1
|
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase ( CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030801. [PMID: 32197412 PMCID: PMC7146376 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
: Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Joanna B, Jolanta B, Agnieszka G, Diana HZ, Krystyna S. Vitamin D, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and COX-2 in colorectal cancer patients in relation to disease stage, tumour localisation and disease progression. Arab J Gastroenterol 2019; 20:121-126. [PMID: 31272909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Evidence shows that vitamin D and cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) might play role in aetiology/progression of cancer. It is suggested that antitumour effect of vitamin D depends on vitamin D-receptor (VDR) expression. Aim of the study was to determine vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids in colorectal cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 39 patients with colorectal cancer (mean ± SD age: 65.5 ± 6.8 years) and 25 controls (mean ± SD age: 51.0 ± 6.9 years) were studied. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-25(OH)D3 in serum was quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) of serum phospholipids were measured by gas-chromatography (GC). Expression of VDR and COX-2 in normal colonic mucosa and tumour tissue was measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The mean value of 25(OH)D3 was significantly lower in the colorectal cancer patients with early stages of the disease and in patients with tumour confined to the rectum compared to control group (p < 0.02, p < 0.03, respectively). The higher concentration of AA (patients with early stages of the disease) and lower concentration of LA (patients with the advanced stages of the disease) was noticed compared to the control group. For the patients with the early stages of the disease the higher mean fold change of mRNA VDR and the lower mean fold change of mRNA COX-2 was noticed (p < 0.03, p < 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION The assessment of vitamin D status in patients with colorectal cancer should include measurement of mRNA VDR expression in tumour tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berska Joanna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland.
| | - Bugajska Jolanta
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Grabowska Agnieszka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Chair of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Hodorowicz-Zaniewska Diana
- First Department of Surgery, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Kopernika St. 40, Krakow 31-501, Poland
| | - Sztefko Krystyna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haq A, Svobodová J, Imran S, Stanford C, Razzaque MS. Vitamin D deficiency: A single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:209-213. [PMID: 26877203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem, thought to be related to lack of sunlight exposure, and usually accompanied by reduced dietary intake. This study was designed to determine vitamin D status of 60,979 patients admitted to the Burjeel Hospital of VPS healthcare in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE) from October 2012 to September 2014. The total concentrations of vitamin D [25(OH)D] of all the studied patients were measured in a single laboratory. Of the studied patients, 57.5% were female and 42.5% were male. Serum 25(OH)D (total) measurements showed 82.5% of the studied patients have vitamin D deficiency to insufficiency. 26.4% of females and 18.4% of males have extreme deficiency of 25(OH)D. There was higher variability of vitamin D in group of females then males according to coefficient of variation. In our studied cohort teenagers (13-19 years) have shown the lowest levels of serum vitamin D (data not shown and will be communicated as a separate publication). The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is significantly high among population of UAE, Saudi Arabia and many Middle Eastern countries, especially among women, despite abundant sunshine. 86.1% UAE nationals and 78.9% visitors of other nationalities were found <75nmol/L of 25(OH)D. 28.4% of UAE nationals and 17.5% of visitors of other nationalities have extreme deficiency of 25(OH)D. Our results are significant, as all of our patients are residing permanently in the UAE or visitors that has yearlong sunlight. In addition, measuring 25(OH)D concentrations in a single laboratory minimized test level variations. Our current study formed the basis of further studies to determine if vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency can aggravate systemic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes or obesity that are also wide-spread in the Middle Eastern region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afrozul Haq
- Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jitka Svobodová
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Samira Imran
- Medical Bioscience Programme, School of Science, Monash University, Malaysia
| | - Charles Stanford
- Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Harvard Medical School, 245 First St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D and subsequent prostate cancer risk in a nested Case-Control study in Japan: The JPHC study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:132-136. [PMID: 27759068 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Although vitamin D has been experimentally reported to inhibit tumorigenesis, cell growth and prostate cancer invasion, epidemiologic data regarding prostate cancer risk are inconsistent, and some studies have suggested positive but nonsignificant associations. Further, the impact of vitamin D on prostate cancer between Western and Japanese populations may differ due to different plasma vitamin D levels. SUBJECTS/METHODS We performed a nested case-control study within the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective (JPHC) Study in 14,203 men (40-69 years) who answered a self-administered questionnaire at baseline (1990-1994) and gave blood samples, and were followed until 2005. We identified 201 prostate cancers which are newly diagnosed during follow-up (mean 12.8 years). We selected two matched controls for each case from the cohort. We used a conditional logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer with respect to levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) in plasma. RESULTS We did not observe statistically significant association between 25(OH)D level and total prostate cancer (multivariate OR=1.13 (95%CI=0.66-1.94, Ptrend=0.94) for the