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Fernández-Gallego N, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cibrian D. Role of AHR Ligands in Skin Homeostasis and Cutaneous Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113176. [PMID: 34831399 PMCID: PMC8622815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of skin barrier function. It also controls immune-mediated skin responses. The AHR modulates various physiological functions by acting as a sensor that mediates environment–cell interactions, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Diverse experimental systems have been used to assess the AHR’s role in skin inflammation, including in vitro assays of keratinocyte stimulation and murine models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Similar approaches have addressed the role of AHR ligands, e.g., TCDD, FICZ, and microbiota-derived metabolites, in skin homeostasis and pathology. Tapinarof is a novel AHR-modulating agent that inhibits skin inflammation and enhances skin barrier function. The topical application of tapinarof is being evaluated in clinical trials to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In the present review, we summarize the effects of natural and synthetic AHR ligands in keratinocytes and inflammatory cells, and their relevance in normal skin homeostasis and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Fernández-Gallego
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
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2
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Feng FF, Wang XQ, Sun L, Cheung CW, Nie J, Ma JA. Switching of Enantioselectivity in the Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Aldol Reaction of Tryptanthrin with β-Keto Acids: An Unexpected Counteranion Effect. Org Lett 2021; 23:4379-4384. [PMID: 34000190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu-bisoxazoline-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative aldol reaction of tryptanthrin with aryl-substituted β-keto acids is developed, providing a straightforward approach to deliver a series of phaitanthrin A analogues. Both enantiomers of the products can be obtained with good to high enantioselectivity in the presence of a single chiral ligand by simply changing the copper salts. Based on the X-ray crystallographic analysis of chiral Cu(II)-bisoxazoline complexes, the tentative stereochemical models are presented to account for the observed counteranion-induced switching in enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Xue-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, P. R. of China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China
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3
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Dvořák Z, Poulíková K, Mani S. Indole scaffolds as a promising class of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113231. [PMID: 33582577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), deemed initially as a xenobiotic sensor, plays multiple physiological roles and is involved in various pathophysiological processes and many diseases' etiology. Therefore, the therapeutic and chemopreventive targeting of AhR is a fundamental issue. To date, thousands of structurally diverse ligands of AhR have been identified. The bottleneck in targeting the AhR is that it is a Janus-faced player with beneficial vs. harmful effects in the ligand-specific context. A distinct structural class of the AhR ligands is those with indole-based scaffolds. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the existing indole-derived AhR ligands, comprising natural and dietary compounds, synthetic compounds including clinically used drugs, endogenous intermediary metabolites, and catabolites produced by human microbiota. The examples of novel, indole ring containing, rational design based AhR ligands are presented. The molecular, in vitro, and in vivo effects are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolína Poulíková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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4
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Ligands as Selective AHR Modulators (SAhRMs). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186654. [PMID: 32932962 PMCID: PMC7555580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Subsequent studies show that the AhR plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology, and there is increasing evidence that the AhR is an important drug target. The AhR binds structurally diverse compounds, including pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals and endogenous biochemicals, some of which may serve as endogenous ligands. Classification of DLCs and non-DLCs based on their persistence (metabolism), toxicities, binding to wild-type/mutant AhR and structural similarities have been reported. This review provides data suggesting that ligands for the AhR are selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) that exhibit tissue/cell-specific AhR agonist and antagonist activities, and that their functional diversity is similar to selective receptor modulators that target steroid hormone and other nuclear receptors.
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5
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Safe S, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS. Ah receptor ligands and their impacts on gut resilience: structure-activity effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:463-473. [PMID: 32597352 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1773759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and structurally related halogenated aromatics modulate gene expression and induce biochemical and toxic responses that are mediated by initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR also binds structurally diverse compound including pharmaceuticals, endogenous biochemicals, health-promoting phytochemicals, and microbial metabolites. Many of these AhR ligands do not induce TCDD-like toxic responses and some AhR ligands such as microbial metabolites of tryptophan play a role in maintaining gut health and protecting against intestinal inflammation and cancer. Many AhR ligands exhibit tissue- and response-specific AhR agonist or antagonist activities, and act as selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) and this SAhRM-like activity has also been observed in AhR-ligand-mediated effects in the intestine. This review summarizes studies showing that several AhR ligands including phytochemicals and TCDD protect against dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal inflammation. In contrast, AhR ligands such as oxazole compounds enhance intestinal inflammation suggesting that AhR-mediated gut health can be enhanced or decreased by selective AhR modulators and this needs to be considered in development of AhR ligands for therapeutic applications in treating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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6
