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Ma C, Wang Z, Mo L, Wang X, Zhou G, Yi C, Niu W, Liu Y. Tanshinone I attenuates estrogen-deficiency bone loss via inhibiting RANKL-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111322. [PMID: 38064814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to reveal the role of Tanshinone I (TI) in inhibiting osteoclast activity and bone loss in vitro and in vivo, as well as elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of estrogen deficiency was used to assess the inhibitory effect of TI on osteoclast activity and subsequent bone loss. To validate the impact of TI on osteoclast formation, TRAcP staining and pseudopodia belt staining were conducted. The expressions of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins were evaluated using RT-PCR and Western Blot analyses. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was employed to examine the effect of TI on p65 nuclear translocation and the expression level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS TI demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating bone mass loss and suppressing osteoclast activity and function in ovariectomized mice. This outcome was predominantly ascribed to a decrease in ROS levels, thereby impeding the NF-κB signaling pathway and the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. Additionally, TI hindered the RANKL-induced phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, TI played a role in the reduction of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, this study sheds light on TI's capacity to modulate various signaling pathways triggered by RANKL, effectively impeding osteoclast formation and mitigating bone loss resulting from estrogen deficiency. Consequently, TI emerges as a promising therapeutic option for estrogen-deficiency bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangzheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Mo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangquan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhi Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Niu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Baker A, Khan MS, Iqbal MZ, Khan MS. Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocomposites. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:599-613. [PMID: 32433002 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200520092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-targeted delivery by nanoparticles is a great achievement towards the use of highly effective drug at very low doses. The conventional development of tumor-targeted delivery by nanoparticles is based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and endocytosis based on receptor-mediated are very demanding due to the biological and natural complications of tumors as well as the restrictions on the design of the accurate nanoparticle delivery systems. METHODS Different tumor environment stimuli are responsible for triggered multistage drug delivery systems (MSDDS) for tumor therapy and imaging. Physicochemical properties, such as size, hydrophobicity and potential transform by MSDDS because of the physiological blood circulation different, intracellular tumor environment. This system accomplishes tumor penetration, cellular uptake improved, discharge of drugs on accurate time, and endosomal discharge. RESULTS Maximum drug delivery by MSDDS mechanism to target therapeutic cells and also tumor tissues and sub cellular organism. Poorly soluble compounds and bioavailability issues have been faced by pharmaceutical industries, which are resolved by nanoparticle formulation. CONCLUSION In our review, we illustrate different types of triggered moods and stimuli of the tumor environment, which help in smart multistage drug delivery systems by nanoparticles, basically a multi-stimuli sensitive delivery system, and elaborate their function, effects, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Baker
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Mohd Salman Khan
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Muhammad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Studies and Research in Zoology, Government First Grade College, Karwar, 581301, India
| | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
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Yao CX, Zhao N, Liu JC, Chen LJ, Liu JM, Fang GZ, Wang S. Recent Progress on Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework-Involved Hybrid Materials for Rapid Determination of Contaminants in Environment and Food. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E691. [PMID: 32244951 PMCID: PMC7183274 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The high speed of contaminants growth needs the burgeoning of new analytical techniques to keep up with the continuous demand for monitoring and legislation on food safety and environmental pollution control. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of advanced crystal porous materials with controllable apertures, which are self-assembled by organic ligands and inorganic metal nodes. They have the merits of large specific surface areas, high porosity and the diversity of structures and functions. Latterly, the utilization of metal-organic frameworks has attracted much attention in environmental protection and the food industry. MOFs have exhibited great value as sensing materials for many targets. Among many sensing methods, fluorometric sensing is one of the widely studied methods in the detection of harmful substances in food and environmental samples. Fluorometric detection based on MOFs and its functional materials is currently one of the most key research subjects in the food and environmental fields. It has gradually become a hot research direction to construct the highly sensitive rapid sensors to detect harmful substances in the food matrix based on metal-organic frameworks. In this paper, we introduced the synthesis and detection application characteristics (absorption, fluorescence, etc.) of metal-organic frameworks. We summarized their applications in the MOFs-based fluorometric detection of harmful substances in food and water over the past few years. The harmful substances mainly include heavy metals, organic pollutants and other small molecules, etc. On this basis, the future development and possible application of the MOFs have prospected in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Xuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (C.-X.Y.); (G.-Z.F.)
| | - Ning Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (N.Z.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Ji-Chao Liu
- Beijing San Yuan foods co., LTD., No. 8 Yingchang Road, Yinghai, Daxing District, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Beijing San Yuan foods co., LTD., No. 8 Yingchang Road, Yinghai, Daxing District, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (N.Z.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Guo-Zhen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (C.-X.Y.); (G.-Z.F.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (C.-X.Y.); (G.-Z.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (N.Z.); (J.-M.L.)