highest versus lowest tertile) However, 25(OH) levels were slightly positively associated with advanced cancer. The results remained substantially unchanged after stratification by intake of fish or calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS 25(OH)D level showed no association with overall prostate cancer among Japanese men in this large cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate a wide variety of cellular behaviors in response to extracellular stimuli. One of the main subgroups, the p38 MAP kinases, has been implicated in a wide range of complex biologic processes, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell death, cell migration, and invasion. Dysregulation of p38 MAPK levels in patients are associated with advanced stages and short survival in cancer patients (e.g., prostate, breast, bladder, liver, and lung cancer). p38 MAPK plays a dual role as a regulator of cell death, and it can either mediate cell survival or cell death depending not only on the type of stimulus but also in a cell type specific manner. In addition to modulating cell survival, an essential role of p38 MAPK in modulation of cell migration and invasion offers a distinct opportunity to target this pathway with respect to tumor metastasis. The specific function of p38 MAPK appears to depend not only on the cell type but also on the stimuli and/or the isoform that is activated. p38 MAPK signaling pathway is activated in response to diverse stimuli and mediates its function by components downstream of p38. Extrapolation of the knowledge gained from laboratory findings is essential to address the clinical significance of p38 MAPK signaling pathways. The goal of this review is to provide an overview on recent progress made in defining the functions of p38 MAPK pathways with respect to solid tumor biology and generate testable hypothesis with respect to the role of p38 MAPK as an attractive target for intervention of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari K Koul
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA ; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA ; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Mantu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA ; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA ; Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feldman D, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Giovannucci E, Feldman BJ. The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:342-57. [PMID: 24705652 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is not really a vitamin but the precursor to the potent steroid hormone calcitriol, which has widespread actions throughout the body. Calcitriol regulates numerous cellular pathways that could have a role in determining cancer risk and prognosis. Although epidemiological and early clinical trials are inconsistent, and randomized control trials in humans do not yet exist to conclusively support a beneficial role for vitamin D, accumulating results from preclinical and some clinical studies strongly suggest that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing cancer and that avoiding deficiency and adding vitamin D supplements might be an economical and safe way to reduce cancer incidence and improve cancer prognosis and outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brian J Feldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nemazannikova N, Antonas K, Dass CR. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanisms, and mutations to malignancies. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:421-31. [PMID: 23359295 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential protective effects of vitamin D against cutaneous carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. The inhibition, by vitamin D, of various cancers in in vitro and in vivo models has triggered detailed investigation of vitamin D effects on neoplastic behavior. Recent studies highlight that such neoplastic features as the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, DNA mutagenesis, and apoptosis are all connected to vitamin D metabolic pathways. This review discusses these connections. Vitamin D modulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis via its receptors (VDRs) may have a suppressive effect on skin cancer as some studies suggest. The regulation of multiple tumor signaling pathways by vitamin D may have an implication in cutaneous carcinogenesis and tumor progression to malignancy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Heitkamp HC, Jelas I. [Physical activity for primary prevention of prostate cancer. Possible mechanisms]. Urologe A 2012; 51:527-32. [PMID: 22278169 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-011-2799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An explanation of the possible connection between physical activity and prevention of prostate cancer was sought by reviewing the controversial data from prospective and case-control studies. Possible preventive mechanisms are to be described. METHOD Scientific publications mainly from the past 10 years were reviewed. RESULTS Because of the postulated dependence of prostate carcinoma on testosterone, lowering the testosterone concentration by physical activity is of importance and seems to be a possible explanation. According to many studies there is a speculative connection between prostate carcinoma and calcium concentration in blood, parathormone and vitamin D(3), and the possibly preventive modulation by physical activity results in another beneficial mechanism. Less specific is the possible increase of the antioxidant capacity of the organism by physical activity. Strength training seems to have adverse effects on testosterone, while possibly yielding a beneficial effect on the immune system. CONCLUSION High intensive physical activity may contribute to the prevention of prostate carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Heitkamp
- Abteilung Sportmedizin, Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Silcherstraße 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zang H, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Hernández JM, Yao B. Effects of different dietary vitamin combinations on the egg quality and vitamin deposition in the whole egg of laying hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2011000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Zang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - K Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - X Ding
- Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - S Bai
- Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brosseau CM, Pirianov G, Colston KW. Involvement of stress activated protein kinases (JNK and p38) in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced breast cell death. Steroids 2010; 75:1082-8. [PMID: 20654640 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-D(3)) exerts inhibitory effects in breast cancer cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are associated with 1,25-D(3)-induced cell death in breast cancer. We used three breast cell lines which have different sensitivities to 1,25-D(3) treatment. Non-malignant MCF-12A cells were more sensitive to 1,25-D(3) treatment than malignant MCF-7 cells (growth inhibition IC(50) 75 nM vs. 100 nM, p<0.001) while malignant MDA-MB-231 cells were resistant. Moreover, 1,25-D(3)-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent in MCF-12A cells and caspase-independent in MCF-7 cells. Following MAPK activation analysis, we found a significant activation of JNK in MCF-12A cells and malignant MCF-7 cells in response to 1,25-D(3) treatment. Furthermore, 1,25-D(3) treatment stimulated p38 activity in MCF-12A cells and in MCF-7 cells. ERK1/2 activity was unaffected by 1,25-D(3) treatment in all breast cells. Importantly, no increased MAPK activity was observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells which displayed resistance to 1,25-D(3)-induced apoptosis. Utilising specific pharmacological inhibitors of JNK and p38, it was demonstrated that MCF-12A and MCF-7 cells were protected from death induced by 1,25-D(3). These results implicate JNK and p38 signalling in 1,25-D(3)-induced cancer breast cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Brosseau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
This paper reviews the current understanding of the vitamin D-induced differentiation of neoplastic cells, which results in the generation of cells that acquire near-normal, mature phenotype. Examples of the criteria by which differentiation is recognized in each cell type are provided, and only those effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) on cell proliferation and survival that are associated with the differentiation process are emphasized. The existing knowledge, often fragmentary, of the signaling pathways that lead to vitamin D-induced differentiation of colon, breast, prostate, squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and myeloid leukemia cancer cells is outlined. The important distinctions between the different mechanisms of 1,25D-induced differentiation that are cell-type and cell-context specific are pointed out where known. There is a considerable body of evidence that the principal human cancer cells can be suitable candidates for chemoprevention or differentiation therapy with vitamin D. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms in order to improve the therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gocek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lucas RM, McMichael AJ, Armstrong BK, Smith WT. Estimating the global disease burden due to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:654-67. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
13
|
Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Syvälä H, Lumme S, Hakulinen T, Dillner J, Hakama M. Interaction of factors related to the metabolic syndrome and vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:302-7. [PMID: 17301263 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors related to the metabolic syndrome and low levels of vitamin D have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer. Insofar, no studies have assessed their joint effects on prostate cancer risk. METHODS We studied (a) the associations of vitamin D with the metabolic syndrome factors body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and (b) the prostate cancer risk associated with these factors and especially their joint effects with vitamin D on risk of prostate cancer. We did a longitudinal nested case-control study on 132 prostate cancer cases and 456 matched controls from a cohort of 18,939 Finnish middle-aged men from the Helsinki Heart Study. The odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer were assessed via conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Apart from HDL-C, there was no linear association between the metabolic syndrome factors and vitamin D levels. In univariate analysis, men in the highest quartiles of body mass index (>28 kg/m(2)) and systolic blood pressure (>150 mmHg) showed a modest increase in risks of prostate cancer, with ORs of 1.37 (P = 0.16) and 1.53 (P = 0.05) when compared with the three lower quartiles, but low HDL-C entailed no prostate cancer risk. However, with all three factors present, the OR was 3.36 (P = 0.02), and jointly with low vitamin D (<or=40 nmol/L), the OR was 8.03 (P = 0.005) compared with those with no metabolic syndrome factors and intermediate levels of vitamin D. There was an interaction between vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome factors so that a clustering of these factors entailed high risk of prostate cancer but only if vitamin D level was low (<or=40 nmol/L). If it was at intermediate levels, the metabolic syndrome factors entailed no prostate cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the prostate cancer risk associated with factors related to the metabolic syndrome is strongly conditioned by levels of vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pentti Tuohimaa
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
High dietary calcium has been shown in epidemiological studies to be a risk factor for prostate cancer, and it has been postulated that this effect is secondary to calcium induced modulation of the vitamin D axis. In this study, we used LPB-Tag transgenic mice on the CD1 background to examine the impact of dietary calcium on prostate tumor progression. CD1-LPB-Tag mice predictably develop autochthonous, hormone-responsive prostate tumors by 3 months of age. Age matched transgenic and non-transgenic littermates were weaned onto high (2%) or low (0.2%) calcium diets and mice were sacrificed at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age. The entire urogenital complex was excised, weighed, and processed for histology. There was no significant effect of dietary calcium on tumor weight or on the time course of tumor progression, as monitored using a modified Gleason grade (MGS). Serum calcium was maintained in the normal range in mice on the low and high calcium diet throughout the study. Circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was elevated by low dietary calcium in 5-week-old mice, but not in older animals. In summary, neither development nor progression of prostate tumors in LPB-Tag mice was accelerated by high dietary calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tenniswood M
