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Davis D, Dovey J, Sagoshi S, Thaweepanyaporn K, Ogawa S, Vasudevan N. Steroid hormone-mediated regulation of sexual and aggressive behaviour by non-genomic signalling. Steroids 2023; 200:109324. [PMID: 37820890 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Sex and aggression are well studied examples of social behaviours that are common to most animals and are mediated by an evolutionary conserved group of interconnected nuclei in the brain called the social behaviour network. Though glucocorticoids and in particular estrogen regulate these social behaviours, their effects in the brain are generally thought to be mediated by genomic signalling, a slow transcriptional regulation mediated by nuclear hormone receptors. In the last decade or so, there has been renewed interest in understanding the physiological significance of rapid, non-genomic signalling mediated by steroids. Though the identity of the membrane hormone receptors that mediate this signalling is not clearly understood and appears to be different in different cell types, such signalling contributes to physiologically relevant behaviours such as sex and aggression. In this short review, we summarise the evidence for this phenomenon in the rodent, by focusing on estrogen and to some extent, glucocorticoid signalling. The use of these signals, in relation to genomic signalling is manifold and ranges from potentiation of transcription to the possible transduction of environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAsia Davis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Dovey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Shoko Sagoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States; Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Sonoko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Qin L, Yue J, Guo M, Zhang C, Fang X, Zhang S, Bai W, Liu X, Xie M. Estrogen Receptor-α Exacerbates EGF-Inducing Airway Remodeling and Mucus Production in Bronchial Epithelium of Asthmatics. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 15:614-635. [PMID: 37153982 PMCID: PMC10570787 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.5.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although estrogen receptors (ERs) signal pathways are involved in the pathogenesis and development of asthma, their expressions and effects remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the expressions of ERα and ERβ as well as their mechanisms in airway remodeling and mucus production in asthma. METHODS The expressions of ERα and ERβ in the airway epithelial cells of bronchial biopsies and induced sputum cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. The associations of ERs expressions with airway inflammation and remodeling were evaluated in asthmatic patients. In vitro, the regulations of ERs expressions in human bronchial epithelial cell lines were examined using western blot analysis. The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated ligand-independent activation of ERα and its effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) were investigated in asthmatic epithelial cells by western blot, immunofluorescent staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ERα and ERβ were expressed on both bronchial epithelial cells and induced sputum cells, and the expressions showed no sex difference. Compared to controls, male asthmatic patients had higher levels of ERα on the bronchial epithelium, and there were cell-specific expressions of ERα and ERβ in induced sputum. The expression of ERα in the airway epithelium was inversely correlated to forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % and FEV1/forced vital capacity. Severe asthmatic patients had significantly greater levels of ERα in the airway epithelium than mild-moderate patients. ERα level was positively correlated with the thickness of the subepithelial basement membrane and airway epithelium. In vitro, co-stimulation of interleukin (IL)-4 and EGF increased the expression of ERα and promoted its nuclear translocation. EGF activated the phosphorylation of ERα via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. ERα knockdown alleviated EGF-mediated EMTs and mucus production in airway epithelial cells of asthma. CONCLUSIONS ERα contributes to asthmatic airway remodeling and mucus production through the EGF-mediated ligand-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junqing Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengding Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxue Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Wuhan, China.
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Tjeerdsma AM, van Hunsel FPAM, van de Koppel S, Ekhart C, Vitalone A, Woerdenbag HJ. Analysis of Safety Concerns on Herbal Products with Assumed Phytoestrogenic Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1137. [PMID: 37631050 PMCID: PMC10459077 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PEs) are plant-based compounds that can interact with estrogen receptors and are mainly used to treat menopausal complaints. However, the safety of products with assumed phytoestrogenic activity is not fully understood. This study aimed to identify plant species with assumed phytoestrogenic activity, review existing literature on their use and safety, and critically evaluate adverse reaction (AR) reports of single-herb, multi-herb, and mixed-multiple products, as submitted to the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb and to VigiBase of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the Lareb database, the most commonly reported plant species to cause ARs (total of 67 reports) were Actaea racemosa L. (black cohosh) (47.8%), Humulus lupulus L. (hops) (32.8%), and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) (22.4%). In the VigiBase database (total of 21,944 reports), the top three consisted of Glycine max (L.) Merr. (71.4%), Actaea racemosa L. (11.6%), and Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree) (6.4%). In the scoping review (total of 73 articles), Actaea racemosa L. (30.1%), Glycine max (L.) Merr. (28.8%), and Trifolium pratense L. (13.7%) were the most frequently mentioned plant species. ARs were most frequently reported in the system organ classes "gastrointestinal disorders", "skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders", "reproductive system and breast disorders", and "general disorders and administration site conditions". Furthermore, from the scoping review, it appeared that the use of products with assumed phytoestrogenic activity was associated with postmenopausal bleeding. It was concluded that, while the potential benefits of products with assumed phytoestrogenic activity have been extensively pursued, the potential occurrence of ARs after using these products is less well understood. This study highlights the need for further investigation and careful monitoring of these products to better understand their effects and ensure the safety and well-being of individuals using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marije Tjeerdsma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Goudsbloemvallei 7, 5237 MH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (F.P.A.M.v.H.); (S.v.d.K.); (C.E.)
| | - Florence P. A. M. van Hunsel
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Goudsbloemvallei 7, 5237 MH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (F.P.A.M.v.H.); (S.v.d.K.); (C.E.)
- Department of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja van de Koppel
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Goudsbloemvallei 7, 5237 MH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (F.P.A.M.v.H.); (S.v.d.K.); (C.E.)
| | - Corine Ekhart
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Goudsbloemvallei 7, 5237 MH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (F.P.A.M.v.H.); (S.v.d.K.); (C.E.)
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer’, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Herman J. Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Tokiwa H, Ueda K, Takimoto E. The emerging role of estrogen's non-nuclear signaling in the cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1127340. [PMID: 37123472 PMCID: PMC10130590 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1127340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism exists in the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which indicates the involvement of sexual hormones in the pathophysiology of CVD. In particular, ample evidence has demonstrated estrogen's protective effect on the cardiovascular system. While estrogen receptors, bound to estrogen, act as a transcription factor which regulates gene expressions by binding to the specific DNA sequence, a subpopulation of estrogen receptors localized at the plasma membrane induces activation of intracellular signaling, called "non-nuclear signaling" or "membrane-initiated steroid signaling of estrogen". Although the precise molecular mechanism of non-nuclear signaling as well as its physiological impact was unclear for a long time, recent development of genetically modified animal models and pathway-selective estrogen receptor stimulant bring new insights into this pathway. We review the published experimental studies on non-nuclear signaling of estrogen, and summarize its role in cardiovascular system, especially focusing on: (1) the molecular mechanism of non-nuclear signaling; (2) the design of genetically modified animals and pathway-selective stimulant of estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tokiwa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiki Takimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Correspondence: Eiki Takimoto
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Shi Z, Xia M, Xiao S, Zhang Q. Identification of nonmonotonic concentration-responses in Tox21 high-throughput screening estrogen receptor assays. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 452:116206. [PMID: 35988584 PMCID: PMC9452481 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with the metabolism and actions of endogenous hormones. It has been well documented in numerous in vivo and in vitro studies that EDCs can exhibit nonmonotonic dose response (NMDR) behaviors. Not conforming to the conventional linear or linear-no-threshold response paradigm, these NMDR relationships pose practical challenges to the risk assessment of EDCs. In the meantime, the endocrine signaling pathways and biological mechanisms underpinning NMDR remain incompletely understood. The US Tox21 program has conducted in vitro cell-based high-throughput screening assays for estrogen receptors (ER), androgen receptors, and other nuclear receptors, and screened the 10 K-compound library for potential endocrine activities. Using 15 concentrations across several orders of magnitude of concentration range and run in both agonist and antagonist modes, these Tox21 assay datasets contain valuable quantitative information that can be explored to evaluate the nonlinear effects of EDCs and may infer potential mechanisms. In this study we analyzed the concentration-response curves (CRCs) in all 8 Tox21 ERα and ERβ assays by developing clustering and classification algorithms customized to the datasets to identify various shapes of CRCs. After excluding NMDR curves likely caused by cytotoxicity, luciferase inhibition, or autofluorescence, hundreds of compounds were identified to exhibit Bell or U-shaped CRCs. Bell-shaped CRCs are about 7 times more frequent than U-shaped ones in the Tox21 ER assays. Many compounds exhibit NMDR in at least one assay, and some EDCs well-known for their NMDRs in the literature were also identified, suggesting their nonmonotonic effects may originate at cellular levels involving transcriptional ER signaling. The developed computational methods for NMDR identification in ER assays can be adapted and applied to other high-throughput bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Chauvin S, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Guigon CJ. Estradiol Signaling at the Heart of Folliculogenesis: Its Potential Deregulation in Human Ovarian Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010512. [PMID: 35008938 PMCID: PMC8745567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is a major hormone controlling women fertility, in particular folliculogenesis. This steroid, which is locally produced by granulosa cells (GC) within ovarian follicles, controls the development and selection of dominant preovulatory follicles. E2 effects rely on a complex set of nuclear and extra-nuclear signal transduction pathways principally triggered by its nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ. These transcription factors are differentially expressed within follicles, with ERβ being the predominant ER in GC. Several ERβ splice isoforms have been identified and display specific structural features, which greatly complicates the nature of ERβ-mediated E2 signaling. This review aims at providing a concise overview of the main actions of E2 during follicular growth, maturation, and selection in human. It also describes the current understanding of the various roles of ERβ splice isoforms, especially their influence on cell fate. We finally discuss how E2 signaling deregulation could participate in two ovarian pathogeneses characterized by either a follicular arrest, as in polycystic ovary syndrome, or an excess of GC survival and proliferation, leading to granulosa cell tumors. This review emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the molecular basis of E2 signaling throughout folliculogenesis and to improve the efficiency of ovarian-related disease therapies.
