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Merlot AM, Porter GM, Sahni S, Lim EG, Peres P, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, differentially modulates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2094-2110. [PMID: 30981813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), is a stress response protein that is involved in the inhibition of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Initial studies have linked NDRG1 and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Considering this, we extensively examined the mechanism by which NDRG1 regulates the ER stress response in pancreatic and colon cancer cells. We also examined the anti-cancer agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), which induces NDRG1 expression and causes ER stress. The expression of NDRG1 was demonstrated to regulate the three main arms of the ER stress response by: (1) increasing the expression of three major ER chaperones, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), calreticulin, and calnexin; (2) suppressing the protein kinase, RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK); (3) inhibiting the inositol-requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α) arm; and (4) increasing the cleavage of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). An important finding was that NDRG1 enhances the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of Dp44mT. This increased efficacy could be related to the following effects in the presence of Dp44mT and NDRG1, namely: markedly increased activation of the PERK target, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α); the maintenance of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expression; high cytosolic Ca+2 that increases the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis via activation of the calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) signaling cascade; and increased pro-apoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Collectively, this investigation dissects the molecular mechanisms through which NDRG1 manipulates the ER stress response and its ability to potentiate the activity of the potent anti-cancer agent, Dp44mT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Merlot
- Cancer Targets and Therapeutics Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research (C25), Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - G M Porter
- Cancer Targets and Therapeutics Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research (C25), Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - E G Lim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - P Peres
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Galigniana MD. HSP90-Based Heterocomplex as Essential Regulator for Cancer Disease. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 2019:19-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23158-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Liu Y, Ciotti GE, Eisinger-Mathason TSK. Hypoxia and the Tumor Secretome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1136:57-69. [PMID: 31201716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12734-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. To date, there are no specific treatments targeting disseminated disease. New therapeutic options will become available only if we enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying metastatic spread. A large body of literature shows that the metastatic potential of tumor cells is strongly influenced by microenvironmental cues such as low oxygen (hypoxia). Clinically, hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and is associated with increased metastasis and poor survival in a variety of cancer types. Mechanistically, hypoxia influences multiple steps within the metastatic cascade and particularly impacts the interactions between tumor cells and host stroma at both primary and secondary sites. Here we review current evidence for a hypoxia-induced tumor secretome and its impact on metastatic progression. These studies have identified potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets that could be integrated into strategies for preventing and treating metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Ciotti
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T S Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pyruvate kinase M2 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma invasion and metastasis through phosphorylation and stabilization of PAK2 protein. Oncogene 2018; 37:1730-1742. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Asghari MH, Moloudizargari M, Ghobadi E, Fallah M, Abdollahi M. Melatonin as a multifunctional anti-cancer molecule: Implications in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2017; 185:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Molecular chaperone Hsp27 regulates the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway in cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31842. [PMID: 27555231 PMCID: PMC4995483 DOI: 10.1038/srep31842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a molecular chaperone highly expressed in aggressive cancers, where it is involved in numerous pro-tumorigenic signaling pathways. Using functional genomics we identified for the first time that Hsp27 regulates the gene signature of transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ, which are negatively regulated by the Hippo Tumor Suppressor pathway. The Hippo pathway inactivates YAP by phosphorylating and increasing its cytoplasmic retention with the 14.3.3 proteins. Gain and loss of function experiments in prostate, breast and lung cancer cells showed that Hsp27 knockdown induced YAP phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization while overexpression of Hsp27 displayed opposite results. Mechanistically, Hsp27 regulates the Hippo pathway by accelerating the proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated MST1, the core Hippo kinase, resulting in reduced phosphorylation/activity of LATS1 and MOB1, its downstream effectors. Importantly, our in vitro results were supported by data from human tumors; clinically, high expression of Hsp27 in prostate tumors is correlated with increased expression of YAP gene signature and reduced phosphorylation of YAP in lung and invasive breast cancer clinical samples. This study reveals for the first time a link between Hsp27 and the Hippo cascade, providing a novel mechanism of deregulation of this tumor suppressor pathway across multiple cancers.
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Zhang Y, Tao X, Jin G, Jin H, Wang N, Hu F, Luo Q, Shu H, Zhao F, Yao M, Fang J, Cong W, Qin W, Wang C. A Targetable Molecular Chaperone Hsp27 Confers Aggressiveness in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:558-70. [PMID: 26941848 PMCID: PMC4775865 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is an ATP-independent molecular chaperone and confers survival advantages and resistance to cancer cells under stress conditions. The effects and molecular mechanisms of Hsp27 in HCC invasion and metastasis are still unclear. In this study, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue array (n = 167) was used to investigate the expression and prognostic relevance of Hsp27 in HCC patients. HCC patients with high expression of Hsp27 exhibited poor prognosis. Overexpression of Hsp27 led to the forced invasion of HCC cells, whereas silencing Hsp27 attenuated invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. We revealed that Hsp27 activated Akt signaling, which in turn promoted MMP2 and ITGA7 expression and HCC metastasis. We further observed that targeting Hsp27 using OGX-427 obviously suppressed HCC metastasis in two metastatic models. These findings indicate that Hsp27 is a useful predictive factor for prognosis of HCC and it facilitates HCC metastasis through Akt signaling. Targeting Hsp27 with OGX-427 may represent an attractive therapeutic option for suppressing HCC metastasis.