- *Corresponding Author: Martin Tenniswood, 222 Galvin Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, E-mail: , Fax: (574) 631-7413
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Mohr SB, Holick MF. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2005; 96:252-61. [PMID: 16380576 PMCID: PMC1470481 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.045260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status differs by latitude and race, with residents of the northeastern United States and individuals with more skin pigmentation being at increased risk of deficiency. A PubMed database search yielded 63 observational studies of vitamin D status in relation to cancer risk, including 30 of colon, 13 of breast, 26 of prostate, and 7 of ovarian cancer, and several that assessed the association of vitamin D receptor genotype with cancer risk. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer. The evidence suggests that efforts to improve vitamin D status, for example by vitamin D supplementation, could reduce cancer incidence and mortality at low cost, with few or no adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric F Garland
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 0631C, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0631, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guns ES, Xie X, Fedoruk M, Madera C, Cowell S, Mayer LD, Skov K, Gleave ME, Kozlowski P. pH modulation using CsCl enhances therapeutic effects of vitamin D in LNCaP tumor bearing mice. Prostate 2005; 64:316-22. [PMID: 15754319 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The downstream effects of pH modulation significantly impact the biological fate of chemotherapeutic agents and tumor responsiveness to therapy. We have studied the effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) on pH modulation and subsequent vitamin D treatment in vitamin D receptor (VDR) positive LNCaP tumors and VDR null MDA/LCC6 tumors in vivo. METHODS Mice bearing LNCaP or MDA/LCC6 tumors were dosed orally with CsCl (150 mg/kg) or vitamin D (1 microg/kg) alone and in combination. Tumor volume and serum PSA (LNCaP only) were measured and intracellular pH was determined, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), at tumor and leg muscle sites. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to quantitate cesium in serum, organs, and tumor tissues. RESULTS From day 10 onwards, statistically significant (P<0.01) differences were observed in all LNCaP treated groups as compared with control. CsCl co-administered with vitamin D, caused an apparent sensitization of efficacy in this tumor model. There were no correlating differences in serum PSA. Elevation of pH was statistically significant for all three treatment groups as compared with control. The pH measured in leg muscle was not influenced by CsCl treatment. Inhibition of tumor growth was not apparent in VDR null MDA/LCC6 tumors although intracellular tumor pH was shifted. Cesium was rapidly absorbed into serum and present in LNCaP tumors, prostates and other tissues after 1 hr, remaining for up to 24 hr. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this manuscript is the first report of chemosensitization by in vivo pH modulation using CsCl in mice bearing prostate or any other tumor xenograft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Guns
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kidd LCR, Paltoo DN, Wang S, Chen W, Akereyeni F, Isaacs W, Ahaghotu C, Kittles R. Sequence variation within the 5' regulatory regions of the vitamin D binding protein and receptor genes and prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2005; 64:272-82. [PMID: 15717311 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and binding protein (DBP) mediate the cellular transport, activity, and anti-tumor action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)(2)D3]. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the transcriptional regulatory regions of the VDR and DBP are associated with prostate cancer risk. METHODS Novel SNPs were identified in the VDR and DBP transcription regulatory gene regions and genotyped in a case-control study using male subjects with (n=258) or without (n=434) prostate cancer. RESULTS African-American men who possessed at least one variant VDR-5132 C allele had a increased risk of prostate cancer (OR=1.83; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.31). Further study revealed that the VDR-5132 T/C SNP eliminates a GATA-1 transcription factor-binding site. CONCLUSION The VDR-5132 T/C SNP, resulting in potential elimination of the GATA-1 transcription factor-binding site, may increase prostate cancer susceptibility in African-Americans. Confirmation of these findings is needed in larger observational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- La Creis R Kidd
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vertino AM, Bula CM, Chen JR, Almeida M, Han L, Bellido T, Kousteni S, Norman AW, Manolagas SC. Nongenotropic, Anti-Apoptotic Signaling of 1α,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 and Analogs through the Ligand Binding Domain of the Vitamin D Receptor in Osteoblasts and Osteocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14130-7. [PMID: 15671029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Because sex steroids regulate the life span of bone cells by modulating cytoplasmic kinase activity via a nongenotropic action of their classical receptors, we have explored the possibility that the vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) might exhibit similar nongenotropic actions. We report that the conformationally flexible full VDR agonist, 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3), and the 6-s-cis-locked 1alpha,25(OH)2-lumisterol3 (JN) analog, also acting through the VDR but with poor transcriptional activity, protected murine osteoblastic or osteocytic cells from apoptosis. This effect was reproduced in HeLa cells transiently transfected with either wild type VDR or a mutant consisting of only the VDR ligand binding domain. The VDR ligand binding domain bound [3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 as effectively as wild type VDR but did not induce vitamin D response element-mediated transcription. The anti-apoptotic effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and the 6-s-cis-locked 1alpha,25(OH)2-lumisterol3 analog in calvaria cells were blocked by three cytoplasmic kinase inhibitors: Src kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP1), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor Wortmannin, and the JNK kinase inhibitor SP600125. However, inhibition