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Kiouri DP, Ntallis C, Kelaidonis K, Peana M, Tsiodras S, Mavromoustakos T, Giuliani A, Ridgway H, Moore GJ, Matsoukas JM, Chasapis CT. Network-Based Prediction of Side Effects of Repurposed Antihypertensive Sartans against COVID-19 via Proteome and Drug-Target Interactomes. Proteomes 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 37368467 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) as a treatment for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently under investigation. One way to combat this disease involves the repurposing of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are antihypertensive drugs, because they bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which in turn interacts with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. However, there has been no in silico analysis of the potential toxicity risks associated with the use of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. To address this, a network-based bioinformatics methodology was used to investigate the potential side effects of known Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antihypertensive drugs, Sartans. This involved identifying the human proteins targeted by these drugs, their first neighbors, and any drugs that bind to them using publicly available experimentally supported data, and subsequently constructing proteomes and protein-drug interactomes. This methodology was also applied to Pfizer's Paxlovid, an antiviral drug approved by the FDA for emergency use in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treatment. The study compares the results for both drug categories and examines the potential for off-target effects, undesirable involvement in various biological processes and diseases, possible drug interactions, and the potential reduction in drug efficiency resulting from proteoform identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina P Kiouri
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Ntallis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Graham J Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V6Y 3H4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John M Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
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2
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Kelaidonis K, Ligielli I, Letsios S, Vidali VP, Mavromoustakos T, Vassilaki N, Moore GJ, Hoffmann W, Węgrzyn K, Ridgway H, Chasapis CT, Matsoukas JM. Computational and Enzymatic Studies of Sartans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD-ACE2 Binding: The Role of Tetrazole and Perspectives as Antihypertensive and COVID-19 Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098454. [PMID: 37176159 PMCID: PMC10179460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is an extension of current research into a novel class of synthetic antihypertensive drugs referred to as "bisartans", which are bis-alkylated imidazole derivatives bearing two symmetric anionic biphenyltetrazoles. Research to date indicates that bisartans are superior to commercially available hypertension drugs, since the former undergo stronger docking to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is the key receptor involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry, thus initiating COVID-19 infection and in regulating levels of vasoactive peptides such as angiotensin II and beneficial heptapeptides A(1-7) and Alamandine in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In previous studies using in vivo rabbit-iliac arterial models, we showed that Na+ or K+ salts of selected Bisartans initiate a potent dose-response inhibition of vasoconstriction. Furthermore, computational studies revealed that bisartans undergo stable binding to the vital interfacial region between ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 "receptor binding domain" (i.e., the viral RBD). Thus, bisartan homologs are expected to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or suppress disease expression in humans. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the role of tetrazole in binding and the network of amino acids of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD-ACE2 complex involved in interactions with sartans. This study would, furthermore, allow the expansion of the synthetic space to create a diverse suite of new bisartans in conjunction with detailed computational and in vitro antiviral studies. A critical role for tetrazole was uncovered in this study, shedding light on the vital importance of this group in the binding of sartans and bisartans to the ACE2/Spike complex. The in silico data predicting an interaction of tetrazole-containing sartans with ACE2 were experimentally validated by the results of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses performed with a recombinant human ACE2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Veroniki P Vidali
- Natural Products and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Graham J Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Weronika Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - John M Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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3
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Ridgway H, Ntallis C, Chasapis CT, Kelaidonis K, Matsoukas MT, Plotas P, Apostolopoulos V, Moore G, Tsiodras S, Paraskevis D, Mavromoustakos T, Matsoukas JM. Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2: The Dominant Role of Arginine in Mutations and Infectivity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020309. [PMID: 36851526 PMCID: PMC9963001 DOI: 10.3390/v15020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background, Aims, Methods, Results, Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global challenge due to its ability to mutate into variants that spread more rapidly than the wild-type virus. The molecular biology of this virus has been extensively studied and computational methods applied are an example paradigm for novel antiviral drug therapies. The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population is driven, in part, by mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S-) protein, some of which enable tighter binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). More stable RBD-ACE2 association is coupled with accelerated hydrolysis by proteases, such as furin, trypsin, and the Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) that augment infection rates, while inhibition of the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) can