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Indukuri R, Damdimopoulos A, Williams C. An Optimized ChIP-Seq Protocol to Determine Chromatin Binding of Estrogen Receptor Beta. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2418:203-221. [PMID: 35119668 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1920-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates transcription through two nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ, in a tissue and cellular-dependent manner. Both the receptors bind estrogen and activate transcription through direct or indirect interactions with DNA. Revealing their interactions with the chromatin is key to understanding their transcriptional activities and their biological functions. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful technique to map protein-DNA interactions at precise genomic locations. The genome-wide binding of ERα has been extensively studied. Similar studies of ERβ, however, have been more difficult, in part due to a lack of endogenous expression in cell lines and lack of specific antibodies. In this chapter, we provide an optimized stepwise ChIP protocol for a well-validated ERβ antibody, which is applicable for ChIP-Seq analysis of cell lines with exogenous expression of ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Indukuri
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anastasios Damdimopoulos
- Bioinformatics and Expression Core, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Williams
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Zhang M, Flury S, Kim CK, Chung WCJ, Kirk JA, Pak TR. Absolute Quantification of Phosphorylated ERβ Amino Acids in the Hippocampus of Women and in A Rat Model of Menopause. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6306514. [PMID: 34147032 PMCID: PMC8294689 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid decline of circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) at menopause leads to negative neurological consequences, although hormone therapy paradoxically has both harmful and positive effects depending on the age at which it is delivered. The inconsistent response to E2 suggests unappreciated regulatory mechanisms for estrogen receptors (ERs), and we predicted it could be due to age-related differences in ERβ phosphorylation. We assessed ERβ phosphorylation using a sensitive mass spectrometry approach that provides absolute quantification (AQUA-MS) of individually phosphorylated residues. Specifically, we quantified phosphorylated ERβ in the hippocampus of women (aged 21-83 years) and in a rat model of menopause at 4 residues with conserved sequence homology between the 2 species: S105, S176, S200, and Y488. Phosphorylation at these sites, which spanned all domains of ERβ, were remarkably consistent between the 2 species, showing high levels of S105 phosphorylation (80%-100%) and low levels of S200 (20%-40%). Further, S200 phosphorylation decreased with aging in humans and loss of E2 in rats. Surprisingly, Y488 phosphorylation, which has been linked to ERβ ligand-independent actions, exhibited approximately 70% phosphorylation, unaltered by species, age, or E2, suggesting ERβ's primary mode of action may not require E2 binding. We further show phosphorylation at 2 sites directly altered ERβ DNA-binding efficiency, and thus could affect its transcription factor activity. These findings provide the first absolute quantification of ERβ phosphorylation in the human and rat brain, novel insights into ERβ regulation, and a critical foundation for providing more targeted therapeutic options for menopause in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Sarah Flury
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Chun K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Toni R Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
- Correspondence: Toni R. Pak, PhD, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S First Ave, CTRE 115-520, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Indukuri R, Jafferali MH, Song D, Damdimopoulos A, Hases L, Zhao C, Archer A, Williams C. Genome-wide estrogen receptor β chromatin binding in human colon cancer cells reveals its tumor suppressor activity. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:692-706. [PMID: 33754337 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the western world. In women, menopausal hormone therapy has been shown to reduce CRC incidence by 20%. Studies demonstrate that estrogen activating estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protects against CRC. ERβ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression through interactions with the chromatin. This molecular mechanism is, however, not well characterized in colon. Here, we present for the first time, the cistrome of ERβ in different colon cancer cell lines. We use cell lines engineered to express ERβ, optimize and validate an ERβ antibody for chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and perform ChIP-Seq. We identify key binding motifs, including ERE, AP-1, and TCF sites, and we determine enrichment of binding to cis-regulatory chromatin sites of genes involved in tumor development, cell migration, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling pathways. We compare the corresponding cistromes of colon and breast cancer and find that they are conserved for about a third of genes, including GREB1, but that ERβ tethering to TCF and KLF family motifs is characteristic for colon. We exemplify upregulation of putative CRC tumor suppressor gene CST5 where ERβ in colon cells binds to cis-regulatory regions nearby (-351 bp) the transcriptional start site. Our work provides a foundation for understanding the mechanism of action of ERβ in CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Indukuri
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Hakim Jafferali
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anastasios Damdimopoulos
- Bioinformatics and Expression Core, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Linnea Hases
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amena Archer
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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11
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Uddin MS, Rahman MM, Jakaria M, Rahman MS, Hossain MS, Islam A, Ahmed M, Mathew B, Omar UM, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Estrogen Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2654-2670. [PMID: 32297302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens play a crucial physiological function in the brain; however, debates exist concerning the role of estrogens in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Women during pre-, peri-, or menopause periods are more susceptible for developing AD, suggesting the connection of sex factors and a decreased estrogen signaling in AD pathogenesis. Yet, the underlying mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection is unclarified and is complicated by the existence of estrogen-related factors. Consequently, a deeper analysis of estrogen receptor (ER) expression and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes could interpret the importance of estrogen in age-linked cognitive alterations. Previous studies propose that hormone replacement therapy may attenuate AD onset in postmenopausal women, demonstrating that estrogen signaling is important for the development and progression of AD. For example, ERα exerts neuroprotection against AD by maintaining intracellular signaling cascades and study reported reduced expression of ERα in hippocampal neurons of AD patients. Similarly, reduced expression of ERβ in female AD patients has been associated with abnormal function in mitochondria and improved markers of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the critical interaction between estrogen signaling and AD. Moreover, we highlight the potential of targeting estrogen-related signaling for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Motiar Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Md Jakaria
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Sohanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Md Sarwar Hossain
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Ulfat Mohammed Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Grande F, Rizzuti B, Occhiuzzi MA, Ioele G, Casacchia T, Gelmini F, Guzzi R, Garofalo A, Statti G. Identification by Molecular Docking ofHomoisoflavones from Leopoldia comosa as Ligands of Estrogen Receptors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040894. [PMID: 29649162 PMCID: PMC6017050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological responses to estrogen hormones are mediated within specific tissues by at least two distinct receptors, ERα and ERβ. Several natural and synthetic molecules show activity by interacting with these proteins. In particular, a number of vegetal compounds known as phytoestrogens shows estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity. The majority of these compounds belongs to the isoflavones family and the most representative one, genistein, shows anti-proliferative effects on various hormone-sensitive cancer cells, including breast, ovarian and prostate cancer. In this work we describe the identification of structurally related homoisoflavones isolated from Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (L. comosa), a perennial bulbous plant, potentially useful as hormonal substitutes or complements in cancer treatments. Two of these compounds have been selected as potential ligands of estrogen receptors (ERs) and the interaction with both isoforms of estrogen receptors have been investigated through molecular docking on their crystallographic structures. The results provide evidence of the binding of these compounds to the target receptors and their interactions with key residues of the active sites of the two proteins, and thus they could represent suitable leads for the development of novel tools for the dissection of ER signaling and the development of new pharmacological treatments in hormone-sensitive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Maria A Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Teresa Casacchia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Gelmini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy-ESP, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rita Guzzi
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ampl. Polifunzionale, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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13
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Heckler MM, Zeleke TZ, Divekar SD, Fernandez AI, Tiek DM, Woodrick J, Farzanegan A, Roy R, Üren A, Mueller SC, Riggins RB. Antimitotic activity of DY131 and the estrogen-related receptor beta 2 (ERRβ2) splice variant in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47201-47220. [PMID: 27363015 PMCID: PMC5216935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in women, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks clinically actionable therapeutic targets. Death in mitosis is a tumor suppressive mechanism that occurs in cancer cells experiencing a defective M phase. The orphan estrogen-related receptor beta (ERRβ) is a key reprogramming factor in murine embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In primates, ERRβ is alternatively spliced to produce several receptor isoforms. In cellular models of glioblastoma, short form (ERRβsf) and beta2 (ERRβ2) splice variants differentially regulate cell cycle progression in response to the synthetic agonist DY131, with ERRβ2 driving arrest in G2/M.The goals of the present study are to determine the cellular function(s) of ligand-activated ERRβ splice variants in breast cancer and evaluate the potential of DY131 to serve as an antimitotic agent, particularly in TNBC. DY131 inhibits growth in a diverse panel of breast cancer cell lines, causing cell death that involves the p38 stress kinase pathway and a bimodal cell cycle arrest. ERRβ2 facilitates the block in G2/M, and DY131 delays progression from prophase to anaphase. Finally, ERRβ2 localizes to centrosomes and DY131 causes mitotic spindle defects. Targeting ERRβ2 may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Heckler
