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Amino acid based prodrugs of a fosmidomycin surrogate as antimalarial and antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:729-747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pompon A, Lefebvre I, Imbach JL, Kahn S, Farquhar D. Decomposition Pathways of the Mono- and Bis(Pivaloyloxymethyl) Esters of Azidothymidine 5′-Monophosphate in Cell Extract and in Tissue Culture Medium: An Application of the ‘on-line ISRP-Cleaning’ HPLC Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) azidothymidine 5′-monophosphate (piv2-AZTMP) was designed as a cell membrane-permeable precursor of AZTMP. We have reported previously that when incubated with CEM cells deficient in thymidine kinase, piv2-AZTMP gives rise to intracellular AZTMP and the corresponding diphosphate (AZTDP) and triphosphate (AZTTP). Under similar conditions, no intracellular nucleotides were formed with AZT. However, the mechanism by which piv2-AZTMP is converted to AZTMP has not been established. To address this question, we have used the recently developed ‘on-line ISRP-cleaning’ HPLC technique to investigate the stability and metabolic fate of piv2-AZTMP (1) in RPMI 1640 medium, (2) in RPMI containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, and (3) in CEM cell extracts. Similar studies were conducted starting with mono(pivaloyloxymethyl) azidothymidine 5′-monophosphate (piv2 AZTMP). From the kinetics of these reactions, it appears that piv2-AZTMP is slowly hydrolyzed to piv1-AZTMP in RPMI and that the metabolic sequence in cell extract and in tissue culture medium is clearly: piv2-AZTMP→ piv1AZTMP→ AZTMP→ AZT. The rate constants are quite different in these three media. Although it is evident that the first step in the metabolism of piv2-AZTMP is catalysed by carboxylate esterase, the enzyme(s) responsible for the second step, piv1-AZTMP→ AZTMP, is less apparent, as carboxylate esterases and/or phosphodiesterases can be taken in account. However, analysis of the kinetic data strongly suggests that carboxylate esterase does not play a significant role and that this second step is mediated by phosphodiesterases. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that piv2-AZTMP is an effective prodrug of AZTMP. They also establish that prv1-AZTMP is an intermediate in this process, and define the sequence of the overall metabolic reaction. With this increased understanding of the metabolism of piv2-AZTMP, it should be possible rationally to design analogues with optimal structural and pharmacological properties for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pompon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - I. Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - J.-L. Imbach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - S. Kahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - D. Farquhar
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Intracellular Activation of Tenofovir Alafenamide and the Effect of Viral and Host Protease Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:316-22. [PMID: 26503655 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01834-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is an oral phosphonoamidate prodrug of the HIV reverse transcriptase nucleotide inhibitor tenofovir (TFV). Previous studies suggested a principal role for the lysosomal serine protease cathepsin A (CatA) in the intracellular activation of TAF. Here we further investigated the role of CatA and other human hydrolases in the metabolism of TAF. Overexpression of CatA or liver carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1) in HEK293T cells increased intracellular TAF hydrolysis 2- and 5-fold, respectively. Knockdown of CatA expression with RNA interference (RNAi) in HeLa cells reduced intracellular TAF metabolism 5-fold. Additionally, the anti-HIV activity and the rate of CatA hydrolysis showed good correlation within a large set of TFV phosphonoamidate prodrugs. The covalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors (PIs) telaprevir and boceprevir potently inhibited CatA-mediated TAF activation (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.27 and 0.16 μM, respectively) in vitro and also reduced its anti-HIV activity in primary human CD4(+) T lymphocytes (21- and 3-fold, respectively) at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. In contrast, there was no inhibition of CatA or any significant effect on anti-HIV activity of TAF observed with cobicistat, noncovalent HIV and HCV PIs, or various prescribed inhibitors of host serine proteases. Collectively, these studies confirm that CatA plays a pivotal role in the intracellular metabolism of TAF, whereas the liver esterase Ces1 likely contributes to the hepatic activation of TAF. Moreover, this work demonstrates that a wide range of viral and host PIs, with the exception of telaprevir and boceprevir, do not interfere with the antiretroviral activity of TAF.