of p38 with SB203580 or ERK with either U0126 or a transfected dominant negative MEK did not interfere with these anti-apoptotic actions. Further, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 induced rapid (5 min) association of VDR with Src kinase in OB-6 cells. Finally, actinomycin D or cycloheximide prevented the anti-apoptotic effect of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, indicating that transcriptional events are also required. These findings suggest that nongenotropic modulation of kinase activity is also a general property of the VDR and that ligands that activate nongenotropic signals, but lack transcriptional activity, display different biological profiles from the steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)2D3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Vertino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Golovko O, Nazarova N, Tuohimaa P. Vitamin D-induced up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2005; 77:562-77. [PMID: 15904673 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol) is an active hormone that regulates cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report on a new calcitriol target gene in prostate cancer cells, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 up-regulate TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. The stimulation is dose-dependent in both of these cell lines, demonstrated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcitriol and CB1093 act synergistically with human recombinant TNF-alpha in activation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP but not in PC-3 cells. Transcriptional activation of TNF-alpha gene by calcitriol or CB1093 does not lead to TNF-alpha protein secretion, however calcitriol and CB1093 enhance TPA-stimulated TNF-alpha production in LNCaP cells. We did not observe any significant effect of calcitriol on regulation of TNFR1 at the level of gene expression. Nor does calcitriol affect transcriptional regulation of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6) and cytokine receptor genes in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 at 10 nM concentration induce programmed cell death in LNCaP cells. Combined addition of human recombinant TNF-alpha with calcitriol or CB1093 cause enhanced effect in induction of apoptosis. We conclude that under physiological conditions vitamin D activates only the transcription of TNF-alpha gene, for TNF-alpha protein synthesis additional cofactors are required. Therefore a cooperation of vitamin D and TNF-alpha may play an important role in the control of cell growth in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Golovko O, Nazarova N, Tuohimaa P. A20 gene expression is regulated by TNF, Vitamin D and androgen in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:197-202. [PMID: 15862966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A20 is a TNF-inducible primary response gene and its product, a zinc finger protein, has antiapoptotic function in several cancer cells. We studied A20 gene expression in the Vitamin D- and TNF-sensitive LNCaP cell line and in the Vitamin D- and TNF-resistant PC-3 cell line. The results of the quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the basal level of A20 mRNA production in PC-3 cells was considerably higher than in LNCaP cells that is associated with the resistance of PC-3 cells. TNF induced A20 gene expression in both cell lines, but with different effect. A20 mRNA expression was down-regulated by 10nM calcitriol within 3-9h after treatment and up-regulated by androgen reaching maximal values by 6h after stimulation in LNCaP cells. We conclude that A20 may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation by TNF, Vitamin D, and androgen in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koul HK, Maroni PD, Meacham RB, Crawford D, Koul S. p42/p44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathway: A Novel Target for the Treatment of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1030:243-52. [PMID: 15659803 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1329.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Conventional therapies produce a high rate of cure for patients with localized prostate cancer, but there is no cure once the disease has spread beyond the prostate. Androgen withdrawal remains the only treatment for these men with clinically advanced disease; however, most of these men, who initially respond to hormone ablation therapy, fail and the disease progresses. There is at present no effective treatment for hormone-independent prostate cancer. Several lines of evidence suggest a role of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42/p44 MAP kinase) signal transduction pathways in prostate cancer. At the molecular level, a variety of genetic alterations lead to an epigenetic mechanism by which a feedback autocrine loop between membrane receptors and associated ligands serves as an essential component of the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of prostate cancer at an advanced and androgen-independent stage. Peptide growth factors are known to exert their effects by a complex array of mechanisms primarily mediated by the p42/p44 MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that MAP kinase signal transduction pathways could serve as new and novel targets in prostate cancer therapy. In this article we provide an overview of the role played by MAP kinase signal transduction in the prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari K Koul
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Williams H, Powell IJ, Land SJ, Sakr WA, Hughes MR, Patel NP, Heilbrun LK, Everson RB. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and disease free survival after radical prostatectomy. Prostate 2004; 61:267-75. [PMID: 15368470 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D has been linked with prostate cancer risk in epidemiologic studies and has antiproliferative, prodifferentiation, and antimetastatic properties in experimental systems. Its hormonal activity is mediated by the vitamin D receptor. We investigated whether germ-line genetic variation in the vitamin D receptor impacts progression of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. METHODS We analyzed BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms using archived specimens from a large series of radical prostatectomy patients at a single institution. Our series included 428 white men (WM) and 310 African-American men (AAM) who were carefully and uniformly staged and followed for 5-10 years. RESULTS The distribution of polymorphisms varied between WM and AAM. There was little association between genotype and extent of disease at diagnosis, Gleason score, preoperative PSA, or recurrence overall. Among WM with locally advanced disease, however, the BsmI B allele protected against recurrence in models examining gene dose (P = 0.04) and dominant effects (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall vitamin D receptor polymorphisms did not predict pathologic features of prostate cancer but may impact on risk of recurrence among men in certain risk groups. Analysis of polymorphisms may provide clues about the mechanisms through which vitamin D exerts its inhibitory effects on prostate cancer in vivo in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinric Williams