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tizita Zewde Zeleke
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shailaja D Divekar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Aileen I Fernandez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Deanna M Tiek
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Alexander Farzanegan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Susette C Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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14
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Hadjimarkou MM, Vasudevan N. GPER1/GPR30 in the brain: Crosstalk with classical estrogen receptors and implications for behavior. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:57-64. [PMID: 28465157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The GPER1/GPR30 is a membrane estrogen receptor (mER) that binds 17β-estradiol (17β-E) with high affinity and is thought to play a role in cancer progression and cardiovascular health. Though widespread in the central nervous system, less is known about this receptor's function in the brain. GPER1 has been shown to activate kinase cascades and calcium flux within cells rapidly, thus fitting in with the idea of being a mER that mediates non-genomic signaling by estrogens. Signaling from GPER1 has been shown to improve spatial memory, possibly via release of neurotransmitters and generation of new spines on neurons in the hippocampus. In addition, GPER1 activation contributes to behaviors that denote anxiety and to social behaviors such as social memory and lordosis behavior in mice. In the male hippocampus, GPER1 activation has also been shown to phosphorylate the classical intracellular estrogen receptor (ER)α, suggesting that crosstalk with ERα is important in the display of these behaviors, many of which are absent in ERα-null mice. In this review, we present a number of categories of such crosstalk, using examples from literature. The function of GPER1 as an ERα collaborator or as a mER in different tissues is relevant to understanding both normal physiology and abnormal pathology, mediated by estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Hadjimarkou
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom RG6 6AS, United Kingdom.
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15
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van Duursen MBM. Modulation of estrogen synthesis and metabolism by phytoestrogens in vitro and the implications for women's health. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:772-794. [PMID: 30090542 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are increasingly used as dietary supplements due to their suggested health promoting properties, but also by women for breast enhancement and relief of menopausal symptoms. Generally, phytoestrogens are considered to exert estrogenic activity via estrogen receptors (ERs), but they may also affect estrogen synthesis and metabolism locally in breast, endometrial and ovarian tissues. Considering that accurate regulation of local hormone levels is crucial for normal physiology, it is not surprising that interference with hormonal synthesis and metabolism is associated with a wide variety of women's health problems, varying from altered menstrual cycle to hormone-dependent cancers. Yet, studies on phytoestrogens have mainly focused on ER-mediated effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens, with less attention paid to steroid synthesis and metabolism or other phytoestrogens. This review aims to evaluate the potential of phytoestrogens to modulate local estrogen levels and the implications for women's health. For that, an overview is provided of the effects of commonly used phytoestrogens, i.e. 8-prenylnaringenin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, naringenin, resveratrol and quercetin, on estrogen synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes in vitro. The potential implications for women's health are assessed by comparing the in vitro effect concentrations with blood concentrations that can be found after intake of these phytoestrogens. Based on this evaluation, it can be concluded that high-dose supplements with phytoestrogens might affect breast and endometrial health or fertility in women via the modulation of steroid hormone levels. However, more data regarding the tissue levels of phytoestrogens and effect data from dedicated, tissue-specific assays are needed for a better understanding of potential risks. At least until more certainty regarding the safety has been established, especially young women would better avoid using supplements containing high doses of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majorie B M van Duursen
- Research group Endocrine Toxicology , Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 , 3584 CM , Utrecht , the Netherlands . ; Tel: +31 (0)30 253 5398
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16
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Miller MM, McMullen PD, Andersen ME, Clewell RA. Multiple receptors shape the estrogen response pathway and are critical considerations for the future of in vitro-based risk assessment efforts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:564-580. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1289150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Souza PCT, Textor LC, Melo DC, Nascimento AS, Skaf MS, Polikarpov I. An alternative conformation of ERβ bound to estradiol reveals H12 in a stable antagonist position. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3509. [PMID: 28615710 PMCID: PMC5471280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural ligand 17β-estradiol (E2) is so far believed to induce a unique agonist-bound active conformation in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the estrogen receptors (ERs). Both subtypes, ERα and ERβ, are transcriptionally activated in the presence of E2 with ERβ being somewhat less active than ERα under similar conditions. The molecular bases for this intriguing behavior are mainly attributed to subtype differences in the amino-terminal domain of these receptors. However, structural details that confer differences in the molecular response of ER LBDs to E2 still remain elusive. In this study, we present a new crystallographic structure of the ERβ LBD bound to E2 in which H12 assumes an alternative conformation that resembles antagonist ERs structures. Structural observations and molecular dynamics simulations jointly provide evidence that alternative ERβ H12 position could correspond to a stable conformation of the receptor under physiological pH conditions. Our findings shed light on the unexpected role of LBD in the lower functional response of ERβ subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C T Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P. O. Box, 6154, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa C Textor
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo - USP, P.O. Box 396, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise C Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P. O. Box, 6154, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Nascimento
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo - USP, P.O. Box 396, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P. O. Box, 6154, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo - USP, P.O. Box 396, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Nishimiya O, Katsu Y, Inagawa H, Hiramatsu N, Todo T, Hara A. Molecular cloning and characterization of hagfish estrogen receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:190-201. [PMID: 27287934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One or more distinct forms of the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) have been isolated from many vertebrates to date. To better understand the molecular evolution of ERs, we cloned and characterized er cDNAs from the inshore hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, a modern representative of the most primitive vertebrates, the agnathans. Two er cDNAs, er1 and er2, were isolated from the liver of a reproductive female hagfish. A phylogenetic analysis placed hagfish ER1 into a position prior to the divergence of vertebrate ERs. Conversely, hagfish ER2 was placed at the base of the vertebrate ERβ clade. The tissue distribution patterns of both ER subtype mRNAs appeared to be different, suggesting that each subtype has different physiological roles associated with estrogen actions. An estrogen responsive-luciferase reporter assay using mammalian HEK293 cells was used to functionally characterize these hagfish ERs. Both ER proteins displayed estrogen-dependent activation of transcription. These results clearly demonstrate that the hagfish has two functional ER subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nishimiya
- Laboratory of Fish Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, Division of Marine Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Katsu
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
| | - Naoshi Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Fish Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, Division of Marine Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Todo
- Laboratory of Fish Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, Division of Marine Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hara
- Laboratory of Fish Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, Division of Marine Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
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19
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Yaşar P, Ayaz G, User SD, Güpür G, Muyan M. Molecular mechanism of estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling. Reprod Med Biol 2016; 16:4-20. [PMID: 29259445 PMCID: PMC5715874 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the transcription factors and estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ that are encoded by distinct genes. Localized at the peri‐membrane, mitochondria, and the nucleus of cells that are dependent on estrogen target tissues, the ERs share similar, as well as distinct, regulatory potentials. Different intracellular localizations of the ERs result in dynamically integrated and finely tuned E2 signaling cascades that orchestrate cellular growth, differentiation, and death. The deregulation of E2–ER signaling plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of target tissue malignancies. A better understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms that underlie ER actions in response to E2 therefore holds a critical trajectory for the development of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches with substantial impacts on the systemic management of target tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Yaşar
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gamze Ayaz
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sırma Damla User
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gizem Güpür
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey.,Present address: Cell and Molecular Biology Program Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
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20