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Velanguparackel W, Hamon N, Balzarini J, McGuigan C, Westwell AD. Synthesis, anti-HIV and cytostatic evaluation of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) pro-nucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2240-3. [PMID: 24751439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of pro-nucleotide phosphoramidates and phosphorodiamidates of the antiviral lead compound 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) have been designed and synthesized. In vitro antiretroviral and cytostatic studies revealed potent (sub-micromolar) inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication, with retention of activity in thymidine kinase-negative cell models, as predicted by the ProTide concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Velanguparackel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB Wales, UK
| | - Nadège Hamon
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB Wales, UK
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB Wales, UK
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB Wales, UK.
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Parang K, Knaus EE, Wiebe LI. Synthesis, in vitro anti-HIV activity, and biological stability of 5'-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT) as potential bifunctional prodrugs of FLT. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:987-1008. [PMID: 9708320 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A group of 5'-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of FLT (2) were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents that were designed to serve as prodrugs to FLT. 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-methoxydodecanoyl)thymidine (4) (EC50 = 3.8 nM) and 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)thymidine (8) (EC50 = 2.8 nM) were the most effective anti-HIV-1 agents. There was a linear correlation between Log P and HPLC Log retention time for the 5'-O-FLT esters. The in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis half-life (t1/2), among the group of esters (3-8) in porcine liver esterase, rat plasma and rat brain homogenate was longer for 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(myristoyl)thymidine (7), with t1/2 values of 20.3, 4.6 and 17.5 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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McGuigan C, Tsang HW, Cahard D, Turner K, Velazquez S, Salgado A, Bidois L, Naesens L, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T as inhibitors of HIV: the effect of amino acid variation. Antiviral Res 1997; 35:195-204. [PMID: 9298759 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoramidate derivatives of the nucleoside analogue, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro thymidine (d4T) have been prepared as potential membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the big-active free phosphate forms. In particular phenyl phosphates, linked via nitrogen to methyl-esterified amino acids, were studied. All compounds were fully characterised by a range of methods (high-field multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) and were subjected to in vitro evaluation of their anti-HIV efficacy. The nature of the amino acid appeared to be extremely important for the eventual antiviral action. Of the amino acids studied, L-alanine was the most efficacious, whilst L-proline and glycine were particularly poor. However, an unnatural amino acid moiety, dimethylglycine, could substitute for alanine with little or no loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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Freeman S, Ross KC. 3 Prodrug Design for Phosphates and Phosphonates. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McGuigan C, Wedgwood OM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine [d4A] have markedly improved anti-HIV potency and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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A rapid synthesis of some 5′-amino- nucleosides and nucleotides as potential antiviral compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Sheeka HM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of d4T with improved anti-HIV efficacy retain full activity in thymidine kinase-deficient cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abraham TW, Wagner CR. A Phosphoramidite-Based Synthesis of Phosphoramidate Amino Acid Diesters of Antiviral Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Camarasa MJ. Glycosyl-oxycarbonylaminosulfonyl-2',3'-dideoxynucleoside derivatives as lipophilic nucleotide mimics. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity. Bioorg Med Chem 1993; 1:279-84. [PMID: 8081859 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)82133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several lipophilic-2',3'-dideoxynucleotide analogues have been synthesized and tested against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Glycosyl-oxycarbonylaminosulfonyl-analogues of 3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyuridine have been synthesized by reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate and the corresponding 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside. Another series of 5'-phosphate-like-3'-deoxythymidine nucleosides (5'-O-alkyl-sulfamoyl- and 5'-O-carbamoyl-3'-deoxythymidine) have also been prepared. Both series of compounds can be considered as lipophilic nucleotide mimics.
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McGuigan C, Sheeka HM, Mahmood N, Hay A. Phosphate derivatives of d4T as inhibitors of HIV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Puech F, Pompon A, Lefebvre I, Gosselin G, Imbach J. Nucleotidic prodrugs of anti-HIV dideoxynucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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