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Gu Y, Dong B, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu H, Pang X, Cui Y. The challenges and opportunities of αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer: From bench to clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106694. [PMID: 36775082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are main cell adhesion receptors serving as linker attaching cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) and bidirectional hubs transmitting biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment. Integrin αvβ3 is a critical family member of integrins and interacts with ECM proteins containing RGD tripeptide sequence. Accumulating evidence indicated that the abnormal expression of integrin αvβ3 was associated with various tumor progressions, including tumor initiation, sustained tumor growth, distant metastasis, drug resistance development, maintenance of stemness in cancer cells. Therefore, αvβ3 has been explored as a therapeutic target in various types of cancers, but there is no αvβ3 antagonist approved for human therapy. Targeting-integrin αvβ3 therapeutics has been a challenge, but lessons from the past are valuable to the development of innovative targeting approaches. This review systematically summarized the structure, signal transduction, regulatory role in cancer, and drug development history of integrin αvβ3, and also provided new insights into αvβ3-based therapeutics in cancer from bench to clinical trials, which would contribute to developing effective targeting αvβ3 agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Bingqi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of traditional Chinese and Western medicine,Peking University Of First Hospital, Xishiku street 8th,Xicheng District,10034 Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China.
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2
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Non-Peptide Small-Molecule Drug Conjugate Targeting Integrin αVβ3. Front Chem 2022; 10:869639. [PMID: 35480387 PMCID: PMC9035832 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.869639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An integrin αVβ3-targeting linear RGD mimetic containing a small-molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) was synthesized by combining the antimitotic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an enzymatically cleavable Val-Ala-PABC linker with a linear conjugable RGD mimetic. The structure proposal for the conjugable RGD mimetic was suggested upon the DAD mapping analysis of a previously synthesized small-molecule RGD mimetic array based on a tyrosine scaffold. Therefore, a diversifying strategy was developed as well as a novel method for the partial hydrogenation of pyrimidines in the presence of the hydrogenolytically cleavable Cbz group. The small-molecule RGD mimetics were evaluated in an ELISA-like assay, and the structural relationships were analyzed by DAD mapping revealing activity differences induced by structural changes as visualized in dependence on special structural motifs. This provided a lead structure for generation of an SMDC containing the antimitotic drug MMAE. The resulting SMDC containing a linear RGD mimetic was tested in a cell adhesion and an in vitro cell viability assay in comparison to reference SMDCs containing cRGDfK or cRADfK as the homing device. The linear RGD SMDC and the cRGDfK SMDC inhibited adhesion of αVβ3-positive WM115 cells to vitronectin with IC50 values in the low µM range, while no effect was observed for the αVβ3-negative M21-L cell line. The cRADfK SMDC used as a negative control was about 30-fold less active in the cell adhesion assay than the cRGDfK SMDC. Conversely, both the linear RGD SMDC and the cRGDfK SMDC are about 55-fold less cytotoxic than MMAE against the αVβ3-positive WM115 cell line with IC50 values in the nM range, while the cRADfK SMDC is 150-fold less cytotoxic than MMAE. Hence, integrin binding also influences the antiproliferative activity giving a targeting index of 2.8.
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Jurczak P, Witkowska J, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Lach S. Proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics as active agents in implant surface functionalization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 276:102083. [PMID: 31887572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent impact of implants on improving the human life quality has been enormous. During the past two decades we witnessed major advancements in both material and structural development of implants. They were driven mainly by the increasing patients' demand and the need to address the major issues that come along with the initially underestimated complexity of the bone-implant interface. While both, the materials and design of implants reached a certain, balanced state, recent years brought a shift in focus towards the bone-implant interface as the weakest link in the increasing implant long-term usability. As a result, several approaches were developed. They aimed at influencing and enhancing the implant osseointegration and its proper behavior when under load and stress. With this review, we would like to discuss the recent advancements in the field of implant surface modifications, emphasizing the importance of chemical methods, focusing on proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics as promising agents for titanium surface coatings.
