not show antitumor efficacy in a recent clinical study of patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. We hypothesized that coformulation of IL-12 with chitosan, a biocompatible, mucoadhesive polysaccharide, could improve intravesical IL-12 delivery and provide an effective and durable alternative for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. In antitumor studies, 88% to 100% of mice bearing orthotopic bladder tumors were cured after four intravesical treatments with chitosan/IL-12. In contrast, only 38% to 60% of mice treated with IL-12 alone and 0% treated with BCG were cured. Antitumor responses following chitosan/IL-12 treatments were durable and provided complete protection from intravesical tumor rechallenge. Urinary cytokine analysis showed that chitosan/IL-12 induced multiple T(H)1 cytokines at levels significantly higher than either IL-12 alone or BCG. Immunohistochemistry revealed moderate to intense tumor infiltration by T cells and macrophages following chitosan/IL-12 treatments. Bladder submucosa from cured mice contained residual populations of immune cells that returned to baseline levels after several months. Intravesical chitosan/IL-12 is a well-tolerated, effective immunotherapy that deserves further consideration for testing in humans for the management of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Zaharoff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin S. Hoffman
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H. Brooks Hooper
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Compton J. Benjamin
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kiranpreet K. Khurana
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth W. Hance
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Connie J. Rogers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter A. Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W. Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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De Boer EC, Rooijakkers SJ, Schamhart DH, Kurth KH. Cytokine gene expression in a mouse model: the first instillations with viable bacillus Calmette-Guerin determine the succeeding Th1 response. J Urol 2003; 170:2004-8. [PMID: 14532842 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000091826.83705.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for superficial bladder cancer is immune dependent and activation of a Th1 immune response is probably required for clinical efficacy. Given the empirical approach to improving BCG therapy we investigated in a mouse model the consequences of modifications in BCG therapy with regard to Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in the bladder. These studies may provide a rationale for possible modifications of the established clinical treatment protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dynamics of Th1 (interferon-gamma, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokine responses during and after 6 once weekly intravesical BCG instillations in mice was determined by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction based method. RESULTS During 6 weekly BCG instillations a dose and time dependent induction of the various Th1 as well as Th2 cytokines was observed. The response pattern was comparable to urinary cytokine induction patterns in patients. Electrocauterization prior to BCG instillations led to lower and more variable levels of cytokine polymerase chain reaction products compared with noncauterization. Lowering the dose of BCG seemed to affect the Th1 cytokine response most, whereas the Th2 response was less influenced by dilution of the BCG preparation. Six instillations with nonviable BCG induced Th2 but failed to induce Th1 cytokines, which may explain the necessity of BCG viability for antitumor activity. However, when mice were first treated 3 times with viable BCG and subsequently received 3 instillations with killed BCG, the Th1 and Th2 cytokine pattern was comparable to the standard 6-week regimen with viable BCG. CONCLUSIONS The model seems an appropriate one in which to investigate changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine gene expression levels in bladders resulting from modifications in intravesical BCG treatment. It was possible to induce a local Th1 cytokine response with nonviable BCG provided that local sensitization to BCG antigens had occurred during preceding instillations with a viable BCG preparation. Whether such an approach could decrease BCG therapy toxicity, while maintaining antitumor efficacy, remains to be further investigated in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C De Boer
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Dakappagari NK, Pyles J, Parihar R, Carson WE, Young DC, Kaumaya PTP. A chimeric multi-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 B cell epitope peptide vaccine mediates superior antitumor responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4242-53. [PMID: 12682258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer should focus on novel undertakings that modulate immune responses by synergistic enhancement of antitumor immunological parameters. Cancer vaccines should preferably be composed of multiple defined tumor Ag-specific B and T cell epitopes. To develop a multiepitope vaccine, 12 high ranking B cell epitopes were identified from the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) oncoprotein by computer-aided analysis. Four novel HER-2 B cell epitopes were synthesized as chimeras with a promiscuous T cell epitope (aa 288-302) from the measles virus fusion protein (MVF). Two chimeric peptide vaccines, MVF HER-2(316-339) and MVF HER-2(485-503) induced high levels of Abs in outbred rabbits, which inhibited tumor cell growth. In addition, Abs induced by a combination of two vaccines, MVF HER-2(316-339) and MVF HER-2(628-647) down-modulated receptor expression and activated IFN-gamma release better than the individual vaccines. Furthermore, this multiepitope vaccine in combination with IL-12 caused a significant reduction (p = 0.004) in the number of pulmonary metastases induced by challenge with syngeneic tumor cells overexpressing HER-2. Peptide Abs targeting specific sites in the extracellular domain may be used for exploring the oncoprotein's functions. The multiepitope vaccine may have potential application in the treatment of HER-2-associated cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Growth Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Measles virus/genetics
