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de Lederkremer RM, Giorgi ME, Marino C. The α-Galactosyl Carbohydrate Epitope in Pathogenic Protozoa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2207-2222. [PMID: 36083842 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The α-gal epitope, which refers to the carbohydrate α-d-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-d-GlcNAc-R, was first described in the glycoconjugates of mammals other than humans. Evolution caused a mutation that resulted in the inactivation of the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene. For that reason, humans produce antibodies against α-d-Galp containing glycoproteins and glycolipids of other species. We summarize here the glycoconjugates with α-d-Galp structures in Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium pathogenic protozoa. These were identified in infective stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and in Plasmodium sporozoites. In Leishmania, α-d-Galp is linked differently in the glycans of glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs). Chemically synthesized neoglycoconjugates have been proposed as diagnostic tools and as antigens for vaccines. Several syntheses reported for the α-gal trisaccharide, also called the Galili epitope, and the glycans of GIPLs found in Leishmania, the preparation of neoglycoconjugates, and the studies in which they were involved are also included in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Giorgi
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Marino
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Laaf D, Bojarová P, Pelantová H, Křen V, Elling L. Tailored Multivalent Neo-Glycoproteins: Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application of a Library of Galectin-3-Binding Glycan Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2832-2840. [PMID: 28976746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, is a tumor biomarker and involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Gal-3 is therefore considered as a promising target for early cancer diagnosis and anticancer therapy. We here present the synthesis of a library of tailored multivalent neo-glycoproteins and evaluate their Gal-3 binding properties. By the combinatorial use of glycosyltransferases and chemo-enzymatic reactions, we first synthesized a set of N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1,4GlcNAc; LacNAc type 2)-based oligosaccharides featuring five different terminating glycosylation epitopes, respectively. Neo-glycosylation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was accomplished by dialkyl squarate coupling to lysine residues resulting in a library of defined multivalent neo-glycoproteins. Solid-phase binding assays with immobilized neo-glycoproteins revealed distinct affinity and specificity of the multivalent glycan epitopes for Gal-3 binding. In particular, neo-glycoproteins decorated with N',N″-diacetyllactosamine (GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc; LacdiNAc) epitopes showed high selectivity and were demonstrated to capture Gal-3 from human serum with high affinity. Furthermore, neo-glycoproteins with terminal biotinylated LacNAc glycan motif could be utilized as Gal-3 detection agents in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format. We conclude that, in contrast to antibody-based capture steps, the presented neo-glycoproteins are highly useful to detect functionally intact Gal-3 with high selectivity and avidity. We further gain novel insights into the binding affinity of Gal-3 using tailored multivalent neo-glycoproteins, which have the potential for an application in the context of cancer-related biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhu H, Wu Z, Gadi MR, Wang S, Guo Y, Edmunds G, Guan W, Fang J. Cation exchange assisted binding-elution strategy for enzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4285-4287. [PMID: 28844388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A cation exchange assisted binding-elution (BE) strategy for enzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was developed. An amino linker was used to provide the cation ion under acidic condition which can be readily bound to cation exchange resin and then eluted off by saturated ammonium bicarbonate. Ammonium bicarbonate in the collections was easily removed by vacuum evaporation. This strategy circumvented the incompatible issue between glycosyltransferases and solid support or large polymers, and no purification was needed for intermediate products. With current approach, polyLacNAc backbones of HMOs and fucosylated HMOs were synthesized smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wanyi Guan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China; Department of Chemistry and Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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4
