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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Hu L, Han S. A copper-catalyzed approach for the synthesis of asymmetrical disubstituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles via elemental sulfur-mediated decarboxylative redox cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Banerjee I, Sagar S, Panda TK. Calcium mediated efficient synthesis of N-arylamidines from organic nitriles and amines. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4231-4237. [PMID: 32458962 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amidines are a preeminent group of organic compounds having wide applications in various industries. Here, we have developed a simple one-step reaction protocol for the facile synthesis of N-arylamidines catalysed by calcium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)2]. The amidine synthesis was readily achieved from organic nitriles and amines which provided a broad substrate scope ranging from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating substitutions as well as heterocyclic substitution. The reaction was carried out in a solvent-free medium under ambient conditions. The nucleophilic addition of aromatic amines to aryl nitriles led to good to excellent yields of the corresponding amidines. The reactivity of the amidines was further examined and the respective urea derivatives were achieved in excellent yields. The plausible mechanism involves the generation of an active calcium amido pre-catalyst that helps in the activation of nitriles in the reaction course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India.
| | - Shweta Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India.
| | - Tarun K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India.
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3
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Sayed AR, Ahmed MSM, Gomha SM. Efficient Methods for the Synthesis of Novel Arylazothiazoles Based on Acetylferrocene or Adamantane. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:282-287. [PMID: 32101128 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200226091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrazonoyl halides are convenient for the synthesis of arylazothiazoles. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of novel arylazothiazoles were efficiently synthesized from the reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides with 2-(adamantan-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide or 2-(ferrocenyl-1-ylidene)hydrazinecarbo-- thioamide in dioxane used as an aprotic solvent because of its lower toxicity and higher boiling point (101 °C) and triethylamine at reflux. The reaction mechanistic pathway proceeded by the nucleophilic substitution reaction by the elimination of hydrogen chloride to give thiohydrazonates as intermediate, which in situ undergo intramolecular cyclization and loss of water molecule to afford the final product of novel arylazothiazoles. This method is simple with good yield and excellent purities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The synthetic schemes for the final products are proposed and discussed. The chemical structures of the final products were identified by different techniques, such as elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). CONCLUSION In this article, we prepared arylazothiazoles from the reaction of 2-(adamantan-2-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide or 2-(ferrocenyl-1-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide with hydrazonoyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahed R Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S M Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Sobhi M Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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4
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Channar PA, Saeed A, Larik FA, Rafiq M, Ashraf Z, Jabeen F, Fattah TA. Synthesis, computational studies and enzyme inhibitory kinetics of substituted methyl[2-(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-hydrazono)-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5929-5938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Veer SD, Katkar KV, Akamanchi KG. Sulfated tungstate catalyzed activation of nitriles: addition of amines to nitriles for synthesis of amidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Aly AA, Ishak EA, Brown AB. Reaction of arylidenehydrazono-4-aryl-2,3-dihydrothiazole-5-carbonitriles with diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Synthesis of (Z)-ethyl 2-[((Z)-2-(E)-arylidenehydrazono)-4-oxo-thiazolidine-5-ylidene]acetates. NMR investigation. J Sulphur Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2014.882337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Eftekhari-Sis B, Zirak M, Akbari A. Arylglyoxals in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2958-3043. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300176g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Eftekhari-Sis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, University of Maragheh, Golshahr,
P.O. Box. 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
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9
