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Kim D, Lee SH, Hwang HS, Kim SJ, Yun M. Recent Update on PET/CT Radiotracers for Imaging Cerebral Glioma. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 58:237-245. [PMID: 38932755 PMCID: PMC11196511 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-024-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has dramatically altered the landscape of noninvasive glioma evaluation, offering complementary insights to those gained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PET/CT scans enable a multifaceted analysis of glioma biology, supporting clinical applications from grading and differential diagnosis to mapping the full extent of tumors and planning subsequent treatments and evaluations. With a broad array of specialized radiotracers, researchers and clinicians can now probe various biological characteristics of gliomas, such as glucose utilization, cellular proliferation, oxygen deficiency, amino acid trafficking, and reactive astrogliosis. This review aims to provide a recent update on the application of versatile PET/CT radiotracers in glioma research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sung Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, 14068 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, 10444 Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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2
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Salem K, Reese RM, Alarid ET, Fowler AM. Progesterone Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Cellular Glucose and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Breast Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2022; 7:bvac186. [PMID: 36601022 PMCID: PMC9795483 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Positron emission tomography imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) is used clinically for initial staging, restaging, and assessing therapy response in breast cancer. Tumor FDG uptake in steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and physiologic FDG uptake in normal breast tissue can be affected by hormonal factors such as menstrual cycle phase, menopausal status, and hormone replacement therapy. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the progesterone receptor (PR) in regulating glucose and FDG uptake in breast cancer cells. Methods and Results PR-positive T47D breast cancer cells treated with PR agonists had increased FDG uptake compared with ethanol control. There was no significant change in FDG uptake in response to PR agonists in PR-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, MDA-MB-468 cells, or T47D PR knockout cells. Treatment of T47D cells with PR antagonists inhibited the effect of R5020 on FDG uptake. Using T47D cell lines that only express either the PR-A or the PR-B isoform, PR agonists increased FDG uptake in both cell types. Experiments using actinomycin D and cycloheximide demonstrated the requirement for both transcription and translation in PR regulation of FDG uptake. GLUT1 and PFKFB3 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were increased after progestin treatment of T47D cells. Conclusion Thus, progesterone and progestins increase FDG uptake in T47D breast cancer cells through the classical action of PR as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Ligand-activated PR ultimately increases expression and activity of proteins involved in glucose uptake, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Salem
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Amy M Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Kaunitz JD, Mandelkern M, Fowler JS. It's Not What You Take Up, It's What You Keep: How Discoveries from Diverse Disciplines Directed the Development of the FDG PET/CT Scan. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4620-4632. [PMID: 35908123 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although imaging glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography combined with X-ray CT (FDG-PET/CT) has become a standard diagnostic modality for the discovery and surveillance of malignant tumors and inflammatory processes, its origins extend back to more than a century of notable discoveries in the fields of inorganic and organic chemistry, nuclear physics, mathematics, biochemistry, solute transport physiology, metabolism, and imaging, accomplished by pioneering and driven investigators, of whom at least ten were recipients of the Nobel Prize. These tangled and diverse roots eventually coalesced into the FDG-PET/CT method, that through its many favorable characteristics inherent in the isotope used (18F), the accurate imaging derived from coincidence detection of positron annihilation radiation combined with computed tomography, and the metabolic trapping of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in tissues, provides safety, sensitivity, and specificity for tumor and inflammation detection. The authors hope that this article will increase the appreciation among its readers of the insight, creativity, persistence, and drive of the many investigators who made this technique possible. This article is followed by a review of the many applications of FDG-PET/CT to the gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system (Mandelkern in Dig Dis Sci 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Medical Service, Greater Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Mandelkern
