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Alshehri S, Susapto HH, Hauser CAE. Scaffolds from Self-Assembling Tetrapeptides Support 3D Spreading, Osteogenic Differentiation, and Angiogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2094-2106. [PMID: 33908763 PMCID: PMC8382244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The apparent rise of bone disorders demands advanced treatment protocols involving tissue engineering. Here, we describe self-assembling tetrapeptide scaffolds for the growth and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The rationally designed peptides are synthetic amphiphilic self-assembling peptides composed of four amino acids that are nontoxic. These tetrapeptides can quickly solidify to nanofibrous hydrogels that resemble the extracellular matrix and provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment for cells with suitable mechanical properties. Furthermore, we can easily tune the stiffness of these peptide hydrogels by just increasing the peptide concentration, thus providing a wide range of peptide hydrogels with different stiffnesses for 3D cell culture applications. Since successful bone regeneration requires both osteogenesis and vascularization, our scaffold was found to be able to promote angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The results presented suggest that ultrashort peptide hydrogels are promising candidates for applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Alshehri
- Laboratory
for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental
Science and Engineering and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hepi H. Susapto
- Laboratory
for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental
Science and Engineering and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Charlotte A. E. Hauser
- Laboratory
for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological and Environmental
Science and Engineering and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Spatial mapping of tissue properties in vivo reveals a 3D stiffness gradient in the mouse limb bud. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4781-4791. [PMID: 32071242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912656117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous hypotheses invoke tissue stiffness as a key parameter that regulates morphogenesis and disease progression. However, current methods are insufficient to test hypotheses that concern physical properties deep in living tissues. Here we introduce, validate, and apply a magnetic device that generates a uniform magnetic field gradient within a space that is sufficient to accommodate an organ-stage mouse embryo under live conditions. The method allows rapid, nontoxic measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of viscoelastic properties within mesenchyme and epithelia. Using the device, we identify an anteriorly biased mesodermal stiffness gradient along which cells move to shape the early limb bud. The stiffness gradient corresponds to a Wnt5a-dependent domain of fibronectin expression, raising the possibility that durotaxis underlies cell movements. Three-dimensional stiffness mapping enables the generation of hypotheses and potentially the rigorous testing of mechanisms of development and disease.
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Yang L, Yang S, Li X, Li B, Li Y, Zhang X, Ma Y, Peng X, Jin H, Fan Q, Wei S, Liu J, Li H. Tumor organoids: From inception to future in cancer research. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:120-133. [PMID: 30981763 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor models have created new avenues for personalized medicine and drug development. A new culture model derived from a three-dimensional system, the tumor organoid, is gradually being used in many fields. An organoid can simulate the physiological structure and function of tissue in situ and maintain the characteristics of tumor cells in vivo, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional experimental tumor models. Organoids can mimic pathological features of tumors and maintain genetic stability, making them suitable for both molecular mechanism studies and pharmacological experiments of clinical transformation. In addition, the application of tumor organoids combined with other technologies, such as liquid biopsy technology, microraft array (MRA), and high-content screening (HCS), for the development of personalized diagnosis and cancer treatment has a promising future. In this review, we introduce the evolution of organoids and discuss their specific application and advantages. We also summarize the characteristics of several tumor organoids culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, PR China.
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4
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Bhowmick R, Derakhshan T, Liang Y, Ritchey J, Liu L, Gappa-Fahlenkamp H. A Three-Dimensional Human Tissue-Engineered Lung Model to Study Influenza A Infection. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1468-1480. [PMID: 29732955 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) claims ∼250,000-500,000 lives annually worldwide. Currently, there are a few in vitro models available to study IAV immunopathology. Monolayer cultures of cell lines and primary lung cells (two-dimensional [2D] cell culture) is the most commonly used tool, however, this system does not have the in vivo-like structure of the lung and immune responses to IAV as it lacks the three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure. To recapitulate the lung physiology in vitro, a system that contains multiple cell types within a 3D environment that allows cell movement and interaction would provide a critical tool. In this study, as a first step in designing a 3D-Human Tissue-Engineered Lung Model (3D-HTLM), we describe the 3D culture of primary human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEpCs) and determined the immunophenotype of this system in response to IAV infections. We constructed a 3D chitosan-collagen scaffold and cultured HSAEpCs on these scaffolds at air-liquid interface (ALI). These 3D cultures were compared with 2D-cultured HSAEpCs for viability, morphology, marker protein expression, and cell differentiation. Results showed that the 3D-cultured HSAEpCs at ALI yielded maximum viable cells and morphologically resembled the in vivo lower airway epithelium. There were also significant increases in aquaporin-5 and cytokeratin-14 expression for HSAEpCs cultured in 3D compared to 2D. The 3D culture system was used to study the infection of HSAEpCs with two major IAV strains, H1N1 and H3N2. The HSAEpCs showed distinct changes in marker protein expression, both at mRNA and protein levels, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. This study is the first step in the development of the 3D-HTLM, which will have wide applicability in studying pulmonary pathophysiology and therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Bhowmick
- 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Tahereh Derakhshan
- 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Yurong Liang
- 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jerry Ritchey
- 3 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Lin Liu
- 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma
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5
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Freimark D, Ehlicke F, Czermak P. The Need for Imaging Methods in Bioengineering of Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139881003300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of live cells and tissue is gaining increasing importance in research and development. A number of demands are thus being made on the cultivation and analysis of cell response as well. For certain research approaches, in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cultivation best mimics natural conditions. Nevertheless, the imaging of such 3D environments is still a problem. To understand cell function in 3D, a number of in vivo imaging methods have been developed. This article introduces this field and proposes some interesting and promising imaging techniques for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Freimark
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Franziska Ehlicke
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Giessen - Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas - USA
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6
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Ngan E, Kiepas A, Brown CM, Siegel PM. Emerging roles for LPP in metastatic cancer progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:143-156. [PMID: 29027626 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM domain containing proteins are important regulators of diverse cellular processes, and play pivotal roles in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Lipoma Preferred Partner (LPP) is a member of the zyxin family of LIM proteins that has long been characterized as a promoter of mesenchymal/fibroblast cell migration. More recently, LPP has emerged as a critical inducer of tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. LPP is thought to contribute to these malignant phenotypes by virtue of its ability to shuttle into the nucleus, localize to adhesions and, most recently, to promote invadopodia formation. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms through which LPP regulates the functions of adhesions and invadopodia, and discuss potential roles of LPP in mediating cellular responses to mechanical cues within these mechanosensory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ngan
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 508, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Kiepas
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire M Brown