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Heimgartner H, Zhou Y, Linden A. Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazineselones from Imidoyl Isoselenocyanates and Amidines. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Hassan AA, Shawky AM, Shehatta HS. Chemistry and heterocyclization of thiosemicarbazones. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Eisinger M, Li WH, Anthonavage M, Pappas A, Zhang L, Rossetti D, Huang Q, Seiberg M. A melanocortin receptor 1 and 5 antagonist inhibits sebaceous gland differentiation and the production of sebum-specific lipids. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:23-32. [PMID: 21602033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin receptor-5 (MC5R) is present in human sebaceous glands, where it is expressed in differentiated sebocytes only. The targeted disruption of MC5R in mice resulted in reduced sebaceous lipid production and a severe defect in water repulsion. OBJECTIVE To investigate the physiological function of MC5R in human sebaceous glands. METHODS A novel MC1R and MC5R antagonist (JNJ-10229570) was used to treat primary human sebaceous cells or human skins grafted onto severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Transcription profiling, lipid analyses, and histological and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the effect of MC5R inhibition on sebaceous gland differentiation and sebum production. RESULTS JNJ-10229570 dose dependently inhibited the production of sebaceous lipids in cultured primary human sebocytes. Topical treatment with JNJ-10229570 of human skins transplanted onto SCID mice resulted in a marked decrease in sebum-specific lipid production, sebaceous gland's size and the expression of the sebaceous differentiation marker epithelial-membrane antigen (EMA). Treatment with flutamide, a known inhibitor of sebum production, gave similar results, validating the human skin/SCID mouse experimental system for sebaceous secretion studies. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that antagonists of MC1R and MC5R could be effective sebum suppressive agents and might have a potential for the treatment of acne and other sebaceous gland pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Eisinger
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, a Unit of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. 199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
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12
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Cortes-Salva M, Garvin C, Antilla JC. Ligand-Free Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Amidines. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1456-9. [PMID: 21250705 DOI: 10.1021/jo102235u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cortes-Salva
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Corey Garvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jon C. Antilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue CHE 205A, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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13
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Zhang L, Li WH, Anthonavage M, Pappas A, Rossetti D, Cavender D, Seiberg M, Eisinger M. Melanocortin-5 receptor and sebogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:202-6. [PMID: 21215742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortins (α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH, and ACTH) bind to the melanocortin receptors and signal through increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate to induce biological effects. The melanocortin MC(5) and MC(1) receptors are expressed in human sebaceous glands, which produce sebum, a lipid mixture of squalene, wax esters, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and free fatty acids that is secreted onto the skin. Excessive sebum production is one of the major factors in the pathogenesis of acne. The expression of melanocortin MC(5) receptor has been associated with sebocyte differentiation and sebum production. Sebaceous lipids are down-regulated in melanocortin MC(5) receptor-deficient mice, consistent with the observation that α-MSH acts as a sebotropic hormone in rodents. These findings, which suggest that melanocortins stimulate sebaceous lipid production through the MC(5) receptor, led to our search for MC(5) receptor antagonists as potential sebum-suppressive agents. As predicted, an antagonist was shown to inhibit sebocyte differentiation in vitro, and to reduce sebum production in human skin transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. The melanocortin MC(5) receptor antagonists may prove to be clinically useful for the treatment of sebaceous disorders with excessive sebum production, such as acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, a unit of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc.,199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.
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14