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Ninomiya K, Shibatani K, Sueyoshi M, Chaipech S, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Hayakawa T, Muraoka O, Morikawa T. Aromatase Inhibitory Activity of Geranylated Coumarins, Mammeasins C and D, Isolated from the Flowers of Mammea siamensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:880-5. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanae Shibatani
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
| | - Mayumi Sueyoshi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
| | - Saowanee Chaipech
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya
| | | | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University
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Ryan P, Schlidt A, Ryan C. The impact of osteoporosis prevention programs on calcium intake: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1791-801. [PMID: 23314270 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the dimensions of osteoporosis prevention programs essential to changing health behaviors. The purpose of this review was to determine the impact of select characteristics of structured osteoporosis prevention programs on calcium intake in women. This systematic review included 12 experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted internationally with adult women participants. Studies were more likely to demonstrate differences when they were conducted outside the U.W.; participants had lower baseline calcium intake; and interventions were multi-dimensional and included factual information, skill training, and social contact delivered dynamically over time. The results document extensive variability across participants, programs, and measures. There is a need to document the source (total and sub-total) of calcium intake, to provide the necessary data to calculate effect sizes to enable comparison across studies, and to identify those moderating factors (such as menopausal status) that affect the ability to determine differences between sub-groups. Results indicate health behavior change is more likely to occur when patient-centered interventions designed to increase knowledge and health beliefs, skills and abilities, and social facilitation are delivered over time. There is an urgent need for the development and testing of new health behavior change theories, prevention programs, and delivery media to support and complement health care providers in the prevention and management of this common, debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ryan
- Froedtert Healthcare, Patient Care Services, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Falk RT, Stanczyk F, Hoover RN, Appel LJ, Ard JD, Batch BC, Coughlin J, Han X, Lien LF, Pinkston CM, Svetkey LP, Katki HA. Sex hormone changes during weight loss and maintenance in overweight and obese postmenopausal African-American and non-African-American women. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R141. [PMID: 23113944 PMCID: PMC3635052 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Changes in sex hormones with weight loss might have implications for breast cancer prevention but have not been examined extensively, particularly in African-American (AA) women. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 278 overweight/obese postmenopausal women (38% AA) not taking hormone therapy within the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial. All participants lost at least 4 kg after a 6-month weight-loss phase and attempted to maintain weight loss during the subsequent 12 months. We evaluated the percentage changes in estrone, estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) using generalized estimating equations. Results In all study phases, AA women had higher levels of estrogen and testosterone concentrations, independent of adiposity. On average, participants lost 7.7 kg during the weight-loss phase, and concentrations of estrone (-5.7%, P = 0.006), estradiol (-9.9%, P <0.001), free estradiol (-13.4%, P <0.0001), and free testosterone (-9.9%, P <0.0001) decreased, while the SHBG concentration (16.2%, P <0.001) increased. Weight change did not significantly affect total testosterone or other androgen concentrations. Compared with non-AA women, AA women experienced less change in estrogens per kilogram of weight change (that is, per 1 kg weight loss: estrone, -0.6% vs. -1.2%, P-interaction = 0.10; estradiol, -1.1% vs. -1.9%, P-interaction = 0.04; SHBG, 0.9% vs. 1.6%, P-interaction = 0.006; free estradiol, -1.4% vs. -2.1%, P-interaction = 0.01). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to examine and compare the effects of intentional weight loss and maintenance on a panel of sex hormones in AA women and non-AA women. Although speculative, these data suggest hormonal differences may contribute to different racial patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality and encourage further investigations to understand the long-term effects of weight loss on sex hormones in obese postmenopausal women. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00054925
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Mackey RH, Fanelli TJ, Modugno F, Cauley JA, McTigue KM, Brooks MM, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Klug TL, Kip KE, Curb JD, Kuller LH. Hormone therapy, estrogen metabolism, and risk of breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:2022-32. [PMID: 22933427 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials (WHI-HT), breast cancer risk was increased with estrogen plus progestin (E+P) but not with unopposed estrogen (E-alone). We hypothesized that E+P would preferentially metabolize to 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) rather than 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), and that breast cancer risk would be associated with baseline and 1 year changes in estrogen metabolites: positively for 16α-OHE1 levels and negatively for levels of 2-OHE-1 and the 2:16 ratio. METHODS In a prospective case-control