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Reed NI, Tang YZ, McIntosh J, Wu Y, Molnar KS, Civitavecchia A, Sheppard D, DeGrado WF, Jo H. Exploring N-Arylsulfonyl-l-proline Scaffold as a Platform for Potent and Selective αvβ1 Integrin Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:902-907. [PMID: 27774126 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One small molecule inhibitor of αvβ1 integrin, c8, shows antifibrotic effects in multiple in vivo mouse models. Here we synthesized c8 analogues and systematically investigate their structure-activity relationships (SAR) in αvβ1 integrin inhibition. N-Phenylsulfonyl-l-homoproline analogues of c8 maintained excellent potency against αvβ1 integrin while retaining good selectivity over other RGD integrins. In addition, 2-aminopyridine or cyclic guanidine analogues were shown to be equally potent to c8. A rigid phenyl linker increased the potency compared to c8, but the selectivity over other RGD integrins diminished. These results can provide further insights on design of αvβ1 integrin inhibitors as antifibrotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Isik Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94153, United States
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Joel McIntosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Molnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Annafelicia Civitavecchia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94153, United States
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Cardiovascular
Research Institute, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California−San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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5
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Pušavec Kirar E, Grošelj U, Mirri G, Požgan F, Strle G, Štefane B, Jovanovski V, Svete J. "Click" Chemistry: Application of Copper Metal in Cu-Catalyzed Azomethine Imine-Alkyne Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5988-97. [PMID: 27305104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of 16 copper-catalyzed azomethine imine-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAIAC) reactions between four pyrazolidinone-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones gave the corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts as bimane analogues in very high yields. The applicability of CuAIAC was demonstrated by the fluorescent labeling of functionalized polystyrene and by using Cu-C and Cu-Fe as catalysts. Experimental evidence, kinetic measurements, and correlation between a clean catalyst surface and the reaction rate are in agreement with a homotopic catalytic system with catalytic Cu(I)-acetylide formed from Cu(0) by "in situ" oxidation. The availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, simple workup, and scalability make CuAIAC a viable supplement to the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction in "click" chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pušavec Kirar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Grošelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giorgio Mirri
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Požgan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Strle
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vasko Jovanovski
- National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Svete
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Mas-Moruno C, Fraioli R, Rechenmacher F, Neubauer S, Kapp TG, Kessler H. αvβ3- or α5β1-Integrin-Selective Peptidomimetics for Surface Coating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7048-67. [PMID: 27258759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Engineering biomaterials with integrin-binding activity is a very powerful approach to promote cell adhesion, modulate cell behavior, and induce specific biological responses at the surface level. The aim of this Review is to illustrate the evolution of surface-coating molecules in this field: from peptides and proteins with relatively low integrin-binding activity and receptor selectivity to highly active and selective peptidomimetic ligands. In particular, we will bring into focus the difficult challenge of achieving selectivity between the two closely related integrin subtypes αvβ3 and α5β1. The functionalization of surfaces with such peptidomimetics opens the way for a new generation of highly specific cell-instructive surfaces to dissect the biological role of integrin subtypes and for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberta Fraioli
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias G Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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7
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Mas-Moruno C, Fraioli R, Rechenmacher F, Neubauer S, Kapp TG, Kessler H. αvβ3- oder α5β1-Integrin-selektive Peptidmimetika für die Oberflächenbeschichtung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Roberta Fraioli
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Centre for Research in NanoEngineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spanien
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Tobias G. Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study at the Department Chemie und Center of Integrated Protein Science München (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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8
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De Marco R, Tolomelli A, Juaristi E, Gentilucci L. Integrin Ligands with α/β-Hybrid Peptide Structure: Design, Bioactivity, and Conformational Aspects. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:389-424. [PMID: 26777675 DOI: 10.1002/med.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors for proteins of the extracellular matrix and plasma-borne adhesive proteins. Their involvement in diverse pathologies prompted medicinal chemists to develop small-molecule antagonists, and very often such molecules are peptidomimetics designed on the basis of the short native ligand-integrin recognition motifs. This review deals with peptidomimetic integrin ligands composed of α- and β-amino acids. The roles exerted by the β-amino acid components are discussed in terms of biological activity, bioavailability, and selectivity. Special attention is paid to the synthetic accessibility and efficiency of conformationally constrained heterocyclic scaffolds incorporating α/β-amino acid span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella De Marco