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 508, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1A3, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Grau-Monge C, Delcroix GJR, Bonnin-Marquez A, Valdes M, Awadallah ELM, Quevedo DF, Armour MR, Montero RB, Schiller PC, Andreopoulos FM, D'Ippolito G. Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible cells embedded within a biologically-inspired construct promote recovery in a mouse model of peripheral vascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:015024. [PMID: 28211362 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa5a74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral vascular disease is one of the major vascular complications in individuals suffering from diabetes and in the elderly that is associated with significant burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Stem cell therapy is being tested as an attractive alternative to traditional surgery to prevent and treat this disorder. The goal of this study was to enhance the protective and reparative potential of marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells by incorporating them within a bio-inspired construct (BIC) made of two layers of gelatin B electrospun nanofibers. We hypothesized that the BIC would enhance MIAMI cell survival and engraftment, ultimately leading to a better functional recovery of the injured limb in our mouse model of critical limb ischemia compared to MIAMI cells used alone. Our study demonstrated that MIAMI cell-seeded BIC resulted in a wide range of positive outcomes with an almost full recovery of blood flow in the injured limb, thereby limiting the extent of ischemia and necrosis. Functional recovery was also the greatest when MIAMI cells were combined with BICs, compared to MIAMI cells alone or BICs in the absence of cells. Histology was performed 28 days after grafting the animals to explore the mechanisms at the source of these positive outcomes. We observed that our critical limb ischemia model induces an extensive loss of muscular fibers that are replaced by intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), together with a highly disorganized vascular structure. The use of MIAMI cells-seeded BIC prevented IMAT infiltration with some clear evidence of muscular fibers regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grau-Monge
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, United States of America. Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VAMC, Miami, FL, United States of America
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8
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Shimizu M, Tanaka M, Atomi Y. Small Heat Shock Protein αB-Crystallin Controls Shape and Adhesion of Glioma and Myoblast Cells in the Absence of Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168136. [PMID: 27977738 PMCID: PMC5158045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and adhesion and their proper controls are fundamental for all biological systems. Mesenchymal cells migrate at an average rate of 6 to 60 μm/hr, depending on the extracellular matrix environment and cell signaling. Myotubes, fully differentiated muscle cells, are specialized for power-generation and therefore lose motility. Cell spreading and stabilities of focal adhesion are regulated by the critical protein vinculin from immature myoblast to mature costamere of differentiated myotubes where myofibril Z-band linked to sarcolemma. The Z-band is constituted from microtubules, intermediate filaments, cell adhesion molecules and other adapter proteins that communicate with the outer environment. Mesenchymal cells, including myoblast cells, convert actomyosin contraction forces to tension through mechano-responsive adhesion assembly complexes as Z-band equivalents. There is growing evidence that microtubule dynamics are involved in the generation of contractile forces; however, the roles of microtubules in cell adhesion dynamics are not well determined. Here, we show for the first time that αB-crystallin, a molecular chaperon for tubulin/microtubules, is involved in cell shape determination. Moreover, knockdown of this molecule caused myoblasts and glioma cells to lose their ability for adhesion as they tended to behave like migratory cells. Surprisingly, αB-crystallin knockdown in both C6 glial cells and L6 myoblast permitted cells to migrate more rapidly (2.7 times faster for C6 and 1.3 times faster for L6 cells) than dermal fibroblast. On the other hand, overexpression of αB-crystallin in cells led to an immortal phenotype because of persistent adhesion. Position of matured focal adhesion as visualized by vinculin immuno-staining, stress fiber direction, length, and density were clearly αB-crystallin dependent. These results indicate that the small HSP αB-crystallin has important roles for cell adhesion, and thus microtubule dynamics are necessary for persistent adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shimizu
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Atomi
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Binamé F, Bidaud-Meynard A, Magnan L, Piquet L, Montibus B, Chabadel A, Saltel F, Lagrée V, Moreau V. Cancer-associated mutations in the protrusion-targeting region of p190RhoGAP impact tumor cell migration. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:859-73. [PMID: 27646271 PMCID: PMC5037408 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
p190RhoGAP (p190A) is a negative regulator of RhoA and localizes to membrane protrusions, where its GAP activity is required for directional migration. Here, Binamé et al. identify the protrusion-localization sequence in p190A and show that cancer-associated mutations in this region affect p190A localization and function as well as tumor cell migration. Spatiotemporal regulation of RhoGTPases such as RhoA is required at the cell leading edge to achieve cell migration. p190RhoGAP (p190A) is the main negative regulator of RhoA and localizes to membrane protrusions, where its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity is required for directional migration. In this study, we investigated the molecular processes responsible for p190A targeting to actin protrusions. By analyzing the subcellular localization of truncated versions of p190A in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, we identified a novel functional p190A domain: the protrusion localization sequence (PLS) necessary and sufficient for p190A targeting to leading edges. Interestingly, the PLS is also required for the negative regulation of p190A RhoGAP activity. Further, we show that the F-actin binding protein cortactin binds the PLS and is required for p190A targeting to protrusions. Lastly, we demonstrate that cancer-associated mutations in PLS affect p190A localization and function, as well as tumor cell migration. Altogether, our data unveil a new mechanism of regulation of p190A in migrating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Magnan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Léo Piquet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bertille Montibus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Chabadel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 441, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Saltel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Lagrée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Violaine Moreau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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10
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Chaotham C, Chanvorachote P. A bibenzyl from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum inhibits migration in lung cancer cells. J Nat Med 2015; 69:565-74. [PMID: 26109451 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells have been shown to have aggressive behaviors accounting for the high incidence of chemotherapeutic failure and mortality. Because migration and invasion are crucial behaviors for cancer cell dissemination, promising compounds exhibiting potential antimigration effects are of interest for metastasis-based therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of a bibenzyl, 4,5,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxybibenzyl (TDB), isolated from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum Tang and Wang, in the suppression of migration in human lung cancer cells. TDB at nontoxic concentrations (1 and 5 µM) significantly inhibited the motility of lung cancer cells in scratch-wound assay. Chemotaxis-induced migration and invasion assays also revealed that the cell motility dramatically diminished in the cells treated with 1-5 µM TDB. Western blot analysis provided the underlying molecular mechanism, showing that TDB reduced such cell migration and invasion by decreasing migration-regulating proteins, including integrins αv, α4, β1, β3 and β5, as well as downstream signaling proteins, such as activated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), activated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1-GTP) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). As the presence of cellular protrusion, called filopodia, has been indicated as a hallmark of migrating cells, we showed that the reduction of the mentioned proteins correlated well with the disappearance of filopodia. In summary, this study demonstrates the promising activity of TDB and its mechanism in the inhibition of lung cancer cell migration, which might be useful for encouraging the development of this compound for antimetastatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Chaotham
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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11
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The synergetic effect of hydrogel stiffness and growth factor on osteogenic differentiation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5294-5306. [PMID: 24703716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to various chemical signals as well as environmental aspects of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that may alter cellular structures and functions. Hence, better understanding of the mechanical stimuli of the matrix is essential for creating an adjuvant material that mimics the physiological environment to support cell growth and differentiation, and control the release of the growth factor. In this study, we utilized the property of transglutaminase cross-linked gelatin (TG-Gel), where modification of the mechanical properties of TG-Gel can be easily achieved by tuning the concentration of gelatin. Modifying one or more of the material parameters will result in changes of the cellular responses, including different phenotype-specific gene expressions and functional differentiations. In this study, stiffer TG-Gels itself facilitated focal contact formation and osteogenic differentiation while soft TG-Gel promoted cell proliferation. We also evaluated the interactions between a stimulating factor (i.e. BMP-2) and matrix rigidity on osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. The results presented in this study suggest that the interactions of chemical and physical factors in ECM scaffolds may work synergistically to enhance bone regeneration.