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Lee DH, Asare BK, Rajnarayanan RV. Discovery at the interface: Toward novel anti-proliferative agents targeting human estrogen receptor/S100 interactions. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2806-18. [PMID: 27580430 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER) is expressed in about 70% of breast cancer and mediates various cellular signaling events including cell cycle. The antiestrogen tamoxifen is currently administered to patients in order to induce regression of the tumor growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, upon continued administration, patients develop resistance to tamoxifen. In addition, calcium binding proteins (EF-hand proteins) such as, Calmodulin and S100, are significantly overexpressed in breast cancer cells, can activate transcription of target genes by directly binding to ER in lieu of estrogen. Calmodulin antagonists (w7 and melatonin) have been shown to significantly inhibit ER mediated activities including cell proliferation and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, S100P is shown to mediate tamoxifen resistance and cell migration capacity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Molecules targeting specific ER-EF hand protein interfaces could potentially provide an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat these scenarios. Using theoretical 3D models of ER-S100 protein we identified ER conformation-sensing regions of the interacting EF hand proteins and evaluated their ability to bind to ER in silico and to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and viability in vitro. The recognition motif of the binding interface was sensitive to small changes in partner orientation as evidenced by significant anti cell proliferative activity of the short peptide derived from S100P residues 74-78, when compared with a longer peptide with altered orientation of the recognition motif derived from S100P 74-81. Structural clues and pharmacophores from peptide-ER interactions can be used to design novel anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lee
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Bethany K Asare
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Rajendram V Rajnarayanan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
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21
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Wang C, Zhang F, Jiang S, Siedlak SL, Shen L, Perry G, Wang X, Tang B, Zhu X. Estrogen receptor-α is localized to neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20352. [PMID: 26837465 PMCID: PMC4738266 DOI: 10.1038/srep20352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The female predominance for developing Alzheimer disease (AD) suggests the involvement of gender specific factor(s) such as a reduced estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of AD. The potential role of ERα in AD pathogenesis has been explored by several groups with mixed results. We revisited this issue of expression and distribution of ERα in AD brain using a specific ERα antibody. Interestingly, we found that ERα co-localized with neurofibrillary pathology in AD brain and further demonstrated that ERα interacts with tau protein in vivo. Immunoprecipitaion experiments found increased ERα-tau interaction in the AD cases, which may account for ERα being sequestered in neuronal tau pathology. Indeed, tau overexpression in M17 cells leads to interruption of estrogen signaling. Our data support the idea that sequestration of ERα by tau pathology underlies the loss of estrogen neuroprotection during the course of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, the second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu first people’s Hospital, Chengdu, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Sirui Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandra L. Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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22
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Beekmann K, de Haan LHJ, Actis-Goretta L, Houtman R, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. The effect of glucuronidation on isoflavone induced estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ mediated coregulator interactions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:245-53. [PMID: 26361015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-prenylated isoflavone aglycones are known to have phyto-estrogenic properties and act as agonistic ligands on ERα and ERβ due to their structural resemblance to 17β-estradiol (E2). Genistein and daidzein are the two main dietary isoflavones; upon uptake they are extensively metabolized and exist nearly exclusively as their conjugated forms in biological fluids. Little is known about the effect of conjugation on the intrinsic estrogenic activities of these isoflavones. To characterize and compare the intrinsic estrogenic activities of genistein and daidzein, and their respective 7-O-glucuronide metabolites a cell-free assay system was employed that determines the ligand-induced changes in ERα- and ERβ-ligand binding domain (LBD) interactions with 154 different binding motifs derived from 66 different nuclear receptor coregulators. The glucuronides were 8 to 4400 times less potent than their respective aglycones to modulate ERα-LBD and ERβ-LBD-coregulator interactions. Glucuronidation changed the preferential activation of genistein from ERβ-LBD to ERα-LBD and further increased the slightly preferential activation of daidzein for ERα-LBD. The tested isoflavone compounds were less potent than E2 (around 5 to 1580 times for the aglycones) but modulated the LBD-coregulator interactions in a manner similar to E2. Our results show that genistein and daidzein remain agonistic ligands of ERα-LBD and ERβ-LBD in their conjugated form with a higher relative preference for ERα-LBD than the corresponding aglycones. This shift in receptor preference is of special interest as the preferential activation of ERβ is considered one of the possible modes of action underlying the supposed beneficial instead of adverse health effects of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Bladeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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23
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Trombley S, Rocha A, Schmitz M. Sex steroids stimulate leptin gene expression in Atlantic salmon parr hepatocytes in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 221:156-64. [PMID: 25644210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, leptin plays an important role in puberty and reproduction and leptin is regulated by sex steroids. Elevated leptin levels have been associated with sexual maturation in some teleosts such as Atlantic salmon. In the present study, primary cultures of Atlantic salmon hepatocytes were used to investigate the direct effects of different sex steroids on expression of the two salmon leptin-a genes, lepa1 and lepa2. Testosterone (T) stimulated both lepa1 and lepa2 in a dose dependent manner after four days of incubation. The stimulatory effect of T on leptin expression was not prevented by co-incubation with the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole, indicating a direct androgen effect on transcription. The non-aromatizable androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which is the main androgen in fish, was generally slightly less potent than T in stimulating lepa1 and lepa2. The strongest stimulatory response was seen for 17β-estradiol (E2). E2 treatment significantly up-regulated lepa1 and lepa2 gene expression at doses of 10nM and 1nM for each gene, respectively. Lepa1, but not lepa2, was stimulated by T and 11-KT in immature male and immature female parr, while E2 stimulated expression of both genes. The sensitivity to sex steroid stimulation differed in maturing males compared to immature. In maturing males, the androgens and E2 stimulated lepa2 but not lepa1, while in immature males, the androgens and E2 stimulated lepa1, but only E2 stimulated lepa2. The differential response of the two leptin paralogues to the sex steroids suggests differences in regulation of the two leptin genes during maturation. Altogether, these results indicate that leptin expression in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes is directly regulated at the transcriptional level by the main teleost androgens and an estrogen, and that the response might depend on the developmental stage of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Trombley
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Rocha
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Schmitz
- Department of Organismal Biology, Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Le Grand A, André-Leroux G, Marteil G, Duval H, Sire O, Le Tilly V. Investigating the in Vitro Thermal Stability and Conformational Flexibility of Estrogen Receptors as Potential Key Factors of Their in Vivo Activity. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3890-900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Le Grand
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56017 Vannes Cedex, France
| | - Gwenaëlle André-Leroux
- Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique, UR1404, Unité de Mathématiques et Informatiques
Appliquées du Génome à l’Environnement, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institut
Pasteur,
Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Marteil
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciëncia, Cell Cycle
Regulation Lab, Rua da
Quinta Grande, P-2780-156 Oreias, Portugal
| | - Hélène Duval
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56017 Vannes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Sire
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56017 Vannes Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Le Tilly
- Laboratoire
d’Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud, CER Yves Coppens, BP573, 56017 Vannes Cedex, France
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25
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Warner M, Gustafsson JA. DHEA - a precursor of ERβ ligands. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:245-7. [PMID: 25125389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
What is DHEA and why is there so much public interest in this steroid which has been touted as the fountain of youth and is supposed to have all kinds of health benefits? Endocrinologists have been fascinated with DHEA for a long time because of its high production in the fetal adrenals and its continued high levels until the 7th decade of life. Yet there is still little agreement about its physiological functions. In its simplest terms endocrinology is the communication between at least three organs: one sends a message, one releases a hormone into the blood in response to the message and one responds to the hormone. DHEA is produced by a specific zone of the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis, whose sole function is to produce this steroid. Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which are C21 steroids are produced in two other zones of the adrenal cortex called the zona fasicularis and the zona glomerulosa, respectively. Being C21 steroids, they cannot be synthesized from DHEA which is a C19 steroid. To date there is no known hormone which specifically stimulates the zona reticularis and there is no known specific receptor for DHEA. Thus DHEA does not qualify as a hormone. DHEA could have autocrine or paracrine effects but, so far, there is no known effect of DHEA on either the cells of the zona glomerulosa or the zona fasicularis. Of course DHEA could have functions as a local precursor of androgens or estrogens and many studies have reported on the beneficial effects of transdermal or transvaginal administration of DHEA in postmenopausal women. This review will consider two of the potential functions of DHEA as a precursor of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry - University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd. Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg. 545, Houston, TX 77204-5056, United States.