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida IPN 2508, esquina Ticoman, Mexico, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician,", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Riches AG, Cablewski T, Glattauer V, Thissen H, Meagher L. Scalable synthesis of an integrin-binding peptide mimetic for biomedical applications. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Klim JR, Fowler AJ, Courtney AH, Wrighton PJ, Sheridan RTC, Wong ML, Kiessling LL. Small-molecule-modified surfaces engage cells through the αvβ3 integrin. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:518-25. [PMID: 22201290 DOI: 10.1021/cb2004725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Integrins play myriad and vital roles in development and disease. They connect a cell with its surroundings and transmit chemical and mechanical signals across the plasma membrane to the cell's interior. Dissecting their roles in cell behavior is complicated by their overlapping ligand specificity and shared downstream signaling components. In principle, immobilized synthetic peptides can mimic extracellular matrix proteins by supporting integrin-mediated adhesion, but most short peptide sequences lack selectivity for one integrin over others. In contrast, synthetic integrin antagonists can be highly selective. We hypothesized that this selectivity could be exploited if antagonists, when immobilized, could support cellular adhesion and activate signaling by engaging specific cell-surface integrins. To investigate this possibility, we designed a bifunctional (RGD)-based peptidomimetic for surface presentation. Our conjugate combines a high affinity integrin ligand with a biotin moiety; the former engages the α(v)β(3) integrin, and the latter allows for presentation on streptavidin-coated surfaces. Surfaces decorated with this ligand promote both cellular adhesion and integrin activation. Moreover, the selectivity of these surfaces for the α(v)β(3) integrin can be exploited to capture a subset of cells from a mixed population. We anticipate that surfaces displaying highly selective small molecule ligands can reveal the contributions of specific integrin heterodimers to cell adhesion and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Klim
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anthony J. Fowler
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Adam H. Courtney
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul J. Wrighton
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rachael T. C. Sheridan
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Margaret L. Wong
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Program, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Bones play many roles in the body, providing structure, protecting organs, anchoring muscles and storing calcium. Over 100 million people worldwide suffer from bone diseases, mainly osteoporosis, cancer-related bone loss, osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms, and the main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Therefore, the prevention of bone diseases is important to maintain the quality of life in the human society. However, treatment options are still insufficient. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review article gives a summary of the low molecular mass modulators of bone diseases targets disclosed in patent applications and articles, mainly during the last 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly gain an overview of these modulators not only for historical targets, but also of emerging and re-visited targets. Readers will also be able to see the current research trend and the main players in this field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Drug discovery for bone diseases has made progress in the last years. The research area has dynamically shifted from historical targets (bisphosphonate, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) to newly confirmed targets or targets re-visited which were biologically validated in the past. Cathepsin K inhibitors should be very close to launching in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Masuya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Topping RJ, Nuiry I, Mastriona J, Moss JA. Optimized ‘inverse activation’ methodology for esterification of hydroxyl-functionalized resins. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Sandhya K, Ravindranath B. A protocol for racemization-free loading of Fmoc-amino acids to Wang resin. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Choi S, Vilaire G, Marcinkiewicz C, Winkler JD, Bennett JS, DeGrado WF. Small molecule inhibitors of integrin alpha2beta1. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5457-62. [PMID: 17915848 PMCID: PMC3828121 DOI: 10.1021/jm070252b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the integrin, alpha2beta1, and extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen, play a pivotal role in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Platelets interact with collagen in the subendothelial matrix that is exposed by vascular damage. To evaluate the potential of alpha2beta1 inhibitors for anticancer and antithrombotic applications, we have developed a series of small molecule inhibitors of this integrin based on a prolyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (DAP) scaffold using solid-phase parallel synthesis. A benzenesulfonamide substituent at the N-terminus of the dipepetide and a benzyl urea at the DAP side chain resulted in tight and highly selective inhibition of alpha2beta1-mediated adhesion of human platelets and other cells to collagen.