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12
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Hwang H, Kim EK, Park J, Suh PG, Cho YK. RhoA and Rac1 play independent roles in lysophosphatidic acid-induced ovarian cancer chemotaxis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:267-76. [PMID: 24469268 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a bioactive phospholipid existing at high level in ascites and plasma of ovarian cancer patients, is known to be involved in cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) such as RhoA and Rac1 are intracellular signaling molecules which affect morphology and chemotactic behavior of cells. In this research, we first investigated roles of RhoA and Rac1 in the LPA-induced chemotaxis of SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells using a multilevel microfluidic platform. The multilevel microfluidic device was fabricated by a rapid prototyping method based on soft lithography using multi-layered adhesive tapes. This platform allows us to conduct the on-chip chemotaxis assays in conventional biology laboratories without any huge and expensive equipment for fabrication and fluidic manipulation. Based on image-based analysis of single cell trajectories in the microfluidic device, the chemotaxis of SKOV3 cells could be quantitatively analyzed in two independent parameters-migration speed and directional persistence. Inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathways reduced the directional persistence, not the migration speed, of the cells, while only the migration speed was decreased when the activity of Rac1/PAK pathways was suppressed. These results suggest that RhoA and Rac1 signaling pathways potentially play independent roles in the chemotactic migration of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in the linear and stable LPA concentration gradient. Our microfluidic platform would provide a rapid, low cost, easy-to-use, and versatile way for research of cancer cell migration which is crucial for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyundoo Hwang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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13
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Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A, Jhurry D. In vitro and in vivo cytocompatibility of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05218h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrospun polymeric-based nanofibrous scaffold mimicking the extracellular matrix and serving as a temporary support for cell growth, adhesion, migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Goonoo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit, Mauritius
| | - A. Bhaw-Luximon
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit, Mauritius
| | - D. Jhurry
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit, Mauritius
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14
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Yan XZ, van den Beucken JJJP, Both SK, Yang PS, Jansen JA, Yang F. Biomaterial strategies for stem cell maintenance during in vitro expansion. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:340-54. [PMID: 24168361 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells, having the potential for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, are the building blocks for tissue/organ regeneration. Stem cells can be isolated from various sources but are, in general, available in too small numbers to be used directly for clinical purpose without intermediate expansion procedures in vitro. Although this in vitro expansion of undifferentiated stem cells is necessary, stem cells typically diminish their ability to self-renew and proliferate during passaging. Consequently, maintaining the stemness of stem cells has been recognized as a major challenge in stem cell-based research. This review focuses on the latest developments in maintaining the self-renewal ability of stem cells during in vitro expansion by biomaterial strategies. Further, this review highlights what should be the focus for future studies using stem cells for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhen Yan
- 1 Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Zhao S, Gao R, Devreotes PN, Mogilner A, Zhao M. 3D arrays for high throughput assay of cell migration and electrotaxis. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:995-1002. [PMID: 23589440 PMCID: PMC3729600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell behaviour in 3D environments can be significantly different from those in 2D cultures. With many different 3D matrices being developed and many experimental modalities used to modulate cell behaviour in 3D, it is necessary to develop high throughput techniques to study behaviour in 3D. We report on a 3D array on slide and have adapted this to our electrotaxis chamber, thereby offering a novel approach to quantify cellular responses to electric fields (EFs) in 3D conditions, in different matrices, with different strains of cells, under various field strengths. These developments used Dictyostelium cells to illustrate possible applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjun Zhao
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China 650500
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Runchi Gao
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China 650500
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, MD 21205
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and Department of Mathematics, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
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Kubow KE, Conrad SK, Horwitz AR. Matrix microarchitecture and myosin II determine adhesion in 3D matrices. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1607-19. [PMID: 23932405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of adhesions in cells growing in 3D vary widely-from nonexistent to very large and elongated-and are often in apparent conflict, due largely to our minimal understanding of the underlying mechanisms that determine 3D cell phenotype. We address this problem directly by systematically identifying mechanisms that determine adhesion in 3D matrices and, from our observations, develop principles widely applicable across 2D and 3D substrates. RESULTS We demonstrate that nonmuscle myosin II activity guides adhesion phenotype in 3D as it does in 2D; however, in contrast to 2D, decreasing bulk matrix stiffness does not necessarily inhibit the formation of elongated adhesions. Even in soft 3D matrices, cells can form large adhesions in areas with appropriate local matrix fiber alignment. We further show that fiber orientation, apart from influencing local stiffness, modulates the available adhesive area and thereby determines adhesion size. CONCLUSIONS Thus adhesion in 3D is determined by both myosin activity and the immediate microenvironment of each adhesion, as defined by the local matrix architecture. Important parameters include not only the resistance of the fiber to pulling (i.e., stiffness) but also the orientation and diameter of the fiber itself. These principles not only clarify conflicts in the literature and point to adhesion modulating factors other than stiffness, but also have important implications for tissue engineering and studies of tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E Kubow
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800732, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0732, USA.