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Guo K, Wang N, Jin H, Liu Y, Qin W. Heat shock proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1824-34. [PMID: 26853533 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins, which are expressed at low levels under normal conditions, but significantly induced in response to cellular stresses. As molecular chaperones, HSPs play crucial roles in protein homeostasis, apoptosis, invasion and cellular signaling transduction. The induction of HSPs is an important part of heat shock response, which could help cancer cells to adapt to stress conditions. Because of the constant stress condition in tumor microenvironment, HSPs overexpression is widely reported in many human cancers. In light of the significance of HSPs for cancer cells to survive and obtain invasive phenotype under stress condition, HSPs are often associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in many types of human cancers. It has been described that upregulation of HSPs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Targeting HSPs with specific inhibitor alone or in combination with chemotherapy regimens holds promise for the improvement of outcomes for HCC patients. In this review, we summarize the expression profiles, functions and molecular mechanisms of HSPs (HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90) as well as a HSP-like protein (clusterin) in HCC. In addition, we address progression and challenges in targeting these HSPs as novel therapeutic strategies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinkun Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sangwan V, Banerjee S, Jensen K, Chen Z, Chugh R, Dudeja V, Vickers SM, Saluja AK. Primary and liver metastasis-derived cell lines from KrasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx-1 Cre animals undergo apoptosis in response to triptolide. Pancreas 2015; 44:583-9. [PMID: 25875797 PMCID: PMC4412369 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer has a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, partly because of limited chemotherapeutic options, thereby highlighting the need for novel therapies. Triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide that was derived from a Chinese herb, has shown great promise in preclinical testing against pancreatic cancer using immunocompromised animals. RESULTS In this study, we tested the ability of triptolide to induce cell death in cell lines derived from a primary tumor and adjacent liver metastases of immunocompetent animals (Kras, Trp53, Pdx-1 Cre [KPC]). Both cell lines were more aggressive in their ability to form tumors when compared with other pancreatic cancer cell lines and showed constitutive activation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway. Triptolide induced apoptotic cell death in both cell lines, as evidenced by decreased cell viability as well as increased caspase 3/7 activity, annexin V positivity, and increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling positivity in tumors from KPC animals treated with Minnelide. In addition, triptolide decreased levels of HSP70, its transcription factor HSF1, as well as the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1, which are known to be up-regulated in pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS The ability of triptolide to cause cell death in cell lines derived from immunocompetent animals further validates its potential as a novel agent against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kelsey Jensen
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rohit Chugh
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Selwyn M. Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ashok K. Saluja
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Corresponding Author: Ashok K. Saluja, Ph.D., Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, , 612-624-8108 (phone), 612-614-8109 (fax)
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Khurana N, Bhattacharyya S. Hsp90, the concertmaster: tuning transcription. Front Oncol 2015; 5:100. [PMID: 25973397 PMCID: PMC4412016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Hsp90 has emerged as a major regulator of cancer cell growth and proliferation. In cancer cells, it assists in giving maturation to oncogenic proteins including several kinases and transcription factors (TF). Recent studies have shown that apart from its chaperone activity, it also imparts regulation of transcription machinery and thereby alters the cellular physiology. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones modulate transcription at least at three different levels. In the first place, they alter the steady-state levels of certain TFs in response to various physiological cues. Second, they modulate the activity of certain epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylases or DNA methyl transferases, and thereby respond to the change in the environment. Third, they participate in the eviction of histones from the promoter region of certain genes and thereby turn on gene expression. In this review, we discuss the role of Hsp90 in all the three aforementioned mechanisms of transcriptional control, taking examples from various model organisms with a special emphasis on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Khurana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sunanda Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
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Jiang X, Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Haga Y, Sasaki R, Nakamura M, Wu S, Mikata R, Yokosuka O. Knockdown of glucose-regulated protein 78 enhances poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in human pancreatic cancer cells exposed to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2343-8. [PMID: 25333575 PMCID: PMC4240477 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the expression of glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78/Bip) in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and the effect of knockdown of GRP78 on the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (KP-2, MIAPaCa-2, Panc-1 and SUIT-2), constitutively expressed GRP78. We also demonstrated that ER stress induced by thapsigargin upregulated protein levels of GRP78. In the presence of thapsigargin, knockdown of GRP78 enhanced the PARP cleavage in the human pancreatic cancer cells. These results provide evidence that GRP78 is a potential therapeutic target for 'difficult-to-treat' pancreatic cancer, in which ER stress signaling in part falls into disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Rintaro Mikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