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15
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Owen RM, Carlson CB, Xu J, Mowery P, Fasella E, Kiessling LL. Bifunctional ligands that target cells displaying the alpha v beta3 integrin. Chembiochem 2007; 8:68-82. [PMID: 17154219 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to eliminate tumor cells have long been sought. We envisioned that a small molecule could be used to decorate the offending cells with immunogenic carbohydrates and evoke an immune response. To this end, we describe the synthesis of bifunctional ligands possessing two functional motifs: one binds a cell-surface protein and the other binds a naturally occurring human antibody. Our conjugates combine an RGD-based peptidomimetic, to target cells displaying the alpha v beta3 integrin, with the carbohydrate antigen galactosyl-alpha(1-3)galactose [Galalpha(1-3)Gal or alpha-Gal]. To generate such bifunctional ligands, we designed and synthesized RGD mimetics 1 b and 2 c, which possess a free amino group for modification. These compounds were used to generate bifunctional derivatives 1 c and 2 d, with dimethyl squarate serving as the linchpin; thus, our synthetic approach is modular. To evaluate the binding of our peptidomimetics to the target alpha v beta3-displaying cells, we implemented a cell-adhesion assay. Results from this assay indicate that the designed, small-molecule ligands inhibit alpha v beta3-dependent cell adhesion. Additionally, our most effective bifunctional ligand exhibits a high degree of selectivity (4000-fold) for alpha v beta3 over the related alpha v beta5 integrin, a result that augurs its utility in specific cell targeting. Finally, we demonstrate that the bifunctional ligands can bind to alpha v beta3-positive cells and recruit human anti-Gal antibodies. These results indicate that both the integrin-binding and the anti-Gal-binding moieties can act simultaneously. Bifunctional conjugates of this type can facilitate the development of new methods for targeting cancer cells by exploiting endogenous antibodies. We anticipate that our modifiable alpha v beta3-binding ligands will be valuable in a variety of applications, including drug delivery and tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Manzoni L, Bassanini M, Belvisi L, Motto I, Scolastico C, Castorina M, Pisano C. Nonpeptide Integrin Antagonists: RGD Mimetics Incorporating Substituted Azabicycloalkanes as Amino Acid Replacements. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Carlson CB, Mowery P, Owen RM, Dykhuizen EC, Kiessling LL. Selective tumor cell targeting using low-affinity, multivalent interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:119-27. [PMID: 17291050 DOI: 10.1021/cb6003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report highlights the advantages of low-affinity, multivalent interactions to recognize one cell type over another. Our goal was to devise a strategy to mediate selective killing of tumor cells, which are often distinguished from normal cells by their higher levels of particular cell surface receptors. To test whether multivalent interactions could lead to highly specific cell targeting, we used a chemically synthesized small-molecule ligand composed of two distinct motifs: (1) an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptidomimetic that binds tightly (Kd approximately 10(-9)M) to alphavbeta3 integrins and (2) the galactosyl-alpha(1-3)galactose (alpha-Gal epitope), which is recognized by human anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies (anti-Gal). Importantly, anti-Gal binding requires a multivalent presentation of carbohydrate residues; anti-Gal antibodies interact weakly with the monovalent oligosaccharide (Kd approximately 10(-5)M) but bind tightly (Kd approximately 10(-11) M) to multivalent displays of alpha-Gal epitopes. Such a display is generated when the bifunctional conjugate decorates a cell possessing a high level of alphavbeta3 integrin; the resulting cell surface, which presents many alpha-Gal epitopes, can recruit anti-Gal, thereby triggering complement-mediated lysis. Only those cells with high levels of the integrin receptor are killed. In contrast, doxorubicin tethered to the RGD-based ligand affords indiscriminate cell death. These results highlight the advantages of exploiting the type of the multivalent recognition processes used by physiological systems to discriminate between cells. The selectivity of this strategy is superior to traditional, abiotic, high-affinity targeting methods. Our results have implications for the treatment of cancer and other diseases characterized by the presence of deleterious cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby B Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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18
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4130-63. [PMID: 15954154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Spatial Screening for the Identification of the Bioactive Conformation of Integrin Ligands. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/128_052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Harju K, Kylänlahti I, Paananen T, Polamo M, Nielsen J, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Pyrazolopyridines from Polymer-Bound Alkyne and Azomethine Imines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:344-9. [PMID: 16677003 DOI: 10.1021/cc050138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Study was made of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of polymer-bound alkynes to azomethine imines generated in situ from N-aminopyridine iodides. Aromatization of the cycloadducts gives polymer-bound pyrazolopyridines that can be released from the resin as carboxylic acids with trifluoroacetic acid or as methyl esters with sodium methoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Harju
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Ishikawa M, Hiraiwa Y, Kubota D, Tsushima M, Watanabe T, Murakami S, Ouchi S, Ajito K. Tricyclic pharmacophore-based molecules as novel integrin alpha(v)beta3 antagonists. Part III: synthesis of potent antagonists with alpha(v)beta3/alpha(IIb)beta3 dual activity and improved water solubility. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:2131-50. [PMID: 16307881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize our novel integrin alpha(v)beta3/alpha(IIb)beta3 dual antagonists, spatial screening at the N-terminus was performed. The alpha(v)beta3 antagonistic activity varied depending on the space that was occupied by the N-terminus, but high potency against alpha(IIb)beta3 was well maintained. The (3S)-aminopiperidine analogue had the strongest activity against alpha(v)beta3, and the S isomer at piperidine was more potent than the R isomer. Compounds selected on the basis of SAR analysis of a novel lead compound showed acceptable early absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles and sufficient water solubility for use as infusion drugs. Docking studies with the alpha(v)beta3 receptor were performed to confirm the SAR findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan.