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Su W, Weng Y, Jiang L, Yang Y, Zhao L, Chen Z, Li Z, Li J. Recent Progress in the Use of Vilsmeier-Type Reagents. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2010.513911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Hassan AA, El. Din AMN, Latif FFA, Mostafa SM, Bräse S. Synthesis of Spiro(indenepyrazole) and Indenotriazinone Derivatives from 4-substituted Thiosemicarbazides and (1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-Inden-2-Ylidene)Propanedinitrile. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.3184/030823410x12810986062376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a multistep reaction, N-substituted-5′-amino-4′-cyano-1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-spiro[indene-2,3′-pyrazole]-2′(1 H) carbothioamides (63–71 %) and 4-substituted-3-thioxo-3 H-indeno[1,2- e][1,2,4] triazin-9(4 H)-ones (17–26 %) have been formed, from a series of 4-substituted thiosemicarbazides 1a–f with (1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-2-ylidene)propanedinitrile 3 in aerated ethyl acetate. Rationales of these conversions involving the nucleophilic reactions and condensation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Fathy F. Abdel Latif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Sara M. Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4′-piperidine] based melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4895-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Koutentis PA, Mirallai SI. Reinvestigating the synthesis of N-arylbenzamidines from benzonitriles and anilines in the presence of AlCl3. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Spectral characterization and crystal structure of 5-spiro-(3-methyl-2,6-diphenyltetrahydropyran-4-yl)-4,5-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Xiao Q, Wang WH, Liu G, Meng FK, Chen JH, Yang Z, Shi ZJ. Direct Imidation to Construct 1H-Benzo[d]imidazole through PdII-Catalyzed CH Activation Promoted by Thiourea. Chemistry 2009; 15:7292-6. [PMID: 19551776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Green Chemistry Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871
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20
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Guo L, Ye Z, Ujjainwalla F, Sings HL, Sebhat IK, Huber J, Weinberg DH, Tang R, MacNeil T, Tamvakopoulos C, Peng Q, MacIntyre E, van der Ploeg LH, Goulet MT, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP. Synthesis and SAR of potent and orally bioavailable tert-butylpyrrolidine archetype derived melanocortin subtype-4 receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Gayathri D, Velmurugan D, Umamatheswari S, Kabilan S, Ravikumar K. N-(1-Acetyl- r-7, c-9-diphenyl-4,8-dithia-1,2-diazaspiro[5.4]dec-2-en-3-yl)acetamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o494-5. [PMID: 21201517 PMCID: PMC2960219 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Zhang F, Estavillo C, Mohler M, Cai J. Non-enzymatic reduction of a 1,2,4-thiadiazolium derivative. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2172-8. [PMID: 18316189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It was discovered that 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-phenylamino-[1,2,4]-thiadiazolium bromide (1), a 1,2,4-thiadiazolium derivative, could be reduced to the corresponding imidoylthiourea, 1-[(2-methoxy-phenyl)-(2-methoxy-phenylimino)-methyl]-3-phenyl-thiourea (3), by some biologically interesting reducing reagents including glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid. The reduction also occurred in Sprague-Dawley rat and Yorkshire swine plasma, suggesting that thiol containing biological molecules existing in the plasma are mainly responsible for this reaction. A facile method for preparation of 3 from 1 was established by using 2-thioethanol as reaction reagent as well as solvent. The structure of 3 was fully characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization source (ESI-MS). Those new findings could shed light on the development of 1,2,4-thiadiazolium derivatives for their potential pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Zhang
- Analytical Development, Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ 08558, USA.
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Todorovic A, Joseph CG, Sorensen NB, Wood MS, Haskell-Luevano C. Structure-activity relationships of melanocortin agonists containing the benzimidazole scaffold. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 69:338-49. [PMID: 17539826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has been implicated in regulating various physiological processes including pigmentation, energy homeostasis, obesity, steroidogenesis cardiovascular, and exocrine gland function. The five melanocortin receptors that belong to the super family of G protein-coupled receptors are stimulated by naturally occurring agonists. The aim of this research was focused on the design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of melanocortin ligands that contain the 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole scaffold. A series of benzimidazole analogues, with three points of diversity at positions 1, 2, and 5, were designed, synthesized, pharmacologically assayed at the mouse melanocortin receptors MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R and resulted in ligands possessing a range of agonist activity from nm to no stimulation at up to 100 microM concentrations. This study demonstrates that the benzimidazole structure template can be appended with key melanocortin agonist amino acids for the design melanocortin receptor agonist ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Todorovic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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24
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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25