study nested in the WHI-HT, 845 confirmed breast cancer cases were matched to 1,690 controls by age and ethnicity. Using stored serum, 2-OHE1 and 16α-OHE1 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay at baseline, and for those randomized to active treatment (n = 1,259), at 1 year. RESULTS The 1-year increase in 16α-OHE1 was greater with E+P than E-alone (median 55.5 pg/mL vs. 43.5 pg/mL, P < 0.001), but both increased 2-OHE1 by ∼300 pg/mL. Breast cancer risk was modestly associated with higher baseline levels of 2-OHE1 and the 2:16 ratio, and for estrogen receptor+/progesterone+ cases only, higher baseline 16α-OHE1 levels. For those randomized to active treatment, breast cancer risk was associated with greater increase in 2-OHE-1 and the 2:16 ratio, but associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Although E+P modestly increased 16α-OHE1 more than E-alone, increase in 16α-OHE1 was not associated with breast cancer. IMPACT Study results do not explain differences between the WHI E+P and WHI E-alone breast cancer results but metabolism of oral HT, which may explain smaller than expected increase in breast cancer compared with endogenous estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Mackey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Ibrahim SE, ElShishtawy HF, Helmy A, Galal ZA, Abdel Salam MH. Serum leptin concentration, bone mineral density and bone biochemical markers in a sample of Egyptian women: A possible relationship. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), plays essential roles in the female reproduction. To investigate the dynamic changes in ERalpha activity in vivo, we have developed an ER Alpha Activity Indicator (ERAAI) mouse. This ERAAI mouse harbors both a modified ERalpha Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clone and a reporter gene which is regulated specifically by the modified receptor. The ERalpha modification (Gal4-ERalpha) consists replacing the DNA binding domain (DBD) of ERalpha with the DBD of yeast Gal4 transcription factor. This reporter transgene consisting of a humanized renilla Green Fluorescent Protein (hrGFP) sequence controlled by the Upstream Activating Sequences for the Gal4 gene (UAS(G)) was inserted into the modified ERalpha BAC clone. Expression of Gal4-ERalpha and hrGFP reliably recapitulates endogenous ERalpha expression and activity in the estrogen target tissues in response to estrogen stimulation. Therefore, the ERAAI mouse represents a novel animal model to investigate dynamic ERalpha activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bert W. O’Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Francesco J. DeMayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Cardinale D, Colombo A, Lamantia G, Colombo N, Civelli M, De Giacomi G, Pandini C, Sandri MT, Cipolla CM. Cardio-oncology: a new medical issue. Ecancermedicalscience 2008; 2:126. [PMID: 22275992 PMCID: PMC3234071 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2008.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing number of long-term cancer survivors, the ageing of the population, as well as the increased incidence and prevalence of oncologic and cardiovascular diseases, the number of patients presenting oncologic and cardiologic co-morbidities are increasing. Accordingly, there is a rapidly growing need for a comprehensive and proficient management of patients in whom the two co-morbidities exist, and for cancer patients whose clinical history and oncologic treatment put them at higher risk for developing cardiovascular problems, in order to provide the optimal treatment in every situation, and to avoid the possibility that the development of the second disease does not lead to a reduction of therapeutic opportunities for the patient. A new discipline, cardio-oncology, has been created to deal with this need. Its aim is to investigate new strategies, collect new evidence-based indications and develop interdisciplinary expertise in order to manage this growing category of patients. Cardio-oncology deals with the following main clinical and research areas: early diagnosis of cardiotoxicity, risk stratification and preventions, treatment and monitoring of cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cardinale
- Cardiology Unit and Laboratory Medicine Unit, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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Balunas MJ, Su B, Brueggemeier RW, Kinghorn AD. Xanthones from the botanical dietary supplement mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) with aromatase inhibitory activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1161-6. [PMID: 18558747 PMCID: PMC2572570 DOI: 10.1021/np8000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Twelve xanthone constituents of the botanical dietary supplement mangosteen (the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana) were screened using a noncellular, enzyme-based microsomal aromatase inhibition assay. Of these compounds, garcinone D (3), garcinone E (5), alpha-mangostin (8), and gamma-mangostin (9) exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity. In a follow-up cell-based assay using SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells that express high levels of aromatase, the most potent of these four xanthones was gamma-mangostin (9). Because xanthones may be consumed in substantial amounts from commercially available mangosteen products, the consequences of frequent intake of mangosteen botanical dietary supplements require further investigation to determine their possible role in breast cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J. Balunas
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bin Su
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert W. Brueggemeier