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22
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategien zur Modulation von Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen mit synthetischen Substanzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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24
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Mousa SA. Integrins as novel drug discovery targets: potential therapeutic and diagnostic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Marugan JJ, Haslow KD, Crysler C. Design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of novel αvβ3 integrin ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4553-5. [PMID: 15357991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on integrin alphaVbeta3 have implicated this receptor in a number of pathologies. In this article we describe some of our initial efforts to design small molecules alphaVbeta3 ligands incorporating an indole core template and an oxyguanidine as basic ending. Synthesis, biochemical activity and pharmacological properties are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Marugan
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Eagleview Corporate Center, 665 Stockton Drive, Suite 104, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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26
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Douglas SA, Ohlstein EH, Johns DG. Techniques: Cardiovascular pharmacology and drug discovery in the 21st century. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:225-33. [PMID: 15063087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The latter half of the 20th century has been characterized by pharmacologists as the 'age of the receptor', an era in which the bioassay, that stalwart of classical pharmacology, has played a seminal role in identifying novel cardiovascular medicines. In this article, we ask what, if anything, has changed in the pharmacologist's approach to discovering novel cardiovascular drugs on this, the 25th anniversary of the inaugural publication of Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Douglas
- Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation (UW2510), Cardiovascular and Urogenital Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939, USA.
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27
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Kiriazis A, Leikoski T, Mutikainen I, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. The Diels−Alder Reaction between Deactivated Dienes and Electron-Deficient Dienophiles on Solid Support: Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydro-1,3-dioxoisoindoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 6:283-5. [PMID: 15002979 DOI: 10.1021/cc030114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kiriazis
- Viikki Drug Discovery Technology Center, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Kaval N, Van der Eycken J, Caroen J, Dehaen W, Strohmeier GA, Kappe CO, Van der Eycken E. An Exploratory Study on Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Diels−Alder Reactions of 2(1H)-Pyrazinones: the Elaboration of a New Tailor-Made Acid-Labile Linker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/cc0300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Kaval
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Caroen
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot A. Strohmeier
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erik Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S.4), B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Karavoltsos M, Mourtas S, Gatos D, Barlos K. Solid phase insertion of diamines into peptide chains. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Various integrin antagonist candidates including antibodies, cyclic peptides, peptidomimetics, and non-peptides have been clinically evaluated and shown to successfully modulate certain disease processes. This review will focus on the key role of the alphav integrin (alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5) in vascular disorders such as restenosis and angiogenesis-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, New York 12208-3942, USA.
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31
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Mousa SA. Anti-integrin as novel drug-discovery targets: potential therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002; 6:534-41. [PMID: 12133730 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of integrin and extracellular matrix proteins in various pathological processes (including angiogenesis, thrombosis, apoptosis and cell migration and proliferation), leading to both acute and chronic disease states (e.g. ocular diseases, metastasis, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, osteoporosis, a wide range of inflammatory diseases, vascular remodeling and neurodegenerative disorders) has been recently documented. A key success in this field is evident from the potential role of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa (alphaIIbbeta3) integrin in the prevention, treatment and perhaps diagnosis of various thromboembolic disorders. Additionally, progress has been shown in the development of leukocyte alpha4beta1 antagonists for various inflammatory indications and alphav integrin antagonists for angiogenesis and vascular-related disorders. However, the exact modes of action of certain integrin antagonists are still not fully clear. Integrin antagonists in clinical or pre-clinical development are expected to be used as a stand-alone therapy or, better, as an adjunct to other pharmacotherapy, radiotherapy or interventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3492, USA.
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32
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Nagashima S, Akamatsu S, Kawaminami E, Kawazoe S, Ogami T, Matsumoto Y, Okada M, Suzuki KI, Tsukamoto SI. Novel malonamide derivatives as alpha v beta 3 antagonists. Syntheses and evaluation of 3-(3-indolin-1-yl-3-oxopropanoyl)aminopropanoic acids on vitronectin interaction with alpha v beta 3. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1420-32. [PMID: 11724232 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In attempt to find novel integrin alphavbeta3 antagonists, we selected SC65811 and its guanidine analogue (1) as lead compounds. Modification of the glycine part of SC65811 led to a new series of malonamide derivatives that exhibited alphavbeta3 inhibitory activity. Among them, (R,S)-3-[3-[6-(3-benzylureido)indolin-1-yl]-3-oxopropanoylamino]-3- (pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid (43a) showed not only potent activity with an IC50 value of 3.0 nM but also good selectivity for alphavbeta3 relative to alphaIIbbeta3, alpha5beta1, and alphavbeta5 with IC50 values of 19,000, 11,000, and 14 nM, respectively. Furthermore, optimization of 43a led to the most potent alphavbeta3 antagonist, (R,S)-3-(3-[6-[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)amino]indolin-1-yl]-3-oxopropanoylamino)-3-(quinolin-3-yl)propanoic acid (431) with an IC50 value of 0.42 nM. The synthesis and the structure-activity relationships of these malonamide derivatives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagashima
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan.