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Gutmann A, Lepak A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Glycosyltransferase cascades for natural product glycosylation: Use of plant instead of bacterial sucrose synthases improves the UDP-glucose recycling from sucrose and UDP. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28429856 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural product glycosylations by Leloir glycosyltransferases (GTs) require expensive nucleotide-activated sugars as substrates. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) converts sucrose and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) into UDP-glucose. Coupling of SuSy and GT reactions in one-pot cascade transformations creates a UDP cycle, which regenerates the UDP-glucose continuously and so makes it an expedient donor for glucoside production. Here we compare SuSys with divergent kinetic characteristics for UDP-glucose recycling in the synthesis of the natural C-glucoside nothofagin. Development of a fast reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC method, quantifying all relevant reactants from the coupled conversion in a single run, was key to dissect the main factors of recycling efficiency. Limitations due to high KM , both for UDP and sucrose, were revealed for the bacterial SuSy from Acidithiobacillus caldus. The L637M-T640V double mutant of this SuSy with a 60-fold reduced KM for UDP substantially improved UDP-glucose recycling. The SuSy from Glycine max (soybean) was nevertheless the most active enzyme at the UDP (≤ 0.5 mM) and sucrose (≤ 1 M) concentrations used. It was also unexpectedly stable at up to 50°C where spontaneous decomposition of UDP-glucose started to become problematic. The herein gained in-depth understanding of requirements for UDP-glucose regeneration supports development of efficient GT-SuSy cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Lepak
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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5
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Diricks M, Gutmann A, Debacker S, Dewitte G, Nidetzky B, Desmet T. Sequence determinants of nucleotide binding in Sucrose Synthase: improving the affinity of a bacterial Sucrose Synthase for UDP by introducing plant residues. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:141-148. [PMID: 27590052 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose Synthase (SuSy) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) into NDP-glucose and fructose. Biochemical characterization of several plant and bacterial SuSys has revealed that the eukaryotic enzymes preferentially use UDP whereas prokaryotic SuSys prefer ADP as acceptor. In this study, SuSy from the bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus, which has a higher affinity for ADP as reflected by the 25-fold lower Km value compared to UDP, was used as a test case to scrutinize the effect of introducing plant residues at positions in a putative nucleotide binding motif surrounding the nucleobase ring of NDP. All eight single to sextuple mutants had similar activities as the wild-type enzyme but significantly reduced Km values for UDP (up to 60 times). In addition, we recognized that substrate inhibition by UDP is introduced by a methionine at position 637. The affinity for ADP also increased for all but one variant, although the improvement was much smaller compared to UDP. Further characterization of a double mutant also revealed more than 2-fold reduction in Km values for CDP and GDP. This demonstrates the general impact of the motif on nucleotide binding. Furthermore, this research also led to the establishment of a bacterial SuSy variant that is suitable for the recycling of UDP during glycosylation reactions. The latter was successfully demonstrated by combining this variant with a glycosyltransferase in a one-pot reaction for the production of the C-glucoside nothofagin, a health-promoting flavonoid naturally found in rooibos (tea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Diricks
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Debacker
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Dewitte
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Li LN, Kong JQ. Transcriptome-wide identification of sucrose synthase genes in Ornithogalum caudatum. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27611j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-wide discovery and functional identification of a sucrose synthase family was presented. Importantly, OcSus1 and OcSus2 were first verified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of glucose-containing polysaccharides inO. caudatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Li
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
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Schmölzer K, Gutmann A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Sucrose synthase: A unique glycosyltransferase for biocatalytic glycosylation process development. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:88-111. [PMID: 26657050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a glycosyltransferase (GT) long known from plants and more recently discovered in bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a glucosyl moiety between fructose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) (sucrose+NDP↔NDP-glucose+fructose). The equilibrium for sucrose conversion is pH dependent, and pH values between 5.5 and 7.5 promote NDP-glucose formation. The conversion of a bulk chemical to high-priced NDP-glucose in a one-step reaction provides the key aspect for industrial interest. NDP-sugars are important as such and as key intermediates for glycosylation reactions by highly selective Leloir GTs. SuSy has gained renewed interest as industrially attractive biocatalyst, due to substantial scientific progresses achieved in the last few years. These include biochemical characterization of bacterial SuSys, overproduction of recombinant SuSys, structural information useful for design of tailor-made catalysts, and development of one-pot SuSy-GT cascade reactions for production of several relevant glycosides. These advances could pave the way for the application of Leloir GTs to be used in cost-effective processes. This review provides a framework for application requirements, focusing on catalytic properties, heterologous enzyme production and reaction engineering. The potential of SuSy biocatalysis will be presented based on various biotechnological applications: NDP-sugar synthesis; sucrose analog synthesis; glycoside synthesis by SuSy-GT cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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8