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Cook JM, O’Donnell C, Dinnen S, Bernardy N, Rosenheck R, Desai R. A formative evaluation of two evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD in VA residential treatment programs. J Trauma Stress 2013; 26:56-63. [PMID: 23417875 PMCID: PMC3652649 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Between July 2008 and March 2011, 38 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential treatment programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in a formative evaluation of their programmatic services, including evidenced-based treatments (EBTs). Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with over 250 staff by an independent psychologist along with onsite participant observations. This evaluation coincided with a national VA dissemination initiative to train providers in two EBTs for PTSD: prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT). A substantial proportion of eligible (based on professional background) residential treatment providers received training in PE (37.4%) or CPT (64.2%), with 9.5% completing case consultation or becoming national trainers in each therapy respectively. In semistructured interviews, providers reported that their clinical programs had adopted these EBTs at varying levels ranging from no adoption to every patient receiving the full protocol. Suggestions for improving the adoption of PE and CPT are noted, including distilling manualized treatments to essential common elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Cook
- Yale School of Medicine
,National Center for PTSD
| | | | | | | | | | - Rani Desai
- Yale School of Medicine
,National Center for PTSD
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18
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Wright GA, Costa L, Terekhov A, Jowhar D, Hofmeister W, Janetopoulos C. On-chip open microfluidic devices for chemotaxis studies. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:816-28. [PMID: 22846851 PMCID: PMC3995343 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices can provide unique control over both the chemoattractant gradient and the migration environment of the cells. Our work incorporates laser-machined micro and nanofluidic channels into bulk fused silica and cover slip-sized silica wafers. We have designed “open” chemotaxis devices that produce passive chemoattractant gradients without an external micropipette system. Since the migration area is unobstructed, cells can be easily loaded and strategically placed into the devices with a standard micropipette. The reusable monolithic glass devices have integral ports that can generate multiple gradients in a single experiment. We also used cover slip microfluidics for chemotaxis assays. Passive gradients elicited from these cover slips could be readily adapted for high throughput chemotaxis assays.We have also demonstrated for the first time that cells can be recruited into cover slip ports eliciting passive chemoattractant gradients. This proves, in principle, that intravital cover slip configurations could deliver controlled amounts of drugs, chemicals, or pathogens as well as recruit cells for proteomic or histological analysis in living animals while under microscopic observation. Intravital cover slip fluidics will create a new paradigm for in vivo observation of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus A. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lino Costa
- Center for Laser Applications, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - Alexander Terekhov
- Center for Laser Applications, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - Dawit Jowhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William Hofmeister
- Center for Laser Applications, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - Christopher Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Nguyen LTH, Liao S, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation with 3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1561-75. [PMID: 22709343 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Developing 3D scaffolds mimicking the nanoscale structure of the native extracellular matrix is important in tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the novelty of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds and compare their efficiency with 2D nanofibrous scaffolds. MATERIALS & METHODS The 2D poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds were 2D meshes fabricated by the conventional electrospinning technique, whereas the 3D poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated by a modified electrospinning technique using a dynamic liquid support system. The morphology, proliferation and differentiation abilities of human mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenic medium on both scaffolds were investigated. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Compared with the 2D scaffolds, the 3D scaffolds significantly increased the expression of osteoblastic genes of the stem cells as well as the formation of bone minerals. In addition, the scanning electron microscopic and micro-computed tomographic images showed the dense deposition of bone minerals aligned along the nanofibers of the 3D scaffolds after 14 and 28 days cultured with the mesenchymal stem cells. As such, the 3D electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffold is a novel bone graft substitute for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong T H Nguyen
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore.
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20
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21
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Li A, Ma Y, Yu X, Mort RL, Lindsay CR, Stevenson D, Strathdee D, Insall RH, Chernoff J, Snapper SB, Jackson IJ, Larue L, Sansom OJ, Machesky LM. Rac1 drives melanoblast organization during mouse development by orchestrating pseudopod- driven motility and cell-cycle progression. Dev Cell 2011; 21:722-34. [PMID: 21924960 PMCID: PMC3464460 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, melanoblasts proliferate and migrate ventrally through the developing dermis and epidermis as single cells. Targeted deletion of Rac1 in melanoblasts during embryogenesis causes defects in migration, cell-cycle progression, and cytokinesis. Rac1 null cells migrate markedly less efficiently, but surprisingly, global steering, crossing the dermal/epidermal junction, and homing to hair follicles occur normally. Melanoblasts navigate in the epidermis using two classes of protrusion: short stubs and long pseudopods. Short stubs are distinct from blebs and are driven by actin assembly but are independent of Rac1, Arp2/3 complex, myosin, or microtubules. Rac1 positively regulates the frequency of initiation of long pseudopods, which promote migration speed and directional plasticity. Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 complex drive actin assembly for long pseudopod extension, which also depends on microtubule dynamics. Myosin contractility balances the extension of long pseudopods by effecting retraction and allowing force generation for movement through the complex 3D epidermal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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22
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Kubow KE, Horwitz AR. Reducing background fluorescence reveals adhesions in 3D matrices. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:3-5; author reply 5-7. [PMID: 21173800 PMCID: PMC3083631 DOI: 10.1038/ncb0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E. Kubow
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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23
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Szot CS, Buchanan CF, Gatenholm P, Rylander MN, Freeman JW. Investigation of cancer cell behavior on nanofibrous scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Chang RC, Emami K, Jeevarajan A, Wu H, Sun W. Microprinting of liver micro-organ for drug metabolism study. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 671:219-238. [PMID: 20967633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-551-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In their normal in vivo matrix milieu, tissues assume complex well-organized 3D architectures. Therefore, a primary aim in the tissue engineering design process is to fabricate an optimal analog of the in vivo scenario, in which the precise configuration and composition of cells and bioactive matrix components can establish the well-defined biomimetic microenvironments that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. With the advent and refinements in microfabricated systems which can present physical and chemical cues to cells in a controllable and reproducible fashion unrealizable with conventional tissue culture, high-fidelity, high-throughput in vitro models are achieved. The convergence of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies, namely microprinting, along with microfabrication techniques, a 3D microprinted micro-organ, can serve as an in vitro platform for cell culture, drug screening, or to elicit further biological insights. This chapter firstly details the principles, methods, and applications that undergird the fabrication process development and adaptation of microfluidic devices for the creation of a drug screening model. This model involves the combinatorial setup of an automated syringe-based, layered direct cell writing microprinting process with soft lithographic micropatterning techniques to fabricate a microscale in vitro device housing a chamber of microprinted 3D micro-organ that biomimics the cell's natural microenvironment for enhanced performance and functionality. In order to assess the structural formability and biological feasibility of such a micro-organ, 3D cell-encapsulated hydrogel-based tissue constructs are microprinted reproducibly in defined design patterns and biologically characterized for both viability and cell-specific function. Another key facet of the in vivo microenvironment that is recapitulated with the in vitro system is the necessary dynamic perfusion of the 3D microscale liver analog with cells probed for their collective drug metabolic function and suitability as a drug metabolism model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Jowhar D, Wright G, Samson PC, Wikswo JP, Janetopoulos