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Greater Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Feuerecker B, Biechl P, Seidl C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Schwaiger M, Eisenreich W. Diverse metabolic response of cancer cells treated with a 213Bi-anti-EGFR-immunoconjugate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6227. [PMID: 33737524 PMCID: PMC7973706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of treatment response is among the major challenges in modern oncology. We herein used a monoclonal antibody targeting the EGF receptor (EGFR) labelled with the alpha emitter 213Bi (213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb). EJ28Luc (bladder) and LN18 (glioma) cancer cells, both overexpressing EGFR, were incubated for 3 h with the radioimmunoconjugate. To assess the responses in the core carbon metabolism upon this treatment, these cancer cell lines were subsequently cultivated for 18 h in the presence of [U-13C6]glucose. 13C-enrichment and isotopologue profiles of key amino acids were monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), in order to monitor the impacts of the radionuclide-treatment upon glucose metabolism. In comparison to untreated controls, treatment of EJ28Luc cells with 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb resulted in a significantly decreased incorporation of 13C from [U-13C6]glucose into alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, proline and serine. In sharp contrast, the same amino acids did not display less 13C-enrichments during treatment of the LN18 cells. The data indicate early treatment response of the bladder cancer cells, but not of the glioma cells though cell lines were killed following 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb treatment. The pilot study shows that the 13C-labelling approach is a valid tool to assess the responsiveness of cancer cells upon radionuclide-treatment in considerable metabolic detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,Deutsches Konsortium für translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Heidelberg, partnersite München and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Philipp Biechl
- Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Bavarian NMR Center-Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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5
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Osborn EA, Albaghdadi M, Libby P, Jaffer FA. Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pektor S, Lawaczeck L, Tenzer S, Bausbacher N, Hoffmann MA, Schreckenberger M, Miederer M. Characterization of activation induced [18]F-FDG uptake in Dendritic Cells. Nuklearmedizin 2020; 60:90-98. [PMID: 33327008 DOI: 10.1055/a-1308-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Activation of immune cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake that can be visualized by [18]F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18]F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for the function of the adaptive immune system. In contrast to other immune cells metabolic changes leading to an increase of [18]F-FDG uptake are poorly investigated. Here, we analysed the impact of different DC activation pathways on their [18]F-FDG uptake. This effect was then used to radiolabel DC with [18]F-FDG and track their migration in vivo. METHODS DC were generated from bone marrow progenitors (BMDC) or isolated from spleens (SPDC) of C57BL/6 mice. After stimulation with the TLR ligands LPS and CpG or anti-CD40 antibody for up to 72 hours activation markers and glucose transporters (GLUTs) were measured by flow cytometry. Uptake of [18]F-FDG was measured by gamma-counting. DC lysates were analysed for expression of glycolysis relevant proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). [18]F-FDG-labeled DC were injected into footpads of mice to image DC migration. RESULTS BMDC and SPDC showed strong upregulation of activation markers predominantly 24 hours after TLR stimulation followed by higher uptake of [18]F-FDG. In line with this, the expression of GLUTs was upregulated during the course of activation. Furthermore, MS analyses of DC lysates revealed differential regulation of glycolysis relevant proteins according to the stimulatory pathway. As a proof of principle, DC were labeled with [18]F-FDG upon activation to follow their migration in vivo via PET/MRI. CONCLUSION Immune stimulation of DC leads to enhanced [18]F-FDG uptake into DC, representing the typical shift to aerobic glycolysis in immune cells after activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pektor
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Lawaczeck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Bausbacher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.,Federal Ministry of Defense, Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Miederer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 2 as an Enzyme Related to [ 18F] FDG Accumulation in Various Cancers. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:722-730. [PMID: 30225759 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and hexokinase 2 (HK2) are known as major proteins involved in the molecular mechanisms for accumulating 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) in cancer cells, sometimes, [18F] FDG accumulation cannot be explained by the expression of these two proteins. We investigated the involvement of adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), which catalyzes ADP/ATP exchange at the mitochondrial inner membrane, in [18F] FDG accumulation. PROCEDURES ANT2 expression was evaluated in various cancer cell lines and human cancer tissues (microarrays) using western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, respectively. The expression levels of ANT2 were compared to [18F] FDG accumulation and pathologic findings, including differentiation grade. Additionally, we modulated ANT2 expression levels using ANT2 siRNA and an ANT2 expression vector in cancer cells and murine xenografted tumors. RESULTS [18F] FDG accumulation correlated with ANT2 expression in various cancer cell lines; this was not explained by GLUT1 and/or HK2 expression. At both the cell and tissue levels, ANT2 expression was high in less-differentiated or more malignant type of cancers. [18F] FDG accumulation changed according to the modulation of the ANT2 expression level. CONCLUSION In various cancer cells and tissues, the expression levels of ANT2 explained [18F] FDG accumulation better than those of GLUT1 and HK2. ANT2 can be used as a marker of dedifferentiated pathology and aggressiveness of cancer.