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Cercek A, Shia J, Gollub M, Chou JF, Capanu M, Raasch P, Reidy-Lagunes D, Proia DA, Vakiani E, Solit DB, Saltz LB. Ganetespib, a novel Hsp90 inhibitor in patients with KRAS mutated and wild type, refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2014; 13:207-12. [PMID: 25444464 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a cellular chaperone that is required for the maturation and stability of a variety of proteins that play key roles in colon cancer initiation and progression. The primary objective of the current study was to define the safety and efficacy of ganetespib, a novel, selective small-molecule Hsp90 inhibitor, in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was a single-arm, Simon 2-stage, phase II trial for patients with chemotherapy-refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients received ganetespib 200 mg/m(2) intravenously. Tumor tissue was collected before treatment and 48 hours after treatment for changes in expression of Hsp90 client proteins and other potential pharmacodynamics markers. V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, and phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutational status was also determined. RESULTS Seventeen patients were treated (median age, 58; range, 44-79 years). No patients demonstrated objective regression of disease. Two patients had stable disease of 6.8 and 5.1 months duration. Serious adverse events that were potentially attributable to ganetespib included diarrhea (12%, n = 2), fatigue (17%, n = 3), and increased aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (12%, n = 2) and alkaline phosphatase (6%, n = 1) levels. Of the 17 evaluable patients, 9 (53%) including patients with stable disease as best response, had KRAS-mutant tumors. CONCLUSION In this first phase II investigation of an Hsp90 inhibitor in colorectal cancer, ganetespib as a single agent did not demonstrate activity in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. However, on the basis of the drug's promising preclinical combination data and the relatively mild toxicity profile, further clinical investigation of this agent in combination with standard cytotoxic agents is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cercek
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc Gollub
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Joanne F Chou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Pamela Raasch
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Diane Reidy-Lagunes
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David A Proia
- Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp, Lexington, MA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Efsevia Vakiani
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David B Solit
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Leonard B Saltz
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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14
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Implication of heat shock factors in tumorigenesis: therapeutical potential. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1158-81. [PMID: 24212658 PMCID: PMC3756408 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat Shock Factors (HSF) form a family of transcription factors (four in mammals) which were named according to the discovery of their activation by a heat shock. HSFs trigger the expression of genes encoding Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) that function as molecular chaperones, contributing to establish a cytoprotective state to various proteotoxic stresses and in pathological conditions. Increasing evidence indicates that this ancient transcriptional protective program acts genome-widely and performs unexpected functions in the absence of experimentally defined stress. Indeed, HSFs are able to re-shape cellular pathways controlling longevity, growth, metabolism and development. The most well studied HSF, HSF1, has been found at elevated levels in tumors with high metastatic potential and is associated with poor prognosis. This is partly explained by the above-mentioned cytoprotective (HSP-dependent) function that may enable cancer cells to adapt to the initial oncogenic stress and to support malignant transformation. Nevertheless, HSF1 operates as major multifaceted enhancers of tumorigenesis through, not only the induction of classical heat shock genes, but also of “non-classical” targets. Indeed, in cancer cells, HSF1 regulates genes involved in core cellular functions including proliferation, survival, migration, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and glucose metabolism, making HSF1 a very attractive target in cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the different physiological roles of HSFs as well as the recent discoveries in term of non-cogenic potential of these HSFs, more specifically associated to the activation of “non-classical” HSF target genes. We also present an update on the compounds with potent HSF1-modulating activity of potential interest as anti-cancer therapeutic agents.
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Sellers RP, Alexander LD, Johnson VA, Lin CC, Savage J, Corral R, Moss J, Slugocki TS, Singh EK, Davis MR, Ravula S, Spicer JE, Oelrich JL, Thornquist A, Pan CM, McAlpine SR. Design and synthesis of Hsp90 inhibitors: exploring the SAR of Sansalvamide A derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6822-56. [PMID: 20708938 PMCID: PMC2933939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the structure-activity relationship we have developed during the synthesis of the first two generations and mechanism of action studies that point to the interaction of these molecules with the key oncogenic protein Hsp90, we report here the design of 32 new Sansalvamide A derivatives and their synthesis. Our new structures, designed from previously reported potent compounds, were tested for cytotoxicity on the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, and their binding to the biological target was analyzed using computational studies involving blind docking of derivatives using Autodock. Further, we show new evidence that our molecules bind directly to Hsp90 and modulate Hsp90's binding with client proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that we have integrated good ADME properties into a new derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Sellers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Leslie D. Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Victoria A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Jeremiah Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Ricardo Corral