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry - University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd. Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg. 545, Houston, TX 77204-5056, United States
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26
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Zhou L, Fester L, Haghshenas S, de Vrese X, von Hacht R, Gloger S, Brandt N, Bader M, Vollmer G, Rune GM. Oestradiol-induced synapse formation in the female hippocampus: roles of oestrogen receptor subtypes. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:439-47. [PMID: 24779550 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the oestrus cycle, varying spine synapse density correlates positively with varying local synthesis of oestradiol in the hippocampus. In this context, the roles of the oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and β are not fully understood. In the present study, we used neonatal hippocampal slice cultures from female rats because these cultures synthesise oestradiol and express both receptor subtypes, and inhibition of oestradiol synthesis in these cultures results in spine synapse loss. Using electron microscopy, we tested the effects on spine synapse density in response to agonists of both ERα and ERβ. Application of agonists to the cultures had no effect. After inhibition of oestradiol synthesis, however, agonists of ERα induced spine synapse formation, whereas ERβ agonists led to a reduction in spine synapse density in the CA1 region of these cultures. Consistently, up-regulation of ERβ in the hippocampus of adult female aromatase-deficient mice is paralleled by hippocampus-specific spine synapse loss in this mutant. Finally, we found an increase in spine synapses in the adult female ERβ knockout mouse, but no effect in the adult female ERα knockout mouse. Our data suggest antagonistic roles of ERβ and ERα in spine synapse formation in the female hippocampus, which may contribute to oestrus cyclicity of spine synapse density in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Heckler MM, Thakor H, Schafer CC, Riggins RB. ERK/MAPK regulates ERRγ expression, transcriptional activity and receptor-mediated tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:2431-42. [PMID: 24684682 PMCID: PMC4079056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen (TAM) significantly improve breast cancer-specific survival for women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease. However, resistance to TAM remains a major clinical problem. The resistant phenotype is usually not driven by loss or mutation of the estrogen receptor; instead, changes in multiple proliferative and/or survival pathways over-ride the inhibitory effects of TAM. Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that promotes TAM resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells. This study sought to clarify the mechanism(s) by which this orphan nuclear receptor is regulated, and hence affects TAM resistance. mRNA and protein expression/phosphorylation were monitored by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to disrupt consensus extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) target sites. Cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression were measured by flow cytometric methods. ERRγ transcriptional activity was assessed by dual-luciferase promoter-reporter assays. We show that ERRγ protein levels are affected by the activation state of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and mutation of consensus ERK target sites impairs ERRγ-driven transcriptional activity and TAM resistance. These findings shed new light on the functional significance of ERRγ in ER+ breast cancer, and are the first to demonstrate a role for kinase regulation of this orphan nuclear receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mazzotta Heckler
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, E412 NRB, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Hemang Thakor
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, E412 NRB, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Cara C. Schafer
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, E412 NRB, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, E412 NRB, Washington, DC 20057
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28
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Liao ZQ, Dong C, Carlson KE, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Chesnut RW, Sharma A, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou HB. Triaryl-substituted Schiff bases are high-affinity subtype-selective ligands for the estrogen receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3532-45. [PMID: 24708493 PMCID: PMC4002130 DOI: 10.1021/jm500268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We have explored the isoelectronic
replacement of the C=C
double bond found at the core of many nonsteroidal estrogen ligands
with a simple Schiff base (C=N). Di- and triaryl-substituted
imine derivatives were conveniently prepared by the condensation of
benzophenones with various anilines without the need for phenolic
hydroxy protection. Most of these imines demonstrated high affinity
for the estrogen receptors, which, in some cases exceeded that of
estradiol. In cell-based assays, these imines profiled as ERα
agonists but as ERβ antagonists, showing preferential reliance
on the N-terminal activation function (AF1), which is more active
in ERα. X-ray analysis revealed that the triaryl-imines distort
the ligand-binding pocket in a new way: by controlling the separation
of helices 3 and 11, which appears to alter the C-terminal AF2 surface
that binds transcriptional coactivators. This work suggests that C=N
for C=C substitution might be more widely considered as a general
strategy for preparing drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Quan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071, China
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29
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Higa GM, Fell RG. Sex hormone receptor repertoire in breast cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2013; 2013:284036. [PMID: 24324894 PMCID: PMC3845405 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classification of breast cancer as endocrine sensitive, hormone dependent, or estrogen receptor (ER) positive refers singularly to ER α . One of the oldest recognized tumor targets, disruption of ER α -mediated signaling, is believed to be the mechanistic mode of action for all hormonal interventions used in treating this disease. Whereas ER α is widely accepted as the single most important predictive factor (for response to endocrine therapy), the presence of the receptor in tumor cells is also of prognostic value. Even though the clinical relevance of the two other sex hormone receptors, namely, ER β and the androgen receptor remains unclear, two discordant phenomena observed in hormone-dependent breast cancers could be causally related to ER β -mediated effects and androgenic actions. Nonetheless, our understanding of regulatory molecules and resistance mechanisms remains incomplete, further compromising our ability to develop novel therapeutic strategies that could improve disease outcomes. This review focuses on the receptor-mediated actions of the sex hormones in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M. Higa
- Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, P.O. Box 9520, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ryan G. Fell
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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30
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Wickramasekera NT, Das GM. Tumor suppressor p53 and estrogen receptors in nuclear-mitochondrial communication. Mitochondrion 2013; 16:26-37. [PMID: 24177747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several gene transcription regulators considered solely localized within the nuclear compartment are being reported to be present in the mitochondria as well. There is growing interest in the role of mitochondria in regulating cellular metabolism in normal and disease states. Various findings demonstrate the importance of crosstalk between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes in regulating cellular functions. Both tumor suppressor p53 and estrogen receptor (ER) were originally characterized as nuclear transcription factors. In addition to their individual roles as regulators of various genes, these two proteins interact resulting in major cellular consequences. In addition to its nuclear role, p53 has been localized to the mitochondria where it executes various transcription-independent functions. Likewise, ERs are reported to be present in mitochondria; however their functional roles remain to be clearly defined. In this review, we provide an integrated view of the current knowledge of nuclear and mitochondrial p53 and ERs and how it relates to normal and pathological physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadi T Wickramasekera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States.