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Núñez NP, Carpenter CL, Perkins SN, Berrigan D, Jaque SV, Ingles SA, Bernstein L, Forman MR, Barrett JC, Hursting SD. Extreme obesity reduces bone mineral density: complementary evidence from mice and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1980-7. [PMID: 17712115 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of body adiposity on bone mineral density in the presence and absence of ovarian hormones in female mice and postmenopausal women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We assessed percentage body fat, serum leptin levels, and bone mineral density in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice that had been fed various calorically dense diets to induce body weight profiles ranging from lean to very obese. Additionally, we assessed percentage body fat and whole body bone mineral density in 37 overweight and extremely obese postmenopausal women from the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences study. RESULTS In mice, higher levels of body adiposity (>40% body fat) were associated with lower bone mineral density in ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice. A similar trend was observed in a small sample of postmenopausal women. DISCUSSION The complementary studies in mice and women suggest that extreme obesity in postmenopausal women may be associated with reduced bone mineral density. Thus, extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) may increase the risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Given the obesity epidemic in the U.S. and in many other countries, and, in particular, the rising number of extremely obese adult women, increased attention should be drawn to the significant and interrelated public health issues of obesity and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomelí P Núñez
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Napoli N, Armamento‐Villareal R. Estrogen Hydroxylation in Osteoporosis. Adv Clin Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(06)43007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Long JR, Egan KM, Dunning L, Shu XO, Cai Q, Cai H, Dai Q, Holtzman J, Gao YT, Zheng W. Population-based case–control study of AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and CYP1A2 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:237-43. [PMID: 16538170 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000189803.34339.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a key regulator of the transcriptional expression for the cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) genes. CYP1A2 is one of the major CYP1 enzymes that catalyse 2-hydroxylation of estrogen, a hormone that plays a critical role in the etiology of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated whether two common polymorphisms in these two genes, CYP1A2*1F and AhR Lys554Arg, were associated with breast cancer risk in 1090 cases and 1183 controls, a subset of the population-based case-control study, the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Caffeine tests were performed in vivo in a subset of 236 study subjects to investigate the relationship of these two polymorphisms with CYP1A2 activity. For the AhR gene, the A (Lys) allele was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Using the genotype GG as reference, odds ratios of 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.69-0.99] for the AG genotype and 0.76 (95% CI=0.58-1.01) for the AA genotype (P for trend=0.018) were obtained. However, no association was observed between CYP1A2 genotypes and breast cancer risk, although the CYP1A2*1F polymorphism was found to be related to CYP1A2 activity. The geometric mean values for the caffeine metabolites ratio were 2.90, 2.30, and 1.95 for CC, AC, and AA genotypes, respectively (P for trend=0.024). In conclusion, the results from our study suggest that the AhR Lys554Arg polymorphism may be a genetic susceptibility factor for breast cancer, whereas CYP1A2*1F, which is a potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphism, may not be related to breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Rong Long
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Byrne C. Endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 14:2641-7. [PMID: 16284390 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographic density is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer risk. The mechanism by which breast density increases breast cancer risk is unclear although it has been hypothesized that breast density reflects cumulative exposure to estrogens. METHODS To evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 520 postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study that examined the relation between circulating sex hormones and mammographic density. Women were postmenopausal and not taking exogenous hormones at the time of blood collection and mammogram. Percent breast density was measured from digitized mammograms using a computer-assisted method. Circulating estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, DHEA, DHEA sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin, progesterone, and prolactin were measured in plasma. RESULTS In contrast to the prior hypothesis, circulating estrogens were inversely related to percent mammographic density. The mean percent mammographic density was 25.6% among women in the lowest quartile of circulating estradiol compared with 14.4% among women in the highest quartile [Spearman correlation (r) = -0.22, P < 0.0001]. Circulating estrogens alone explained 1% to 5% of the variation of mammographic density. Body mass index was positively associated with circulating estradiol levels (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001) and inversely related to percent mammographic density (r = -0.51, P < 0.0001). After adjustment for body mass index, there was no association between estradiol and breast density (r = 0.01, P = 0.81). Likewise, there was no relation between the other sex hormones measured or prolactin and mammographic density after adjustment for body mass index. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that in postmenopausal women, mammographic density is independent of circulating sex hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Armamento-Villareal RC, Napoli N, Klug T, Civitelli R. The oxidative metabolism of estrogen modulates response to ERT/HRT in postmenopausal women. Bone 2004; 35:682-8. [PMID: 15336604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 04/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that estrogen metabolism is one of the determinants of bone density after menopause. Increased hydroxylation to relatively nonestrogenic metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE1) and 2-methoxyestrone (2MeOE1) was associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), while increased hydroxylation to the potent 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alphaOHE1) and weakly estrogenic estriol (E3) was associated with higher BMD. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that response to estrogen-hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT) is also related to individual differences in estrogen metabolism. Urinary estrogen metabolites were measured in 310 postmenopausal women using ESTRAMET enzyme immunoassay kit. Of these, 163 were on HRT with conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, Premarin and Provera) or ERT with conjugated equine estrogen alone (Premarin), and 147 women not on ERT/HRT acted as comparison. Annual rates of BMD changes were calculated on a subset of 81 women on ERT/HRT who had more than one previous BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Controlling for age, years since menopause (YSM), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio, and smoking, we found that urinary estrogen metabolite levels were significantly higher in ERT/HRT-treated women compared to those not on ERT/HRT. Furthermore, women in the higher 2 tertiles of 2OHE1 and 2OHE1/16áOHE1 ratio had positive increments in BMD compared to those in the lowest tertile who lost bone while on ERT/HRT. Thus, women with estrogen metabolism favoring the 2-hydroxylation pathway respond favorably to ERT/HRT.
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Atkinson C, Lampe JW, Tworoger SS, Ulrich CM, Bowen D, Irwin ML, Schwartz RS, Rajan BK, Yasui Y, Potter JD, McTiernan A. Effects of a Moderate Intensity Exercise Intervention on Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.868.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Physical activity has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk, potentially via hormonal pathways, and high urinary excretion of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH E1) relative to 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH E1) also has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Studies suggest that body composition and exercise can influence estrogen metabolism. We determined the effects of a 12-month moderate intensity aerobic exercise intervention on urinary 2-OH E1, 16α-OH E1, and their ratio in overweight and obese, previously sedentary, postmenopausal women, ages 50–75 years. Women were randomized to a 12-month exercise intervention (n = 87) or stretching control group (n = 86); 170 completed the study. Urinary 2- and 16α-OH E1 were measured in spot urines collected at baseline, 3, and 12 months. Body composition was measured at baseline and 12 months. Differences between exercisers and controls for excretion of estrogen metabolites were determined using general estimating equations. Further analyses assessed change in estrogen metabolites and their ratio by subgroups of change in body composition. Overall, there were no significant effects of the exercise intervention on 2-OH E1, 16α-OH E1, or their ratio (P > 0.05). There appeared to be an effect of change in intra-abdominal fat and adherence to the exercise intervention on change in the estrogen metabolites or their ratio. However, this did not reflect a potentially desirable change in estrogen metabolites associated with the exercise intervention. Thus, this 12-month moderate intensity exercise intervention did not significantly alter urinary excretion of 2-OH E1, 16α-OH E1, or their ratio in this population of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Atkinson
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah Bowen
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melinda L. Irwin
- 3Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Robert S. Schwartz
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Bharat K. Rajan
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John D. Potter
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne McTiernan
- 1Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, Hilditch J, Nickell L, Wong E, Thompson LU. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:318-25. [PMID: 14749240 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens, which are abundant in flaxseed and soy, have chemical structures resembling those of endogenous estrogens and have been shown to exert hormonal effects, thereby affecting chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of consuming equal amounts of flaxseed or soy on estrogen metabolism and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. DESIGN In a parallel design, the diet of postmenopausal women (n = 46) was supplemented with either a placebo, soy (25 g soy flour), or flaxseed (25 g ground flaxseed) muffin for 16 wk. Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and at the endpoint. Urine samples were analyzed for phytoestrogens, estrogen metabolites (2-hydroxyestrone, 16alpha-hydroxyestrone), and serum hormones (estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate). Serum and urine samples were also analyzed for biochemical markers of bone metabolism. RESULTS Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrone, but not of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone, increased significantly in the flaxseed group (P = 0.05). In the flaxseed group, the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone was positively correlated with urinary lignan excretion (r = 0.579, P = 0.02). In the soy and placebo groups, no significant correlation was observed. No significant change in serum hormones or biochemical markers of bone metabolism was observed within or between the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with flaxseed modifies urinary estrogen metabolite excretion to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. This modification by flaxseed is associated with an increase in urinary lignan excretion. Despite the shift in estrogen metabolism to favor the less biologically active estrogens, a negative effect on bone cell metabolism was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Brooks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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21