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Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the state-of-the-art imaging modality in nuclear medicine despite the fact that only a few new SPECT tracers have become available in the past 20 years. Critical for the future success of SPECT is the design of new and specific tracers for the detection, localization, and staging of a disease and for monitoring therapy. The utility of SPECT imaging to address oncologic questions is dependent on radiotracers that ideally exhibit excellent tissue penetration, high affinity to the tumor-associated target structure, specific uptake and retention in the malignant lesions, and rapid clearance from non-targeted tissues and organs. In general, a target-specific SPECT radiopharmaceutical can be divided into two main parts: a targeting biomolecule (e.g., peptide, antibody fragment) and a γ-radiation-emitting radionuclide (e.g., 99mTc, 123I). If radiometals are used as the radiation source, a bifunctional chelator is needed to link the radioisotope to the targeting entity. In a rational SPECT tracer design, these single components have to be critically evaluated in order to achieve a balance among the demands for adequate target binding, and a rapid clearance of the radiotracer. The focus of this chapter is to depict recent developments of tumor-targeted SPECT radiotracers for imaging of cancer diseases. Possibilities for optimization of tracer design and potential causes for design failure are discussed and highlighted with selected examples.
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Takahashi Y, Nishio A, Yamamoto D, Kamada H, Hashimoto N. Usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose−Positron Emission Tomography in Comparison with Methionine−Positron Emission Tomography in Differentiating Solid Hemangioblastoma from Adult Cerebellar Tumors. World Neurosurg 2018; 110:e648-e652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The Warburg effect describes how most cancer cells exhibit higher-than-normal glucose consumption, not only under hypoxic conditions, but also when normal oxygen levels are present. Although glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) has been found to play a key role in the cellular uptake of glucose, especially in cancer cells, where it is generally overexpressed, it has not been given consideration as a suitable target for the development of anticancer drugs. In this chapter, an example of molecular design and realization of novel GLUT1 inhibitors, including in silico modeling, chemical synthesis, and biological characterization, is provided. This process started with the identification of a focused series of oxime derivatives, originally designed as estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, which were structurally optimized in order to direct their activity towards GLUT1 and to minimize their binding to the ERs, leading to the production of efficient and selective inhibitors of glucose uptake in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Proietti S, Cucina A, Minini M, Bizzarri M. Melatonin, mitochondria, and the cancer cell. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4015-4025. [PMID: 28785807 PMCID: PMC11107593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-recognized fact that oxidative stress within mitochondria is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction has stimulated the development of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapies. Melatonin should be included among the pharmacological agents able to modulate mitochondrial functions in cancer, given that a number of relevant melatonin-dependent effects are triggered by targeting mitochondrial functions. Indeed, melatonin may modulate the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thus antagonizing the cancer highly glycolytic bioenergetic pathway of cancer cells. Modulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, together with Ca2+ release and mitochondrial apoptotic effectors, may enhance the spontaneous or drug-induced apoptotic processes. Given that melatonin may efficiently counteract the Warburg effect while stimulating mitochondrial differentiation and mitochondrial-based apoptosis, it is argued that the pineal neurohormone could represent a promising new perspective in cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Proietti
- Department of Surgery, "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery, "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Minini