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31
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Shanle EK, Zhao Z, Hawse J, Wisinski K, Keles S, Yuan M, Xu W. Research resource: global identification of estrogen receptor β target genes in triple negative breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1762-75. [PMID: 23979844 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers that are negative for estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are known as triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). TNBCs are associated with an overall poor prognosis because they lack expression of therapeutic targets like ERα and are biologically more aggressive. A second estrogen receptor, ERβ, has been found to be expressed in 50% to 90% of ERα-negative breast cancers, and ERβ expression in TNBCs has been shown to correlate with improved disease-free survival and good prognosis. To elucidate the role of ERβ in regulating gene expression and cell proliferation in TNBC cells, the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 was engineered with inducible expression of full-length ERβ. In culture, ERβ expression inhibited cell growth by inducing a G1 cell cycle arrest, which was further enhanced by 17β-estradiol treatment. In xenografts, ERβ expression also inhibited tumor formation and growth, and 17β-estradiol treatment resulted in rapid tumor regression. Furthermore, genomic RNA sequencing identified both ligand-dependent and -independent ERβ target genes, some of which were also regulated by ERβ in other TNBC cell lines and correlated with ERβ expression in a cohort of TNBCs from the Cancer Genome Atlas Network. ERβ target genes were enriched in genes that regulate cell death and survival, cell movement, cell development, and growth and proliferation, as well as genes involved in the Wnt/β-catenin and the G1/S cell cycle phase checkpoint pathways. In addition to confirming the anti-proliferative effects of ERβ in TNBC cells, these data provide a comprehensive resource of ERβ target genes and suggest that ERβ may be targeted with ligands that can stimulate its growth inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Shanle
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1400 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.
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32
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Yakimchuk K, Jondal M, Okret S. Estrogen receptor α and β in the normal immune system and in lymphoid malignancies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:121-9. [PMID: 23707618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate various normal and pathophysiological processes including cancers. Cellular signaling by estrogens is mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ), respectively. Binding of agonists to the ERs affects gene transcription. The main endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), binds to both ERα and ERβ with similar affinity. However, the ligand-binding pocket of ERα and ERβ are slightly different which has allowed the development of selective ER ligands. Importantly, while estrogens via ERα stimulate proliferation, signaling via ERβ inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis. In both normal and cancer cells the ERs are co-expressed with ER splice variants which may modify the transcriptional activity of the wild-type receptors. Estrogens have prominent effects on immune functions and both ERα and ERβ are expressed in immune cells and lymphoid malignancies. With regard to lymphoid malignancies, most show estrogen influence as several epidemiological studies of lymphoid cancers demonstrate gender differences in incidence and prognosis with males being more affected. In line with these findings, recent results generated by us have shown that ERβ selective agonists inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human and murine lymphomas in vivo in xenograft experiments. This suggests that ERβ selective agonists in the future may be useful in the treatment of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yakimchuk
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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33
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Muyan M, Callahan LM, Huang Y, Lee AJ. The ligand-mediated nuclear mobility and interaction with estrogen-responsive elements of estrogen receptors are subtype specific. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:249-66. [PMID: 23014840 PMCID: PMC3674415 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E(2)) plays important roles in functions of many tissues. E(2) effects are mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α and β. ERs regulate transcriptions through estrogen-responsive element (ERE)-dependent and ERE-independent modes of action. ER binding to ERE constitutes the basis of the ERE-dependent pathway. Direct/indirect ER interactions with transcription complexes define ERE-independent signaling. ERs share functional features. Ligand-bound ERs nevertheless induce distinct transcription profiles. Live cell imaging indicates a dynamic nature of gene expressions by highly mobile ERs. However, the relative contribution of ER mobility at the ERE-independent pathway to the overall kinetics of ER mobility remains undefined. We used fluorescent recovery after a photo-bleaching approach to assess the ligand-mediated mobilities of ERE binding-defective ERs, ER(EBD). The decrease in ERα mobility with E(2) or the selective ER modulator 4-hydroxyl-tamoxifen (4HT) was largely due to the interaction of the receptor with ERE. Thus, ERα bound to E(2) or 4HT mediates transcriptions from the ERE-independent pathway with remarkably fast kinetics that contributes fractionally to the overall motility of the receptor. The antagonist Imperial Chemical Industries 182 780 immobilized ERαs. The mobilities of ERβ and ERβ(EBD) in the presence of ligands were indistinguishable kinetically. Thus, ERβ mobility is independent of the nature of ligands and the mode of interaction with target sites. Chimeric ERs indicated that the carboxyl-termini are critical regions for subtype-specific mobility. Therefore, while ERs are highly mobile molecules interacting with target sites with fast kinetics, an indication of the hit-and-run model of transcription, they differ mechanistically to modulate transcriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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34
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Paisley JC, Huddleston GG, Carruth LL, Petrulis A, Grober MS, Clancy AN. Sexual responses of the male rat medial preoptic area and medial amygdala to estrogen I: site specific suppression of estrogen receptor alpha. Horm Behav 2012; 62:50-7. [PMID: 22565217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male rat copulation is mediated by estrogen-sensitive neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPO) and medial amygdala (MEA); however, the mechanisms through which estradiol (E(2)) acts are not fully understood. We hypothesized that E(2) acts through estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the MPO and MEA to promote male mating behavior. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) complementary to ERα mRNA were bilaterally infused via minipumps into either brain area to block the synthesis of ERα, which we predicted would reduce mating. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry revealed a knockdown of ERα expression in each brain region; however, compared to saline controls, males receiving AS-ODN to the MPO showed significant reductions in all components of mating, whereas males receiving AS-ODN to the MEA continued to mate normally. These results suggest that E(2) acts differently in these brain regions to promote the expression of male rat sexual behavior and that ERα in the MPO, but not in the MEA, promotes mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn C Paisley
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302‐4010, USA
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Foster TC. Role of estrogen receptor alpha and beta expression and signaling on cognitive function during aging. Hippocampus 2012; 22:656-69. [PMID: 21538657 PMCID: PMC3704216 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review presents evidence for the idea that the expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) interacts with the level of estradiol (E2) to influence the etiology of age-related cognitive decline and responsiveness to E2 treatments. There is a nonmonotonic dose response curve for E2 influences on behavior and transcription. Evidence is mounting to indicate that the dose response curve is shifted according to the relative expression of ERα and ERβ. Recent work characterizing age-related changes in the expression of ERα and ERβ in the hippocampus, as well as studies using mutant mice, and viral mediated delivery of estrogen receptors indicate that an age-related shift in ERα/ERβ expression, combined with declining gonadal E2 can impact transcription, cell signaling, neuroprotection, and neuronal growth. Finally, the role of ERα/ERβ on rapid E2 signaling and synaptogenesis as it relates to hippocampal aging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0244, USA.