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Mexia N, Koutrakis S, He G, Skaltsounis AL, Denison MS, Magiatis P. A Biomimetic, One-Step Transformation of Simple Indolic Compounds to Malassezia-Related Alkaloids with High AhR Potency and Efficacy. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2238-2249. [PMID: 31647221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia furfur isolates from diseased skin preferentially biosynthesize compounds which are among the most active known aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inducers, such as indirubin, tryptanthrin, indolo[3,2-b]carbazole, and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. In our effort to study their production from Malassezia spp., we investigated the role of indole-3-carbaldehyde (I3A), the most abundant metabolite of Malassezia when grown on tryptophan agar, as a possible starting material for the biosynthesis of the alkaloids. Treatment of I3A with H2O2 and use of catalysts like diphenyldiselenide resulted in the simultaneous one-step transformation of I3A to indirubin and tryptanthrin in good yields. The same reaction was first applied on simple indole and then on substituted indoles and indole-3-carbaldehydes, leading to a series of mono- and bisubstituted indirubins and tryptanthrins bearing halogens, alkyl, or carbomethoxy groups. Afterward, they were evaluated for their AhR agonist activity in recombinant human and mouse hepatoma cell lines containing a stably transfected AhR-response luciferase reporter gene. Among them, 3,9-dibromotryptanthrin was found to be equipotent to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as an AhR agonist, and 3-bromotryptanthrin was 10-times more potent than TCDD in the human HG2L7.5c1 cell line. In contrast, 3,9-dibromotryptanthrin and 3-bromotryptanthrin were ∼4000 and >10,000 times less potent than TCDD in the mouse H1L7.5c3 cell line, respectively, demonstrating that they are species-specific AhR agonists. Involvement of the AhR in the action of 3-bromotryptanthrin was confirmed by the ability of the AhR antagonists CH223191 and SR1 to inhibit 3-bromotryptanthrin-dependent reporter gene induction in human HG2L7.5c1 cells. In conclusion, I3A can be the starting material used by Malassezia for the production of both indirubin and tryptanthrin through an oxidation mechanism, and modification of these compounds can produce some highly potent, efficacious and species-selective AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitia Mexia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Stamatis Koutrakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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7
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Ivanova OA, Trushkov IV. Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes in the Synthesis of Carbocycles. CHEM REC 2019; 19:2189-2208. [PMID: 30707497 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes not only participate in a broad range of ring openings with nucleophiles, electrophiles, radical and red-ox agents, but also are excellent substrates for various (3+n)-cycloaddition and (3+n)-annulation processes. Moreover, under treatment with Lewis acid donor-acceptor cyclopropanes can produce new ring systems via isomerization or cyclodimerization. Authors' contribution to the synthesis of diverse carbocycles from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes is summarized in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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8
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Gaitanis G, Magiatis P, Mexia N, Melliou E, Efstratiou MA, Bassukas ID, Velegraki A. Antifungal activity of selected
Malassezia
indolic compounds detected in culture. Mycoses 2019; 62:597-603. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gaitanis
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Skin and Venereal DiseasesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Nikitia Mexia
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Eleni Melliou
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Ioannis D. Bassukas
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Skin and Venereal DiseasesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory and UOA/HCPF Culture CollectionDepartment of MicrobiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Bioiatriki SA Athens Greece
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9
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Dong J, Zhang D, Men Y, Zhang X, Hu Z, Xu X. [1 + 2 + 3] Annulation as a General Access to Indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles: Synthesis of Malasseziazole C. Org Lett 2019; 21:166-169. [PMID: 30569710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A formal [1 + 2 + 3] annulation of methyleneindolinones with o-alkenyl arylisocyanides has been developed for the general and efficient synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The chemoselectivity of this domino reaction was tuned by a tethered alkenyl group, which enables successive formation of three new bonds and two rings from readily accessible starting materials in a single operation. Furthermore, this methodology was used as a key step in the synthesis of the alkaloid malasseziazole C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yang Men
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Zhongyan Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
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10
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Tuomisto J. Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds: toxicity in humans and animals, sources, and behaviour in the environment. WIKIJOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15347/wjm/2019.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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11
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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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12
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Begerow D, Stoll M, Bauer R. A phylogenetic hypothesis of Ustilaginomycotina based on multiple gene analyses and morphological data. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Bauer
- Universität Tübingen, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Esser C, Rannug A. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in barrier organ physiology, immunology, and toxicology. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:259-79. [PMID: 25657351 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an evolutionarily old transcription factor belonging to the Per-ARNT-Sim-basic helix-loop-helix protein family. AhR translocates into the nucleus upon binding of various small molecules into the pocket of its single-ligand binding domain. AhR binding to both xenobiotic and endogenous ligands results in highly cell-specific transcriptome changes and in changes in cellular functions. We discuss here the role of AhR for immune cells of the barrier organs: skin, gut, and lung. Both adaptive and innate immune cells require AhR signaling at critical checkpoints. We also discuss the current two prevailing views-namely, 1) AhR as a promiscuous sensor for small chemicals and 2) a role for AhR as a balancing factor for cell differentiation and function, which is controlled by levels of endogenous high-affinity ligands. AhR signaling is considered a promising drug and preventive target, particularly for cancer, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, understanding its biology is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany (C.E.); and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.R.)
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany (C.E.); and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.R.)