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Schocker NS, Portillo S, Brito CRN, Marques AF, Almeida IC, Michael K. Synthesis of Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-, Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα- and GlcNAc-containing neoglycoproteins and their immunological evaluation in the context of Chagas disease. Glycobiology 2015; 26:39-50. [PMID: 26384953 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease (ChD), has a cell surface covered by immunogenic glycoconjugates. One of the immunodominant glycotopes, the trisaccharide Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα, is expressed on glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucins of the infective trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi and triggers high levels of protective anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in infected individuals. Here, we have efficiently synthesized the mercaptopropyl glycoside of that glycotope and conjugated it to maleimide-derivatized bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chemiluminescent-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA is recognized by purified anti-α-Gal Abs from chronic ChD patients ∼230-fold more strongly than by anti-α-Gal Abs from sera of healthy individuals (NHS anti-α-Gal). Similarly, the pooled sera of chronic Chagas disease patients (ChHSP) recognized Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα ∼20-fold more strongly than pooled NHS. In contrast, the underlying disaccharide Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα and the monosaccharide GlcNAcα or GlcNAcβ conjugated to BSA are poorly or not recognized by purified anti-α-Gal Abs or sera from Chagasic patients or healthy individuals. Our results highlight the importance of the terminal Galα moiety for recognition by Ch anti-α-Gal Abs and the lack of Abs against nonself Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα and GlcNAcα glycotopes. The substantial difference in binding of Ch vs. NHS anti-α-Gal Abs to Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA suggests that this neoglycoprotein (NGP) might be suitable for experimental vaccination. To this end, the Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA NGP was then used to immunize α1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout mice, which produced antibody titers 40-fold higher as compared with pre-immunization titers. Taken together, our results indicate that the synthetic Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα glycotope coupled to a carrier protein could be a potential diagnostic and vaccine candidate for ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Carlos R N Brito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Marques
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Diricks M, De Bruyn F, Van Daele P, Walmagh M, Desmet T. Identification of sucrose synthase in nonphotosynthetic bacteria and characterization of the recombinant enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8465-74. [PMID: 25846332 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate into fructose and nucleotide (NDP)-glucose. To date, only SuSy's from plants and cyanobacteria, both photosynthetic organisms, have been characterized. Here, four prokaryotic SuSy enzymes from the nonphotosynthetic organisms Nitrosomonas Europaea (SuSyNe), Acidithiobacillus caldus (SuSyAc), Denitrovibrio acetiphilus (SusyDa), and Melioribacter roseus (SuSyMr) were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and thoroughly characterized. The purified enzymes were found to display high-temperature optima (up to 80 °C), high activities (up to 125 U/mg), and high thermostability (up to 15 min at 60 °C). Furthermore, SuSyAc, SuSyNe, and SuSyDa showed a clear preference for ADP as nucleotide, as opposed to plant SuSy's which prefer UDP. A structural and mutational analysis was performed to elucidate the difference in NDP preference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic SuSy's. Finally, the physiological relevance of this enzyme specificity is discussed in the context of metabolic pathways and genomic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Van Daele
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Walmagh
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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De Bruyn F, Maertens J, Beauprez J, Soetaert W, De Mey M. Biotechnological advances in UDP-sugar based glycosylation of small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:288-302. [PMID: 25698505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small molecules like specialized (secondary) metabolites has a profound impact on their solubility, stability or bioactivity, making glycosides attractive compounds as food additives, therapeutics or nutraceuticals. The subsequently growing market demand has fuelled the development of various biotechnological processes, which can be divided in the in vitro (using enzymes) or in vivo (using whole cells) production of glycosides. In this context, uridine glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the regio- and stereoselective glycosylation of various small molecules, hereby using uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars as activated glycosyldonors. This review gives an extensive overview of the recently developed in vivo production processes using UGTs and discusses the major routes towards UDP-sugar formation. Furthermore, the use of interconverting enzymes and glycorandomization is highlighted for the production of unusual or new-to-nature glycosides. Finally, the technological challenges and future trends in UDP-sugar based glycosylation are critically evaluated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik De Bruyn