C. Open access microfluidic device for the study of cell migration during chemotaxis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:648-58. [PMID: 20949221 PMCID: PMC3806978 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells sense and interpret chemical gradients, and respond by localized responses that lead to directed migration. An open microfluidic device (OMD) was developed to provide quantitative information on both the gradient and morphological changes that occurred as cells crawled through various microfabricated channels. This device overcame problems that many current devices have been plagued with, such as complicated cell loading, media evaporation and channel blockage by air bubbles. We used a micropipette to set up stable gradients formed by passive diffusion and thus avoided confounding cellular responses produced by shear forces. Two versions of the OMD are reported here: one device that has channels with widths of 6, 8, 10 and 12 μm, while the other has two large 100 μm channels to minimize cellular interaction with lateral walls. These experiments compared the migration rates and qualitative behavior of Dictyostelium discoideum cells responding to measurable cAMP and folic acid gradients in small and large channels. We report on the influence that polarity has on a cell's ability to migrate when confined in a channel. Polarized cells that migrated to cAMP were significantly faster than the unpolarized cells that crawled toward folic acid. Unpolarized cells in wide channels often strayed off course, yet migrated faster than unpolarized cells in confined channels. Cells in channels farthest from the micropipette migrated through the channels at rates similar to cells in channels with higher concentrations, suggesting that cell speed was independent of mean concentration. Lastly, it was found that the polarized cells could easily change migration direction even when only the leading edge of the cell was exposed to a lateral gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Jowhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351634, Nashville, TN 37235., Fax: +1 615-343-6707; Tel: +1 615-936-8907
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351634, Nashville, TN 37235., Fax: +1 615-343-6707; Tel: +1 615-936-8907
| | - Philip C. Samson
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Christopher Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351634, Nashville, TN 37235., Fax: +1 615-343-6707; Tel: +1 615-936-8907
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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26
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Parri M, Chiarugi P. Rac and Rho GTPases in cancer cell motility control. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:23. [PMID: 20822528 PMCID: PMC2941746 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. Cells exhibit three distinct modes of migration when invading the 3 D environment. Collective motility leads to movement of cohorts of cells which maintain the adherens junctions and move by photolytic degradation of matrix barriers. Single cell mesenchymal-type movement is characterized by an elongated cellular shape and again requires extracellular proteolysis and integrin engagement. In addition it depends on Rac1-mediated cell polarization and lamellipodia formation. Conversely, in amoeboid movement cells have a rounded morphology, the movement is independent from proteases but requires high Rho GTPase to drive elevated levels of actomyosin contractility. These two modes of cell movement are interconvertible and several moving cells, including tumor cells, show an high degree of plasticity in motility styles shifting ad hoc between mesenchymal or amoeboid movements. This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. In addition we analyse the role of these GTPases in cancer progression and metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
The dynamic remolding of the actin cytoskeleton is a critical part of most cellular activities, and malfunction of cytoskeletal proteins results in various human diseases. The transition between two forms of actin, monomeric or G-actin and filamentous or F-actin, is tightly regulated in time and space by a large number of signaling, scaffolding and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). New ABPs are constantly being discovered in the post-genomic era. Most of these proteins are modular, integrating actin binding, protein-protein interaction, membrane-binding, and signaling domains. In response to extracellular signals, often mediated by Rho family GTPases, ABPs control different steps of actin cytoskeleton assembly, including filament nucleation, elongation, severing, capping, and depolymerization. This review summarizes structure-function relationships among ABPs in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Haeng Lee
- Chosun University School of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
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28
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Dash A, Inman W, Hoffmaster K, Sevidal S, Kelly J, Obach RS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Liver tissue engineering in the evaluation of drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1159-74. [PMID: 19637986 PMCID: PMC4110978 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903160664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of drug-liver interactions is an integral part of predicting the safety profile of new drugs. Existing model systems range from in vitro cell culture models to FDA-mandated animal tests. Data from these models often fail, however, to predict human liver toxicity, resulting in costly failures of clinical trials. In vitro screens based on cultured hepatocytes are now commonly used in early stages of development, but many toxic responses in vivo seem to be mediated by a complex interplay among several different cell types. We discuss some of the evolving trends in liver cell culture systems applied to drug safety assessment and describe an experimental model that captures complex liver physiology through incorporation of heterotypic cell-cell interactions, 3D architecture and perfused flow. We demonstrate how heterotypic interactions in this system can be manipulated to recreate an inflammatory environment and apply the model to test compounds that potentially exhibit idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the range of existing and emerging in vitro liver culture approaches, from simple to complex, might serve needs across the range of stages in drug discovery and development, including applications in molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Dash
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Walker Inman
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Sevidal
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joan Kelly
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Chang R, Nam J, Sun W. Direct cell writing of 3D microorgan for in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 14:157-66. [PMID: 18544030 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2007.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel targeted application of tissue engineering is the development of an in vitro pharmacokinetic model for drug screening and toxicology. An in vitro pharmacokinetic model is needed to realistically and reliably predict in vivo human response to drug administrations and potential toxic exposures. This paper details the fabrication process development and adaptation of microfluidic devices for the creation of such a physiologically relevant pharmacokinetic model. First, an automated syringe-based, layered direct cell writing (DCW) bioprinting process creates a 3D microorgan that biomimics the cell's natural microenvironment with enhanced functionality. Next, soft lithographic micropatterning techniques are used to fabricate a microscale in vitro device to house the 3D microorgan. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the DCW process for freeform biofabrication of 3D cell-encapsulated hydrogel-based tissue constructs with defined reproducible patterns, direct integration of 3D constructs onto a microfluidic device for continuous perfusion drug flow, and characterization of 3D tissue constructs with predictable cell viability/proliferation outcomes and enhanced functionality over traditional culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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30
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Spessotto P, Lacrima K, Nicolosi PA, Pivetta E, Scapolan M, Perris R. Fluorescence-based assays for in vitro analysis of cell adhesion and migration. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 522:221-50. [PMID: 19247614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-413-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and cell migration are two primary cellular phenomena for which in vitro approaches may be exploited to effectively dissect the individual events and underlying molecular mechanisms. The use of assays dedicated to the analysis of cell adhesion and migration in vitro also afford an efficient way of conducting larger basic and applied research screenings on the factors affecting these processes and are potentially exploitable in the context of routine diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tests in the biological and medical fields. Therefore, there is a longstanding continuum in the interest in devising more rationale such assays and major contributions in this direction have been provided by the advent of procedures based on fluorescence cell tagging, the design of instruments capable of detecting fluorescent signals with high sensitivity, and informatic tools allowing sophisticated elaboration of data generated through these instruments. In this report, we describe three representative fluorescence-based model assays for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cell adhesion and cell locomotion in static and dynamic conditions. The assays are easily performed, accurate and reproducible, and can be automated for high-to-medium throughput screenings of cell behavior in vitro. Performance of the assays involves the use of certain dedicated disposable accessories, which are commercially available, and a few instruments that, due to their versatility, can be regarded as constituents of a more generic laboratory setup.