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14
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A Straightforward Approach to Tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and 1-Indolyltetrahydrocarbazoles through [3+3] Cyclodimerization of Indole-Derived Cyclopropanes. Chemistry 2015; 22:1223-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Adaptation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to sense microbiota-derived indoles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12689. [PMID: 26235394 PMCID: PMC4522678 DOI: 10.1038/srep12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand activation of the aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) has profound effects upon the immunological status of the gastrointestinal tract, establishing and maintaining signaling networks, which facilitate host-microbe homeostasis at the mucosal interface. However, the identity of the ligand(s) responsible for such AHR-mediated activation within the gut remains to be firmly established. Here, we combine in vitro ligand binding, quantitative gene expression, protein-DNA interaction and ligand structure activity analyses together with in silico modeling of the AHR ligand binding domain to identify indole, a microbial tryptophan metabolite, as a human-AHR selective agonist. Human AHR, acting as a host indole receptor may exhibit a unique bimolecular (2:1) binding stoichiometry not observed with typical AHR ligands. Such bimolecular indole-mediated activation of the human AHR within the gastrointestinal tract may provide a foundation for inter-kingdom signaling between the enteric microflora and the immune system to promote commensalism within the gut.
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16
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Li H, Li X, Wang HY, Winston-McPherson GN, Geng HMJ, Guzei IA, Tang W. Copper-catalyzed tandem annulation/arylation for the synthesis of diindolylmethanes from propargylic alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:12293-6. [PMID: 25178910 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Various highly substituted 2,3'-diindolylmethane heterocycles were prepared from propargylic alcohols and indole nucleophiles via a transition metal-catalyzed tandem indole annulation/arylation reaction for the first time. Among the metal catalysts we examined, the most economical copper(I) catalyst provided the highest efficiency. The indole nucleophiles could also be replaced by other electron-rich arenes or alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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17
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Barouti N, Mainetti C, Fontao L, Sorg O. L-Tryptophan as a Novel Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Wound Healing via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation. Dermatology 2015; 230:332-9. [PMID: 25765536 DOI: 10.1159/000371876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor has been shown to be involved in wound healing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of tryptophan on wound healing in vitro and in a clinical trial. METHODS The ability of tryptophan and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to increase wound healing was assessed in an in vitro scratch wound model in human keratinocytes. Topical tryptophan and vehicle were assessed for 12 weeks in 51 patients with lower limb ulcers that were resistant to conventional therapies. RESULTS TCDD 0.1 nM and tryptophan 1 µM increased the rate of scratch recovery in a culture model. Topical tryptophan induced stronger pain relief and faster re-epithelialization than its vehicle in patients with lower limb ulcers. CONCLUSION Tryptophan shows promising potential as a novel topical treatment for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barouti
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mexia N, Gaitanis G, Velegraki A, Soshilov A, Denison MS, Magiatis P. Pityriazepin and other potent AhR ligands isolated from Malassezia furfur yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 571:16-20. [PMID: 25721496 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia furfur yeast strains isolated from diseased human skin preferentially biosynthesize indole alkaloids which can be detected in the human skin and are highly potent activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR-dependent gene expression. Chemical analysis of an EtOAc extract of a M. furfur strain obtained from diseased human skin and grown on l-tryptophan agar revealed several known AhR active tryptophan metabolites along with a previously unidentified compound, pityriazepin. While its structure resembled that of the known alkaloid pityriacitrin, the comprised pyridine ring had been transformed into an azepinone. The indoloazepinone scaffold of pityriazepin is extremely rare in nature and has only been reported once previously. Pityriazepin, like the other isolated compounds, was found to be a potent activator of the AhR-dependent reporter gene assay in recombinant cell lines derived from four different species, although significant species differences in relative potency were observed. The ability of pityriazepin to competitively bind to the AhR and directly stimulate AhR DNA binding classified it as a new naturally-occurring potent AhR agonist. M. furfur produces an expanded collection of extremely potent naturally occurring AhR agonists, which produce their biological effects in a species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitia Mexia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anatoly Soshilov