prevent the viral replication. Additionally, non-RBD and non-interfacial mutations may assist the S-protein in adopting thermodynamically favorable conformations for stronger binding. This study aimed to report variant distribution of SARS-CoV-2 across European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries and relate mutations with the driving forces that trigger infections. Variants' distribution data for SARS-CoV-2 across EU/EEA countries were mined from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) based on the sequence or genotyping data that are deposited in the Global Science Initiative for providing genomic data (GISAID) and The European Surveillance System (TESSy) databases. Docking studies performed with AutoDock VINA revealed stabilizing interactions of putative antiviral drugs, e.g., selected anionic imidazole biphenyl tetrazoles, with the ACE2 receptor in the RBD-ACE2 complex. The driving forces of key mutations for Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Kappa, Lambda, and Omicron variants, which stabilize the RBD-ACE2 complex, were investigated by computational approaches. Arginine is the critical amino acid in the polybasic furin cleavage sites S1/S2 (681-PRRARS-686) S2' (814-KRS-816). Critical mutations into arginine residues that were found in the delta variant (L452R, P681R) and may be responsible for the increased transmissibility and morbidity are also present in two widely spreading omicron variants, named BA.4.6 and BQ.1, where mutation R346T in the S-protein potentially contributes to neutralization escape. Arginine binders, such as Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), could be a class of novel drugs for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Charalampos Ntallis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos T. Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V6Y 3H4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11571 Athens, Greece
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 3030, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Moore GJ, Ridgway H, Kelaidonis K, Chasapis CT, Ligielli I, Mavromoustakos T, Bojarska J, Matsoukas JM. Actions of Novel Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Drugs, Bisartans, Relevant for COVID-19 Therapy: Biased Agonism at Angiotensin Receptors and the Beneficial Effects of Neprilysin in the Renin Angiotensin System. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154854. [PMID: 35956801 PMCID: PMC9369639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension and potentially in SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit inverse agonist effects at angiotensin AR1 receptors, suggesting the receptor may have evolved to accommodate naturally occurring angiotensin ‘antipeptides’. Screening of the human genome has identified a peptide (EGVYVHPV) encoded by mRNA, complementary to that encoding ANG II itself, which is an inverse agonist. Thus, opposite strands of DNA encode peptides with opposite effects at AR1 receptors. Agonism and inverse agonism at AR1 receptors can be explained by a receptor ‘switching’ between an activated state invoking receptor dimerization/G protein coupling and an inverse agonist state mediated by an alternative/second messenger that is slow to reverse. Both receptor states appear to be driven by the formation of the ANG II charge-relay system involving TyrOH-His/imidazole-Carboxylate (analogous to serine proteases). In this system, tyrosinate species formed are essential for activating AT1 and AT2 receptors. ANGII is also known to bind to the zinc-coordinated metalloprotease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) used by the COVID-19 virus to enter cells. Here we report in silico results demonstrating the binding of a new class of anionic biphenyl-tetrazole sartans (‘Bisartans’) to the active site zinc atom of the endopeptidase Neprilysin (NEP) involved in regulating hypertension, by modulating humoral levels of beneficial vasoactive peptides in the RAS such as vasodilator angiotensin (1–7). In vivo and modeling evidence further suggest Bisartans can inhibit ANG II-induced pulmonary edema and may be useful in combatting SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting ACE2-mediated viral entry to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, New Mexico, NM 88056, USA
| | | | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
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5
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Matsoukas JM, Gadanec LK, Zulli A, Apostolopoulos V, Kelaidonis K, Ligielli I, Moschovou K, Georgiou N, Plotas P, Chasapis CT, Moore G, Ridgway H, Mavromoustakos T. Diminazene Aceturate Reduces Angiotensin II Constriction and Interacts with the Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071731. [PMID: 35885036 PMCID: PMC9312513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) is a putative angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator and angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist (AT1R). Its simple chemical structure possesses a negatively charged triazene segment that is homologous to the tetrazole of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), which explains its AT1R antagonistic activity. Additionally, the activation of ACE2 by DIZE converts the toxic octapeptide angiotensin II (AngII) to the heptapeptides angiotensin 1–7 and alamandine, which promote vasodilation and maintains homeostatic balance. Due to DIZE’s protective cardiovascular and pulmonary effects and its ability to target ACE2 (the predominant receptor utilized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to enter host cells), it is a promising treatment for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). To determine DIZE’s ability to inhibit AngII constriction, in vitro isometric tension analysis was conducted on rabbit iliac arteries incubated with DIZE or candesartan and constricted with cumulative doses of AngII. In silico docking and ligand interaction studies were performed to investigate potential interactions between DIZE and other ARBs with AT1R and the spike protein/ACE2 complex. DIZE, similar to the other ARBs investigated, was able to abolish vasoconstriction in response to AngII and exhibited a binding affinity for the spike protein/ACE2 complex (PDB 6LZ6). These results support the potential of DIZE as a treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (A.Z.); (V.A.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.M.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Laura Kate Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (A.Z.); (V.A.)