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33
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Sulyok GA, Gibson C, Goodman SL, Hölzemann G, Wiesner M, Kessler H. Solid-phase synthesis of a nonpeptide RGD mimetic library: new selective alphavbeta3 integrin antagonists. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1938-50. [PMID: 11384239 DOI: 10.1021/jm0004953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of a low molecular weight RGD mimetic library is described. Activities of the compounds in inhibiting the interaction of ligands, vitronectin and fibrinogen, with isolated immobilized integrins alphavbeta3 and alphaIIbbeta3 were determined in a screening assay. Highly active and selective nonpeptide alphavbeta3 integrin antagonists with regard to orally bioavailability were developed, based on the aza-glycine containing lead compound 1. An important variation is the substitution of the aspartic amide of 1 by an aromatic residue. Furthermore, different guanidine mimetics have been incorporated to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Exchange of the beta-amino acid NH by a methylene moiety in one set of RGD mimetics leads to the azacarba analogue compounds representing a novel peptidomimetic approach, which should increase the metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Sulyok
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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34
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Moitessier N, Dufour S, Chrétien F, Thiery JP, Maigret B, Chapleur Y. Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a focused combinatorial library of stereodiverse carbohydrate-scaffold-based peptidomimetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:511-23. [PMID: 11249143 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A focused combinatorial library of 126 mimetics of the RGD sequence based on sugar scaffolds have been rationally constructed using molecular modeling, with a particular emphasis on the stereodiversity of the library. A liquid phase, mix and divide synthesis was used, active compounds being identified by using orthogonal libraries and recursive deconvolution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moitessier
- Groupe SUCRES, Unité Mixte 7565 CNRS-Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Nancy-Vandoeuvre, France
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35
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Miller WH, Keenan RM, Willette RN, Lark MW. Identification and in vivo efficacy of small-molecule antagonists of integrin alphavbeta3 (the vitronectin receptor). Drug Discov Today 2000; 5:397-408. [PMID: 10931657 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The integrin alphavbeta3 is thought to play a key role in the initiation and/or progression of several human diseases, including osteoporosis, restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and ocular diseases. Antagonism of integrin alphavbeta3 is therefore expected to provide an approach for the treatment and/or prevention of these diseases. A variety of potent, small-molecule alphavbeta3 antagonists have been identified, several of which are active in disease models, thereby demonstrating the therapeutic potential of alphavbeta3 antagonism. This review will focus on recent advances in the identification of small-molecule alphavbeta3 antagonists, with an emphasis on those studies where small-molecule alphavbeta3 antagonists have been used in proof-of-concept studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- WH Miller
- R&D Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, PO Box 5089, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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36
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Gopalsamy A, Yang H, Ellingboe JW, Kees KL, Yoon J, Murrills R. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of vitronectin receptor (alphavbeta3) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1715-8. [PMID: 10937731 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A combinatorial approach for rapid optimization of a vitronectin receptor (alphavbeta3) inhibitor lead was accomplished by solid-phase synthesis. Orthogonally bis protected 2,3-diaminopropionic acid was used to immobilize the C-terminus of the molecule. Selective deprotection and functionalization of the alpha-amino group followed by acyl resorcinol scaffold attachment and N-terminus diversification was used to explore structure activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gopalsamy
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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37