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Winston-McPherson GN, Shu D, Tang W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3'-diindolylmethanes as agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4023-5. [PMID: 24997686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) may be a target for a number of diseases. Natural product malassezin is a AhR agonist with an interesting 2,3'-diindolylmethane skeleton. We have prepared a series of analogues of natural product malassezin using our recently developed method and tested the activity of these analogues against AhR in a cell-based assay. We found that a methyl substituent at 1'-N can significantly increase the activity and the 2-formyl group is not critical for some diindolylmethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongxu Shu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Mahajan A, Hans R, Chibale K, Kumar V. Synthesis and medicinal chemistry of selected antitubercular natural products and natural product derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Esser C, Bargen I, Weighardt H, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Krutmann J. Functions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the skin. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:677-91. [PMID: 23949496 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among other functions, the skin serves as the barrier against the environment and provides vital protection from physical or chemical harm and from infection. Skin cells express the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor and sensor of environmental chemicals; at the same time, AHR ligands are abundant in skin from exogenous or endogenous sources. For example, solar radiation, in particular ultraviolet (UV) B, generates AHR ligands from tryptophan in the skin. Recent evidence has shown that AHR is involved in the (patho)physiology of skin including the regulation of skin pigmentation, photocarcinogenesis, and skin inflammation. We here provide a state-of-the-art summary of work which relates to the role of the AHR in (1) adaptive responses against environmental challenges such as UVB or topical chemicals and (2) intrinsic developmental roles for homeostasis of skin cells and (3) skin immunity. We also discuss the existing evidence that AHR antagonists or AHR ligands may be used for the prevention and/or treatment of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany,
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Shu D, Winston-McPherson GN, Song W, Tang W. Platinum-catalyzed tandem indole annulation/arylation for the synthesis of diindolylmethanes and indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles. Org Lett 2013; 15:4162-5. [PMID: 23909946 DOI: 10.1021/ol4018408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various diindolylmethanes were prepared from propargylic ethers and substituted indoles via a platinum-catalyzed tandem indole annulation/arylation cascade. The resulting diindolylmethanes could be converted to natural product malassezin by formylation or indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles by cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is one of the most common infectious skin diseases, as well as the most common dermatosis associated with pigmentation alterations of the skin. PV is prevalent in 1% of the population living in temperate climate zones and more common during the summer. In tropical areas, PV is found in up to 50% of all patients consulting a dermatologist. Of the known Malassezia species, M. globosa is currently felt to play a key role in the pathogenesis of PV, as it is most commonly found in PV lesions. In addition, its round-shaped cells may contribute to the characteristic histology of the disease ("spaghetti and meatballs"). However, the clinical appearance of PV including hyper- and hypopigmentation, fluorescence of the lesions, as well as a lack of inflammation despite high fungal load cannot fully be explained by the presence of M. globosa, which is also found on healthy skin. In M. furfur a tryptophan-dependent metabolic pathway generates a number of indole pigments, which may be associated with the clinical appearance of PV. In the model organism Ustilago maydis it was shown that the formation of the indole compounds occurs spontaneously after initial conversion of tryptophan into indole pyruvate controlled by the key enzyme aminotransferase Tam 1. We review the present knowledge of PV and highlight the potential role of Tam1 in explaining the poorly understood aspects of the disease. Promising therapeutic results using the application of Tam1 inhibitors to treat PV support the enzyme's important role in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mayser
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie - Standort Gießen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Gaffkystr. 14, 35385, Gießen, Deutschland.
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Malassezia yeasts produce a collection of exceptionally potent activators of the Ah (dioxin) receptor detected in diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2023-30. [PMID: 23448877 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms, which under insufficiently understood conditions can become pathogenic. We have previously shown that specific strains isolated from diseased human skin can preferentially produce agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), whose activation has been linked to certain skin diseases. Investigation of skin scale extracts from patients with Malassezia-associated diseases demonstrated 10- to 1,000-fold higher AhR-activating capacity than control skin extracts. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the patients' extracts revealed the presence of indirubin, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ), malassezin, and pityriacitrin. The same compounds were also identified in 9 out of 12 Malassezia species culture extracts tested, connecting their presence in skin scales with this yeast. Studying the activity of the Malassezia culture extracts and pure metabolites in HaCaT cells by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR revealed significant alterations in mRNA levels of the endogenous AhR-responsive genes Cyp1A1, Cyp1B1, and AhRR. Indirubin- and FICZ-activated AhR in HaCaT and human HepG2 cells with significantly higher, yet transient, potency as compared with the prototypical AhR ligand, dioxin. In loco synthesis of these highly potent AhR inducers by Malassezia yeasts could have a significant impact on skin homeostatic mechanisms and disease development.