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (A.Z.); (V.A.)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (L.K.G.); (A.Z.); (V.A.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | | | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (K.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Kalliopi Moschovou
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (K.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikitas Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (K.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Graham Moore
- Pepmetics Incorporated, 772 Murphy Pace, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada;
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, NM 88056, USA
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (K.M.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.M.); (T.M.)
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6
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Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V, Zulli A, Moore G, Kelaidonis K, Moschovou K, Mavromoustakos T. From Angiotensin II to Cyclic Peptides and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Perspectives of ARBs in COVID-19 Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030618. [PMID: 33504092 PMCID: PMC7865783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The octapeptide hormone angiotensin II is one of the most studied peptides with the aim of designing and synthesizing non-peptide mimetics for oral administration. To achieve this, cyclizations at different positions within the peptide molecule has been a useful strategy to define the active conformation. These studies on angiotensin II led to the discovery of Sarmesin, a type II angiotensin II antagonist, and the breakthrough non-peptide mimetic Losartan, the first in a series of sartans marketed as a new generation of anti-hypertensive drugs in the 1990s. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS) and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) were recently reported to protect hypertensive patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors reduce excess angiotensin II and increase antagonist heptapeptides alamandine and aspamandine which counterbalance angiotensin II and maintain homeostasis and vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug, P.C., Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610-911-546(5)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Graham Moore
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada;
| | | | - Kalliopi Moschovou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.M.); (T.M.)
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7
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Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, Elnagdy S, Kaczmarek K, Matsoukas J, New R, Parang K, Lopez OP, Parhiz H, Perera CO, Pickholz M, Remko M, Saviano M, Skwarczynski M, Tang Y, Wolf WM, Yoshiya T, Zabrocki J, Zielenkiewicz P, AlKhazindar M, Barriga V, Kelaidonis K, Sarasia EM, Toth I. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:E430. [PMID: 33467522 PMCID: PMC7830668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia;
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- NewDrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roger New
- Vaxcine (UK) Ltd., c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK;
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Octavio Paredes Lopez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Conrad O. Perera
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA, UBA-CONICET), Argentina, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharma Ceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Barriga
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | | | | | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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8
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Torres MDT, Silva AF, Alves FL, Capurro ML, Miranda A, Cordeiro RM, Oliveira Junior VX. Evidences for the action mechanism of angiotensin II and its analogs on Plasmodium sporozoite membranes. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:132-42. [PMID: 26856687 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease responsible for approximately one million deaths annually. Oligopeptides such as angiotensin II (AII) and its analogs are known to have antimalarial effects against Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium falciparum. However, their mechanism of action is still not fully understood at the molecular level. In the work reported here, we investigated this issue by comparing the antimalarial activity of AII with that of (i) its diastereomer formed by only d-amino acids; (ii) its isomer with reversed sequence; and (iii) its analogs restricted by lactam bridges, the so-called VC5 peptides. Data from fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the antiplasmodial activities of both all-D-AII and all-D-VC5 were as high as those of the related peptides AII and VC5, respectively. In contrast, retro-AII had no significant effect against P. gallinaceum. Conformational analysis by circular dichroism suggested that AII and its active analogs usually adopted a β-turn conformation in different solutions. In the presence of membrane-mimetic micelles, AII had also a β-turn conformation, while retro-AII was random. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the AII chains were slightly more bent than retro-AII at the surface of a model membrane. At the hydrophobic membrane interior, however, the retro-AII chain was severely coiled and rigid. AII was much more flexible and able to experience both straight and coiled conformations. We took it as an indication of the stronger ability of AII to interact with membrane headgroups and promote pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Farias Silva
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Lopes Alves
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Miranda