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Jason Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Tim S. Slugocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Erinprit K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Melinda R. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Suchitra Ravula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Jamie E. Spicer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Jenna L. Oelrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Andrea Thornquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Chung-Mao Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030. Tel: 619-594-5580, fax: 619-594-4634
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16
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Vecchione A, Fassan M, Anesti V, Morrione A, Goldoni S, Baldassarre G, Byrne D, D'Arca D, Palazzo JP, Lloyd J, Scorrano L, Gomella LG, Iozzo RV, Baffa R. MITOSTATIN, a putative tumor suppressor on chromosome 12q24.1, is downregulated in human bladder and breast cancer. Oncogene 2008; 28:257-69. [PMID: 18931701 PMCID: PMC2628456 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Allelic deletions on human chromosome 12q24 are frequently reported in a variety of malignant neoplasms, indicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene(s) in this chromosomal region. However, no reasonable candidate has been identified so far. In this study, we report the cloning and functional characterization of a novel mitochondrial protein with tumor suppressor activity, henceforth designated MITOSTATIN. Human MITOSTATIN was found within a 3.2-kb transcript which encoded a ~62 kDa, ubiquitously-expressed protein with little homology to any known protein. We found homozygous deletions and mutations of MITOSTATIN gene in ~5% and ~11% of various cancer-derived cells and solid tumors, respectively. When transiently over-expressed, MITOSTATIN inhibited colony formation, tumor cell growth and was pro-apoptotic, all features shared by established tumor suppressor genes. We discovered a specific link between MITOSTATIN over-expression and down-regulation of Hsp27. Conversely MITOSTATIN knock-down cells showed an increase in cell growth and cell survival rates. Finally, MITOSTATIN expression was significantly reduced in primary bladder and breast tumors, and its reduction was associated with advanced tumor stages. Our findings support the hypothesis that MITOSTATIN has many hallmarks of a classical tumor suppressor in solid tumors and may play an important role in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vecchione
- Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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17
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Shin KD, Yoon YJ, Kang YR, Son KH, Kim HM, Kwon BM, Han DC. KRIBB3, a novel microtubule inhibitor, induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:383-94. [PMID: 17915194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
KRIBB3 (5-(5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl) isoxazole) inhibited cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry studies showed that KRIBB3 caused cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M phase and subsequent apoptosis. This was confirmed as accumulation of Cyclin B1 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected. While transient inhibition by KRIBB3 led to reversible mitotic arrest, prolonged exposure to KRIBB3-induced apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that KRIBB3 initially induced association of inhibitory Mad2 with p55CDC (mammalian homologue of CDC20), an activator of APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome), suggesting that the mitotic spindle checkpoint was activated by KRIBB3. However, the level of this inhibitory complex of Mad2 with p55CDC was gradually decreased 24 h after KRIBB3 treatment, and was hardly detectable after 48 h, indicating some slipping of the mitotic checkpoint. Consistent with these observations, KRIBB3 activated the mitotic spindle checkpoint by disrupting the microtubule cytoskeleton. KRIBB3 was proven to be a tubulin inhibitor using in vitro polymerization assays and in vivo indirect immunofluorescence staining. The temporal pattern of Bax activation by KRIBB3 was similar to PARP cleavage, suggesting that Bax is a mediator of KRIBB3-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, when KRIBB3 was administered intraperitoneally into nude mice at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, it inhibited 49.5 or 70.3% of tumor growth, respectively. These results suggest that KRIBB3 is a good drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Deok Shin
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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18
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Heat shock protein 27 is associated with irinotecan resistance in human colorectal cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1649-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Kamada M, So A, Muramaki M, Rocchi P, Beraldi E, Gleave M. Hsp27 knockdown using nucleotide-based therapies inhibit tumor growth and enhance chemotherapy in human bladder cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:299-308. [PMID: 17218637 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a cytoprotective chaperone that is phosphoactivated during cell stress that prevents aggregation and/or regulate activity and degradation of certain client proteins. Recent evidence suggests that Hsp27 may be involved in tumor progression and the development of treatment resistance in various tumors, including bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine, both in vitro and in vivo, the effects of overexpression of Hsp27 and, correspondingly, the down-regulation of Hsp27 using small interfering (si) RNA and OGX-427, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeting Hsp27. Hsp27 overexpression increased UMUC-3 cell growth and resistance to paclitaxel. Both OGX-427 and Hsp27 siRNA decreased Hsp27 protein and mRNA levels by >90% in a dose- and sequence-specific manner in human bladder cancer UMUC-3 cells. OGX-427 or Hsp27 siRNA treatment induced apoptosis and enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel in UMUC-3 cells. In vivo, OGX-427 significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice, enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel, and induced significantly higher levels of apoptosis compared with xenografts treated with control oligonucleotides. Collectively, these findings suggest that Hsp27 knockdown with OGX-427 and combined therapy with paclitaxel could be a novel strategy to inhibit the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kamada