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Wu L, Jiang R, Yang JM, Wang SY, Ji SJ. In(OTf)3 catalyzed C3-benzylation of indoles with benzyl alcohols in water. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40251g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
In the last 15 years, the genus Malassezia has been a topic of intense basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics. Currently, the genus encompasses 14 species. The 1996 revision of the genus resulted in seven accepted taxa: M. furfur, M. pachydermatis, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, and M. slooffiae. In the last decade, seven new taxa isolated from healthy and lesional human and animal skin have been accepted: M. dermatis, M. japonica, M. yamatoensis, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, and M. cuniculi. However, forthcoming multidisciplinary research is expected to show the etiopathological relationships between these new species and skin diseases. Hitherto, basic and clinical research has established etiological links between Malassezia yeasts, pityriasis versicolor, and sepsis of neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Their role in aggravating seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, and onychomycosis, though often supported by histopathological evidence and favorable antifungal therapeutic outcomes, remains under investigation. A close association between skin and Malassezia IgE binding allergens in atopic eczema has been shown, while laboratory data support a role in psoriasis exacerbations. Finally, metabolomic research resulted in the proposal of a hypothesis on the contribution of Malassezia-synthesized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands to basal cell carcinoma through UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Ma Q. Influence of light on aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and consequences in drug metabolism, physiology and disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1267-93. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.614947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malassezia yeasts are associated with a number of dermatologic and systemic diseases in humans and animals. Pityriasis versicolor is amongst these diseases and represents one of the most common human skin diseases. Beyond that, the role of Malassezia yeasts in the pathogenesis of other skin diseases such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and confluent and reticulate papillomatosis is discussed but remains less clear. Clear pathogenetic mechanisms of the above-mentioned diseases are not known so far. The review presents new findings on virulence factors of Malassezia yeasts, shedding light on the pathogenesis of Malassezia-associated diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Several virulence factors in Malassezia yeasts are known, based on their enzymatic lipolytic activity resulting in the production of distinct metabolites and special cell wall features. Recently, a secondary metabolic pathway possibly implicated in the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor was described. SUMMARY The article presents virulence factors of Malassezia yeasts ranging from irritant metabolic byproducts to highly bioactive indole derivatives and attempts to clarify their pathogenic implications in the different diseases. Special emphasis is given to the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor, as it represents the disease wherein the causative relationship with Malassezia yeasts appears the most obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hort
- Department of Dermatology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Jux B, Kadow S, Luecke S, Rannug A, Krutmann J, Esser C. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates UVB radiation-induced skin tanning. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:203-10. [PMID: 20861855 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the vital response to protect skin cells against UVB-induced DNA damage. Melanin is produced by melanocytes, which transfer it to surrounding keratinocytes. Recently, we have shown that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is part of the UVB-stress response in epidermal keratinocytes. UVB triggers AhR signaling by generating the AhR ligand 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole from tryptophan. We show here that normal murine melanocytes express functional AhR. Using standard UVB tanning protocols, AhR-deficient mice were shown to tan significantly weaker than wild-type mice; in these mice, tyrosinase activity in the epidermis was lower as well. Tanning responses and tyrosinase activity, however, were normal in keratinocyte-specific conditional AhR knockout mice, indicating that release of melanogenic keratinocyte factors is unaffected by the UVB-AhR signaling pathway and that the diminished tanning response in AhR(-/-) mice is confined to the level of melanocytes. Accordingly, the number of dihydroxyphenylalanin-positive melanocytes increased significantly less on UVB irradiation in AhR(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. This difference in melanocyte number was associated with a significantly reduced expression of stem cell factor-1 and c-kit in melanocytes of AhR(-/-) mice. Thus, the environmental signal sensor AhR links solar UVB radiation to skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Jux
- Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medical Research (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Chowdhury G, Dostalek M, Hsu EL, Nguyen LP, Stec DF, Bradfield CA, Guengerich FP. Structural identification of Diindole agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor derived from degradation of indole-3-pyruvic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1905-12. [PMID: 19860413 DOI: 10.1021/tx9000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic incubation of the tryptophan transamination/oxidation product indole-3-pyruvic acid (I3P) at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C yielded products with activity as Ah receptor (AHR) agonists. The extracts were fractionated using HPLC and screened for AHR agonist activity. Two compounds were identified as agonists: 1,3-di(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-one (1) and 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(3H-indol-3-ylidene) propan-2-one (2), with the potency of 2 being 100-fold > 1 [ Nguyen et al. ( 2009 ) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , DOI: 10.1021/tx900043s . ]. Both 1 and 2 showed UV spectra indicative of indole. The molecular formulas were established by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and the structures were determined by a combination of NMR methods, including (1)H, natural abundance (13)C, and two-dimensional methods. An intermediate in the oxidation of I3P to 1 is 3-hydroxy-2,4-di(1H-indol-3-yl)butanal (HRMS established the presence of a compound with the formula C(20)H(19)N(2)O(2)). Compound 1 was converted to 2 in air or (faster) with mild oxidants, and 2 could be further oxidized to 1,3-di(3H-indol-3-ylidene)propan-2-one. Determination of the structures allowed estimation of the molar Ah receptor agonist activity of these natural products, similar in potency to known classical AHR inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Ben Salah I, Makni F, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Sellami H, Ayadi A. Les levures du genre Malassezia : pathologie, milieux d’isolement et d’identification. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Janosik T, Wahlström N, Bergman J. Recent progress in the chemistry and applications of indolocarbazoles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jao CW, Lin WC, Wu YT, Wu PL. Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of cytotoxic tryptanthrin analogues from Phaius mishmensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1275-1279. [PMID: 18507473 DOI: 10.1021/np800064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided chromatographic separation of the cytotoxic MeOH extract of Phaius mishmensis led to the isolation of two known and six new indoloquinazolinones, phaitanthrins A-E (1-5) and methylisatoid (6). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Phaitanthrin A (1) and tryptanthrin (7) showed moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 cell lines. A series of ketone adducts of tryptanthrin were prepared and tested initially for anticancer activity in vitro against MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 human cancer cell lines. The 3-pentanone adduct 13 showed activity similar to tryptanthrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Jao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
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35
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Zuther K, Mayser P, Hettwer U, Wu W, Spiteller P, Kindler BLJ, Karlovsky P, Basse CW, Schirawski J. The tryptophan aminotransferase Tam1 catalyses the single biosynthetic step for tryptophan-dependent pigment synthesis in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:152-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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AhR ligands, malassezin, and indolo[3,2-b]carbazole are selectively produced by Malassezia furfur strains isolated from seborrheic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1620-5. [PMID: 18219281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are connected with seborrheic dermatitis (SD) whereas M. furfur pathogenicity is associated with the production of bioactive indoles. In this study, the production of indoles by M. furfur isolates from healthy and diseased skin was compared, the respective HPLC patterns were analyzed, and substances that are preferentially synthesized by strains isolated from SD lesions were isolated and characterized. Malassezin, pityriacitrin, indole-3-carbaldehyde, and indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) were isolated by HPLC from extracts of M. furfur grown in L-tryptophan agar, and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Of these, ICZ, a potent ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), is described for the first time to our knowledge as a M. furfur metabolite. HPLC-photodiode array detection analysis of strain extracts from 7 healthy subjects and 10 SD patients showed that M. furfur isolates from only SD patients consistently produce malassezin and ICZ. This discriminatory production of AhR agonists provides initial evidence for a previously unreported mechanism triggering development of SD and indicates that the variable pathogenicity patterns recorded for M. furfur-associated SD conditions may be attributed to selective production (P<0.001) of measurable bioactive indoles.