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Biofísica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Dashtianeh Z, Shakiba Nahad M, Badiei A. One-pot synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetra substituted imidazoles using sulfonic acid functionalized silica (SiO2-Pr-SO3H). ARAB J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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10
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Der Torossian Torres M, Silva AF, Alves FL, Capurro ML, Miranda A, Oliveira Junior VX. The Importance of Ring Size and Position for the Antiplasmodial Activity of Angiotensin II Restricted Analogs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Michel MC, Foster C, Brunner HR, Liu L. A systematic comparison of the properties of clinically used angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:809-48. [PMID: 23487168 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) have become an important drug class in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure and the protection from diabetic nephropathy. Eight ARBs are clinically available [azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan]. Azilsartan (in some countries), candesartan, and olmesartan are orally administered as prodrugs, whereas the blocking action of some is mediated through active metabolites. On the basis of their chemical structures, ARBs use different binding pockets in the receptor, which are associated with differences in dissociation times and, in most cases, apparently insurmountable antagonism. The physicochemical differences between ARBs also manifest in different tissue penetration, including passage through the blood-brain barrier. Differences in binding mode and tissue penetration are also associated with differences in pharmacokinetic profile, particularly duration of action. Although generally highly specific for angiotensin II type 1 receptors, some ARBs, particularly telmisartan, are partial agonists at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. All of these properties are comprehensively reviewed in this article. Although there is general consensus that a continuous receptor blockade over a 24-hour period is desirable, the clinical relevance of other pharmacological differences between individual ARBs remains to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Clinical Development & Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany.
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12
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Molecular insights into the AT1 antagonism based on biophysical and in silico studies of telmisartan. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Oliveira VX, Fázio MA, Silva AF, Campana PT, Pesquero JB, Santos EL, Costa-Neto CM, Miranda A. Biological and conformational evaluation of angiotensin II lactam bridge containing analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 172:1-7. [PMID: 21787808 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII) is the active octapeptide product of the renin enzymatic cascade, which is responsible for sustaining blood pressure. In an attempt to establish the AII-receptor-bound conformation of this octapeptide, we designed conformationally constrained analogues by scanning the entire AII sequence with an i-(i+2) and i-(i+3) lactam bridge consisting of an Asp-(Xaa)(n)-Lys scaffold. Most analogues presented low agonistic activity when compared to AII in the different bioassays tested. The exceptions are cyclo(0-1a) [Asp(0), endo-(Lys(1a))]-AII (1) and [Asp(0), endo-(Lys(1a))]-AII (2), both of which showed activity similar to AII. Based on peptide 1 and the analogue cyclo(3-5)[Sar(1), Asp(3), Lys(5)]-AII characterized by Matsoukas et al., we analyzed the agonistic and antagonistic activities, respectively, through a new monocyclic peptide series synthesized by using the following combinations of residues as bridgehead elements for the lactam bond formation: D- or L-Asp combined with D- or L-Lys or L-Glu combined with L-Orn. Six analogues showed an approximately 20% increase in biological activity when compared with peptide (1) and were equipotent to AII. In contrast, six analogues presented antagonistic activity. These results suggest that the position of the lactam bridge is more important than the bridge length or chirality for recognition of and binding to the angiotensin II AT1-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani X Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-170, Brazil.
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14
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Neophytou N, Leonis G, Stavrinoudakis N, Simčič M, Grdadolnik SG, Papavassilopoulou E, Michas G, Moutevelis-Minakakis P, Papadopoulos MG, Zing M, Mavromoustakos T. Docking and Molecular Dynamics Calculations of Pyrrolidinone Analog MMK16 Bound to COX and LOX Enzymes. Mol Inform 2011; 30:473-86. [PMID: 27467091 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The new molecule 4-[(2S)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-5-oxotetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]methylbenzenecarboxylic acid (MMK16) was found to have promising anti-inflammatory activity. This biological behavior of MMK16 triggered our interest to study its binding affinity using NMR spectroscopy in LOX and its docking and molecular dynamics (MD) properties in LOX and COX enzymes. The present NMR and docking binding studies not only rationalize the obtained biological results since in all three receptors MMK16 shows high affinity and scoring but also make it a potential dual LOX-5/COX-2 inhibitor. Thus, this class of molecules must be further investigated for discovering compounds possessing better biological activity and more lasting biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Neophytou
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou 15784, Athens, Greece
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - G Leonis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas. Constantinou 48, 11635 Athens, Greece.
- Authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - N Stavrinoudakis
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - M Simčič
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E Papavassilopoulou
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - G Michas
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou 15784, Athens, Greece
| | | | - M G Papadopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas. Constantinou 48, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - M Zing
- Drug Discovery and Design Center (DDDC), Box 1201, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica No. 555 Rd. Zuchongzhi, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - T Mavromoustakos
- Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou 15784, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Prasad J, Pathak MB, Panday SK. An efficient and straight forward synthesis of (5S)-1-benzyl-5- (1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (MM1): a novel antihypertensive agent. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Agelis G, Roumelioti P, Resvani A, Durdagi S, Androutsou ME, Kelaidonis K, Vlahakos D, Mavromoustakos T, Matsoukas J. An efficient synthesis of a rationally designed 1,5 disubstituted imidazole AT(1) angiotensin II receptor antagonist: reorientation of imidazole pharmacophore groups in losartan reserves high receptor affinity and confirms docking studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:749-58. [PMID: 20623162 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new 1,5 disubstituted imidazole AT(1) Angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonist related to losartan with reversion of butyl and hydroxymethyl groups at the 2-, 5-positions of the imidazole ring was synthesized and evaluated for its antagonist activity (V8). In vitro results indicated that the reorientation of butyl and hydroxymethyl groups on the imidazole template of losartan retained high binding affinity to the AT(1) receptor concluding that the spacing of the substituents at the 2,5- positions is of primary importance. The docking studies are confirmed by binding assay results which clearly show a comparable binding score of the designed compound V8 with that of the prototype losartan. An efficient, regioselective and cost effective synthesis renders the new compound as an attractive candidate for advanced toxicological evaluation and a drug against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Agelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
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17
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Interactions at the bilayer interface and receptor site induced by the novel synthetic pyrrolidinone analog MMK3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:422-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Potamitis C, Zervou M, Katsiaras V, Zoumpoulakis P, Durdagi S, Papadopoulos MG, Hayes JM, Grdadolnik SG, Kyrikou I, Argyropoulos D, Vatougia G, Mavromoustakos T. Antihypertensive Drug Valsartan in Solution and at the AT1 Receptor: Conformational Analysis, Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy, in Silico Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:726-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ci800427s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Potamitis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Maria Zervou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Vassilis Katsiaras
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Joseph M. Hayes
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Simona Golic Grdadolnik
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Ioanna Kyrikou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Dimitris Argyropoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Georgia Vatougia
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas, Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece, Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse, 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, POB 30 SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Varian Ltd., 10 Mead Road, Oxford Industrial Park, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1QU, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, National & Kapodistrian
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19
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Destro R, Soave R, Barzaghi M, Lo Presti L. Progress in the understanding of drug-receptor interactions, Part 1: experimental charge-density study of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (C30H30N6O3S) at T = 17 K. Chemistry 2007; 11:4621-34. [PMID: 15915518 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study of the electron-density distribution rho(r) in an angiotensin II receptor antagonist 1 has been made on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at a low temperature. The crystal structure of 1 consists of infinite ribbons in which molecules are connected by an N-H...N hydrogen bond and several interactions of the C-H...O, C-H...N, and C-H...S type. The molecular conformation, characterized by the syn orientation of a tetrazole and a pyrimidinone ring with respect to a phenyl spacer group, is stabilized by two short SO and SN intramolecular contacts between a substituted thiophene fragment and the other two heterocycles of 1. The electrostatic nature of these interactions is documented. Furthermore, the Laplacian of rho(r) in the plane defined by the sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms involved in these interactions shows their strongly directional character as the regions of charge concentration on the valence shell of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms directly face the regions of charge depletion on the valence shell of the sulfur atom. All the chemical bonds and the relevant intra- and intermolecular interactions of 1 have been quantitatively described by the topological analysis of rho(r). Simple relationships between the bond path lengths (R(b)) and the values of rho at the bond critical points (rho(bcp)) have been obtained for the 28 C-C bonds, the seven N-C bonds, and the four O-C bonds. For the first two classes of bonds the relationship is in the form of a straight line, whose parameters, for the C-C bonds, agree, within experimental uncertainty, with those previously derived in our laboratory from a 19 K X-ray diffraction study of crystals of a different compound. Maps of the molecular electrostatic potential phi(r) derived from the experimental charge density display features that are important for the drug-receptor recognition of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Destro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Universita' di Milano, Italy.