- Measles virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Structure, Secondary/genetics
- Rabbits
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, Combined/chemical synthesis
- Vaccines, Combined/genetics
- Vaccines, Combined/immunology
- Vaccines, Combined/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Dakappagari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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20
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Malmström PU. A randomized comparative dose-ranging study of interferon-alpha and mitomycin-C as an internal control in primary or recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BJU Int 2002; 89:681-6. [PMID: 11966624 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare, in a phase II study, the activity and toxicity of three dose levels of interferon-alpha, and of mitomycin-C given intravesically (as an internal control to validate the results), the primary objective being to investigate the percentage of complete responses (complete disappearance of a marker lesion) induced by the three interferon-alpha dose levels on a marker lesion; a secondary objective was to compare the interferon-alpha doses for toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 115 patients were enrolled, with the inclusion criteria being multiple grade 1 or 2, stage Ta or T1, primary or recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Interferon-alpha (30, 50 and 80 MU) and mitomycin-C (40 mg) intravesical treatments were given as follows. Patients randomized to one of three interferon-alpha dose levels were treated weekly for 12 weeks. However, in week 9 (first cystoscopy after baseline) interferon-alpha treatment was stopped if there was a complete response or disease progression. Patients randomized to mitomycin-C were treated weekly for 8 weeks only and in week 9 underwent follow-up cystoscopy. RESULTS Interferon-alpha at doses of 30, 50 and 80 MU gave response rates at 13 weeks of 19%, 33% and 41%, respectively. Although the response rates were higher for 50 and 80 MU than for 30 MU, the differences were not statistically significant. All three interferon-alpha groups had significantly lower response rates than the internal control, mitomycin-C (72%). The safety analysis showed that most of the adverse events were of mild to moderate severity. Adverse events were experienced by 37%, 37% and 48% of patients receiving 30, 50 and 80 MU interferon-alpha, respectively, and by 55% of patients receiving mitomycin-C. The corresponding rates for severe adverse events related to treatment were 9% for interferon-alpha and 10% for mitomycin-C. CONCLUSION Ablative therapy with interferon-alpha was less effective than mitomycin-C in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Both drugs were well tolerated, although interferon-alpha appeared to have a slightly better overall safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Uno Malmström
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Liu B, Koo GC, Yap EH, Chua KL, Gan YH. Model of differential susceptibility to mucosal Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Infect Immun 2002; 70:504-11. [PMID: 11796576 PMCID: PMC127661 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.2.504-511.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease with protean clinical manifestations. The major route of infection is thought to be through subcutaneous inoculation of contaminated soil and water, although ingestion and inhalation of contaminated aerosols are also possible. This study examines infection through the intranasal route in a murine model to mimic infection through inhalation. Two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, exhibit differential susceptibilities to the infection, with the C57BL/6 mice being considerably more resistant. To examine host factors that could contribute to this difference, bacterial loads and cytokine profiles in the two strains of mice were compared. We found that infected BALB/c mice exhibited higher bacterial loads in the lung and spleen and that they produced significantly higher levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in the serum than C57BL/6 mice. Although tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 could be detected in the nasal washes and sera of both strains of mice, the production in serum was transient and much lower than that of IFN-gamma. C57BL/6 mice also exhibited memory responses to bacteria upon reinfection, with the production of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies. Thus, it is possible that the production of systemic and mucosal antibodies is important for protection against disease in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry. Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
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22
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Lim BK, Mahendran R, Lee YK, Bay BH. Chemopreventive effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of a subcutaneously implanted bladder cancer cell line in the mouse. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:36-41. [PMID: 11802806 PMCID: PMC5926873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are known to have beneficial effects on the host, such as preventing carcinogenesis. The present study was designed to evaluate the chemopreventive effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) in suppressing bladder cancer formation in a murine subcutaneous model of bladder cancer involving the inoculation of MB49 cells in C57B / L6 mice. After tumor implantation, one group of mice (n = 8) was fed LGG immediately. The remaining mice that had tumors between 0.03 - 0.1 cm(3) were divided into two groups: those fed LGG after 7 days (n = 7) and those fed saline (n = 7). A second group of mice without any inoculation of MB49 cells was fed either LGG (n = 10) or saline (n = 10) and served as non-tumor-bearing controls. LGG was administered orally at 1.6 x 10(8) colony-forming units daily. Mice fed LGG immediately after tumor cell implantation formed smaller tumors and some did not develop tumors (2 out of 8 mice), when the tumor burden was small. The level of spleen CD3, CD4 and CD8a T lymphocytes, as well as natural killer cells in mice fed immediately with LGG was also higher than that in control tumor-bearing mice. There was an increase in lymphocytes and granulocytes in tumor sections, especially from the immediately fed group as compared to the controls. Our results suggest that oral consumption of LGG may prevent tumor growth via modulation of the immune system. The potential of LGG as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of bladder cancer could be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Kian Lim