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Maertens
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Beauprez
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Centre of Expertise-Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Prosa N, Scherrmann MC, Merlet D, Farjon J. SENSASS NMR: New NMR techniques for enhancing the sensitivity and the spectral resolution of polymer supported chemicals. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 237:63-72. [PMID: 24140624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) as organic polymer soluble supports for synthesis has been receiving growing interest. The main advantages of using PEGs as support are related to their non-toxicity, their commercial availability and their solubility properties allowing easy recovery and analysis of compounds linked to the polymer. The NMR characterization of PEG-branched products could however be difficult due to the presence of huge signals of the polymeric support. In order to overcome this problem, we developed new NMR experiments named SENSitivity increAsed and resolution enhanced by Signal Suppression or SENSASS NMR. These experiments implement either semi-selective pulses or Water Gate sequences for reducing signals of the polymer as well as fast pulsing techniques optimizing the recycling delay for enhancing the sensitivity of signals. They have been successfully implemented in classical NMR characterization experiments namely, COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Prosa
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de Chimie des Procédés et des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UMR 8182, 15, rue Georges Clemenceau, bât 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Scherrmann
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de Chimie des Procédés et des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UMR 8182, 15, rue Georges Clemenceau, bât 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Denis Merlet
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de RMN en Milieu Orienté, CNRS UMR 8182, 15, rue Georges Clemenceau, bât 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe de RMN en Milieu Orienté, CNRS UMR 8182, 15, rue Georges Clemenceau, bât 410, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Etxebarria J, Serna S, Beloqui A, Martin-Lomas M, Reichardt NC. Three-Dimensional Arrays Using GlycoPEG Tags: Glycan Synthesis, Purification and Immobilisation. Chemistry 2013; 19:4776-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Adamiak K, Anders T, Henze M, Keul H, Möller M, Elling L. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of functionalized oligomers of N-acetyllactosamine glycan derivatives and their immobilization on biomaterial surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Kupper CE, Rosencrantz RR, Henßen B, Pelantová H, Thönes S, Drozdová A, Křen V, Elling L. Chemo-enzymatic modification of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) oligomers and N,N-diacetyllactosamine (LacDiNAc) based on galactose oxidase treatment. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:712-25. [PMID: 23015818 PMCID: PMC3388858 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of glycans in biological systems is highlighted by their various functions in physiological and pathological processes. Many glycan epitopes on glycoproteins and glycolipids are based on N-acetyllactosamine units (LacNAc; Galβ1,4GlcNAc) and often present on extended poly-LacNAc glycans ([Galβ1,4GlcNAc](n)). Poly-LacNAc itself has been identified as a binding motif of galectins, an important class of lectins with functions in immune response and tumorigenesis. Therefore, the synthesis of natural and modified poly-LacNAc glycans is of specific interest for binding studies with galectins as well as for studies of their possible therapeutic applications. We present the oxidation by galactose oxidase and subsequent chemical or enzymatic modification of terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) oligomers and N,N-diacetyllactosamine (LacDiNAc) by galactose oxidase. Product formation starting from different poly-LacNAc oligomers was characterised and optimised regarding formation of the C6-aldo product. Further modification of the aldehyde containing glycans, either by chemical conversion or enzymatic elongation, was established. Base-catalysed β-elimination, coupling of biotin-hydrazide with subsequent reduction to the corresponding hydrazine linkage, and coupling by reductive amination to an amino-functionalised poly-LacNAc oligomer were performed and the products characterised by LC-MS and NMR analysis. Remarkably, elongation of terminally oxidised poly-LacNAc glycans by β3GlcNAc- and β4Gal-transferase was also successful. In this way, a set of novel, modified poly-LacNAc oligomers containing terminally and/or internally modified galactose residues were obtained, which can be used for binding studies and various other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane E Kupper
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Ruben R Rosencrantz
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Birgit Henßen
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Stephan Thönes