- Department of Surgery, "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Chong JU, Hwang HK, Lee JH, Yun M, Kang CM, Lee WJ. Clinically determined type of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake as an alternative prognostic marker in resectable pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172606. [PMID: 28235029 PMCID: PMC5325284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between clinical PET (positron emission tomography) type and oncologic outcome in resectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS Between January 2008 and October 2012, patients who underwent potentially curative resection for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma without neoadjuvant treatment were retrospectively investigated. Clinical PET type was defined as follows: pancreatic cancer with similar 18FDG uptake to renal calyx was determined as kidney-type (K-type), and relatively lower 18FDG uptake than that of renal calyx was regarded as Non-K type. RESULTS A total of 53 patients were enrolled. After agreement-based reclassification, agreement based K-type (aK-type) was noted in 34 patients (64.2%), and agreement based Non-K type (aNon K-type) was found in 19 patients (35.8%). There was a significant difference between aK-type and aNon K-type pancreatic cancer (tumor size (P = 0.030), adjusted CA 19-9 (P = 0.007), maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax,P<0.001), metabolic tumor volume (MTV2.5, P<0.001), total lesion glycolysis (TLG, P<0.001)). K-type pancreatic cancer (n = 31) showed a significantly shorter disease-free time compared with Non-K type (n = 16) (10.8 vs. 24.1 months, P = 0.013). It was also noted that aK-type showed inferior disease-free survival to that of aNon-K type pancreatic cancer (11.9 vs. 28.6 months, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Clinical PET type is a reliable clinical marker to estimate aggressive tumor biology and can be utilized in predicting tumor recurrence and necessity for postoperative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Uk Chong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Mijin Yun
- Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Siebeneicher H, Cleve A, Rehwinkel H, Neuhaus R, Heisler I, Müller T, Bauser M, Buchmann B. Identification and Optimization of the First Highly Selective GLUT1 Inhibitor BAY-876. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2261-2271. [PMID: 27552707 PMCID: PMC5095872 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the long‐known fact that the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 is one of the key players safeguarding the increase in glucose consumption of many tumor entities even under conditions of normal oxygen supply (known as the Warburg effect), only few endeavors have been undertaken to find a GLUT1‐selective small‐molecule inhibitor. Because other transporters of the GLUT1 family are involved in crucial processes, these transporters should not be addressed by such an inhibitor. A high‐throughput screen against a library of ∼3 million compounds was performed to find a small molecule with this challenging potency and selectivity profile. The N‐(1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)quinoline‐4‐carboxamides were identified as an excellent starting point for further compound optimization. After extensive structure–activity relationship explorations, single‐digit nanomolar inhibitors with a selectivity factor of >100 against GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4 were obtained. The most promising compound, BAY‐876 [N4‐[1‐(4‐cyanobenzyl)‐5‐methyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl]‐7‐fluoroquinoline‐2,4‐dicarboxamide], showed good metabolic stability in vitro and high oral bioavailability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arwed Cleve
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Fatangare A, Svatoš A. Applications of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in Plant Imaging: Past, Present, and Future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 27242806 PMCID: PMC4860506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to explore and establish the current status of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) applications in plant imaging. In the present article, we review the previous literature on its experimental merits to formulate a consistent and inclusive picture of FDG applications in plant-imaging research. 