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Cook IA, Morgan ML, Dunkin JJ, David S, Witte E, Lufkin R, Abrams M, Rosenberg S, Leuchter AF. Estrogen replacement therapy is associated with less progression of subclinical structural brain disease in normal elderly women: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:610-8. [PMID: 12112157 DOI: 10.1002/gps.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical atrophy, central atrophy, deep white-matter hyperintensities, and periventricular hyperintensities are reported in normal aging. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on these forms of 'subclinical structural brain disease' (SSBD) in normal, postmenopausal women in a pilot, naturalistic, longitudinal study of 15 subjects. METHODS Two assessments were performed at least two years apart, with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing. RESULTS Women receiving open-label ERT showed significantly less progression of SSBD than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS The association between reduced SSBD progression and ERT suggests this intervention could help preserve normal brain structure in healthy elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cook
- UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA.
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Abstract
The preponderance of evidence suggests a role for fat and alcohol as risk factors for breast cancer. The role of milk is more controversial with some studies suggesting that milk is a risk factor and others that consumption of milk is protective against breast cancer. No other major nutrient appears to play a significant role in increasing breast cancer risk. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that a variety of micronutrients and hormones appear to have significant anticancer activity. These range from steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its analysis to indoles, isothiocyanates, and isoflavone derivatives. These compounds act directly by interfering with cyclins and promoting apoptosis as well as indirectly by altering estrogen metabolism in a favorable direction. These effects are not merely theoretical actions in cell culture and tissue explants; they have been demonstrated in human patients as a range of studies have demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leon Bradlow
- David and Alice Jurist Institute for Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, USA.
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Olivera P, Perez E, Ortega A, Terual R, Gomes C, Moreno LF, Dueñas A, De La Garza J, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. Estrogen receptor expression in giant cell tumors of the bone. Hum Pathol 2002; 33:165-9. [PMID: 11957140 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2002.31476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the bone are primary skeletal neoplasms that behave intermediately between a true benign and an overtly malignant neoplasm. For two decades, controversial reports have found estrogen receptor (ER) expression in isolated cells or small numbers of samples from these tumors. In this report, we studied by immunohistochemistry 88 cases of GCTs and found that 51% of the samples expressed ER. Furthermore, we found that a subset of seven samples analyzed for ER expression by western blot was positive. To address whether the ER expressed in these samples could be functional, isolated cells were exposed to beta-estradiol and growth curves were generated. Exposure of cells to beta-estradiol induced a small but significant growth in the cells. These results strongly support that GCTs of the bone express functional ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primitivo Olivera
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
The analytical representation and simulation of complex molecular pathways can contribute to understanding and evaluating physiological as well as pathological processes. We are interested in modeling the processes of menopause to stratify women in terms of the genotypic and environmental components and their implications for development of individualized risk of postmenopausal disorders, e.g., breast and ovarian cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. We have initiated this study using the UltraSAN package to analyze the pathway associated with estrogen production. This model incorporates detailed information about the hormone factors affecting estrogen production, and the simulations carried out are based on published experimental data corresponding to hormone levels during the course of the normal female reproductive cycle. The agreement between the experimental data and the simulation is typically less than 2 ng/ml or 2 pg/ml respectively for progesterone and estradiol output. This approach further permits inclusion of information about an SNP observed in the gene coding for the enzyme aromatase as a model to study the impact of reduced enzymatic activity on hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Tsavachidou
- Affiliations of the authors: Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael N. Liebman
- Affiliations of the authors: Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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