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31
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Nisbet D, Forsythe J, Shen W, Finkelstein D, Horne M. Review Paper: A Review of the Cellular Response on Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering. J Biomater Appl 2008; 24:7-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328208099086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning has been employed extensively in tissue engineering to generate nanofibrous scaffolds from either natural or synthetic biodegradable polymers to simulate the cellular microenvironment. Electrospinning rapidly produces fibers of the nanolength scale and the process offers many opportunities to tailor the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a material for specific applications and cellular environments. There is growing evidence that nanofibers amplify certain biological responses such as contact guidance and differentiation, however this has not been fully exploited in tissue engineering. This review addresses the cellular interactions with electrospun scaffolds, with particular focus on neural, bone, cartilage, and vascular tissue regeneration. Some aspects of scaffold design, including architectural properties, surface functionalization and materials selection are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.R. Nisbet
- Department of Materials Engineering, Division of Biological Engineering, Monash University, PO Box 69M, Victoria 3800, Australia, CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - J.S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Engineering, Division of Biological Engineering, Monash University, PO Box 69M, Victoria 3800, Australia, , CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - W. Shen
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, PO Box 69M, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D.I. Finkelstein
- The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - M.K. Horne
- Howard Florey Institute, Gate 11, Royal Parade The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Cell migration is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that underlies the development and functioning of uni- and multicellular organisms and takes place in normal and pathogenic processes, including various events of embryogenesis, wound healing, immune response, cancer metastases, and angiogenesis. Despite the differences in the cell types that take part in different migratory events, it is believed that all of these migrations occur by similar molecular mechanisms, whose major components have been functionally conserved in evolution and whose perturbation leads to severe developmental defects. These mechanisms involve intricate cytoskeleton-based molecular machines that can sense the environment, respond to signals, and modulate the entire cell behavior. A big question that has concerned the researchers for decades relates to the coordination of cell migration in situ and its relation to the intracellular aspects of the cell migratory mechanisms. Traditionally, this question has been addressed by researchers that considered the intra- and extracellular mechanisms driving migration in separate sets of studies. As more data accumulate researchers are now able to integrate all of the available information and consider the intracellular mechanisms of cell migration in the context of the developing organisms that contain additional levels of complexity provided by extracellular regulation. This review provides a broad summary of the existing and emerging data in the cell and developmental biology fields regarding cell migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Lele TP, Thodeti CK, Pendse J, Ingber DE. Investigating complexity of protein-protein interactions in focal adhesions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:929-34. [PMID: 18331831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of focal adhesions governs cell shape and function; however, there are few measurements of the binding kinetics of focal adhesion proteins in living cells. Here, we used the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique, combined with mathematical modeling and scaling analysis to quantify dissociation kinetics of focal adhesion proteins in capillary endothelial cells. Novel experimental protocols based on mathematical analysis were developed to discern the rate-limiting step during FRAP. Values for the dissociation rate constant k(OFF) ranged over an order of magnitude from 0.009+/-0.001/s for talin to 0.102+/-0.010/s for FAK, indicating that talin is bound more strongly than other proteins in focal adhesions. Comparisons with in vitro measurements reveal that multiple focal adhesion proteins form a network of bonds, rather than binding in a pair-wise manner in these anchoring structures in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay P Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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34
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Methe H, Hess S, Edelman ER. The effect of three-dimensional matrix-embedding of endothelial cells on the humoral and cellular immune response. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:117-22. [PMID: 18243732 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a unique immunologic target. The first host-donor reaction in any cell, tissue or organ transplant occurs at the blood-tissue interface, the endothelium. When endothelial cells are themselves the primary component of the implant a second set of immunologic reactions arises. Injections of free endothelial cell implants elicit a profound major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II dominated immune response with significant sensitivity, cascade enhancement and immune memory. Endothelial cells embedded within three-dimensional matrices retain all the biosecretory capacity of quiescent endothelial cells. Perivascular implants of such cells are the most potent inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis following controlled vascular injury, but without any immune reactivity. Allo- and even xenogeneic endothelial cells evoke no significant humoral or cellular immune response in immunocompetent hosts when embedded within matrices. Moreover, endothelial implants are immunomodulatory, reducing the extent of the memory response to previous free cell implants. Attenuated immunogenicity results in muted activation of adaptive and innate immune cells. These findings point toward a pivotal role of matrix-cell-interconnectivity for the cellular immune phenotype and might therefore assist in the design of extracellular matrix components for successful tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Methe
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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35
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Sun H, Song B, Dong H, Reid B, Player MA, Watson J, Zhao M. Visualization of fast-moving cells in vivo using digital holographic video microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:014007. [PMID: 18315365 DOI: 10.1117/1.2841050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Digital in-line holography offers some significant advantages over conventional optical holography and microscopy to image biological specimens. By combining holography with digital video microscopy, an in-line holographic video microscope is developed and is capable of recording spatial 3D holographic images of biological specimens, while preserving the time dimension. The system enables high-speed video recording of fast cell movement, such as the rapid movement of blood cells in the blood stream in vivo. This capability is demonstrated with observations of fast 3-D movement of live cells in suspension cultures in response to a gentle shake to the Petri dish. The experimental and numerical procedures are incorporated with a fast reconstruction algorithm for reconstruction of holographic video frames at various planes (z axis) from the hologram and along the time axis. The current system enables both lateral and longitudinal resolutions down to a few micrometers. Postreconstruction processing of background subtraction is utilized to eliminate noise caused by scattered light, thereby enabling visualization of, for example, blood streams of live Xenopos tadpoles. The combination of digital holography and microscopy offers unique advantages for imaging of fast moving cells and other biological particles in three dimensions in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Sun
- University of Aberdeen, School of Engineering, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
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36
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Chang R, Nam J, Sun W. Computer-Aided Design, Modeling, and Freeform Fabrication of 3D Tissue Constructs for Drug Metabolism Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3722/cadaps.2008.363-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Ghoghawala SY, Mannis MJ, Murphy CJ, Rosenblatt MI, Isseroff RR. Economical LED based, real-time, in vivo imaging of murine corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:1031-8. [PMID: 17445800 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An optimal system for monitoring in vivo corneal wound healing is inexpensive, has utility for wounding and imaging, and is able to provide previews before photography. We outline such an imaging system that takes advantage of a consumer digital camera and an LED-based light source for fluorescein excitation. Using FVB/NJ mice, 2mm diameter, circular, axial corneal epithelial defects were created using a crescent blade. The corneal wounds were imaged every four hours until healed using a Nikon Coolpix 5400 camera attached to a Nikon SMZ-10A stereomicroscope, using the illumination from a 16 LED 464nm flashlight. The wound area was calculated, and the linear regressions of the linear phase of wound healing were compared using the F-test. The slopes of the linear regressions for the 6 trials of 4 mice/trial had an average of -52.95microm/h (SEM=0.55microm/h) and were statistically equivalent (p>0.05). The mean of the R(2) values for the linear regressions was 0.9546 (SEM=0.0121). The equivalent linear regressions and R(2)>0.90 suggest that the imaging system could precisely monitor the wound healing of multiple trials and of animals within each trial, respectively. Using a consumer digital camera and LED-based illumination, we have established a system that is economical, is used in both wounding and imaging, is operated by a single person, and is able to provide real-time previews to monitor corneal wound healing precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Ghoghawala