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20
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Mavromoustakos T, Moutevelis-Minakakis P, Kokotos CG, Kontogianni P, Politi A, Zoumpoulakis P, Findlay J, Cox A, Balmforth A, Zoga A, Iliodromitis E. Synthesis, binding studies and in vivo biological evaluation of novel non-peptide antihypertensive analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4353-60. [PMID: 16546395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AT(1) antagonists (SARTANs) constitute the last generation of drugs for the treatment of hypertension, designed and synthesized to mimic the C-terminal segment of the vasoconstrictive hormone angiotensin II (AngII). They exert their action by blocking the binding of AngII on the AT(1) receptor. Up to date eight AT(1) antagonists have been approved for the regulation of high blood pressure. Although these molecules share common structural features and are designed to act under the same mechanism, they have differences in their pharmacological profiles and antihypertensive efficacy. Thus, there is still a need for novel analogues with better pharmacological and financial profiles. An example of a novel synthetic non peptide AT(1) antagonist which devoids the classical template of SARTANs is MM1. In vivo studies showed that MMK molecules, which fall in the same class of MM1, had a significant antihypertensive (40-80% compared to the drug losartan) activity. However, in vitro affinity studies showed that losartan has considerably higher affinity. The theoretical docking studies showed that MM1 acts on the same site of the receptor as losartan. They exert hydrophobic interactions with amino acid Val108 of the third helix of the AT(1) receptor and other hydrophobic amino acids in spatial vicinity. In addition, losartan favours multiple hydrogen bondings between its tetrazole group with Lys199. These additional interactions may in part explain its higher in vitro binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mavromoustakos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.
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21
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Zoumpoulakis P, Politi A, Grdadolnik SG, Matsoukas J, Mavromoustakos T. Structure elucidation and conformational study of V8. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:1097-104. [PMID: 16260110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AT(1) antagonists constitute the most recent class of antihypertensive drugs which act through the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). In an effort to comprehend their stereoelectronic features, a study was initiated to compare the conformational properties of drugs already marketed for the treatment of hypertension with synthetic ones, possessing common structural characteristics. In this study, the synthetic AT(1) antagonist V8 is structurally elucidated and its conformational properties are studied through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and computational analysis. Its conformational properties are compared with those of the structurally similar prototype AT(1) antagonist losartan.
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22
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Preto MAC, Melo A, Maia HLS, Mavromoustakos T, Ramos MJ. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Angiotensin II in Aqueous and Dimethyl Sulfoxide Environments. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:17743-51. [PMID: 16853269 DOI: 10.1021/jp0521048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an octapeptidic hormone, which plays an important role in the mechanisms of blood pressure control. In this work, extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out on this peptide, both in aqueous and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) environments. Experimentally proposed models for the structure of angiotensin II in both environments are not consensual and the results obtained have provided some further insight about the structural properties of this hormone. In these simulations, the N-terminus of Ang II in the aqueous environment has been associated with a considerable larger flexibility than the correspondent C-terminus, but this was not found in the case of the DMSO environment. This is consistent with the assumption that the biological activity of Ang II is associated with its C-terminal residues embedded in a hydrophobic environment of its AT1 receptor. Other features detected in DMSO environment were an H(His6 imidazole)-O(Phe8 carboxylate) hydrogen bond and a salt-bridge structure involving the Asp1 and Arg2 side chains. An additional important conformational feature is the spatial proximity between Tyr4 and His6 in both water and DMSO environments. This molecular feature may trigger the interest for the synthetic chemists to apply rational design for the synthesis of novel AT1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A C Preto
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Rosenström U, Sköld C, Plouffe B, Beaudry H, Lindeberg G, Botros M, Nyberg F, Wolf G, Karlén A, Gallo-Payet N, Hallberg A. New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4009-24. [PMID: 15943474 DOI: 10.1021/jm0491492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetics with one or two amino acid side chains were synthesized. The gamma-turn mimetics were incorporated into angiotensin II (Ang II) replacing the Val(3)-Tyr(4)-Ile(5) or Tyr(4)-Ile(5) peptide segments. All of the resulting pseudopeptides displayed high AT(2)/AT(1) receptor selectivity and exhibited AT(2) receptor affinity in the low nanomolar range. Molecular modeling was used to investigate whether the compounds binding to the AT(2) receptor could position important structural elements in common areas. A previously described benzodiazepine-based gamma-turn mimetic with high affinity for the AT(2) receptor was also included in the modeling. It was found that the molecules, although being structurally quite different, could adopt the same binding mode/interaction pattern in agreement with the model hypothesis. The pseudopeptides selected for agonist studies were shown to act as AT(2) receptor agonists being able to induce outgrowth of neurite cells, stimulate p42/p44(mapk), and suppress proliferation of PC12 cells.
