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Bacqué-Cazenave J, Berthomieu M, Cattaert D, Fossat P, Delbecque JP. Do arthropods feel anxious during molts? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.186999. [PMID: 30530836 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molting process of arthropods, chiefly controlled by ecdysteroids, is generally considered very stressful. Our previous investigations have shown that crayfish, after having experienced stressful situations, display anxiety-like behavior (ALB), characterized by aversion to light in a dark/light plus-maze (DLPM). In the present experiments, the spontaneous exploratory behavior of isolated crayfish was analyzed in a DLPM at different stages of their molt cycle. All tested animals displayed transitory aversion to light similar to ALB, before and, mostly, after molting, but not during inter-molt. Injection of ecdysteroids into inter-molt animals elicited ALB after a delay of 4 days, suggesting a long-term, possibly indirect, hormonal effect. Importantly, ecdysteroid-induced ALB was suppressed by the injection of an anxiolytic benzodiazepine. Thus, molts and their hormonal control impose internal stress on crayfish, leading to aversion behavior that has the main characteristics of anxiety. These observations are possibly generalizable to many other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bacqué-Cazenave
- Department of Life and Health Science, Université de Bordeaux. CNRS, UMR5287, INCIA (Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Berthomieu
- Department of Life and Health Science, Université de Bordeaux. CNRS, UMR5287, INCIA (Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel Cattaert
- Department of Life and Health Science, Université de Bordeaux. CNRS, UMR5287, INCIA (Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Department of Life and Health Science, Université de Bordeaux. CNRS, UMR5287, INCIA (Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Paul Delbecque
- Department of Life and Health Science, Université de Bordeaux. CNRS, UMR5287, INCIA (Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Vitecek S, Maria A, Blais C, Duportets L, Gaertner C, Dufour MC, Siaussat D, Debernard S, Gadenne C. Is the rapid post-mating inhibition of pheromone response triggered by ecdysteroids or other factors from the sex accessory glands in the male moth Agrotis ipsilon? Horm Behav 2013; 63:700-8. [PMID: 23562716 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In many animals, male copulation is dependent on the detection and processing of female-produced sex pheromones, which is generally followed by a sexual refractory post-ejaculatory interval (PEI). In the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon, this PEI is characterized by a transient post-mating inhibition of behavioral and central nervous responses to sex pheromone, which prevents males from re-mating until they have refilled their reproductive tracts for a potential new ejaculate. However, the timing and possible factors inducing this rapid olfactory switch-off are still unknown. Here, we determined the initial time delay and duration of the PEI. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that the brain, the testis and/or the sex accessory glands (SAGs) could produce a factor inducing the PEI. Lastly, we investigated the possible involvement of ecdysteroids, hormones essential for development and reproduction in insects, in this olfactory plasticity. Using brain and SAG cross-injections in virgin and newly-mated males, surgical treatments, wind tunnel behavioral experiments and EIA quantifications of ecdysteroids, we show that the PEI starts very shortly after the onset of copulation, and that SAGs contain a factor, which is produced/accumulated after copulation to induce the PEI. Moreover, SAGs were found to be the main source of ecdysteroids, whose concentration decreased after mating, whereas it increased in the haemolymph. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) was identified as the major ecdysteroid in SAGs of A. ipsilon males. Finally, 20E injections did not reduce the behavioral pheromone response of virgin males. Altogether our data indicate that 20E is probably not involved in the PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vitecek
- UMR 1272, UPMC-INRA, Physiologie de l'Insecte, Signalisation et Communication, INRA Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78000, Versailles, France
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Yamazaki Y, Kiuchi M, Takeuchi H, Kubo T. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis in workers of the European honeybee Apis mellifera L. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:283-93. [PMID: 21277979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported preferential expression of genes for ecdysteroid signaling in the mushroom bodies of honeybee workers, suggesting a role of ecdysteroid signaling in regulating honeybee behaviors. The organs that produce ecdysteroids in worker honeybees, however, remain unknown. We show here that the expression of neverland and Non-molting glossy/shroud, which are involved in early steps of ecdysteroid synthesis, was enhanced in the ovary, while the expression of CYP306A1 and CYP302A1, which are involved in later steps of ecdysone synthesis, was enhanced in the brain, and the expression of CYP314A1, which is involved in converting ecdysone into active 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), was enhanced in the brain, fat body, and ovary. In in vitro organ culture, a significant amount of ecdysteroids was detected in the culture medium of the brain, fat body, and hypopharyngeal glands. The ecdysteroids detected in the culture medium of the fat body were identified as ecdysone and 20E. These findings suggest that, in worker honeybees, cholesterol is converted into intermediate ecdysteroids in the ovary, whereas ecdysone is synthesized and secreted mainly by the brain and converted into 20E in the brain and fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Warren JT, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Studies on the Black Box: incorporation of 3-oxo-7-dehydrocholesterol into ecdysteroids by Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:677-687. [PMID: 19699302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that the oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7dC), made from dietary cholesterol (C), to 3-oxo-7dC (3-oxo-Delta(5,7)C) immediately precedes the unknown "Black Box" oxidations that lead to the formation of the first up-stream intermediate exhibiting the highly characteristic ecdysteroid structure of the steroid molting hormone of insects, crustaceans and some other arthropods. Perhaps rate-limiting and under the control of the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), the biosynthesis of 3-oxo-7dC and its subsequent oxidative modifications have been difficult to study because of their apparent instability, i.e. no intermediates between 7dC and the diketol (3-oxo-25,22,2-trideoxyecdysone) have ever been observed or identified in insect prothoracic gland incubations with radiolabelled precursors. However, we show that 3-oxo-7dC can be converted into lipophilic, photosensitive, ketone-blocked (PSKB) ketal derivatives which will release 3-oxo-7dC when and where desired following brief irradiation with innocuous long-wave (365 nm) UV-light both in vivo and in vitro. In this manner, 3-oxo-7dC is quickly and efficiently incorporated into ecdysteroids by adult male and female Drosophila raised on a diet containing the PSKB ketals and in prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta incubated with the ketals emulsified into media. The instability of 3-oxo-7dC and its spontaneous transformation into extensively electron-delocalized intermediates will be discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of the Black Box oxidations eventually leading to the production of the active molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Warren
- Department of Biology, Campus Box 3280, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Abstract
Steroid molecules are present in all invertebrates, and some of them have established hormonal roles: this is the case for ecdysteroids in arthropods and, to a lesser extent, for vertebrate-type steroids in molluscs. Steroids are not only hormones, they may also fulfill many other functions in chemical communication, chemical defense or even digestive physiology. The increasing occurrence of endocrine disruption problems caused by environmental pollutants, which interfere in particular with reproductive physiology of vertebrates but also of invertebrates has made necessary to better understand the endocrine physiology of the latter and the role of steroids in these processes. So many attempts are being made to better understand the endocrine roles of steroids in arthropods and molluscs, and to establish whether they also fulfill similar functions in other invertebrate phyla. At the moment, both the precise identification of these steroids, the determination of their origin (endogenous versus exogenous) and of their mechanism of action are under active investigation. This research takes profit of the development of genome sequencing programs on many invertebrate species, which allow the identification of receptors and/or biosynthetic enzymes, when related to their vertebrate counterparts, but the story is not so simple, as will be exemplified by estrogen receptors of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lafont
- Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle des Protéines, CNRS FRE 2852, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier no. 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. Identification, characterization and developmental expression of Halloween genes encoding P450 enzymes mediating ecdysone biosynthesis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:188-99. [PMID: 16503480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a central role in regulating gene expression during development and metamorphosis. In many Lepidoptera, the pro-hormone 3-dehydroecdysone (3DE), synthesized from cholesterol in the prothoracic gland, is rapidly converted to ecdysone (E) by a hemolymph reductase, and E is subsequently converted to 20E in various peripheral target tissues. Recently, four Drosophila melanogaster P450 enzymes, encoded by specific Halloween genes, were cloned and functionally characterized as mediating the last hydroxylation steps leading to 