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose is a [(18)F]fluorine-labeled glucose analog in which C-2 hydroxyl group has been replaced by a positron-emitting [(18)F] radioisotope. As FDG is a positron-emitting radiotracer, it could be used in in vivo imaging studies. FDG mimics glucose chemically and structurally. Its uptake and distribution are found to be similar to those of glucose in animal models. FDG is commonly used as a radiotracer for glucose in medical diagnostics and in vivo animal imaging studies but rarely in plant imaging. Tsuji et al. (2002) first reported FDG uptake and distribution in tomato plants. Later, Hattori et al. (2008) described FDG translocation in intact sorghum plants and suggested that it could be used as a tracer for photoassimilate translocation in plants. These findings raised interest among other plant scientists, which has resulted in a recent surge of articles involving the use of FDG as a tracer in plants. There have been seven studies describing FDG-imaging applications in plants. These studies describe FDG applications ranging from monitoring radiotracer translocation to analyzing solute transport, root uptake, photoassimilate tracing, carbon allocation, and glycoside biosynthesis. Fatangare et al. (2015) recently characterized FDG metabolism in plants; such knowledge is crucial to understanding and validating the application of FDG in plant imaging research. Recent FDG studies significantly advance our understanding of FDG translocation and metabolism in plants but also raise new questions. Here, we take a look at all the previous results to form a comprehensive picture of FDG translocation, metabolism, and applications in plants. In conclusion, we summarize current knowledge, discuss possible implications and limitations of previous studies, point to open questions in the field, and comment on the outlook for FDG applications in plant imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Fatangare
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
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Identification of novel GLUT inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1732-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Mathews TP, Hill S, Rose KL, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Human phospholipase D activity transiently regulates pyrimidine biosynthesis in malignant gliomas. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1258-68. [PMID: 25646564 DOI: 10.1021/cb500772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reorganize their metabolic pathways to fuel demanding rates of proliferation. Oftentimes, these metabolic phenotypes lie downstream of prominent oncogenes. The lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), which is produced by the hydrolytic enzyme phospholipase D (PLD), has been identified as a critical regulatory molecule for oncogenic signaling in many cancers. In an effort to identify novel regulatory mechanisms for PtdOH, we screened various cancer cell lines, assessing whether treatment of cancer models with PLD inhibitors altered production of intracellular metabolites. Preliminary findings lead us to focus on how deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are altered upon PLD inhibitor treatment in gliomas. Using a combination of proteomics and small molecule intracellular metabolomics, we show herein that PtdOH acutely regulates the production of these pyrimidine metabolites through activation of CAD via mTOR signaling pathways independently of Akt. These changes are responsible for decreases in dNTP production after PLD inhibitor treatment. Our data identify a novel regulatory role for PLD activity in specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Salisha Hill
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristie L. Rose
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Juhász C, Dwivedi S, Kamson DO, Michelhaugh SK, Mittal S. Comparison of amino acid positron emission tomographic radiotracers for molecular imaging of primary and metastatic brain tumors. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 24825818 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technology that can detect and characterize tumors based on their molecular and biochemical properties, such as altered glucose, nucleoside, or amino acid metabolism. PET plays a significant role in the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of various cancers, including brain tumors. In this article, we compare uptake mechanisms and the clinical performance of the amino acid PET radiotracers (l-[methyl-11C]methionine [MET], 18F-fluoroethyl-tyrosine [FET], 18F-fluoro-l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine [FDOPA], and 11C-alpha-methyl-l-tryptophan [AMT]) most commonly used for brain tumor imaging. First, we discuss and compare the mechanisms of tumoral transport and accumulation, the basis of differential performance of these radioligands in clinical studies. Then we summarize studies that provided direct comparisons among these amino acid tracers and to clinically used 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose [FDG] PET imaging. We also discuss how tracer kinetic analysis can enhance the clinical information obtained from amino acid PET images. We discuss both similarities and differences in potential clinical value for each radioligand. This comparative review can guide which radiotracer to favor in future clinical trials aimed at defining the role of these molecular imaging modalities in the clinical management of brain tumor patients.