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Gu R, Hameurlaine A, Dehaen W. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of 6-Monosubstituted and 6,12-Disubstituted 5,11-Dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles and Preparation of Various Functionalized Derivatives. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7207-13. [PMID: 17696477 DOI: 10.1021/jo0711337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile three-stage, one-pot approach for the synthesis of a variety of novel 6-monosubstituted and 6,12-disubstituted 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, in moderate to good yields (20-50%), has been developed, based on the condensation of an indole and an aldehyde with a catalytic amount of iodine, followed by an acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization with an ortho ester. The parent indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles (ICZs) could be converted to various functional derivatives. Both N-alkylation and N-arylation were successfully accomplished, and azo-coupling, formylation, as well as bromination were performed in a regioselective way leading to the formation of novel functional 6,12-disubstituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles. Starting from a monoformylated indolocarbazole, novel benzimidazolyl-substituted derivatives were synthesized, while Suzuki cross-couplings on a monobrominated building block afforded a novel pathway toward functionally arylated ICZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Hossain H, Landgraf V, Weiss R, Mann M, Hayatpour J, Chakraborty T, Mayser P. Genetic and biochemical characterization ofMalassezia pachydermatiswith particular attention to pigment-producing subgroups. Med Mycol 2007; 45:41-9. [PMID: 17325943 DOI: 10.1080/13693780601003827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the characterization of Malassezia pachydermatis and its pigment-producing subgroup using biochemical tests and RAPD. It was of interest to determine whether particular RAPD patterns could be used to indicate pigment production, as well as a close genetic relatedness to Malassezia furfur. Therefore, 210 strains of M. pachydermatis were examined for morphology, catalase and ss-glucosidase activity, lipid and carbohydrate assimilation and the tryptophan-dependent synthesis of pigments. Of these, 114 strains were subjected to RAPD analyses. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to classify M. pachydermatis isolates regarding their pigment production by using genetic and biological parameters. Biological and RAPD findings showed a high biological and genetic diversity within the species M. pachydermatis and within pigment producers. RAPD analysis revealed 28 genotypes within 114 strains tested. Pigment producing strains could not be assigned to a common RAPD profile, but a genetic relatedness of pigment-producing M. pachydermatis with M. furfur can be assumed. A particular RAPD pattern allowed statistically significant probability of pigment production (P<0.001) and might be used as a tool to rapidly detect pigment producing M. pachydermatis, e.g. in Malassezia-associated pityriasis versicolor. The reported method is useful for identification of pigment producing M. pachydermatis isolates and has advantages over established tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hossain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensals of normal human skin, but also cause pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis and evidence is accumulating that they play a significant role in atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS; formerly atopic dermatitis). The taxonomy of the genus has changed considerably and is likely to change more in the future. Our understanding of the interaction between Malassezia and the host demonstrates that it has the paradoxical ability to both stimulate and suppress the immune response directed against it and there is a fine balance in its existence at the interface between commensalism and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Ashbee
- Mycology Reference Centre, Department of Microbiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK.