- The Prostate Centre, University of Columbia, Vancouver Hospital, 2660-Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Asaka SI, Fujimoto T, Akaishi J, Ogawa K, Onda M. Genetic Prognostic Index Influences Patient Outcome for Node-Positive Breast Cancer. Surg Today 2006; 36:793-801. [PMID: 16937283 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-006-3261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a novel genetic prognostic index among node-positive breast cancer patients. METHODS Using a cDNA microarray, the gene expression profiles of 20 primary breast cancers that had metastasis to four or more axillary lymph nodes were examined. Ten patients survived disease-free for more than 5 years (5S), while ten patients died of breast cancer within 5 years of surgery (5D). RESULTS A set of genes characterizing each group was identified. Sixteen genes were underexpressed in 5D compared to 5S, and 15 genes were underexpressed in 5S in comparison to 5D. The prognostic index (PI) was established, which could predict the postoperative outcome with five genes that were commonly underexpressed in the 5D group; these genes encoded granulin (GRN), heat shock 90 kDa protein 1 beta (HSPCB), large tumor suppressor homolog 1 (LATS1), valosin-containing protein (VCP), and LIM-and-SH3 protein1 (LASP1). CONCLUSION These five genes might play an important role in deciding the behavior of node-positive breast cancer. The PI system could thus predict the prognosis of node-positive breast cancer, and might therefore be able to provide valuable information for the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Asaka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Gerontology Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
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21
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Tuna B, Sökmen S, Sarioğlu S, Füzün M, Küpelioğlu A, Ellidokuz H. PS2 and HSP70 Expression in Rectal Adenocarcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2006; 14:31-6. [PMID: 16540727 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000141544.28862.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of HSP70 and pS2 and to determine whether it may be an additional prognostic variable in the prediction of recurrence and survival in rectal adenocarcinomas. METHODS The paraffin sections of 45 patients with rectal carcinoma who were treated with surgical resection were stained with HSP70 and pS2 antibodies by using the standard biotin immunoperoxidase method. Cytoplasmic staining for both antibodies was scored semiquantitatively. RESULTS Only 16 (35.6%) tumors showed a positive cytoplasmic reaction with HSP70 antibody, while pS2 expression was observed in 26 (57.8%) tumors. There was an association between HSP70 and pS2 expression (P=0.002). No correlations were found between HSP70 and pS2 expression and tumor recurrence or overall survival and other prognostic factors. However, the type of surgical resection was significantly associated with pS2 expression status (P=0.013). Significant correlations were detected between tumor recurrence and other clinicopathologic parameters, such as clinical stage, lymph node involvement, and resection type (P=0.015, P=0.015, and P=0.03, respectively). Resection type was significantly associated with clinical outcome, recurrence, and metastasis (P=0.009, P=0.03, P<0.01, respectively). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between clinical stage and final outcome (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The strong correlation between pS2 expression and incomplete surgical resection suggests that pS2 may be related to invasive tumor behavior and may also play a role in tumor recurrence, although this latter association did not reach statistical significance in this study. HSP70 expression does not appear to be related to tumor invasiveness or tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Tuna
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this paper, we will review the recent advances in antisense oligonucleotide therapy in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Bladder cancer has an exciting potential as a model to study antisense oligonucleotide therapy because of the ease of accessibility of treatment, ease of diagnosis through biopsy and urine cytology, and direct observation of treatment efficacy through cystoscopy and posttreatment biopsy. RECENT FINDINGS We will elaborate on the recent developments in the delivery of antisense oligonucleotide and the implications of these results on the use of antisense oligonucleotide intravesically. We will also discuss recent preclinical in-vitro results of antisense oligonucleotide therapy in different bladder cancer cell lines. SUMMARY Recent developments of the in-vitro and animal in-vivo effectiveness of antisense treatment in bladder cancer provide the foundation to pursue future phase I clinical trials. Antisense oligonucleotide technology is a promising tool that may become an effective method of treating bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan So
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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23
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Huang Q, Zu Y, Fu X, Wu T. Expression of heat shock protein 70 and 27 in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:693-5. [PMID: 16696328 DOI: 10.1007/bf02896173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and HSP 27 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was studied and the relationship between HSP 70 and HSP 27 with the clinicopathological features of NSCLC was investigated. The expression of HSP 70 and HSP 27 was detected in tumor tissues from 60 patients with NSCLC by S-P immunohistochemistry. The findings were analyzed in combination with the histological types, histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, patients' clinical stages, smoking history and gender. The results showed that of the 60 NSCLC tissue specimens studied, the immunoreactivity of HSP 70 and HSP 27 was detected in 47 (78.3%) and 43 (71.7%) specimens, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the overexpression of HSP 70 and HSP 27. The histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages and smoking history were correlated to the expression of HSP 70, but not to the expression of HSP 27. No statistical significance was observed in histological types and gender with respect to both HSP 70 and HSP 27 expression. It is suggested that the HSP 70 expression is a powerful and significant prognostic indicator and is related to histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, patients' clinical stages, smoking history, whereas HSP 27 expression is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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24