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Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Kakinuma H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Structure–activity relationships of novel piperazines as antagonists for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1989-2005. [PMID: 17234422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During the investigation of antagonists for the MC4 receptor, we found that 10ab having a naphthyl group showed almost the same binding affinity for the MC4 receptor as that of the lead compound 1 with a benzoyl group. We also developed a new type of compounds, namely, bis-piperazines, and found that the bis-piperazines 10 exhibited a high affinity for the MC4 receptor. In particular, (-)-10bg exhibited the highest affinity for the MC4 receptor with an IC50 value of 8.13nM. In this paper, we present the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of the novel bis-piperazines as MC4 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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Cain JP, Mayorov AV, Cai M, Wang H, Tan B, Chandler K, Lee Y, Petrov RR, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of small molecule peptide mimetics targeting the melanocortin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5462-7. [PMID: 16931008 PMCID: PMC1810397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new bicyclic template has been developed for the synthesis of peptide mimetics. Straightforward synthetic steps, starting from amino acids, allow the facile construction of a wide range of analogs. This system was designed to target the melanocortin receptors (MCRs), with functional group selection based on a known pharmacophore and guidance from molecular modeling to rationally identify positional and stereochemical isomers likely to be active. The functions of hMCRs are critical to myriad biological activities, including pigmentation, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, erectile activity, and inflammation. These G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for drug discovery in a number of areas, including cancer, pain, and obesity therapeutics. All compounds from this series tested to date are antagonists which bind with high affinity. Importantly, many are highly selective for a particular MCR subtype, including some of the first completely hMC5R-selective antagonists reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Saczewski J, Brzozowski Z, Saczewski F, Bednarski PJ, Liebeke M, Gdaniec M. Synthesis and in vitro anti-tumor activity of N-{1-[(3-thioxo-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]thiadiazol-7-ylthio)thiocarbonyl]-2-imidazolidene}arylsulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3663-7. [PMID: 16682194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-{1-[(3-thioxo-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]thiadiazol-7-ylthio)thiocarbonyl]-2-imidazolidene}arylsulfonamides (2a-z) was obtained by reacting 6,7-dihydro-1H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-thione (1) with arylsulfonyl chlorides. The relationships between structure and anti-tumor activity revealed that compound 2o with p-Cl substituent at the phenyl ring was most active (-log GI50>8.00, -log TGI=7.66) and was found to exhibit high selectivity toward the leukemia CCRF-CEM cell line (Deltaf=3.08 and 3.31, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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29
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Joseph CG, Sorensen NB, Wood MS, Xiang Z, Moore MC, Haskell-Luevano C. Modified melanocortin tetrapeptide Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH at the arginine side chain with ureas and thioureas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:297-307. [PMID: 16218996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 tetrapeptide is a nonselective melanocortin agonist and replacement of Arg in the tetrapeptide with acidic, basic or neutral amino acids results in reduced potency at the melanocortin receptor (MCR) isoforms (MC1R and MC3-5R). To determine the importance of the positive charge and the guanidine moiety for melanocortin activity, a series of urea- and thiourea-substituted tetrapeptides were designed. Replacement of Arg with Lys or ornithine reduced agonist activity at the mouse mMC1 and mMC3-5 receptors, thus supporting the hypothesis that the guanidine moiety is important for receptor potency, particularly at the MC3-5 receptors. The Arg side chain-modified tetrapeptides examined in this study include substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and aliphatic urea and thiourea residues using a Lys side-chain template. These ligands elicit full-agonist pharmacology at the mouse MCRs examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Joseph
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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30
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Castro A, Castaño T, Encinas A, Porcal W, Gil C. Advances in the synthesis and recent therapeutic applications of 1,2,4-thiadiazole heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1644-52. [PMID: 16249092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical properties of 1,2,4-thiadiazole have been reviewed in the last few years. However, the usefulness of 1,2,4-thiadiazole as a privileged system in medicinal chemistry has prompted the advances on the therapeutic potential of this system. This review provides a brief summary of the medicinal chemistry of 1,2,4-thiadiazole system and highlights some examples of 1,2,4-thiadiazole-containing drug substances in the current literature. A survey of representative literature procedures for the preparation of 1,2,4-thiadiazole is presented in sections by generalized synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castro