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Ogura M, Shikano N, Nakajima S, Sagara J, Yamaguchi N, Kusanagi K, Okui Y, Mizutani A, Kobayashi M, Kawai K. A strategy for improving FDG accumulation for early detection of metastasis from primary pancreatic cancer: stimulation of the Warburg effect in AsPC-1 cells. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:475-481. [PMID: 25725984 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early detection and/or prediction of metastasis provide more prognostic relevance than local recurrence. Direct spread into the peritoneum is frequently found in pancreatic cancer patients, but positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) is not useful for identifying such metastasis. We investigated a method to enhance FDG accumulation using AsPC-1 human ascites tumor cells. METHODS (14)C-FDG accumulation was assessed under the following conditions: 1) characteristics of (14)C-FDG transport were examined using phloridzin, a Na(+)-free buffer, and various hexoses, and 2) accumulation of (14)C-FDG was measured in cells that were pretreated with hexose for various time periods, and activity of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) was assayed. RESULTS (14)C-FDG transport into AsPC-1 cells was mediated primarily by a Na(+)-independent transport mechanism. Aldohexoses such as d-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose inhibited (14)C-FDG transport. Cells pretreated with d-glucose, D-mannose, or D-fructose exhibited augmented (14)C-FDG accumulation. Pretreatment with higher concentrations of D-glucose or D-fructose tended to increase PFK-1 activity. CONCLUSIONS Very little information has been published about the association between PFK-1 and FDG accumulation, and we confirmed the impacts of various hexoses on the activity of PFK-1 and FDG accumulation in AsPC-1 cells. Clarifying the relevance of PFK-1 in FDG accumulation will contribute to developing new features of FDG-PET, because PFK-1 is the main regulator of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogura
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan; Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan.
| | - Syuichi Nakajima
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Junichi Sagara
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kusanagi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | - Yuya Okui
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Asuka Mizutani
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kawai
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an extraordinarily sensitive clinical imaging modality for interrogating tumor metabolism. Radiolabeled PET substrates can be traced at subphysiological concentrations, allowing noninvasive imaging of metabolism and intratumoral heterogeneity in systems ranging from advanced cancer models to patients in the clinic. There are a wide range of novel and more established PET radiotracers, which can be used to investigate various aspects of the tumor, including carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. In this review, we briefly discuss the more established metabolic tracers and describe recent work on the development of new tracers. Some of the unanswered questions in tumor metabolism are considered alongside new technical developments, such as combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging scanners, which could provide new imaging solutions to some of the outstanding diagnostic challenges facing modern cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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Tournier N, Saba W, Goutal S, Gervais P, Valette H, Scherrmann JM, Bottlaender M, Cisternino S. Influence of P-Glycoprotein Inhibition or Deficiency at the Blood-Brain Barrier on (18)F-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose ( (18)F-FDG) Brain Kinetics. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:652-9. [PMID: 25716150 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The fluorinated D-glucose analog (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) is the most prevalent radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. P-Glycoprotein's (P-gp, MDR1, and ABCB1) function in various cancer cell lines and tumors was shown to impact (18)F-FDG incorporation, suggesting that P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier may also modulate (18)F-FDG brain kinetics. We tested the influence of P-gp inhibition using the cyclosporine analog valspodar (PSC833; 5 μM) on the uptake of (18)F-FDG in standardized human P-gp-overexpressing cells (MDCKII-MDR1). Consequences for (18)F-FDG brain kinetics were then assessed using (i) (18)F-FDG PET imaging and suitable kinetic modelling in baboons without or with P-gp inhibition by intravenous cyclosporine infusion (15 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) and (ii) in situ brain perfusion in wild-type and P-gp/Bcrp (breast cancer resistance protein) knockout mice and controlled D-glucose exposure to the brain. In vitro, the time course of (18)F-FDG uptake in MDR1 cells was influenced by the presence of valspodar in the absence of D-glucose but not in the presence of high D-glucose concentration. PET analysis revealed that P-gp inhibition had no significant impact on estimated brain kinetics parameters K 1, k 2, k 3, V T , and CMRGlc. The lack of P-gp effect on in vivo (18)F-FDG brain distribution was confirmed in P-gp/Bcrp-deficient mice. P-gp inhibition indirectly modulates (18)F-FDG uptake into P-gp-overexpressing cells, possibly through differences in the energetic cell level state. (18)F-FDG is not a P-gp substrate at the BBB and (18)F-FDG brain kinetics as well as estimated brain glucose metabolism are influenced by neither P-gp inhibition nor P-gp/Bcrp deficiencies in baboon and mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tournier