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Shin KD, Lee MY, Shin DS, Lee S, Son KH, Koh S, Paik YK, Kwon BM, Han DC. Blocking tumor cell migration and invasion with biphenyl isoxazole derivative KRIBB3, a synthetic molecule that inhibits Hsp27 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41439-48. [PMID: 16234246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507209200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a prerequisite for cancer invasion and metastasis, suggesting cell motility as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. A synthetic library was screened to identify inhibitors of tumor cell migration. From this, we discovered that CAC-1098 (aurintricarboxylic acid) and CBI-0997 (5-(2,4-dimethoxy-5-ethylphenyl)-4-(4-bromophenyl) isoxazole) inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 = 5 and 50 nM, respectively. We synthesized KRIBB3 (5-(5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl) isoxazole) by replacing the bromide group of CBI-0997 with a methoxyl group. Like CBI-0997, KRIBB3 has anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities in MDA-MB-231 cells. Because KRIBB3 has a better drug-like structure, we focused our effort on further understanding its anti-migratory mechanism. Biotinyl-KRIBB3 was synthesized as an affinity probe for identification of KRIBB3-binding proteins. Using affinity chromatography, we identified Hsp27 as a target protein of KRIBB3 in vitro. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of Hsp27 and tumor cell migration. In contrast, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with KRIBB3 blocked phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced phosphorylation of Hsp27 and tumor cell migration. Furthermore, overexpression of Hsp27 antagonized the inhibitory effect of KRIBB3 on tumor cell invasion, and knockdown of Hsp27 using small interfering RNA inhibited tumor cell migration. Overall, our results demonstrate that KRIBB3 inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by blocking protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of Hsp27 through its direct binding to Hsp27.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anisoles/chemistry
- Anisoles/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Bromides/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Crk-Associated Substrate Protein/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Isoxazoles/chemistry
- Isoxazoles/pharmacology
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Chaperones
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Deok Shin
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Uendong Yoosunggu, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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25
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Erkizan O, Kirkali G, Yörükoğlu K, Kirkali Z. Significance of heat shock protein-27 expression in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2004; 64:474-8. [PMID: 15351573 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate heat shock protein (HSP)-27 expression in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and examine its biologic significance. HSPs were first defined as proteins induced by heat shock and other environmental and pathophysiologic stresses. They are implicated in protein-protein interactions and are thought to play an important role in cancer. The expression of HSP-27 has been demonstrated in some human tumors. METHODS The expression of HSP-27 was studied in tumor and normal parenchyma tissue specimens from 76 patients with RCC by immunohistochemistry. The findings were correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, and survival. RESULTS Of the 76 RCC tissue specimens studied, the presence of HSP-27 was demonstrated in 73 (96%). The expression was low in 10 patients (14%), intermediate in 38 (50%), and high in 25 (33%). HSP-27 expression was greater in RCC tissue compared with adjacent noncancerous renal tissue (P <0.001). An inverse relationship was found between tumor stage and HSP-27 expression (r = -0.281, P = 0.016). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in progression-free survival with respect to HSP-27 expression. No relationship was found between HSP-27 expression and tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HSP-27 expression is not a powerful and statistically significant prognostic indicator for disease-free survival for patients with RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary/mortality
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/classification
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Kidney Neoplasms/chemistry
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/surgery
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Chaperones
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nephrectomy
- Prognosis
- Sarcoma/chemistry
- Sarcoma/mortality
- Sarcoma/pathology
- Sarcoma/surgery
- Single-Blind Method
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- O Erkizan
- Department of Biochemistry, Social Security Teaching Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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26
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Halum SL, Popper P, Cioffi JA, Wackym PA. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression in Neurofibromatosis Type 2–Associated Vestibular Schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2004; 25:587-93. [PMID: 15241239 DOI: 10.1097/00129492-200407000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The genesis, morphology, and growth characteristics of vestibular schwannomas are determined by genetic alterations which vary gene transcript expression and this transcript expression can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using the SAGE technique. By use of such technique, gene products with tumorigenic potential may be identified, providing insight and targets for future study. BACKGROUND Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful new technique that allows detailed qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cellular gene transcript expression. Tissue in limited quantity (5 x 10 to 2 x 10 cells) may be analyzed by a modified version of SAGE called microSAGE. Application of SAGE or microSAGE to study vestibular schwannoma gene expression has not been previously reported. METHODS Fresh, vestibular schwannoma specimen from an individual with the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 2 was attained intraoperatively and maintained in a sealed container at -80degreesC until the time of analysis. The tissue was processed according to the microSAGE protocol, using 180 mg of vestibular schwannoma as starting material. RESULTS The protocol resulted in the generation and sequencing of a tag library involving 458 tags representing 277 different gene products, including many transcripts known to be expressed in vestibular schwannomas. Several gene products with tumorigenic potential were identified. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that microSAGE is a useful technique to study vestibular schwannoma gene expression. Future studies will include building more comprehensive libraries and comparing libraries from various vestibular schwannoma phenotypes to identify useful diagnostic or prognostic markers, and targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Halum