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40
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Machowinski A, Krämer HJ, Hort W, Mayser P. Pityriacitrin--a potent UV filter produced by Malassezia furfur and its effect on human skin microflora. Mycoses 2006; 49:388-92. [PMID: 16922790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Malassezia furfur, tryptophan as the main nitrogen source induces production of the potent ultraviolet-absorbing indole compound pityriacitrin. An in vitro study about the effects of pityriacitrin on other human skin microorganisms is presented, with special focus on Candida albicans and staphylococci in which its toxicity and UV-protective capacity were investigated. Candida albicans was irradiated with UVB light either in the presence or in the absence of pityriacitrin (11 mmol) and the growth rate was determined. A UVB dose of 1 J cm(-2) caused death of the fungi without pityriacitrin, whereas those in the presence of pityriacitrin showed almost unaffected growth. A diffusion test in staphylococci revealed no antibiotic effects of pityriacitrin. For testing of an ultraviolet-protective effect, staphylococci were either inoculated and irradiated in a plate model for visual assessment of growth or inoculated and irradiated in square quartz cylinders for quantitative measurement of cell density, each time in the absence or presence of pityriacitrin. Cell density of the bacterial suspensions exhibited nearly no influence of pityriacitrin on growth rates, while again a UV-protective effect was observed. In summary, pityriacitrin has an ultraviolet-protective effect on Candida albicans and staphylococci with no toxicity in the range tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Machowinski
- Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gaffykstrasse 14, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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41
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Krämer HJ, Podobinska M, Bartsch A, Battmann A, Thoma W, Bernd A, Kummer W, Irlinger B, Steglich W, Mayser P. Malassezin, a novel agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the yeast Malassezia furfur, induces apoptosis in primary human melanocytes. Chembiochem 2006; 6:860-5. [PMID: 15812864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor is the most common skin mycosis in humans worldwide. Yeasts of the genus Malassezia, particularly M. furfur, a saprophyte occurring widely on human skin, are generally regarded as the causative agents. Pityriasis versicolor is often accompanied by a long-lasting depigmentation that persists even after successful antimycotic therapy. M. furfur is able to convert tryptophan into a variety of indole alkaloids, some of them showing biological properties that correlate well with certain clinical features of pityriasis versicolor. This suggests a possible role for these compounds in the depigmentation process. We now report that human melanocytes undergo apoptosis when exposed to the crude mixture of tryptophan metabolites from M. furfur. The active compound was identified as malassezin, previously isolated by us from the same source and characterized as an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. The compound could, therefore, contribute to the marked depigmentation observed during the course of pityriasis versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Krämer
- Center of Andrology and Dermatology, Justus Liebig-Universität, Gaffkystrasse 14, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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Krämer HJ, Kessler D, Hipler UC, Irlinger B, Hort W, Bödeker RH, Steglich W, Mayser P. Pityriarubins, Novel Highly Selective Inhibitors of Respiratory Burst from Cultures of the Yeast Malassezia furfur: Comparison with the Bisindolylmaleimide Arcyriarubin A. Chembiochem 2005; 6:2290-7. [PMID: 16252297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor is the most common skin mycosis in humans worldwide. Yeasts of the genus Malassezia, particularly M. furfur, a saprophyte occurring widely on human skin, are generally regarded as the causative agents. M. furfur is able to convert tryptophan into a variety of indole alkaloids, some of them showing biological properties that correlate well with certain clinical features of pityriasis versicolor. This suggests a possible role for these compounds in the pathophysiology of the disease. We here report that the novel pityriarubins A, B and C, isolated from cultures of the yeast, inhibit respiratory burst in human neutrophils, activated by various agents, in a highly selective, unexpected manner. The release of 5-lipoxygenase products after challenge of neutrophils with the calcium ionophore A23187 is also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. These activities reflect the close structural relationship of pityriarubins to bisindolylmaleimides, which have recently gained great interest as protein kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Krämer
- Center of Andrology and Dermatology, Justus Liebig-Universität, Gaffkystrasse 14, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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Wroblewski N, Bär S, Mayser P. Fehlendes granulozytares Infiltrat bei der Pityriasis versicolor - ein Hinweis fur eine spezifische antiinflammatorische Aktivitat des Erregers? Missing granulocytic infiltrate in pityriasis versicolor - indication of specific anti-inflammatory activity of the pathogen? Mycoses 2005; 48 Suppl 1:66-71. [PMID: 15826291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia furfur is a part of the resident flora of human skin. It causes various diseases such as pityriasis versicolor, which hardly shows signs of inflammation despite marked clinical symptoms (e.g. hypopigmentation). The pathophysiology related morphological picture might give a clue to this phenomenon. As a part of the literature data are controversial, the present study compared the inflammatory infiltrate of pityriasis versicolor with that of tinea corporis in 40 human skin preparations each from diagnostic specimens. All preparations were stained with HE and PAS. Neutrophilic granulocytes were counted in the HE stain, and hyphae and spores in the PAS stain. The number of counted cells was related to the size of the respective area and the values were compared between pityriasis and tinea corporis. Significantly, more neutrophilic granulocytes were found with tinea corporis (P > 0.01), while they were virtually not demonstrable with pityriasis versicolor. It is surprising that fungal load in the stratum corneum is significantly higher with pityriasis versicolor (P > 0.01). Obviously the immune response involving neutrophilic granulocytes does not occur despite high bacterial load. This might be explained by reduced immunogenicity because of high content of lipids in the cell membrane. Furthermore, pityriarubins that are produced during tryptophan metabolism might be involved, which, in a stimulus-dependent manner, can suppress the ROS production of neutrophilic granulocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wroblewski