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24
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Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V, Kalbacher H, Papini AM, Tselios T, Chatzantoni K, Biagioli T, Lolli F, Deraos S, Papathanassopoulos P, Troganis A, Mantzourani E, Mavromoustakos T, Mouzaki A. Design and synthesis of a novel potent myelin basic protein epitope 87-99 cyclic analogue: enhanced stability and biological properties of mimics render them a potentially new class of immunomodulators. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1470-80. [PMID: 15743189 DOI: 10.1021/jm040849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic analogue, [cyclo(87-99)MBP(87)(-)(99)], of the human immunodominant MBP(87)(-)(99) epitope, was designed based on ROESY/NMR distance information and modeling data for linear epitope 87-99, taking into account T-cell (Phe(89), Lys(91), Pro(96)) and HLA (His(88), Phe(90), Ile(93)) contact side-chain information. The cyclic analogue was found to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), to bind HLA-DR4, and to increase CD4 T-cell line proliferation, like that of the conformationally related linear MBP(87)(-)(99) epitope peptide. The mutant cyclic peptides, the cyclo(91-99)[Ala(96)]MBP(87)(-)(99) and the cyclo(87-99)[Arg(91)Ala(96)]MBP(87)(-)(99), reported previously for suppressing, to a varying degree, autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a rat animal model, were found in this study to possess the following immunomodulatory properties: (i) they suppressed the proliferation of a CD4 T-cell line raised from a multiple sclerosis patient, (ii) they scored the best in vitro TH2/TH1 cytokine ratio in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures derived from 13 multiple sclerosis patients, inducing IL-10 selectively, and (iii) they bound to HLA-DR4, first to be reported for cyclic MBP peptides. In addition, cyclic peptides were found to be more stable to lysosomal enzymes and Cathepsin B, D, and H, compared to their linear counterparts. Taken together, these data render cyclic mimics as putative drugs for treating multiple sclerosis and potentially other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemical synthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclization
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Drug Stability
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Epitopes
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lysosomes/enzymology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Mutation
- Myelin Basic Protein/chemical synthesis
- Myelin Basic Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Basic Protein/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
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25
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Johannesson P, Erdélyi M, Lindeberg G, Frändberg PA, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. AT2-selective angiotensin II analogues containing tyrosine-functionalized 5,5-bicyclic thiazabicycloalkane dipeptide mimetics. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6009-19. [PMID: 15537355 DOI: 10.1021/jm049651m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of two angiotensin II analogues with tyrosine-functionalized 5,5-bicyclic thiazabicycloalkane dipeptide mimetics replacing the Tyr(4)-Ile(5) residues. The preparation of these analogues relies on the synthesis and incorporation of an alpha,alpha-disubstituted chimeric amino acid derivative and on-resin bicyclization to a cysteine residue. The synthesized analogues both displayed high angiotensin AT(2)/AT(1) receptor binding preferences and had AT(2) receptor affinities in the same low nanomolar range as angiotensin II itself. Conformational analysis, using experimental constraints derived from NMR studies, indicated that the Tyr(4) and His(6) residues in one of the angiotensin II analogues were in close proximity to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Johannesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Zoumpoulakis P, Zoga A, Roumelioti P, Giatas N, Grdadolnik SG, Iliodromitis E, Vlahakos D, Kremastinos D, Matsoukas JM, Mavromoustakos T. Conformational and biological studies for a pair of novel synthetic AT1 antagonists: stereoelectronic requirements for antihypertensive efficacy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:833-44. [PMID: 12684096 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the major systems which interferes with the disease of hypertension, is the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAS). The octapeptide hormone angiotensin II is the active product of RAS which causes vasoconstriction when binds to the AT(1) receptor. In the last years, there has been a development of drugs which block the Angiotensin II from binding the AT(1) receptor and are called AT(1) antagonists. In an effort to comprehend their stereoelectronic features, a study has been initiated to compare the conformational properties of drugs already marketed for the treatment of hypertension and others which are designed and synthesized in our laboratory possessing structural characteristics necessary for antihypertensive activity. In this study, two synthetic non-peptide AT(1) antagonists, are structurally elucidated and their conformational properties and bioactivity are compared to the prototype and first approved drug of this category in the market; losartan (trade name: COZAAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Vas Constantinou 48, 11635, Athens, Greece