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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27
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Tan S, Seow TK, Liang RCMY, Koh S, Lee CPC, Chung MCM, Hooi SC. Proteome analysis of butyrate-treated human colon cancer cells (HT-29). Int J Cancer 2002; 98:523-31. [PMID: 11920611 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate, a 4-carbon fatty acid, has been shown to cause growth arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The signaling pathways leading to changes in cell growth are unclear. We used a functional proteomics approach to delineate the pathways and mediators involved in butyrate action in HT-29 cells at 24 hr posttreatment. Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we showed that butyrate treatment resulted in alterations in the proteome of HT-29 cells. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to identify butyrate-regulated spots. First, our results revealed that the expression of various components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system was altered with butyrate treatment. This suggests that, in addition to the regulation of gene expression through the histone deacetylase pathway, proteolysis could be a means by which butyrate may regulate the expression of key proteins in the control of cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation. Second, we found that both proapoptotic proteins (capase-4 and cathepsin D) and antiapoptotic proteins (hsp27, antioxidant protein-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1) were simultaneously upregulated in butyrate-treated cells. Western blotting was carried out to confirm butyrate regulation of the spots. Both cathepsin D and hsp27 showed a time-dependent increase in expression with butyrate treatment in HT-29 cells. However, in HCT-116 cells, which were 5-fold more sensitive to butyrate-induced apoptosis, the upregulation of cathepsin D with time was not accompanied by a similar increase in hsp27 levels. Thus, the simultaneous upregulation of both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins in HT-29 cells may account for their relative resistance to butyrate-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Vertrees RA, Zwischenberger JB, Boor PJ, Pencil SD. Oncogenic ras results in increased cell kill due to defective thermoprotection in lung cancer cells. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69:1675-80. [PMID: 10892905 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival response of normal cells to heat stress is an upregulation of heat shock proteins and ras protein activation. We hypothesized that in lung cancer cells the presence of oncogenic ras interferes with thermoprotective mechanisms resulting in cell death. METHODS An equal number of lung tissue culture cells (normal and cancerous) were subjected to either heat stress and then recovery (43 degrees C for 180 minutes, 37 degrees C for 180 minutes) or recovery alone (37 degrees C for 360 minutes). End points were surviving number of cells, cell-death time course, heat shock protein (HSP70, HSC70, HSP27) expression before and after heat stress, and time course for HSP70 expression during heat stress and recovery. Heated cells were compared with unheated control cells, then this difference was compared between cell types. RESULTS Heat stress in normal cells caused an 8% decrease in cell number versus a 78% +/- 5% decrease in cancer cells (p < 0.05). In normal cells, heat stress caused a 4.4-fold increase in HSP70, no change in HSC70, and a 1.7-fold increase in HSP27. In contrast, cancer cells initially contained significantly less HSP70 (p < 0.05), and there was a 27-fold increase in HSP70 and a 2-fold increase in HSC70 with no HSP27 detected (comparison significant, p < 0.05). HSP70 time course in normal cells showed that HSP70 increased 100-fold, reaching a vertex at 2 hours and remaining elevated for 24 hours; in cancer cells, HSP70 maximum expression (100-fold) peaked at 5 hours,,then decreased to slightly elevated at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Cancer cells with oncogenic ras have defective thermoprotective mechanism(s) causing increased in vitro cell death, which provides an opportunity for thermal treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Vertrees
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0528, USA.
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29
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Hufton SE, Moerkerk PT, Brandwijk R, de Bruïne AP, Arends JW, Hoogenboom HR. A profile of differentially expressed genes in primary colorectal cancer using suppression subtractive hybridization. FEBS Lett 1999; 463:77-82. [PMID: 10601642 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As a step towards understanding the complex differences between normal cells and cancer cells, we have used suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to generate a profile of genes overexpressed in primary colorectal cancer (CRC). From a 35¿ omitted¿000 clone SSH-cDNA repertoire, we have screened 400 random clones by reverse Northern blotting, of which 45 clones were scored as overexpressed in tumor compared to matched normal mucosa. Sequencing showed 37 different genes and of these, 16 genes corresponded to known genes in the public databases. Twelve genes, including Smad5 and Fls353, have previously been shown to be overexpressed in CRC. A series of known genes which have not previously been reported to be overexpressed in cancer were also recovered: Hsc70, PBEF, ribophorin II and Ese-3B. The remaining 21 genes have as yet no functional annotation. These results show that SSH in conjunction with high throughput screening provides a very efficient means to produce a broad profile of genes differentially expressed in cancer. Some of the genes identified may provide novel points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Hufton