- The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Algarté-Génin M, Cussenot O, Costa P. Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Androgens: Experimental Paradox or Clinical Reality. Eur Urol 2004; 46:285-94; discussion 294-5. [PMID: 15306098 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgen replacement therapy in the aging male with partial androgen deficiency improved quality of life. However, such treatment is prohibited for men with a preexisting prostate cancer. The possibility of an increased risk of prostate cancer for healthy men has also been suggested on theoretical basis but recent experimental data showed that androgens may act in prevention of prostate cancer. In this review, we try to evaluate benefits and risks associated to a hormonal replacement therapy in regard to recent data. Several studies analyzing the role of testosterone for prostatic epithelial cells evidenced that testosterone acts in prostatic cell differentiation but does not have a direct role for induction of cell proliferation. Moreover, clinical studies have shown that low free testosterone levels in serum is associated with aggressive prostate cancer, like that has been observed in men with prostate cancer under prostate cancer chemoprevention by finasteride. These data suggest that an androgen pathway disruption in prostate is responsible of cell deregulations that may be associated not only with apoptosis of differentiated prostatic cells but also with potential cell transformation. The effects of androgens withdrawal for prostate cancer therapy induced in a short time the tumor arrest growth. However with time, cells adapt to low levels of androgens leading to the evolution of an androgen-independent tumor, which is more aggressive and most often fatal. The molecular mechanisms of this evolution begin to merge. A hypothesis is that such mechanisms could be initiated in elderly men with an androgen deficiency. The question is raised of whether hormonal replacement therapy could prevent prostate cancer. An encouraging recent study performed on rats demonstrated a protective effect of DHEA for prostate cancer. However, the putative role of the normalization of DHEA or other androgen levels in prevention of prostate cancer should be evaluated in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mattila P, Valaja J, Rossow L, Venäläinen E, Tupasela T. Effect of vitamin D2- and D3-enriched diets on egg vitamin D content, production, and bird condition during an entire production period. Poult Sci 2004; 83:433-40. [PMID: 15049497 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency during winter is a common problem for humans in Europe. One way to ease this problem is through the production of vitamin D-fortified eggs. To evaluate such a production process, the effects of vitamin D supplementation during an entire production period were assessed. Transfer of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from the diet to egg yolks was measured using 2 different levels of both vitamins (6,000 and 15,000 IU/kg feed) relative to a control treatment (2,500 IU vitamin D3/kg feed). During the experiment, production parameters, egg quality (egg weight, Haugh unit, specific gravity, eggshell fracture force, and Ca content of eggshell), and the condition of hens were monitored. At the end of the experiment histopathological tests were performed. Supplementing diets with vitamin D3 increased egg yolk vitamin D content more effectively than did supplementation with vitamin D2. For groups of hens receiving 6,000 or 15,000 IU of vitamin D3/kg feed, egg yolk vitamin D3 content ranged from 9.1 to 13.6 and from 25.3 to 33.7 microg/100 g, respectively. Corresponding values for birds fed vitamin D2 were 4.7 to 7.0 and 13.3 to 21.0 microg/100 g. Both supplements enhanced vitamin D3 content of egg yolks relative to the control diet (2.5 to 5.0 microg/100 g of egg yolk). Vitamin D supplements had no effects on production parameters compared with the control diet. However, especially vitamin D3 improved bone strength (P < 0.05). Autopsy at the end of the experiment indicated no detrimental accumulation of calcium in the kidneys, liver, heart, muscles, or lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mattila
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maroni PD, Koul S, Meacham RB, Koul HK. Mitogen Activated Protein kinase signal transduction pathways in the prostate. Cell Commun Signal 2004; 2:5. [PMID: 15219238 PMCID: PMC449737 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemistry of the mitogen activated protein kinases ERK, JNK, and p38 have been studied in prostate physiology in an attempt to elucidate novel mechanisms and pathways for the treatment of prostatic disease. We reviewed articles examining mitogen-activated protein kinases using prostate tissue or cell lines. As with other tissue types, these signaling modules are links/transmitters for important pathways in prostate cells that can result in cellular survival or apoptosis. While the activation of the ERK pathway appears to primarily result in survival, the roles of JNK and p38 are less clear. Manipulation of these pathways could have important implications for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Maroni
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Randall B Meacham
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Hari K Koul