- School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, TB 192, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Abstract
The basic concepts of the molecular machinery that mediates cell migration have been gleaned from cell culture systems. However, the three-dimensional environment within an organism presents migrating cells with a much greater challenge. They must move between and among other cells while interpreting multiple attractive and repulsive cues to choose their proper path. They must coordinate their cell adhesion with their surroundings and know when to start and stop moving. New insights into the control of these remaining mysteries have emerged from genetic dissection and live imaging of germ cell migration in Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse embryos. In this review, we first describe germ cell migration in cellular and mechanistic detail in these different model systems. We then compare these systems to highlight the emerging principles. Finally, we contrast the migration of germ cells with that of immune and cancer cells to outline the conserved and different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat S Kunwar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016-6402, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The emergence of tissue engineering raises new possibilities for the study of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro. Many tools are now available to create 3D tissue models in vitro, but the blueprints for what to make have been slower to arrive. We discuss here some of the 'design principles' for recreating the interwoven set of biochemical and mechanical cues in the cellular microenvironment, and the methods for implementing them. We emphasize applications that involve epithelial tissues for which 3D models could explain mechanisms of disease or aid in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Griffith
- Biological Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department and Biotech/Pharma Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-429, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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40
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Carbonell WS, Murase SI, Horwitz AF, Mandell JW. Migration of perilesional microglia after focal brain injury and modulation by CC chemokine receptor 5: an in situ time-lapse confocal imaging study. J Neurosci 2006; 25:7040-7. [PMID: 16049180 PMCID: PMC6724831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5171-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia rapidly become reactive in response to diverse stimuli and are thought to be prominent participants in the pathophysiology of both acute injury and chronic neurological diseases. However, mature microglial reactions to a focal lesion have not been characterized dynamically in adult vertebrate tissue. Here, we present a detailed analysis of long-distance perilesional microglial migration using time-lapse confocal microscopy in acutely isolated living slices from adult brain-injured mice. Extensive migration of perilesional microglia was apparent by 24 h after injury and peaked at 3 d. Average instantaneous migration speeds of approximately 5 microm/min and peak speeds >10 microm/min were observed. Collective, directed migration toward the lesion edge was not observed as might be expected in the presence of chemoattractive gradients. Rather, migration was autonomous and could be modeled as a random walk. Pharmacological blockade of the cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5 reduced migration velocity and the number of perilesional migratory microglia without affecting directional persistence, suggesting a novel role for chemokines in modulation of discrete migratory parameters. Finally, activated microglia in the denervated hippocampal stratum oriens did not migrate extensively, whereas human immunodeficiency virus-1 tat-activated microglia migrated nearly twice as fast as those at the stab lesion, indicating a nonuniform microglial response to different stimuli. Understanding the characteristics and specific molecular mechanisms underlying microglial migration after neural injury could reveal novel targets for therapeutic strategies for modulating neuroinflammation in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shawn Carbonell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Division of Neuropathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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41
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Hirschy A, Schatzmann F, Ehler E, Perriard JC. Establishment of cardiac cytoarchitecture in the developing mouse heart. Dev Biol 2006; 289:430-41. [PMID: 16337936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are characterized by an extremely well-organized cytoarchitecture. We investigated its establishment in the developing mouse heart with particular reference to the myofibrils and the specialized types of cell-cell contacts, the intercalated discs (ICD). Early embryonic cardiomyocytes have a polygonal shape with cell-cell contacts distributed circumferentially at the peripheral membrane and myofibrils running in a random orientation in the sparse cytoplasm between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. During fetal development, the cardiomyocytes elongate, and the myofibrils become aligned. The restriction of the ICD components to the bipolar ends of the cells is a much slower process and is achieved for adherens junctions and desmosomes only after birth, for gap junctions even later. By quantifying the specific growth parameters of prenatal cardiomyocytes, we were able to identify a previously unknown fetal phase of physiological hypertrophy. Our results suggest (1) that myofibril alignment, bipolarization and ICD restriction happen sequentially in cardiomyocytes, and (2) that increase of heart mass in the embryo is not only achieved by hyperplasia alone but also by volume increase of the individual cardiomyocytes (hypertrophy). These observations help to understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of a functional heart during development at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Hirschy
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich-Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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43
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Sun S, Wise J, Cho M. Human fibroblast migration in three-dimensional collagen gel in response to noninvasive electrical stimulus. I. Characterization of induced three-dimensional cell movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:1548-57. [PMID: 15588414 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and motility is one of the important biological processes involved in cell growth, differentiation, inflammatory response, and wound healing, and in engineered tissue constructs. Because cellular behaviors can be influenced by the local electrical environment within tissues, induced cell orientation, adhesion, and migration by exogenous electrical stimulus have been extensively examined on two-dimensional (2D) substrates. Similar cellular responses in 3D matrix have not been well documented, however. We have therefore used the 3D collagen gel as a model to characterize human fibroblast movement in response to noninvasive DC electrical stimulus. Cell movements were compared by plating the cells on 2D substrates and embedding them into the reconstituted 3D collagen gel. Our results indicate that 3D cell movement is regulated by both electrical stimulus strength and collagen concentration. For example, a small noninvasive electrical stimulus (0.1 V/cm) was found to be sufficient to induce 3D cell migration, and a collagen concentration of 0.58 mg/mL appeared to represent the optimal scaffold network environment. The same electrical stimulus did not induce significant 2D cell movement, however. Typical cell migration was best analyzed by assuming both directed and random movement and that, in response to an electrical stimulus of 0.1 V/cm, the cell migration rate was 0.23 microm/min and the random motility coefficient was 0.07 microm2/min. Because regulation of cell adhesion and migration is often desired in tissue engineering, the ability to apply physical stimulus and to control 3D cell movement may provide an alternative methodology for regulation of engineered tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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44