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Bozkurt KK, Kapucuoğlu N. Investigation of immunohistochemical ERα, ERβ and ERβcx expressions in normal and neoplastic breast tissues. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Su C, Rybalchenko N, Schreihofer DA, Singh M, Abbassi B, Cunningham RL. Cell Models for the Study of Sex Steroid Hormone Neurobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; S2. [PMID: 22860237 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7536.s2-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To date many aspects of neurons and glia biology remain elusive, due in part to the cellular and molecular complexity of the brain. In recent decades, cell models from different brain areas have been established and proven invaluable toward understanding this complexity. In the field of steroid hormone neurobiology, an important question is: what is the profile of steroid hormone receptor expression in these specific cell lines? Currently, a clear summary of such receptor profiling is lacking. For this reason, we summarized in this review the expression of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in several widely used cell lines (glial and neuronal) derived from the forebrain and midbrain, based on our own data and that from the literature. Such information will aid in the selection of specific cell lines used to test hypotheses related to the biology of estrogens, progestins, and/or androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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38
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Shanle EK, Hawse JR, Xu W. Generation of stable reporter breast cancer cell lines for the identification of ER subtype selective ligands. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1940-9. [PMID: 21924251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling is mediated by two estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which have unique roles in the regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation. ERα induces proliferation in response to estrogen and ERβ inhibits proliferation in breast cancer cells, suggesting that ERβ selective ligands may be beneficial for promoting the anti-proliferative action of ERβ. Subtype selective ligands can be identified using transcriptional assays, but cell lines in which ERα or ERβ are independently expressed are required. Of the available reporter cell lines, none have been generated in breast cancer cells to identify subtype selective ligands. Here we describe the generation of two isogenic breast cancer cell lines, Hs578T-ERαLuc and Hs578T-ERβLuc, with stable integration of an estrogen responsive luciferase reporter gene. Hs578T-ERαLuc and Hs578T-ERβLuc cell lines are highly sensitive to estrogenic chemicals and ER subtype selective ligands, providing a tool to characterize the transcriptional potency and subtype selectivity of estrogenic ligands in the context of breast cancer cells. In addition to measuring reporter activity, ERβ target gene expression and growth inhibitory effects of ERβ selective ligands can be determined as biological endpoints. The finding that activation of ERβ by estrogen or ERβ selective natural phytoestrogens inhibits the growth of Hs578T-ERβ cells implies therapeutic potential for ERβ selective ligands in breast cancer cells that express ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Shanle
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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39
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Chantzi NI, Meligova AK, Dhimolea E, Petrou CC, Mitsiou DJ, Magafa V, Pechtelidou A, Florentin I, Kitraki E, Cordopatis P, Tiniakos DG, Alexis MN. Insights into ectopic estrogen receptor expression, nucleocytoplasmic distribution and interaction with chromatin obtained with new antibodies to estrogen receptors α and β. Steroids 2011; 76:974-85. [PMID: 21722659 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that in cells ectopically expressing only ERα or the full-length hormone-binding isoform of ERβ (ERβ1), the receptors interact with chromatin with different efficacies and that antibodies capable of probing such interactions by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) are scarce. We therefore produced nine subtype and isoform-specific antibodies to ERα or ERβ and validated their performance in receptor probing in cell lines and tissue biopsies by various immunochemical methods, including ChIP. We also produced clones of HEK-293 cells stably transfected with an estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent luciferase reporter and ERα or ERβ1, in order to comparatively study their interaction with reporter ERE. We show that ERα was located in the nucleus and ERβ1 in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus of the stably transfected cells, while both receptors were found predominantly in the nucleus in transiently transfected cells and in all estrogen target tissues examined using the same antibodies. The cells displayed wild-type transcriptional activity and canonical regulation of ERE-dependent luciferase expression by estrogen agonists and antagonists. However, unlike ERα, ERβ1 recruitment to the reporter ERE could be probed only by sequential ChIP with antibodies to receptor N- and C-terminus. These data suggest that in HEK-293 cells stably expressing ERα or ERβ1, ER subtype-specific constraints apply to ERβ1 nuclear entry; and that in cells displaying cytoplasmic as well as nuclear localization of ERβ1, sequential ChIP with different antibodies to the receptor is the method of choice for probing its interaction with chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki I Chantzi
- Molecular Endocrinology Programme, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
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Sedlák D, Paguio A, Bartůněk P. Two panels of steroid receptor luciferase reporter cell lines for compound profiling. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2011; 14:248-66. [PMID: 21375502 PMCID: PMC3234597 DOI: 10.2174/138620711795222446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors represent a major target in drug discovery. As ligand inducible transcription factors, their activity can be modulated by small lipophilic molecules. Here we describe two panels of potent and selective luciferase reporter cell lines based on cells with low endogenous steroid receptor activity (U2OS). The panels contain reporter cell lines for estrogen receptors α and β, androgen, glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and progesterone receptors. In the first panel, the activation of either synthetic, steroid response elements containing promoter or viral promoter is mediated by full-length steroid receptors. The second panel is based on the expression of the chimeric receptor, which was created by the replacement of the N-terminal part of the molecule by Gal4 DBD and that binds to multiple UAS sites in the reporter promoter. Both panels were extensively characterized by profiling 28 ligands in dose response manner in agonist and antagonist mode. We have analyzed and compared the responses to tested ligands from both panels and concluded that in general both systems generated similar qualitative response in terms of potency, efficacy, partial agonism/antagonism, mixed agonistic/antagonistic profiles and the rank of potencies was well conserved between both panels. However, we have also identified some artifacts introduced by the Gal4/LBD reporter assays in contrast to their full-length receptor reporter counterparts. Keeping in mind the advantages and drawbacks of each reporter format, these cell lines represent powerful and selective tools for profiling large compound libraries (HTS) and for detailed study of mechanisms by which compounds exert their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sedlák
- Center for Chemical Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Boonyaratanakornkit V. Scaffolding proteins mediating membrane-initiated extra-nuclear actions of estrogen receptor. Steroids 2011; 76:877-84. [PMID: 21354435 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen mediates biological effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis through estrogen receptor (ER). In addition to functioning as a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor to directly regulate gene transcription, ER also mediates rapid activation of signaling pathways independent of its transcriptional activity. A subpopulation of ER localized to the cell membrane or cytoplasm has been proposed to mediate ER activation of signaling pathways. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms responsible for ER cytoplasm/membrane localization, where rapid extra-nuclear signaling is initiated. These mechanisms include lipid modification of the receptor (palmitoylation) and interactions with membrane and cytoplasmic adaptor proteins including caveolins, striatin, p130Cas, Shc, HPIP, MTA-1s, and MNAR/PELP1. While it is clear that ER mediates rapid extra-nuclear signaling resulting in activation of signaling pathways such as Src/MAPK and PI-3 kinase/Akt, how ER extra-nuclear signaling influences overall ER/estrogen physiology is still not well understood. Future studies defining physiological roles of ER extra-nuclear actions and crosstalk with its nuclear counterparts will be important to our overall understanding of estrogen and ER biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-130, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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42
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Analysis of estrogen receptor isoforms and variants in breast cancer cell lines. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:537-544. [PMID: 22977537 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ isoforms in ER-positive (MCF7, T-47D and ZR-75-1) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-453 and HCC1954) breast cancer cell lines was investigated. ERα mRNA was expressed in ER-positive and some ER-negative cell lines. ERα Δ3, Δ5 and Δ7 spliced variants were present in MCF7 and T-47D cells; ERα Δ5 and Δ7 spliced variants were detected in ZR-75-1 cells. MDA-MB-231 and HCC1954 cells expressed ERα Δ5 and Δ7 spliced variants. The ERβ1 variant was expressed in all of the cell lines and the ERβ2 variant in all of the ER-positive and some ER-negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3). MCF7, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-453, HCC1954 and T-47D cells expressed ERβ5. All cell lines expressed an ERα 66-kDa protein band, and some expressed the truncated 42-kDa variant. ERβ1 was detected in all of the cell lines in addition to a 38-44 kDa variant. The results indicate that breast cancer cell lines widely used in research and reported as being ER-negative express ERα and/or ERβ mRNA and protein.
