1
|
AlMasoud N, Bakheit AH, Alshammari MFM, Abdel-Aziz HA, AlRabiah H. Loratadine. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2022; 47:55-90. [PMID: 35396016 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Loratadine, 4-(8-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester, is an antihistamine drug with long-acting effects and has limited selectivity for peripheral H1 receptors. It is widely used for the prevention of allergic diseases such as rhinitis chronic urticaria, and asthma. This chapter discusses, by a critical extensive review of the literature, the description of loratadine in terms of its names, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, methods of preparation. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Loratadine, including pKa value, solubility and X-ray powder diffraction. In addition, it involves Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy for functional groups and structural confirmation of. The chapter also includes methods of analysis of the drug such as compendial, titrimetric, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods. The chapter also covers clinical applications of the drug such as its uses, doses, ADME profiles and mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Munif Farhan M Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stone EA, Cutrona KJ, Miller SJ. Asymmetric Catalysis upon Helically Chiral Loratadine Analogues Unveils Enantiomer-Dependent Antihistamine Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12690-12698. [PMID: 32579347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the conformationally dynamic Claritin (loratadine) and Clarinex (desloratadine) scaffolds have been enantio- and chemoselectively N-oxidized using an aspartic acid containing peptide catalyst to afford stable, helically chiral products in up to >99:1 er. The conformational dynamics and enantiomeric stability of the N-oxide products have been investigated experimentally and computationally with the aid of crystallographic data. Furthermore, biological assays show that rigidifying the core structure of loratadine and related analogues through N-oxidation affects antihistamine activity in an enantiomer-dependent fashion. Computational docking studies illustrate the observed activity differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Kara J Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woollam GR, Das PP, Mugnaioli E, Andrusenko I, Galanis AS, van de Streek J, Nicolopoulos S, Gemmi M, Wagner T. Structural analysis of metastable pharmaceutical loratadine form II, by 3D electron diffraction and DFT+D energy minimisation. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01216e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coupling 3D electron diffraction and density functional theory provided the metastable pharmaceutical crystal structure within nanometre range, under ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Iryna Andrusenko
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
- Basel 4002
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamamoto K, Tamura T, Henmi K, Kuboyama T, Yanagisawa A, Matsubara M, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Saito JI, Ueno K, Shuto S. Development of Dihydrodibenzooxepine Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Gamma Ligands of a Novel Binding Mode as Anticancer Agents: Effective Mimicry of Chiral Structures by Olefinic E/ Z-Isomers. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10067-10083. [PMID: 30351933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of PPARγ ligand 1 (EC50 = 197 nM) with a dibenzoazepin scaffold was identified through high-throughput screening campaign. To avoid the synthetically troublesome chiral center of 1, its conformational analysis using the MacroModel was conducted, focusing on conformational flip of the tricyclic ring and the conformational restriction by the methyl group at the chiral center. On the basis of this analysis, scaffold hopping of dibenzoazepine into dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine by replacing the chiral structures with the corresponding olefinic E/ Z isomers was performed. Consequently, dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine scaffold 9 was developed showing extremely potent PPARγ reporter activity (EC50 = 2.4 nM, efficacy = 9.5%) as well as differentiation-inducing activity against a gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 that was more potent than any other well-known PPARγ agonists in vitro (94% at 30 nM). The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 9 complexed with PPARγ showed that it had a unique binding mode to PPARγ ligand-binding domain that differed from that of any other PPARγ agonists identified thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kazuki Henmi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuboyama
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Arata Yanagisawa
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsubara
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Michihiko Suzuki
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Saito
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kimihisa Ueno
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Woollam GR, Neumann MA, Wagner T, Davey RJ. The importance of configurational disorder in crystal structure prediction: the case of loratadine. Faraday Discuss 2018; 211:209-234. [PMID: 30052254 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loratadine, an over-the-counter antihistamine medication, has two known monotropically related polymorphs, both of which feature disorder. A combined experimental and computational approach using variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction (VT-SCXRD) analysis and dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) reveals that the nature of the disorder in each form is markedly different and cannot be described by a simple isolated-site model with thermally populated conformations in either of the two cases. In Form I, the ethyl carbamate functionality adopts two different configurations, with adjacent moieties interacting along one-dimensional chains. The most stable arrangement features alternating configurations, but because of the low energetic cost of stacking faults, the domain sizes are short and an average crystal structure is observed experimentally. The configurational free energy of the disordered structure is lower than the energy of the two corresponding ordered crystal structures, but the energy decrease is dominated by the lower lattice energy of the alternating arrangement with a small entropic contribution. In Form II, the flexible cycloheptane bridge adopts two different configurations. The disorder is not an equilibrium property but is instead frozen-in during the crystallisation process. The configurational free energy of the disordered structure falls in between the lattice energies of the two corresponding ordered structures. The two ordered components of each disordered structure are all found in a crystal structure prediction (CSP) study with the GRACE programme. However, the experimentally observed stability relationship is only reproduced when the energy contribution of disorder is taken into account. The disordered model of Form I is found to be lower in energy than all the other predicted structures and there is no indication of a missing, thermodynamically more stable, form. The case of loratadine demonstrates that experimentally observed disorder close to 50/50 does not necessarily correspond to a free energy decrease by kT ln 2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Several phenylethyl-substituted pyridinecarboxaldehydes were prepared from 2-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and these substances are found to undergo cyclization reactions in acidic media. In the absence of added nucleophile, acid promoted cyclization and oxidation (MnO2) provides an efficient route to 10,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-ones. Arene nucleophiles may also be added to the acidic mixture to provide good yields of triarylmethane products. Mechanisms are proposed involving dicationic superelectrophilic intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas A. Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|