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deutsch E, Maggiorella L, Eschwege P, Bourhis J, Soria JC, Abdulkarim B. Environmental, genetic, and molecular features of prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5:303-13. [PMID: 15120667 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world and the third leading cause of cancer in men. The increase in the understanding of prostate carcinogenesis over the past 15 years has helped to define crucial steps in the natural history of the disease, namely initiation and progression to androgen independence. This heterogeneous disease encompasses a range of environmental and familial factors, which provides strong support for the use of chemopreventive strategies. Most patients with advanced prostate cancer are treated with androgen-deprivation therapy, which leads to a striking regression of androgen-responsive cancer cells. A transition from an androgen-responsive to an androgen-unresponsive stage is seen during the clinical course in almost all patients with prostate cancer. This transition also signals a substantial worsening of prognosis. Here, we review the most important findings in prostate carcinogenesis and the molecular anomalies associated with the androgen-refractory stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deutsch
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grant WB. A Multicountry Ecologic Study of Risk and Risk Reduction Factors for Prostate Cancer Mortality. Eur Urol 2004; 45:271-9. [PMID: 15036670 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to identify and determine the relative importance of dietary and environmental risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multicountry ecologic approach was used in multivariate regression analyses with prostate cancer mortality rates and dietary factors and solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Prostate cancer mortality rates for 32 predominantly Caucasian countries for the late 1990s were obtained from the World Health Organization. Dietary supply data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization. Annual solar UV-B dose data were obtained from European ground stations and used to estimate values elsewhere. Linear and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all 32 countries as well as the 20 European countries. RESULTS The strongest risk factor for prostate cancer mortality was animal products, with the nonfat portion of milk and alcohol being somewhat weaker; the strongest risk reduction factors were onions, other protective vegetable products (excluding alcohol, oils, and sweeteners), and solar UV-B radiation. Dietary data for 1979-81 yielded the highest correlations. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), being an important risk factor for prostate cancer, with alcohol and calcium being less important risk factors, and with allium family vegetables, and, to a lesser extent, vitamin D being important risk reduction factors. These results should provide guidance for additional studies on dietary and environmental links to prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- 12 Sir Francis Wyatt Place, Newport News, VA 23606-3660, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Price DK, Franks ME, Figg WD. Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor, Androgen Receptor and Enzymes that Regulate Androgen Metabolism. J Urol 2004; 171:S45-9; discussion S49. [PMID: 14713753 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000108402.60404.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We review the current literature on genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), androgen receptor (AR) and enzymes regulating androgen development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify research investigating associations between polymorphisms in important regulatory genes that may indirectly affect cancer risk, with special regard to prostate cancer. RESULTS Genes involved in androgen regulation, metabolism and their related pathways, and the vitamin D receptor are prime candidates for study of prostate cancer risk. Expression and nuclear activation of the VDR are necessary for the antiproliferative effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), which is involved in calcium and bone homeostasis. Several genetic variations have been identified in the VDR, and at least 1 VDR polymorphism appears to confer some predictability of prostate cancer risk in various ethnic cohorts. Interactions between the androgen receptor and circulating androgens have a major role in the development of normal and malignant prostate cells. CONCLUSIONS Due to the relationship between the AR and prostatic growth, it has been proposed that polymorphisms within the AR may have a role in susceptibility to prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Price
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Cancer Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cross HS, Kállay E, Farhan H, Weiland T, Manhardt T. Regulation of extrarenal vitamin D metabolism as a tool for colon and prostate cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:413-25. [PMID: 12899539 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Though 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) as well as some vitamin D analogs have an antimitotic as well as a differentiating action, therapeutic application in tumor patients is still precluded due to their hypercalcemic action at the necessary concentration. Our observation that early during progression, colon tumor cells express CYP27B1, the enzyme essential for 1,25-D3 synthesis, as well as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) at a higher level than normal colon cells led to the speculation that, by induction of this expression, a physiological defense against tumor progression could be activated and enhanced. In some Asian countries where soy products are a main staple, prostate and breast tumor incidence is extremely low. We speculated that this could be due to regulation of CYP enzymes by phytoestrogens present in soy such as genistein. In prostate tumor cells, the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 catabolizing enzyme CYP24 is frequently highly expressed. We were able to demonstrate that genistein down-regulates expression of CYP24 to almost nil, which would result in enhancement of local 1,25-D3 levels and improved mitotic control of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heide S Cross