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Shi Q, Ornstein PL, Briner K, Richardson TI, Arnold MB, Backer RT, Buckmaster JL, Canada EJ, Doecke CW, Hertel LW, Honigschmidt N, Hsiung HM, Husain S, Kuklish SL, Martinelli MJ, Mullaney JT, O'Brien TP, Reinhard MR, Rothhaar R, Shah J, Wu Z, Xie C, Zgombick JM, Fisher MJ. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides as ligands for melanocortin subtype-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:2341-6. [PMID: 16297618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzylic piperazines (e.g., 4 and 5) attached to an 'address element', the dipeptide H-D-Tic-D-p-Cl-Phe-OH, 3 has been identified as ligands for the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R). We describe herein the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the N-terminal residue of the 'address element'. Several novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides with high MC4R binding affinities and selectivity emerged from this SAR study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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32
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Shih MH, Wu CL. Efficient syntheses of thiadiazoline and thiadiazole derivatives by the cyclization of 3-aryl-4-formylsydnone thiosemicarbazones with acetic anhydride and ferric chloride. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Pogozheva ID, Chai BX, Lomize AL, Fong TM, Weinberg DH, Nargund RP, Mulholland MW, Gantz I, Mosberg HI. Interactions of human melanocortin 4 receptor with nonpeptide and peptide agonists. Biochemistry 2005; 44:11329-41. [PMID: 16114870 PMCID: PMC2532597 DOI: 10.1021/bi0501840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions of human melanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R) with its nonpeptide and peptide agonists were studied using alanine-scanning mutagenesis. The binding affinities and potencies of two synthetic, small-molecule agonists (THIQ, MB243) were strongly affected by substitutions in transmembrane alpha-helices (TM) 2, 3, 6, and 7 (residues Glu(100), Asp(122), Asp(126), Phe(261), His(264), Leu(265), and Leu(288)). In addition, a I129A mutation primarily affected the binding and potency of THIQ, while F262A, W258A, Y268A mutations impaired interactions with MB243. By contrast, binding affinity and potency of the linear peptide agonist NDP-MSH were substantially reduced only in D126A and H264A mutants. Three-dimensional models of receptor-ligand complexes with their agonists were generated by distance-geometry using the experimental, homology-based, and other structural constraints, including interhelical H-bonds and two disulfide bridges (Cys(40)-Cys(279), Cys(271)-Cys(277)) of hMC4R. In the models, all pharmacophore elements of small-molecule agonists are spatially overlapped with the corresponding key residues (His(6), d-Phe(7), Arg(8), and Trp(9)) of the linear peptide: their charged amine groups interact with acidic residues from TM2 and TM3, similar to His(6) and Arg(6) of NDP-MSH; their substituted piperidines mimic Trp(9) of the peptide and interact with TM5 and TM6, while the d-Phe aromatic rings of all three agonists contact with Leu(133), Trp(258), and Phe(261) residues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/drug effects
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/drug effects
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rhodopsin/chemistry
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina D Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Fisher MJ, Backer RT, Collado I, de Frutos O, Husain S, Hsiung HM, Kuklish SL, Mateo AI, Mullaney JT, Ornstein PL, Paredes CG, O'Brian TP, Richardson TI, Shah J, Zgombick JM, Briner K. Privileged structure based ligands for melanocortin receptors—Substituted benzylic piperazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4973-8. [PMID: 16169215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the aryl piperazine moiety in compound 1 with a variety of substituted benzylic piperazines (6) yields compounds that afford melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) activity. Analogs with ortho substitution on the aromatic ring afforded the highest affinity. Resolution of the stereocenter of the benzylic piperazine based privileged structure revealed that the R-enantiomer was more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fisher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46258, USA.
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35
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Fisher MJ, Backer RT, Husain S, Hsiung HM, Mullaney JT, O'Brian TP, Ornstein PL, Rothhaar RR, Zgombick JM, Briner K. Privileged structure-based ligands for melanocortin receptors—tetrahydroquinolines, indoles, and aminotetralines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4459-62. [PMID: 16112861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of the aryl sulfonamide moiety contained in MC4 agonist 1 with bicyclic heterocycles and aminotetralines produced compounds with MC4 activity. The heterocycles represent alternative privileged structures to that contained in 1. Compounds in which the polar group of the privileged structure was displayed in an endocyclic fashion were not as active as the parent agonist 1, while those with an exocyclic polar group afforded activity competitive with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fisher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46258, USA.