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Floyd CD, Leblanc C, Whittaker M. Combinatorial chemistry as a tool for drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 36:91-168. [PMID: 10818672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The question 'will combinatorial chemistry deliver real medicines' has been posed [96]. First it is important to realise that the chemical part of the drug discovery process cannot stand alone; the integration of synthesis and biological assays is fundamental to the combinatorial approach. The results presented in Tables 3.1 to 3.8 suggest that so far smaller directed combinatorial libraries have obtained equivalent results to those obtained previously from traditional medicinal chemistry analogue programs. Unfortunately, because of the long time it takes to develop pharmaceutical drugs there are no examples yet of marketed drugs discovered by combinatorial methods. There are interesting examples where active leads have been discovered from the screening of the same library against multiple targets (e.g. libraries 13, 39, 43, 66, 71 and 76). It is now possible to handle much larger libraries of non-oligomeric structures and the chemistry required for such applications is becoming available. Whether combinatorial approaches can also be adapted to deal with all the other requirements of a successful pharmaceutical (lack of toxicity, bioavailability etc.) is open to question but there are already examples such as cassette dosing [235-237]. However we can still be optimistic about the possibility of larger libraries producing avenues of investigation for the medicinal chemist to develop into real drugs. Combinatorial chemistry is an important tool for the medicinal chemist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Floyd
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Limited, Oxford, U.K
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38
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Kerr JS, Slee AM, Mousa SA. Small molecule alpha(v) integrin antagonists: novel anticancer agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:1271-9. [PMID: 11060742 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.6.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The members of the integrin family are targets that potentially provide both therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities. Advances in the understanding of the signalling pathways, transcriptional regulation and the structure/function relationships of the adhesion molecules to extracellular matrix proteins have all contributed to these opportunities. The role of the integrins in pathological processes in both acute and chronic diseases, include ocular, cancer (solid tumours and metastasis), cardiovascular (stroke and heart failure) and inflammatory (rheumatoid arthritis) conditions. Various therapeutic candidates, including antibodies, cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics, have been identified. This review will focus on the key role of the alpha(v) integrin (alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5)) in angiogenic processes in tumours, including its potential use in cancer diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kerr
- General Pharmacology, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co., Route 141 and Henry Clay Road, PO Box 80400, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA
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39
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Boger DL, Lee JK, Goldberg J, Jin Q. Two comparisons of the performance of positional scanning and deletion synthesis for the identification of active constituents in mixture combinatorial libraries. J Org Chem 2000; 65:1467-74. [PMID: 10814111 DOI: 10.1021/jo9916481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two libraries of 120 compounds each were prepared as individual compounds and as full mixtures. The corresponding scanning and deletion synthesis deconvolution libraries were prepared and tested (L-1210, IC(50)) alongside the individual compounds and mixture libraries. This testing, where the properties of each compound in the mixtures were known, was used to compare the performance of scanning and deletion deconvolution libraries. Each has its own intrinsic strengths, with the former being capable of identifying multiple hits at the expense of accurately identifying the most potent library member, while the latter typically is more sensitive to identifying the most potent hit but at the expense of differentiating weaker activities. The protocols complement one another and together more thoroughly identify potent library members.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Wahhab A, Leban J. A solid phase procedure for the synthesis of 6-methyl-1,3-disubstituted uracils. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)02349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Miller WH, Alberts DP, Bhatnagar PK, Bondinell WE, Callahan JF, Calvo RR, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Heerding DA, Keenan RM, Kwon C, Manley PJ, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Samanen JM, Uzinskas IN, Venslavsky JW, Yuan CC, Haltiwanger RC, Gowen M, Hwang SM, James IE, Lark MW, Rieman DJ, Stroup GB, Azzarano LM, Salyers KL, Smith BR, Ward KW, Johanson KO, Huffman WF. Discovery of orally active nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists based on a 2-benzazepine Gly-Asp mimetic. J Med Chem 2000; 43:22-6. [PMID: 10633035 DOI: 10.1021/jm990446u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Miller
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA.