- Research Institute Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Musch MW, Sugi K, Straus D, Chang EB. Heat-shock protein 72 protects against oxidant-induced injury of barrier function of human colonic epithelial Caco2/bbe cells. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:115-22. [PMID: 10381917 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Barrier function of the inflamed intestinal mucosa can be compromised by reactive oxygen metabolites that increase mucosal permeability and disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, the integrity of which is important for maintaining tight epithelial junctions. Because heat-shock protein 72 (hsp72) protects intestinal epithelial cells against injury, we determined whether resistance of Caco2/bbe (C2) intestinal monolayer barrier function was related to their high endogenous hsp72 expression. METHODS hsp72 anti-sense (C2/AS) and vector-only transfected C2 (C2/CEP4) clones, lines that exhibit low and high hsp72 expression, respectively, were studied. Permeability was assessed by measuring electrical resistance and mannitol fluxes and actin organization by confocal fluorescein isothiocyanate-phalloidin analysis. RESULTS Basal transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mannitol fluxes were not significantly different between groups. However, the oxidant monochloramine rapidly decreased TER and increased mannitol permeability of C2/AS monolayers compared with C2/CEP4 (50% effective doses at 30 minutes were 0.53 +/- 0.11 and 2.06 +/- 0.34 mmol/L, respectively). Associated with these changes, decreased cell viability, dissociation and aggregation of perijunctional and stress actin filaments, loss of cell height, and increased intercellular separation were observed only in C2/AS cells treated with monochloramine. CONCLUSIONS hsp72 protects intestinal epithelial barrier function against oxidant-induced stress, in part, by protecting the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Musch
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An acquired deficiency of blood coagulation factor XIII has been proposed to cause an impairment of intestinal wound healing and hemostasis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Substitution of factor XIII seems to result in a rapid improvement of intestinal wound healing. Our aim was therefore to characterize the role of factor XIII in the modulation of intestinal wound healing in vitro. METHODS Factor XIII was added to subconfluent cultures of two non-transformed small-intestinal epithelial cell lines (IEC-6, IEC-18) and three human colon cancer-derived epithelial cell lines (T84, CaCo-2, HT-29) with subsequent assessment of cell proliferation with a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) assay. The effects on epithelial cell migration in vitro were assessed with an in vitro wounding model of confluent IEC-6 cell monolayers. RESULTS Factor XIII caused a modest inhibition of proliferation of IEC-6 and IEC-18 cells. However, factor XIII significantly stimulated proliferation of T84, CaCo-2. and HT-29 cell lines. In addition, thrombin-activated factor Xill promoted intestinal epithelial cell restitution in vitro on average 2.5-fold. The modulatory effects of factor XIII could not be significantly blocked by anti-transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). CONCLUSIONS Factor XIII may promote intestinal epithelial wound healing by enhancement of epithelial cell restitution through a TGFbeta-independent pathway. This may explain previously described beneficial effects of factor XIII in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cario
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Essen, Germany
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Ethridge RT, Hellmich MR, DuBois RN, Evers BM. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 70 induction in intestinal cells overexpressing cyclooxygenase 2. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1454-63. [PMID: 9834273 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze the initial step of prostaglandin formation; the inducible form, COX-2, plays a role in inflammation. Heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) is a stress-responsive gene important for cell survival; induction of hsp70 appears to be mediated, in part, by the prostaglandin pathway. We determined the effect of COX-2 overexpression on hsp70 induction in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cells. METHODS RIE cells transfected with COX-2 complementary DNA oriented in the sense (RIE-S) or antisense (RIE-AS) direction were subjected to a heat shock; RNA and protein were harvested and analyzed by Northern and Western blots, respectively. Gel shift assays were performed to assess DNA binding. RESULTS Both hsp70 messenger RNA and HSP70 protein levels were increased in the RIE-AS cells, whereas induction was markedly inhibited in the RIE-S cells after heat shock. Inhibition of heat-shock factor binding was noted in RIE-S cells, suggesting that heat-shock transcription factor regulation may explain the inhibition of hsp70. The COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398, reversed the effects of COX-2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The results support a functional role for the prostaglandin/COX pathway in the induction of hsp70. The findings underscore a potential regulatory mechanism involving an inverse relationship between COX-2 expression and hsp70 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Ethridge
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Csermely P, Schnaider T, Soti C, Prohászka Z, Nardai G. The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family: structure, function, and clinical applications. A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 79:129-68. [PMID: 9749880 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family (which comprises, among other proteins, the 90-kDa heat-shock protein, hsp90 and the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein, grp94, major molecular chaperones of the cytosol and of the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively) has become an increasingly active subject of research in the past couple of years. These ubiquitous, well-conserved proteins account for 1-2% of all cellular proteins in most cells. However, their precise function is still far from being elucidated. Their involvement in the aetiology of several autoimmune diseases, in various infections, in recognition of malignant cells, and in antigen-presentation already demonstrates the essential role they likely will play in clinical practice of the next decade. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the cellular functions, expression, and clinical implications of the 90-kDa molecular chaperone family and some approaches for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Molecular chaperones are ubiquitous, well-conserved proteins that account for 2-5 % of all cellular proteins in most cells. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about their involvement in the etiology and therapy of cancer with special emphasis on the expression of chaperones in malignant cells, their role in folding of (proto)oncogene products, cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation and apoptosis, development of metastasis, and their participation in the recognition of malignant cells. We also overview the importance of chaperones in hyperthermia, drug resistance, and recent approaches in chaperone-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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