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36
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Todorovic A, Haskell-Luevano C. A review of melanocortin receptor small molecule ligands. Peptides 2005; 26:2026-36. [PMID: 16051395 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system (MC) is implicated in the regulation of a variety of physiological pathways including pigmentation, steroid function, energy homeostasis, food intake, obesity, cardiovascular, sexual function, and normal gland regulation. The melanocortin system consists of five receptors identified to date (MC1-5R), melanocortin agonists derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin prohormone (POMC) and two naturally existing antagonists. Melanocortin receptor ligand structure-activity studies have been performed since the 1960s, primarily focused on the pigmentation aspect of physiology. During the 1990s, the melanocortin-4 receptor was identified to play a significant physiological role in the regulation of both food intake and obesity. Subsequently, a concerted drug design effort has focused on the design and discovery of melanocortin receptor small molecules. Herein, we present an overview of melanocortin receptor heterocyclic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Todorovic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100485, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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37
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Pontillo J, Tran JA, Fleck BA, Marinkovic D, Arellano M, Tucci FC, Lanier M, Nelson J, Parker J, Saunders J, Murphy B, Foster AC, Chen C. Piperazinebenzylamines as potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5605-9. [PMID: 15482933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies of a series of piperazinebenzylamines resulted in the discovery of potent antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Compounds 11c, 11d, and 11l, which had K(i) values of 21, 14, and 15 nM, respectively, possessed low efficacy in cAMP stimulation ( approximately 15% of alpha-MSH maximal level) mediated by MC4R, and functioned as antagonists in inhibition of alpha-MSH-stimulated cAMP release in a dose-dependent manner (11l, IC(50)=36 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pontillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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38
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39
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Chapter 5.5 Five-membered ring systems: With N and S (Se) atoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Holder JR, Haskell-Luevano C. Melanocortin ligands: 30 years of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:325-56. [PMID: 14994367 DOI: 10.1002/med.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of peptide and peptidomimetic research is the development of methods and techniques to improve the biological properties of native peptides and to convert peptide ligands into non-peptide compounds. Improved biological properties of peptides includes enhancement of stability, potency, and receptor selectivity, for both in vivo and in vitro applications. The design of a ligand with specific activity and desired biological properties is a complex task, and, to accomplish this objective, knowledge about putative interactions between a ligand and the corresponding receptor will be valuable. This includes interactions for both the binding and signal transduction processes. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involve systematic modification of a lead peptide and are designed to provide insight into potential interactions involved in the formation of the ligand-receptor complex. It is desirable to have knowledge about both favorable and unfavorable processes that may occur in putative ligand-receptor interactions that result in either receptor stimulation or inhibition. Herein, we discuss various SAR studies that have involved melanocortin peptides over three decades and the information these studies have provided to the melanocortin field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ryan Holder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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41
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Gillespie P, Goodnow RA. The Hit-to-Lead Process in Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Ruel R, Herpin TF, Iben L, Luo G, Martel A, Mason H, Mattson G, Poirier B, Ruediger EH, Shi D, Thibault C, Yu G, Antal Zimanyi I, Poindexter GS, Macor JE. β-Alanine dipeptides as MC4R agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4341-4. [PMID: 14643322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
beta-Alanine derivative 2 (IC(50)=16 nM) and related compounds were found to be potent MC4R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réjean Ruel
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 100 boul. de l'Industrie, Candiac, Quebec, Canada J5R 1J1.
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43
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Abstract
Obesity has become one of the most significant public health problems facing the world today. However, the pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial and involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. There is a pressing need to better understand the biochemical pathways that control energy intake and expenditure. In the last few years, a number of important signalling molecules have been identified that play important roles in obesity. One family of these molecules is the melanocortin system, which consists of several components: (1) melanocortin peptides; (2) the five seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled melanocortin receptors (MCRs); (3) the endogenous MCR antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein; (4) the endogenous melanocortin mediators, mahogany, and syndecan. This system plays a key role in the central nervous system control of feeding behaviour and energy expenditure. This article will provide an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology of the melanocortin system, and recent developments in our understanding of this system in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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44
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Chapter 24. Obesity therapeutics: Prospects and perspectives. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Chapter 4. Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists and antagonists: Chemistry and potential therapeutic utilities. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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