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Anna Drozdová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Prosa N, Turgis R, Piccardi R, Scherrmann MC. Soluble Polymer-Supported Flow Synthesis: A Green Process for the Preparation of Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Luley-Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Glycosides as compatible solutes: biosynthesis and applications. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:875-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Dong Y, Teng H, Qi S, Liu L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Xiu Z. Pathways and kinetics analysis of biotransformation of Dioscorea zingiberensis by Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Selective removal of anti-α-Gal antibodies from human serum by using synthetic α-Gal epitope on a core-shell type resin. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Broadening the biocatalytic properties of recombinant sucrose synthase 1 from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Sauerzapfe B, Krenek K, Schmiedel J, Wakarchuk WW, Pelantová H, Kren V, Elling L. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) structures and their characterization for CGL2-galectin-mediated binding of ECM glycoproteins to biomaterial surfaces. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:141-59. [PMID: 18758940 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) structures have been identified as important ligands for galectin-mediated cell adhesion to extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins. We here present the biofunctionalization of surfaces with poly-LacNAc structures and subsequent binding of ECM glycoproteins. First, we synthesized beta-GlcNAc glycosides carrying a linker for controlled coupling onto chemically functionalized surfaces. Then we produced poly-LacNAc structures with defined lengths using human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 and beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori. These compounds were also used for kinetic characterization of glycosyltransferases and lectin binding assays. A mixture of poly-LacNAc-structures covalently coupled to functionalized microtiter plates were identified for best binding to our model galectin His(6)CGL2. We further demonstrate for the first time that these poly-LacNAc surfaces are suitable for further galectin-mediated binding of the ECM glycoproteins laminin and fibronectin. This new technology should facilitate cell adhesion to biofunctionalized surfaces by imitating the natural ECM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Sauerzapfe
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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21
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Rupprath C, Kopp M, Hirtz D, Müller R, Elling L. An Enzyme Module System forin situ Regeneration of Deoxythymidine 5′-Diphosphate (dTDP)-Activated Deoxy Sugars. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Manabe S, Ueki A, Ito Y. Polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis using ultrafiltration methodology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3673-5. [PMID: 17728890 DOI: 10.1039/b705324j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis was carried out using an ultrafiltration technique in which the synthesized polymer-bound oligosaccharides were separated from the other reagents by ultrafiltration though membranes with specifically sized pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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23
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Wang J, Zhang B, Fang J, Sujino K, Li H, Otter A, Hindsgaul O, Palcic MM, Wang PG. Frontal Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: An Effective Method for KdDetermination and Screening of α‐Gal Derivatives Binding to Anti‐Gal Antibodies (IgG). J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120025323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- c Triad Therapeutics, Inc. , 9381 Judicial Drive, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Boyan Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jianwen Fang
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Keiko Sujino
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Albin Otter
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peng George Wang
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
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24
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Elling L, Rupprath C, Günther N, Römer U, Verseck S, Weingarten P, Dräger G, Kirschning A, Piepersberg W. An enzyme module system for the synthesis of dTDP-activated deoxysugars from dTMP and sucrose. Chembiochem 2005; 6:1423-30. [PMID: 15977277 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A flexible enzyme module system is presented that allows preparative access to important dTDP-activated deoxyhexoses from dTMP and sucrose. The strategic combination of the recombinant enzymes dTMP-kinase and sucrose synthase (SuSy), and the enzymes RmlB (4,6-dehydratase), RmlC (3,5-epimerase) and RmlD (4-ketoreductase) from the biosynthetic pathway of dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose was optimized. The SuSy module (dTMP-kinase, SuSy, +/-RmlB) yielded the precursor dTDP-alpha-D-glucose (2) or the biosynthetic intermediate dTDP-6-deoxy-4-keto-alpha-D-glucose (3) on a 0.2-0.6 g scale with overall yields of 62 % and 72 %, respectively. A two-step strategy in which the SuSy module was followed by the deoxysugar module (RmlC and RmlD) resulted in the synthesis of dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose (4; 24.1 micromol, overall yield: 35.9 %). Substitution of RmlC by DnmU from the dTDP-beta-L-daunosamine pathway of Streptomyces peucetius in this module demonstrated that DnmU acts in vitro as a 3,5-epimerase with 3 as substrate to yield 4 (32.2 mumol, overall yield: 44.7 %). Chemical reduction of 3 with NaBH4 gave a mixture of the C-4 epimers dTDP-alpha-D-quinovose (6) and dTDP-alpha-D-fucose (7) in a ratio of 2:1. In summary, the modular character of the presented enzyme system provides valuable compounds for the biochemical characterization of deoxysugar pathways playing a major role in microbial producers of antibiotic and antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Elling