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Miller WH, Bondinell WE, Cousins RD, Erhard KF, Jakas DR, Keenan RM, Ku TW, Newlander KA, Ross ST, Haltiwanger RC, Bradbeer J, Drake FH, Gowen M, Hoffman SJ, Hwang SM, James IE, Lark MW, Lechowska B, Rieman DJ, Stroup GB, Vasko-Moser JA, Zembryki DL, Azzarano LM, Adams PC, Huffman WF. Orally bioavailable nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists with efficacy in an osteoporosis model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1807-12. [PMID: 10406646 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potent nonpeptide vitronectin receptor antagonists, based on a novel carbocyclic Gly-Asp mimetic, has been discovered. A representative of this series, SB 265123 (4), has 100% oral bioavailability in rats, and is orally active in vivo in the ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Miller
- Research & Development Division, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, USA
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Bogdanowich-Knipp SJ, Jois SD, Siahaan TJ. Effect of conformation on the conversion of cyclo-(1,7)-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asp-Gly-OH to its cyclic imide degradation product. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 54:43-53. [PMID: 10448969 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explain the increased propensity for the conversion of cyclo-(1,7)-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro-Asp-Gly-OH (1), a vitronectin-selective inhibitor, to its cyclic imide counterpart cyclo-(1,7)-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asu-Ser-Pro-Asp-Gly-OH (2). Therefore, we present the conformational analysis of peptides 1 and 2 by NMR and molecular dynamic simulations (MD). Several different NMR experiments, including COSY, COSY-Relay, HOHAHA, NOESY, ROESY, DQF-COSY and HMQC, were used to: (a) identify each proton in the peptides; (b) determine the sequential assignments; (c) determine the cis-trans isomerization of X-Pro peptide bond; and (d) measure the NH-HCalpha coupling constants. NOE- or ROE-constraints were used in the MD simulations and energy minimizations to determine the preferred conformations of cyclic peptides 1 and 2. Both cyclic peptides 1 and 2 have a stable solution conformation; MD simulations suggest that cyclic peptide 1 has a distorted type I beta-turn at Arg2-Gly3-Asp4-Ser5 and cyclic peptide 2 has a pseudo-type I beta-turn at Ser5-Pro6-Asp7-Gly1. A shift in position of the type I beta-turn at Arg2-Gly3-Asp4-Ser5 in peptide 1 to Ser5-Pro6-Asp7-Gly1 in peptide 2 occurs upon formation of the cyclic imide at the Asp4 residue. Although the secondary structure of cyclic peptide 1 is not conducive to succinimide formation, the reaction proceeds via neighbouring group catalysis by the Ser5 side chain. This mechanism is also supported by the intramolecular hydrogen bond network between the hydroxyl side chain and the backbone nitrogen of Ser5. Based on these results, the stability of Asp-containing peptides cannot be predicted by conformational analysis alone; the influence of anchimeric assistance by surrounding residues must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bogdanowich-Knipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Simons Research Laboratories, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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Rockwell AL, Rafalski M, Pitts WJ, Batt DG, Petraitis JJ, DeGrado WF, Mousa S, Jadhav PK. Rapid synthesis of RGD mimetics with isoxazoline scaffolds on solid phase: identification of alphavbeta3 antagonists lead compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:937-42. [PMID: 10230615 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Isoxazoline containing RGD mimetics were rapidly synthesized on a solid phase to optimize linkers, regioisomers of isoxazoline scaffolds, and exosite binding groups to yield lead alphavbeta3 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Rockwell
- Du Pont Pharmaceuticals Company, Chemical and Physical Sciences Department, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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A simple procedure for the solid phase synthesis of unsymmetrically functionalised diamides from symmetric diacids. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Combinatorial synthesis of peptidomimetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries yielding enzyme inhibitors, receptor agonists and antagonists, and other biologically active agents: 1992 through 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0735-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Chapter 27. Application of Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis to Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Starkey JR, Dai S, Dratz EA. Sidechain and backbone requirements for anti-invasive activity of laminin peptide 11. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1429:187-207. [PMID: 9920396 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The structure of laminin peptide 11 (CDPGYIGSR-NH2) contains valuable information for the design of mimetic compounds with anti-invasive and anti-metastatic properties. An alanine scan replacement experiment identified Tyr5, Ile6 and Arg9 residues as contributing significantly to anti-invasive activity. Circular dichroism spectra and NMR alphaH chemical shift values both supported the existence of populations of nonrandom coil solution structures for the analogs tested. A D-Ala4 for Gly4 substituted analog completely lost activity, while an L-Ala4 for Gly4 substituted analog retained half the activity of the parent peptide. These results complement our previous findings with D/L alanine substitutions at the Gly7 position, and together they suggest an 'S'-shaped backbone as likely for the active peptide conformation. NMR-constrained molecular modeling supported a direct involvement of the Tyr5 and Ile6 sidechains in conferring bioactivity, and indicated that the Tyr5 sidechain was buried in the Ala2 for Asp2 substitution. Based on the fact that the peptide 11 sequence derives from the disulfide bonded c-loop of an LE-repeat, we synthesized the cyclic CDPGYIGSRC-NH2 peptide. This analog exhibited good anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity. NMR modeling experiments suggested that the trans-proline cyclic peptide, would favor an 'S'-shaped backbone conformation. Full retro-inverso analogs of peptide 11 were shown to have anti-invasive activity inferior to that of peptide 11. This weak bioactivity was probed using NMR-constrained molecular dynamics, and revealed potential conformations which limited the ability of the required sidechains to mimic the positions of those in the native peptide conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Starkey
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA.
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