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, S117 597, Singapore
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23
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O’DONNELL MICHAELA, KROHN JANICE, DeWOLF WILLIAMC. SALVAGE INTRAVESICAL THERAPY WITH INTERFERON-α2B PLUS LOW DOSE BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN IS EFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WITH SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER IN WHOM BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN ALONE PREVIOUSLY FAILED. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MICHAEL A. O’DONNELL
- From the Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JANICE KROHN
- From the Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - WILLIAM C. DeWOLF
- From the Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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SALVAGE INTRAVESICAL THERAPY WITH INTERFERON-??2B PLUS LOW DOSE BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN IS EFFECTIVE IN PATIENTS WITH SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER IN WHOM BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN ALONE PREVIOUSLY FAILED. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200110000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Tan BH, Wang L, Gan YH. Immunomodulating activity of mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 in tumor cells. Immunobiology 2001; 203:786-99. [PMID: 11563678 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(01)80007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, heat shock proteins have been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of tumors. In this study, we examined the effect of mycobacterial hsp65 gene transfection in a non-immunogenic and aggressive tumor cell-line in order to understand the factors that could contribute to the increase in immunogenicity mediated by Hsp65. The transfected cells were found to have indeed lost their tumorigenenicity and increased their immunogenicity. Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells were present only in mice immunized with the Hsp65-expressing cells. Furthermore, endogenous Hsp70 was significantly increased in irradiated Hsp65-expressing cells and recombinant Hsp65 protein was able to stimulate the mRNA expression of various T helper 1 (Th1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in splenocyte cultures, as well as a modest expansion of CD4 T cells. These results provide further evidence of the immunomodulating properties of Hsp65, which could be exploited for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Luo Y, Chen X, Han R, O'Donnell MA. Recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) expressing human interferon-alpha 2B demonstrates enhanced immunogenicity. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:264-70. [PMID: 11207657 PMCID: PMC1905993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase its immunostimulatory properties, BCG was genetically engineered to secrete recombinant human interferon-alpha 2B (rhIFN-alpha) under control of the mycobacterial heat shock protein (hsp)60 promoter and the alpha antigen signal sequence. Expression of rhIFN-alpha was readily detectable by ELISA and on Western blotting. When compared with control BCG, rhIFN-alpha BCG was substantially more active in inducing the production of IFN-gamma and IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while IL-10 production was correspondingly decreased. These effects were reversible upon antibody neutralization of rhIFN-alpha. Among 10 patients tested, rhIFN-alpha BCG enhanced IFN-gamma production in all patients ranging from 1.4- to 23.7-fold with a general trend toward greatest enhancement among those with weakest baseline responses to control BCG. Correspondingly, rhIFN-alpha BCG decreased IL-10 production in all patients by 1.2-4.8-fold. The onset of IFN-gamma production induced by rhIFN-alpha BCG was also more rapid, occurring within 4 h after stimulation versus > 24 h with wild-type BCG. The observation that the maximum IFN-gamma induction depends on the simultaneous presence of both IFN-alpha and BCG highlights the advantages of rhIFN-alpha BCG. Taken together, these immunostimulatory properties of rhIFN-alpha BCG suggest that it may be a superior agent for immunotherapeutic protocols involving live BCG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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KAASINEN EERO, RINTALA ERKKI, PERE ANNAKAISA, KALLIO JUKKA, PUOLAKKA VELIMATTI, LIUKKONEN TAPANI, TUHKANEN KARI. WEEKLY MITOMYCIN C FOLLOWED BY MONTHLY BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN OR ALTERNATING MONTHLY INTERFERON-α2B AND BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN FOR PROPHYLAXIS OF RECURRENT PAPILLARY SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CARCINOMA. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EERO KAASINEN
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - ERKKI RINTALA
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - ANNA-KAISA PERE
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - JUKKA KALLIO
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - VELI-MATTI PUOLAKKA
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - TAPANI LIUKKONEN
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - KARI TUHKANEN
- From the Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää, Helsinki City Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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28
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WEEKLY MITOMYCIN C FOLLOWED BY MONTHLY BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN OR ALTERNATING MONTHLY INTERFERON-??2B AND BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUERIN FOR PROPHYLAXIS OF RECURRENT PAPILLARY SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CARCINOMA. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200007000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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