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43
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Huang Y, Li X, Muyan M. Estrogen receptors similarly mediate the effects of 17β-estradiol on cellular responses but differ in their potencies. Endocrine 2011; 39:48-61. [PMID: 21069581 PMCID: PMC3683410 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, plays critical roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of various tissues. The E2 information is primarily conveyed by the transcription factors, estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β. ERs share similar structural and functional features. Experimental studies indicate that upon binding to E2, ERs directly or indirectly interact with DNA and regulate gene expressions with ERα being more potent transregulator than ERβ. However, studies also showed that ERβ induces alterations in phenotypic features of cancer cell lines independent of E2. These observations suggested that the manner in which the unliganded ERβ induces phenotypic alterations in cancer cell models differs from that of ERα. Studies demonstrated that while requiring E2 for function at low levels of synthesis, the unliganded ERα at augmented concentrations modulates gene expressions and cellular growth. We, therefore, anticipated that heightened levels of ERβ synthesis could similarly circumvent the dependency on E2 leading to gene transcriptions and cellular proliferation. To test this prediction, we used adenovirus-infected cancer cell lines in which ERs were shown to induce genomic and cellular responses. We found that while ERβ at low levels of synthesis was dependent upon E2 for function, the receptor at high levels regulated gene expression and cellular proliferation independent of E2. We then addressed whether ERs at comparable levels that require E2 for function differentially alter gene expressions and cellular responses. We found that ERs mediate the effects of E2 on gene expression, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and motility with an overlapping pattern. However, ERα was more potent regulator than ERβ in inducing cellular responses. Our results suggest that differences in potencies to regulate the expression of genes are a critical feature of the ER subtypes in mediating E2 signaling in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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44
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Shanle EK, Xu W. Endocrine disrupting chemicals targeting estrogen receptor signaling: identification and mechanisms of action. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:6-19. [PMID: 21053929 DOI: 10.1021/tx100231n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) adversely impact estrogen signaling by interacting with two estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα and ERβ. Though the receptors have similar ligand binding and DNA binding domains, ERα and ERβ have some unique properties in terms of ligand selectivity and target gene regulation. EDCs that target ER signaling can modify genomic and nongenomic ER activity through direct interactions with ERs, indirectly through transcription factors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), or through modulation of metabolic enzymes that are critical for normal estrogen synthesis and metabolism. Many EDCs act through multiple mechanisms as exemplified by chemicals that bind both AhR and ER, such as 3-methylcholanthrene. Other EDCs that target ER signaling include phytoestrogens, bisphenolics, and organochlorine pesticides, and many alter normal ER signaling through multiple mechanisms. EDCs can also display tissue-selective ER agonist and antagonist activities similar to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) designed for pharmaceutical use. Thus, biological effects of EDCs need to be carefully interpreted because EDCs can act through complex tissue-selective modulation of ERs and other signaling pathways in vivo. Current requirements by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency require some in vitro and cell-based assays to identify EDCs that target ER signaling through direct and metabolic mechanisms. Additional assays may be useful screens for identifying EDCs that act through alternative mechanisms prior to further in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Shanle
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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45
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Shanle EK, Xu W. Selectively targeting estrogen receptors for cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1265-76. [PMID: 20708050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate growth and development through the action of two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which mediate proliferation and differentiation of cells. For decades, ERα mediated estrogen signaling has been therapeutically targeted to treat breast cancer, most notably with the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen. Selectively targeting ERs occurs at two levels: tissue selectivity and receptor subtype selectivity. SERMs have been developed with emphasis on tissue selectivity to target ER signaling for breast cancer treatment. Additionally, new approaches to selectively target the action of ERα going beyond ligand-dependent activity are under current investigation. As evidence of the anti-proliferative role of ERβ accumulates, selectively targeting ERβ is an attractive approach for designing new cancer therapies with the emphasis shifted to designing ligands with subtype selectivity. This review will present the mechanistic and structural features of ERs that determine tissue and subtype selectivity with an emphasis on current approaches to selectively target ERα and ERβ for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Shanle
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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46
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Zhang G, Yanamala N, Lathrop KL, Zhang L, Klein-Seetharaman J, Srinivas H. Ligand-independent antiapoptotic function of estrogen receptor-beta in lung cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1737-47. [PMID: 20660297 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptor (ER)beta in the mitochondria in various cell types and tissues, but the exact function of this localization remains unclear. In this study, we have examined the function of mitochondrial ERbeta in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Down-regulation of ERbeta by short hairpin RNA constructs sensitized NSCLC cells to various apoptosis-inducing agents such as cisplatin, taxol, and etoposide. The increased growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in ERbeta-knockdown cells was observed irrespective of estrogen treatment, suggesting a ligand-independent role of ERbeta in regulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Further, ERbeta from the mitochondrial fraction physically interacted with the proapoptotic protein Bad, in a ligand-independent manner. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays and molecular modeling studies revealed that the DNA-binding domain and hinge region of ERbeta, and the BH3 domain of Bad were involved in these interactions. Further investigations revealed that ERbeta inhibited Bad function by disrupting Bad-Bcl-X(L) and Bad-Bcl-2 interactions. Reintroduction of ERbeta in the mitochondria of ERbeta knockdown cells reversed their sensitivity to cisplatin. Overall, our results demonstrate a ligand-independent role of ERbeta in regulating apoptosis, revealing a novel function for ERbeta in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfeng Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, E1115 Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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47
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Influence of selective estrogen receptor modulators on interleukin-6 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:219-25. [PMID: 20546720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators can inhibit inflammatory responses, we studied the regulatory role of several selective estrogen receptor modulators on interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). ARPE-19 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide with simultaneous exposure to different selective estrogen receptor modulators with the secretion of IL-6 cytokine being analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We demonstrate that 17beta-estradiol and HM-D, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator compound, clearly reduced the IL-6 expression levels after lipopolysaccharide exposure in ARPE-19 cells. Molecular effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and estrogen on the estrogen response element-mediated transcription were studied using MCF-7 and ARPE-19 cell lines carrying the estrogen response element-luciferase reporter gene. Estrogen and HM-D stimulated the activity of estrogen response element-reporter gene in MCF-7 cells but did not affect the activity in ARPE-19 cells. In addition, HM-D did not activate estrogen receptor alpha when studied by nuclear receptor peptide estrogen receptor alpha ELISA in ARPE-19 cells. These results indicate that estrogen and HM-D can suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response but signalling is not mediated through estrogen response element transcription in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
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48
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Deroo BJ, Buensuceso AV. Minireview: Estrogen receptor-beta: mechanistic insights from recent studies. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1703-14. [PMID: 20363876 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERbeta action. We now know that ERbeta plays a major role in mediating estrogen action in several tissues and organ systems, including the ovary, cardiovascular system, brain, and the immune system, and that ERbeta and ERalpha generally play distinct physiological roles in the body. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of ERbeta action, particularly in vitro, there remains a large gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ERbeta elicits its biological functions in a true physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Deroo
- The University of Western Ontario, Room A4-144, Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5.
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49
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Ni YD, Hong WJ, Zhou YC, Grossmann R, Zhao RQ. Dual effects of daidzein on chicken hepatic vitellogenin II expression and estrogen receptor-mediated transactivation in vitro. Steroids 2010; 75:245-51. [PMID: 20043933 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two in vitro systems were employed to delineate the estrogenic activity of daidzein (Da), alone or in combination with high or low concentrations of estrogen in two cell types possessing different estrogen-receptor (ER) isoforms, ERalpha and/or ERbeta: (1) vitellogenin II (VTG), the egg yolk precursor protein and the endpoint biomarker for estrogenicity, in chicken primary hepatocytes, and (2) CHO-K1 cells transiently co-transfected with ERalpha or ERbeta and estrogen-response elements (ERE) linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Da (100 microM) alone induced VTG mRNA expression in chicken hepatocytes, albeit with much less potency compared to estradiol (E(2)). Da exhibited different effects in the presence of 1 microM and 10 microM E(2). At a concentration of 100 microM, Da enhanced 1 microM E(2)-induced VTG transcription by 2.4-fold, but significantly inhibited 10 microM E(2)-induced VTG mRNA expression in a dose-dependent fashion from 1 to 100 microM. Tamoxifen completely blocked the estrogenic effect of daidzein, alone or in combination with 1 microM of E(2), but did not influence its anti-estrogenic effect on 10 microM E(2)-induced VTG mRNA expression. Furthermore, neither E(2) nor daidzein, alone or in combination, affected ERalpha mRNA expression, yet all the treatments significantly up-regulated ERbeta mRNA expression in chicken hepatocytes. E(2) effectively triggered estrogen-response elements (ERE)-driven reporter gene transactivation in CHO-K1 cells expressing ERalpha or ERbeta and showed much greater potency with ERalpha than with ERbeta. In contrast, daidzein was 1000 times more powerful in stimulating ERbeta- over ERalpha-mediated transactivation. Daidzein, in concentrations ranging from 5 nM to 50 microM, did not affect ERbeta-mediated transactivation induced by 1 nM E(2), but it significantly inhibited ERbeta-mediated transactivation induced by 10 nM E(2) at 500 nM. Despite the tremendous difference in sensitivity between the two in vitro systems, daidzein exhibited greater potency as an estrogen-antagonist for ERbeta-mediated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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50
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Martineti V, Tognarini I, Azzari C, Sala SC, Clematis F, Dolci M, Lanzotti V, Tonelli F, Brandi ML, Curir P. Inhibition of in vitro
growth and arrest in the G0/G1 phase of HCT8 line human colon cancer cells by kaempferide triglycoside from Dianthus caryophyllus. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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