20E. We extended this work to the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, an established model for endocrinological and developmental studies. cDNA clones were obtained for three Manduca orthologs of CYP306A1 (phantom; phm, the 25-hydroxylase), CYP302A1 (disembodied; dib, the 22-hydroxylase) and CYP315A1 (shadow; sad, the 2-hydroxylase), expressed predominantly in the prothoracic gland during the fifth (final) larval instar and during pupal-adult development, with fifth instar mRNA levels closely paralleling the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. The data indicate that transcriptional regulation of phm, dib and sad plays a role in the developmentally varying steroidogenic capacities of the prothoracic glands during the fifth instar. The consistent expression of the Halloween genes confirms the importance of the prothoracic glands in pupal-adult development. These studies establish Manduca as an excellent model for examining the regulation of the Halloween genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F Rewitz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Warren JT, Petryk A, Marqués G, Parvy JP, Shinoda T, Itoyama K, Kobayashi J, Jarcho M, Li Y, O'Connor MB, Dauphin-Villemant C, Gilbert LI. Phantom encodes the 25-hydroxylase of Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori: a P450 enzyme critical in ecdysone biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:991-1010. [PMID: 15350618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have reported recently the identification and characterization of the last three mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) controlling the biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone, the molting hormone of insects. These are encoded by the following genes: disembodied (dib, Cyp302a1, the 22-hydroxylase); shadow (sad, Cyp315a1, the 2-hydroxylase); and shade (shd, Cyp314a1, the 20-hydroxylase). Employing similar gene identification and transfection techniques and subsequent biochemical analysis of the expressed enzymatic activity, we report the identity of the Drosophila gene phantom (phm), located at 17D1 of the X chromosome, as encoding the microsomal 25-hydroxylase (Cyp306a1). Similar analysis following differential display-based gene identification has also resulted in the characterization of the corresponding 25-hydroxylase gene in Bombyx mori. Confirmation of 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone (3beta,5beta-ketodiol) conversion to 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (3beta,5beta-ketotriol) mediated by either Phm enzyme employed LC, MS and definitive NMR analysis. In situ developmental gene analysis, in addition to northern, western and RT-PCR techniques during Drosophila embryonic, larval and adult development, are consistent with this identification. That is, strong expression of phm is restricted to the prothoracic gland cells of the Drosophila larval ring gland, where it undergoes dramatic changes in expression, and in the adult ovary, but also in the embryonic epidermis. During the last larval-larval transition in Bombyx, a similar expression pattern in the prothoracic gland is observed, but as in Drosophila, slight expression is also present in other tissues, suggesting a possible additional role for the phantom enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Warren
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, 342 Wilson Hall, CB #3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Warren JT, Petryk A, Marques G, Jarcho M, Parvy JP, Dauphin-Villemant C, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Molecular and biochemical characterization of two P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11043-8. [PMID: 12177427 PMCID: PMC123207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162375799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2002] [Accepted: 06/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different enzymatic activities, catalyzed by both microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), are strongly implicated in the biosynthesis of ecdysone (E) from cholesterol. However, none of these enzymes have been characterized completely. The present data show that the wild-type genes of two members of the Halloween family of embryonic lethals, disembodied (dib) and shadow (sad), code for mitochondrial cytochromes P450 that mediate the last two hydroxylation reactions in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway in Drosophila, namely the C22- and C2-hydroxylases. When sad (CYP315A1) is transfected into Drosophila S2 cells, the cells metabolize 2-deoxyecdysone (2dE) to E and the [3H]ketotriol (2,22-dideoxyecdysone) to 22-deoxyecdysone. In contrast, dib (CYP302A1) is responsible for the conversion of the [3H]ketotriol to [3H]2dE. When cells are transfected with both dib and sad, they metabolize the [3H]ketotriol to [3H]E in high yield. The expression of sad and dib is concentrated within the individual segments of the developing epidermis when there is a surge of ecdysteroid midway through embryogenesis. This result occurs before the ring gland has developed and suggests that the embryonic epidermis is a site of ecdysteroid biosynthesis. This pattern then diminishes, and, during late embryogenesis, expression of both genes is concentrated in the prothoracic gland cells of the developing ring gland. Expression of dib and sad continues to be localized in this endocrine compartment during larval development, being maximal in both the late second and third instar larvae, about the time of the premolt peaks in the ecdysteroid titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Warren