- Department of Biotechnology/Biomaterial Sciences and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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25
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García-Junceda E, García-García JF, Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Enzymes in the synthesis of bioactive compounds: the prodigious decades. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1817-34. [PMID: 15051051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals has impelled research on enzymes as catalysts for asymmetric synthetic transformations. However, the use of enzymes for this purpose was rather limited until the discovery that enzymes can work in organic solvents. Since the advent of the PCR the number of available enzymes has been growing rapidly and the tailor-made biocatalysts are becoming a reality. Thus, it has been possible the use of enzymes for the synthesis of new innovative medicines such as carbohydrates and their incorporation to modern methods for drug development, such as combinatorial chemistry. Finally, the genomic research is allowing the manipulation of whole genomes opening the door to the combinatorial biosynthesis of compounds. In this review, our intention is to highlight the main landmarks that have led to transfer the chemical efficiency shown by the enzymes in the cell to the synthesis of bioactive molecules in the lab during the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva 3. Madrid 28006, Spain.
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26
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Renaudie L, Daniellou R, Augé C, Le Narvor C. Enzymatic supported synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose using dendrimeric polyethylene glycol. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:693-8. [PMID: 15013407 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-N-neotetraose tetrasaccharide was synthesized on a new dendrimeric support, based on polyethylene glycol. Starting from 1-thio-beta-D-lactose, the trisaccharide (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose was obtained using Neisseria meningitidis beta-(1-->3)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase according to a soluble synthesis approach, bound on the support and galactosylated using the milk beta-(1-->4)-galactosyl transferase to give after cleavage the tetrasaccharide lacto-N-neotetraose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Renaudie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Multifonctionnelle, UMR 8614, GDR 2590 Bât 420, Université de Paris XI, F-91405 Orsay, France
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27
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Römer U, Schrader H, Günther N, Nettelstroth N, Frommer WB, Elling L. Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant sucrose synthase 1 from Solanum tuberosum L. for carbohydrate engineering. J Biotechnol 2004; 107:135-49. [PMID: 14711497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene sus1 from Solanum tuberosum L. encoding for sucrose synthase 1 was cloned into the plasmid pDR195 under the control of the PMA1 promotor. After transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 22574d sus1 was constitutively expressed giving a specific activity of 0.3Umg(-1) protein in the crude extract. A one-step purification by Q-Sepharose resulted in an 14-fold purified enzyme preparation in 74% yield. SuSy1 was subsequently purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and characterized for its utilization in synthesizing different nucleotide sugars and sucrose analogues. The kinetic constants for the cleavage and synthesis reaction were determined: K(m) (UDP) 4microM; K(iS) (UDP) 0.11mM; K(m) (sucrose) 91.6mM; K(m) (UDP-Glc) 0.5mM; K(iS) (UDP-Glc) 2.3mM; K(m) (D-fructose) 2.1mM; K(iS) (D-fructose) 35.9mM. Different nucleoside diphosphates as well as different donor substrate were accepted as follows: UDP>dTDP>ADP>CDP>GDP in the cleavage reaction and UDP-Glc>dTDP-Glc>ADP-Glc>CDP-Glc in the synthesis reaction. SuSy1 shows also a broad acceptance of D- and L-ketoses and D- and L-aldoses. The acceptance of aldoses was deduced from the binding of the inhibitor 5-deoxy-D-fructose (K(i) 0.3mM), an analogue of the natural substrate D-fructopyranoside. The broad substrate spectrum renders SuSy1 from potato a versatile biocatalyst for carbohydrate engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Römer
- Department of Biotechnology/Biomaterial Sciences, Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Germany
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28
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Nam NH, Sardari S, Parang K. Reactions of solid-supported reagents and solid supports with alcohols and phenols through their hydroxyl functional group. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:479-546. [PMID: 12959554 DOI: 10.1021/cc020106l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hai Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA.