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, 91406, France,
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Fatangare A, Paetz C, Saluz H, Svatoš A. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:935. [PMID: 26579178 PMCID: PMC4630959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) is glucose analog routinely used in clinical and animal radiotracer studies to trace glucose uptake but it has rarely been used in plants. Previous studies analyzed FDG translocation and distribution pattern in plants and proposed that FDG could be used as a tracer for photoassimilates in plants. Elucidating FDG metabolism in plants is a crucial aspect for establishing its application as a radiotracer in plant imaging. Here, we describe the metabolic fate of FDG in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. We fed FDG to leaf tissue and analyzed leaf extracts using MS and NMR. On the basis of exact mono-isotopic masses, MS/MS fragmentation, and NMR data, we identified 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-gluconic acid, FDG-6-phosphate, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-maltose, and uridine-diphosphate-FDG as four major end products of FDG metabolism. Glycolysis and starch degradation seemed to be the important pathways for FDG metabolism. We showed that FDG metabolism in plants is considerably different than animal cells and goes beyond FDG-phosphate as previously presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Fatangare
- Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Biosynthesis/NMR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Saluz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
- Biology and Pharmacy Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Aleš Svatoš
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Radisavljevic Z. AKT as Locus of Cancer Phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2014; 116:1-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Radisavljevic
- Department of Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02115
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Kang CM, Cho A, Kim H, Chung YE, Hwang HK, Choi SH, Lee WJ. Clinical correlations with (18)FDG PET scan patterns in solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas: still a surgical enigma? Pancreatology 2014; 14:515-23. [PMID: 25256437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited numbers of PET studies of solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPT) of the pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 37 patients who underwent resection of pancreatic SPT and had been preoperatively evaluated by (18)F-FDG PET or PET/CT scan. Immunohistochemical analysis of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and hexokinase II (HK-II) was performed. RESULTS SPT could be categorized into five types according to the morphologic characteristics observed in PET images. Type I (hot FDG uptake in the entire tumor portion) was the most frequent (13, 34.2%), followed by type IV (focal uptake, 12, 31.6%), II (focal defect, 8, 21.1%), III (multiple and geographic uptake, 3, 7.9%), and V (total defective type, 1, 2.6%). The SUVmax in the solid portion of the SPT was 5.3 ± 4.1. The clinical pattern of FDG uptake in SPT was not associated with histopathologic features suggesting malignant potential. The SUVmax of SPT followed a pattern according to pattern of FDG uptake (R(2) = 0.203, p = 0.055), and was significantly associated with adjusted tumor volume (p = 0.001). GLUT-1 was not expressed in SPT, and only eight patients (12.3%) showed mild to moderate expression of HK-II, which was associated with the clinical pattern of SPT in PET images (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION SPT of the pancreas could be categorized according to the morphologic patterns observed in PET images. The clinical significance of FDG uptake, glucose metabolism, and clinical usefulness of PET scan in SPT need to be further investigated, and thus this tumor remains a surgical enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Moo Kang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Arthur Cho
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Chung