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Leman ES, Arlotti JA, Dhir R, Getzenberg RH. Vitamin D and androgen regulation of prostatic growth. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:138-47. [PMID: 12938163 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been reported to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells and model systems. In this study, we examined the interaction between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25 D) in the presence or absence of endogenous testosterone on the growth and development of the adult rat prostate. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (165 days old) were either kept intact or castrated. Seven days after castration, the rats were treated with vehicle (control) or 1,25 D for 3 weeks and then sacrificed. Both ventral and dorsal lateral prostates were harvested; whole tissue lysates were collected and AR and VDR protein levels were analyzed by immunoblot analyses. Administration of 1,25 D in the intact animals decreased the prostatic size by 40%, compared to control animals, whereas 1,25 D did not influence the size of the prostate in castrated rats. 1,25 D administration in intact groups also increased both the AR and VDR protein levels by approximately twofold, whereas in castrated groups, 1,25 D only increased the AR protein level by 1.5-2.5-fold. 1,25 D in the presence of endogenous testosterone inhibits prostatic growth, whereas 1,25 D in the absence of endogenous testosterone does not affect prostatic growth. The growth inhibitory activity of 1,25 D in the presence of testosterone may be mediated through the ligand activated AR and VDR pathways. These studies may reveal important information about the potential efficacy of 1,25 D as well as hormonal status in understanding the development of prostate diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddy S Leman
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Vitamin D is metabolised by a hepatic 25-hydroxylase into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and by a renal 1alpha-hydroxylase into the vitamin D hormone calcitriol. Calcitriol receptors are present in more than thirty different tissues. Apart from the kidney, several tissues also possess the enzyme 1alpha-hydroxylase, which is able to use circulating 25(OH)D as a substrate. Serum levels of 25(OH)D are the best indicator to assess vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, hypovitaminosis, adequacy, and toxicity. European children and young adults often have circulating 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range during wintertime. Elderly subjects have mean 25(OH)D levels in the insufficiency range throughout the year. In institutionalized subjects 25(OH)D levels are often in the deficiency range. There is now general agreement that a low vitamin D status is involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Moreover, vitamin D insufficiency can lead to a disturbed muscle function. Epidemiological data also indicate a low vitamin D status in tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, and specific types of cancer. Some intervention trials have demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin D or its metabolites is able: (i) to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients; (ii) to improve blood glucose levels in diabetics; (iii) to improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The oral dose necessary to achieve adequate serum 25(OH)D levels is probably much higher than the current recommendations of 5-15 microg/d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zittermann
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qiao S, Pennanen P, Nazarova N, Lou YR, Tuohimaa P. Inhibition of fatty acid synthase expression by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 85:1-8. [PMID: 12798352 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)) and its derivatives are a potential treatment of human prostate cancer. The antiproliferative action of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is mainly exerted through nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated control of target gene transcription. To explore the target genes which are regulated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, cDNA microarray was performed by using a chip that contains 3000 gene probes. The results showed that 24 genes were regulated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Five of them encode proteins which belong to metabolic enzymes and fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) was found to be down-regulated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), and the regulation was confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Inhibition of FAS expression by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in LNCaP cells was more than 50% at 6h. Inhibitory effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on FAS expression was completely blocked in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that the down-regulation of FAS gene expression by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) was indirect in LNCaP cells. An inhibition of FAS activity by cerulenin resulted in a strong inhibition of LNCaP cell proliferation. The inhibition of FAS expression and cell proliferation by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) seemed to be androgen-dependent, since antiandrogen, casodex and DCC-treatment of serum blocked the vitamin D action. The findings suggest that FAS is involved in the antiproliferative effect of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in presence of androgens on prostate cancer LNCaP cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Qiao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:616-58. [PMID: 11916749 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.4.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As many as one-third of mutations in a gene result in the corresponding enzyme having an increased Michaelis constant, or K(m), (decreased binding affinity) for a coenzyme, resulting in a lower rate of reaction. About 50 human genetic dis-eases due to defective enzymes can be remedied or ameliorated by the administration of high doses of the vitamin component of the corresponding coenzyme, which at least partially restores enzymatic activity. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms, in which the variant amino acid reduces coenzyme binding and thus enzymatic activity, are likely to be remediable by raising cellular concentrations of the cofactor through high-dose vitamin therapy. Some examples include the alanine-to-valine substitution at codon 222 (Ala222-->Val) [DNA: C-to-T substitution at nucleo-tide 677 (677C-->T)] in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) and the cofactor FAD (in relation to cardiovascular disease, migraines, and rages), the Pro187-->Ser (DNA: 609C-->T) mutation in NAD(P):quinone oxidoreductase 1 [NAD(P)H dehy-drogenase (quinone)] and FAD (in relation to cancer), the Ala44-->Gly (DNA: 131C-->G) mutation in glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase and NADP (in relation to favism and hemolytic anemia), and the Glu487-->Lys mutation (present in one-half of Asians) in aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD + ) and NAD (in relation to alcohol intolerance, Alzheimer disease, and cancer).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Ames
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- J M Norris
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| |
Collapse
|