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29
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Majumdar D, Zhu T, Boons GJ. Synthesis of Oligosaccharides on Soluble High-Molecular-Weight Branched Polymers in Combination with Purification by Nanofiltration. Org Lett 2003; 5:3591-4. [PMID: 14507180 DOI: 10.1021/ol0352355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] An efficient approach for polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis is described whereby branched and high-molecular-weight PEG derivatives are used in combination with purification by nanofiltration. This methodology was applied to the preparation of a tetraglucoside and the tumor-associated antigen Le(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatosh Majumdar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602-4712, USA
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30
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Liu Z, Lu Y, Zhang J, Pardee K, Wang PG. P1 Trisaccharide (Galalpha1,4Galbeta1,4GlcNAc) synthesis by enzyme glycosylation reactions using recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:2110-5. [PMID: 12676690 PMCID: PMC154772 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.4.2110-2115.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of Escherichia coli infection has lead to concerns over pathogenic bacteria in our food supply and a demand for therapeutics. Glycolipids on gut cells serve as receptors for the Shiga-like toxin produced by E. coli. Oligosaccharide moiety analogues of these glycolipids can compete with receptors for the toxin, thus acting as antibacterials. An enzymatic synthesis of the P1 trisaccharide (Galalpha1,4Galbeta1,4GlcNAc), one of the oligosaccharide analogues, was assessed in this study. In the proposed synthetic pathway, UDP-glucose was generated from sucrose with an Anabaena sp. sucrose synthase and then converted with an E. coli UDP-glucose 4-epimerase to UDP-galactose. Two molecules of galactose were linked to N-acetylglucosamine subsequently with a Helicobacter pylori beta-l,4-galactosyltransferase and a Neisseria meningitidis alpha-1,4-galactosyltransferase to produce one molecule of P1 trisaccharide. The four enzymes were coexpressed in a single genetically engineered E. coli strain that was then permeabilized and used to catalyze the enzymatic reaction. P1 trisaccharide was accumulated up to 50 mM (5.4 g in a 200-ml reaction volume), with a 67% yield based on the consumption of N-acetylglucosamine. This study provides an efficient approach for the preparative-scale synthesis of P1 trisaccharide with recombinant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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31
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Abstract
The published applications of combinatorial biocatalysis have continued to expand at a growing rate. This is exemplified by the variety of enzyme catalysts and whole-cell catalysts used for the creation of libraries through a wide range of biocatalytic reactions, including acylation, glycosylation, halogenation, oxidation and reduction. These biocatalytic methods add the capability to perform unique chemistries or selective reactions with complex or labile reagents when integrated with classical combinatorial synthesis methods. Thus, applications towards the production of libraries de novo, the expansion of chemically derived combinatorial libraries, and the generation of novel combinatorial reagents for library synthesis can be achieved. Theoretically, these results illustrate what is already evident from nature: that complex, biologically active, structurally diverse compound libraries can be generated through the application of biocatalysis alone or in combination with classical organic synthesis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Rich
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., Biocatalysis Division, 2660 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
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