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 47:883-916. [PMID: 11729094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molting is elicited by a critical titer of ecdysteroids that includes the principal molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and ecdysone (E), which is the precursor of 20E but also has morphogenetic roles of its own. The prothoracic glands are the predominate source of ecdysteroids, and the rate of synthesis of these polyhydroxylated sterols is critical for molting and metamorphosis. This review concerns three aspects of ecdysteroidogenesis: (a) how the brain neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) initiates a transductory cascade in cells of the prothoracic gland, which results in an increased rate of ecdysteroid biosynthesis (upregulation); (b) how the concentrations of 20E in the hemolymph feed back on the prothoracic gland to decrease rates of ecdysteroidogenesis (downregulation); and (c) how the prothoracic gland cells convert cholesterol to the precursor of E and then 20E, a series of reactions only now being understood because of the use of a combination of classical biochemistry and molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence I Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA.
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Warren JT, Wismar J, Subrahmanyam B, Gilbert LI. Woc (without children) gene control of ecdysone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 181:1-14. [PMID: 11476936 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first step in ecdysteroidogenesis, i.e. the 7,8-dehydrogenation of dietary cholesterol (C) to 7-dehydrocholesterol (7dC), is blocked in Drosophila melanogaster homozygous woc (without children) third instar larval ring glands (source of ecdysone). Unlike ring glands from wild-type D. melanogaster larvae, glands from woc mutants cannot convert radiolabelled C or 25-hydroxycholesterol (25C) to 7dC or 7-dehydro-25-hydroxycholesterol (7d25C) in vitro, nor to ecdysone (E). Yet, when these same glands are incubated with synthetic tracer 7d25C, the rate of metabolism of this polar Delta(5,7)-sterol into E is identical to that observed with glands from comparably staged wild-type larvae. The absence of this enzymatic activity in vivo is probably the direct cause of the observed low whole-body ecdysteroid titers in late third instar homozygous mutant larvae, the low ecdysteroid secretory activity in vitro of brain-ring gland complexes from these animals, and the failure of the larvae to pupariate (undergo metamorphosis). Oral administration of 7dC, but not C, results in a dramatic increase in ecdysteroid production both in vivo and in vitro by the woc mutant brain-ring gland complexes and affects a partial rescue to the beginning of pupal-adult development, but no further, despite elevated whole-body ecdysteroid titers. Data previously reported (Wismar et al., 2000) indicate that the woc gene encodes a zinc-finger protein that apparently modulates the activity of the 7,8-dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Warren
- Department of Biology, Campus Box #3280, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3280, USA
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Maïbèche-Coisne M, Monti-Dedieu L, Aragon S, Dauphin-Villemant C. A new cytochrome P450 from Drosophila melanogaster, CYP4G15, expressed in the nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:1132-7. [PMID: 10891384 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel cytochrome P450 was isolated from Drosophila melanogaster by PCR strategy with primers deduced from the crayfish Orconectes limosus CYP4C15 sequence, which is supposed to be involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis. The full-length cDNA contains a 1980 bp open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 574 amino acids and was designated CYP4G15. The corresponding gene is located at 10C1 on the X chromosome. The presence of a N-terminal segment mainly hydrophobic indicated that the corresponding enzyme is probably microsomal. In situ hybridization demonstrated predominant expression of CYP4G15 in the brain of third larval instar and Northern-blots showed no overexpression in insecticide resistant strain. This is the first indication of a specific P450 expressed in the central nervous system of Drosophila, and the putative function of the corresponding enzyme is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maïbèche-Coisne
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS-EP2028, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, F-75005, France.
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Jarvis BB. The Role of Natural Products in Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(00)80002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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