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27
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Abstract
The identification of small molecule antagonists of protein function is at the core of the pharmaceutical industry. Successful approaches to this problem, including screening and rational design, have been developed over the years to identify antagonists of enzymes and cellular receptors. These methods have been extended to the search for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. While the very possibility of designing a small molecule inhibitor for such interactions was once doubted, there are examples of such inhibitors that are currently marketed products and many more inhibitors in various stages of research and development. Here we review the progress in identifying and designing small molecule protein inhibitors, with particular attention to those that block protein-protein interactions. We also discuss the physical character of protein-protein interfaces, and the resulting implications for small molecule lead discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gadek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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28
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Johannesson P, Lindeberg G, Johansson A, Nikiforovich GV, Gogoll A, Synnergren B, Le Grèves M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1767-77. [PMID: 11960488 DOI: 10.1021/jm011063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of the octapeptide angiotensin II that are structurally related to the cyclic disulfide agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II have been prepared. The synthesis relies on the reaction of the mercapto group of a cysteine residue in position 3 with the formyl group of allysine incorporated in position 5 of angiotensin II. A mixture of the cis and the trans isomers was formed, and these were separated and isolated by RP-HPLC. Thus, the three-atom CH(2)[bond]S[bond]S element of the AT(1) receptor agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II has been displaced by a bioisosteric three-atom S[bond]CH[double bond]CH element. A comparative conformational analysis of the 13-membered ring systems of c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II and the 13-membered cyclic vinyl sulfides with cis and trans configuration, respectively, suggested that all three systems adopted very similar low-energy conformations. This similarity was also reflected in the bioactivity. Both of the compounds that contained the ring systems encompassing the cis or trans vinyl sulfide elements between positions 3 and 5 exhibited K(i) values less than 2 nM and exerted full agonism at the AT(1) receptor. In contrast, vinyl sulfide cyclization involving the amino acid residues 5 and 7 rendered inactive compounds. The cyclic vinyl sulfides that have agonist activity were both shown to possess low-energy conformers compatible with the previously proposed 3D model for the bioactive conformation of Ang II.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Binding, Competitive
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- In Vitro Techniques
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptors, Angiotensin/agonists
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfides/chemical synthesis
- Sulfides/chemistry
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Vinyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Vinyl Compounds/chemistry
- Vinyl Compounds/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Johannesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Zoumpoulakis P, Grdadolnik SG, Matsoukas J, Mavromoustakos T. Structure elucidation and conformational properties of eprosartan, a non peptide angiotensin II AT1 antagonist. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:125-35. [PMID: 11861115 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to treat hypertension is to interfere with the Renin-Angiotensin system (RAS) by blocking the binding of vasoconstrictive hormone Angiotensin II to the AT(1) receptor site. This approach led to the beneficial drug losartan (COZAAR) and other similar in structure to the antihypertensive drugs (sartans). In an effort to compare the stereoelectronic features of pharmacophoric segments of the different sartans, a research activity was initiated in our laboratory related to the conformational properties of these drugs. In a previous study, the structural features which determine the pharmacophoric segments of losartan were examined. In this study, the conformational properties of eprosartan (TEVETEN), a drug with fewer side effects, were examined. In addition, the superimposition ability of losartan and eprosartan with the peptide antagonist sarmesin was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation. Vas. Constantinou 48, Athens, Greece
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