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Carbonell WS, Murase SI, Horwitz AF, Mandell JW. Infiltrative microgliosis: activation and long-distance migration of subependymal microglia following periventricular insults. J Neuroinflammation 2005; 2:5. [PMID: 15679892 PMCID: PMC548677 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subventricular microglia (SVMs) are positioned at the interface of the cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma and may play a role in periventricular inflammatory reactions. However, SVMs have not been previously investigated in detail due to the lack of a specific methodology for their study exclusive of deeper parenchymal microglia. Methods We have developed and characterized a novel model for the investigation of subventricular microglial reactions in mice using intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of high-dose rhodamine dyes. Dynamic studies using timelapse confocal microscopy in situ complemented the histopathological analysis. Results We demonstrate that high-dose ICV rhodamine dye injection resulted in selective uptake by the ependyma and ependymal death within hours. Phagocytosis of ependymal debris by activated SVMs was evident by 1d as demonstrated by the appearance of rhodamine-positive SVMs. In the absence of further manipulation, labelled SVMs remained in the subventricular space. However, these cells exhibited the ability to migrate several hundred microns into the parenchyma towards a deafferentation injury of the hippocampus. This "infiltrative microgliosis" was verified in situ using timelapse confocal microscopy. Finally, supporting the disease relevance of this event, the triad of ependymal cell death, SVM activation, and infiltrative microgliosis was recapitulated by a single ICV injection of HIV-1 tat protein. Conclusions Subependymal microglia exhibit robust activation and migration in periventricular inflammatory responses. Further study of this population of microglia may provide insight into neurological diseases with tendencies to involve the ventricular system and periventricular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shawn Carbonell
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Murase
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Alan F Horwitz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - James W Mandell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Pathology (Division of Neuropathology), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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45
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Abstract
Spectrin family proteins represent an important group of actin-bundling and membrane-anchoring proteins found in diverse structures from yeast to man. Arising from a common ancestral alpha-actinin gene through duplications and rearrangements, the family has increased to include the spectrins and dystrophin/utrophin. The spectrin family is characterized by the presence of spectrin repeats, actin binding domains, and EF hands. With increasing divergence, new domains and functions have been added such that spectrin and dystrophin also contain specialized protein-protein interaction motifs and regions for interaction with membranes and phospholipids. The acquisition of new domains also increased the functional complexity of the family such that the proteins perform a range of tasks way beyond the simple bundling of actin filaments by alpha-actinin in S. pombe. We discuss the evolutionary, structural, functional, and regulatory roles of the spectrin family of proteins and describe some of the disease traits associated with loss of spectrin family protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J F Broderick
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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46
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Costantino S, Heinze KG, Martínez OE, De Koninck P, Wiseman PW. Two-photon fluorescent microlithography for live-cell imaging. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 68:272-6. [PMID: 16315236 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes added to UV-cure resins allow the rapid fabrication of fluorescent micropatterns on standard glass coverslips by two-photon optical lithography. We use this lithographic method to tailor fiduciary markers, focal references, and calibration tools, for fluorescence and laser scanning microscopy. Fluorescent microlithography provides spatial landmarks to quantify molecular transport, cell growth and migration, and to compensate for focal drift during time-lapse imaging. We show that the fluorescent patterned microstructures are biocompatible with cultures of mammalian cell lines and hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, the high-relief topology of the lithographed substrates is utilized as a mold for poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps to create protein patterns by microcontact printing, representing an alternative to the current etching techniques. We present two different applications of such protein patterns for localizing cell adhesion and guidance of neurite outgrowth.
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47
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Abstract
The complex muscle patterns of higher organisms arise as migrating myoblasts are guided toward and connect with specific attachment sites. We review here the current understanding of myotube migration, focusing on its dynamic nature and the few molecular cues that have been identified to date. Much of this knowledge comes from studies in Drosophila, where powerful methods for in vivo imaging and genetic manipulation can be used to tackle this important but largely unsolved problem in developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schnorrer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3-5, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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48
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Sun S, Cho M. Human Fibroblast Migration in Three-Dimensional Collagen Gel in Response to Noninvasive Electrical Stimulus. II. Identification of Electrocoupling Molecular Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1558-65. [PMID: 15588415 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration is regulated by a series of coordinated and integrated molecular mechanisms. In the accompanying article (Sun et al., Tissue Eng. 10, 1548, 2004), we demonstrate and characterize the human fibroblast movement in three-dimensional (3D) collagen gel induced by non-invasive electrical stimulus. The molecular mechanisms mediating 3D cell migration in response to physical stimuli including noninvasive electrical stimulus remain to be elucidated, however. Here we report that induced human fibroblast movement in 3D collagen gel is both integrin and Ca2+ dependent. Treatment of cells with anti-integrin antibodies prevents electrically induced cell movement. More interestingly, whereas the absence of extracellular Ca2+ suppresses cell movement, inhibition of the cell surface receptor-coupled phospholipase C (PLC) completely prevents 3D cell migration, suggesting molecular association between integrin, PLC, and intracellular Ca2+. Coupling of external electrical stimulus to PLC activation appears to be the primary event required to induce cell migration, while Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane regulates the sustained cell movement. On the basis of the rather small strength (0.1 V/cm) of electrical stimulus used in this study, activation of the electrically operated voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is unlikely, but the mechanically operated stretch-activated cation channels appear to mediate Ca2+ influx. Elucidation of the electrocoupling molecular mechanisms involved in 3D cell movement could lead to controlled and designed manipulation of 3D cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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49
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Haines L, Neyt C, Gautier P, Keenan DG, Bryson-Richardson RJ, Hollway GE, Cole NJ, Currie PD. Met and Hgf signaling controls hypaxial muscle and lateral line development in the zebrafish. Development 2004; 131:4857-69. [PMID: 15342468 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Somites give rise to a number of different embryonic cell types, including the precursors of skeletal muscle populations. The lateral aspect of amniote and fish somites have been shown to give rise specifically to hypaxial muscle, including the appendicular muscle that populates fins and limbs. We have investigated the morphogenetic basis for formation of specific hypaxial muscles within the zebrafish embryo and larvae. Transplantation experiments have revealed a developmentally precocious commitment of cells derived from pectoral fin level somites to forming hypaxial and specifically appendicular muscle. The fate of transplanted somites cannot be over-ridden by local inductive signals, suggesting that somitic tissue may be fixed at an early point in their developmental history to produce appendicular muscle. We further show that this restriction in competence is mirrored at the molecular level, with the exclusive expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase met within somitic regions fated to give rise to appendicular muscle. Loss-of-function experiments reveal that Met and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, are required for the correct morphogenesis of the hypaxial muscles in which met is expressed. Furthermore, we demonstrate a requirement for Met signaling in the process of proneuromast deposition from the posterior lateral line primordia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Haines
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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50
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Webb DJ, Brown CM, Horwitz AF. Illuminating adhesion complexes in migrating cells: moving toward a bright future. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004; 15:614-20. [PMID: 14519397 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-0674(03)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex, tightly regulated process that involves the continuous formation and disassembly of adhesions. Despite the importance of these processes, very little is known about the factors that regulate adhesion dynamics during migration. Recent advances in imaging technologies are allowing monitoring of these processes during migration and are providing insight into the mechanisms that regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Webb
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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