- Zentrum für Dermatologie und Andrologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor alba is a hypopigmented or depigmented variant of pityriasis versicolor characterized by maculous, partly pityriasiform, scaly depigmented lesions occurring particularly in seborrhoeic areas. Long-persisting hypopigmentation after healing of the pityriasis versicolor was first described by Gudden in 1853. Hypopigmentation and depigmentation were later differentiated as an independent variant of the disease. In 1848, Eichstedt recognized the pathogen-related character of pityriasis versicolor in its hyperpigmented form. Today it is generally accepted that the disease is caused by yeasts of the genus Malassezia, of which nine species are differentiated. It is controversial whether a single species is responsible for the disease. The pathogenesis of depigmentation has not been established. A screening effect by the scale layer as well as toxic effects on pigment synthesis by fungal metabolites have been discussed. With regard to the second mechanism, the newly discovered tryptophan-derived metabolites of M. furfur might be significant. Evidence-based data concerning the therapy of pityriasis versicolor alba do not exist. According to current recommendations, pityriasis versicolor should be rapidly treated with antimycotics, followed by ultraviolet therapy to induce maturation of existent melanosomes and accelerate repigmentation. However, depigmented lesions are difficult to improve by ultraviolet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thoma
- Center of Dermatology and Andrology, Gaffkystr. 14, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
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Bergander L, Wincent E, Rannug A, Foroozesh M, Alworth W, Rannug U. Metabolic fate of the Ah receptor ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 149:151-64. [PMID: 15501436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) transcription factor family is not known. We have suggested that the AhR is involved in light signaling through binding of photoproducts with high AhR affinity. This suggestion is based on (i) the high AhR affinity of the tryptophan photoproduct formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), (ii) the induction of rapid and transient expression of AhR-regulated genes by FICZ and by extracts of UV-irradiated tryptophan as well as (iii) the fact that light induces the AhR-regulated cytochrome P450s CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2S1. The transient mRNA expression caused by light and tryptophan photoproducts suggests that the biotransformation enzymes induced by AhR activation take part in a metabolic degradation of the natural AhR ligand. This study aimed at identifying the involvement of phase I and phase II enzymes in the metabolic degradation of FICZ. A cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of FICZ giving rise to preferentially mono- and di-hydroxylated derivatives has earlier been reported. In the present study, rat and human hepatic S9 mixes were employed together with specific enzyme inhibitors and cofactors. Compared to the Aroclor-induced rat liver S9, the non-induced rat liver S9 and the human liver S9 caused a more complex metabolite profile of FICZ. The CYP1A1 enzyme was confirmed to be the most important enzyme for the first step in the metabolism. CYP1A2 was found to have overlapping specificity with CYP1A1 being able to form the same major metabolites although with different kinetics. CYP1B1 turned out to be preferentially involved in the further metabolism of dihydroxylated metabolites. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and as yet not identified forms of sulphotransferases and glucuronosyltransferases were also found to take part in the metabolic degradation of FICZ. Thus, tryptophan photoproducts fit into a model in which the ligand-activated AhR signaling is autoregulated by the induced metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bergander
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mayser P, Töws A, Krämer HJ, Weiss R. Further characterization of pigment-producing Malassezia strains. Weitere Charakterisierung Pigment-bildender Malassezia-Stamme. Mycoses 2004; 47:34-9. [PMID: 14998397 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reference as well as field strains of Malassezia furfur (30), M. sympodialis (49), M. globosa (52), M. obtusa (one), M. restricta (one), M. slooffiae (seven), and M. pachydermatis (373) were investigated for their ability to produce pigment and fluorochromes when tryptophan (Trp) is offered as the main nitrogen source. Only the M. furfur strains produced pigment on a pigment-inducing medium (p-medium). Remarkably, the optical activity of Trp was not significant for pigment synthesis. Other nitrogen sources that are structurally similar to Trp (gramine, tryptamine, serotonin) did not induce pigment formation. All lipophilic non-furfur species failed to grow and to form pigment on this agar. However, growth of all lipid-dependent species was achieved on a modified Dixon agar in which peptone had been substituted by an equal amount of l-Trp. Here, too, the M. furfur colonies were characterized by rapidly developing dark brown halos. Furthermore, about 11% of the M. pachydermatis strains tested produced pigment formation on the p-medium, which was enhanced by addition of d-glucose. In contrast to M. furfur, pigment formation occurred after a markedly longer incubation time (4 weeks unlike 3-5 days) with a lower yield and limited color spectrum (thin layer chromatography, TLC). The UV filter pityriacitrine recently described for M. furfur was also demonstrated for M. pachydermatis by extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with co-elution and mass spectroscopy. The phenotypic feature of pigment formation in some strains of M. pachydermatis may confirm recent molecular-genetic findings suggesting a relationship between some strains of M. pachydermatis and M. furfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mayser
- Zentrum für Dermatologie und Andrologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2001; 18:1357-64. [PMID: 11571760 DOI: 10.1002/yea.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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