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Institute of Gastroenterology, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Malone CF, Fromm JA, Maertens O, DeRaedt T, Ingraham R, Cichowski K. Defining key signaling nodes and therapeutic biomarkers in NF1-mutant cancers. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1062-73. [PMID: 24913553 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED NF1 encodes a RAS GTPase-activating protein. Accordingly, aberrant RAS activation underlies the pathogenesis of NF1-mutant cancers. Nevertheless, it is unclear which RAS pathway components represent optimal therapeutic targets. Here, we identify mTORC1 as the key PI3K effector in NF1-mutant nervous system malignancies and conversely show that mTORC2 and AKT are dispensable. However, we find that tumor regression requires sustained inhibition of both mTORC1 and MEK. Transcriptional profiling studies were therefore used to establish a signature of effective mTORC1-MEK inhibition in vivo. We unexpectedly found that the glucose transporter GLUT1 was potently suppressed, but only when both pathways were inhibited. Moreover, unlike VHL- and LKB1-mutant cancers, reduction of (18)F-FDG uptake required the suppression of both mTORC1 and MEK. Together, these studies identify optimal and suboptimal therapeutic targets in NF1-mutant malignancies and define a noninvasive means of measuring combined mTORC1-MEK inhibition in vivo, which can be readily incorporated into clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrates that mTORC1 and MEK are key therapeutic targets in NF1-mutant cancers and establishes a noninvasive biomarker of effective, combined target inhibition that can be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Malone
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and
| | - Jody A Fromm
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and
| | - Ophélia Maertens
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and
| | - Thomas DeRaedt
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Ingraham
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; and Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Hirose Y, Suefuji H, Kaida H, Hayakawa M, Hattori S, Kurata S, Watanabe Y, Kunou Y, Kawahara A, Okamura T, Ohshima K, Kage M, Ishibashi M, Hayabuchi N. Relationship between 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]-fluoro-d-glucose uptake and clinicopathological factors in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:520-5. [PMID: 23701133 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.807509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between the standardized uptake value of the biopsy site (BSUVmax) and levels of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-3 and hexokinase-II (HK-II), between BSUVmax and the Ki-67 proliferation index (MIB-1), and between BSUVmax and clinicopathological factors. Sixty-eight patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were included in this study. BSUVmax was significantly correlated with GLUT-1, GLUT-3 and the International Prognostic Index (IPI) (GLUT-1: r = 0.584, IPI: r = 0.363, p < 0.001; GLUT-3: r = 0.369, p = 0.009; IPI: r = 0.363, p = 0.004), but not with MIB-1 and HK-II. A statistically significant correlation was observed between GLUT-3 expression and each of IPI and gene expression profiling (GEP) (IPI: p = 0.0186; GEP: p = 0.0179). 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) uptake was significantly correlated with the levels of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 and with IPI. The results indicated that GLUT-3 expression is related to GEP and IPI, and that BSUVmax and GLUT-3 may have a relationship with the prognosis of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Hirose
- Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine , Kurume City, Fukuoka , Japan
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Response to trastuzumab by HER2 expressing breast tumour xenografts is accompanied by decreased Hexokinase II, glut1 and [18F]-FDG incorporation and changes in 31P-NMR-detectable phosphomonoesters. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-2032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Sadeghi-Naini A, Falou O, Hudson JM, Bailey C, Burns PN, Yaffe MJ, Stanisz GJ, Kolios MC, Czarnota GJ. Imaging innovations for cancer therapy response monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mertens K, Mees G, Lambert B, Van de Wiele C, Goethals I. In vitro 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake: practical considerations. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:183-8. [PMID: 22372557 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In oncology 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]-FDG), a glucose analogue, is the most used positron emission tomography (PET) tracer. There are however some limitations due to low metabolic activity or high surrounding physiological uptake in several tumors or regions. Investigating new tracers or methods is expensive and elaborative when animal experiments or phase I clinical trials are used. In vitro experiments can overcome these limitations. We analyzed the influence of incubation time, cell medium conditions, administered activity, and cell density on [(18)F]-FDG uptake in six different cell cultures. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)- and hexokinase 2 (HK2)-expression at high and low cell density was analyzed using immunocytochemistry. FDG-uptake increases over time and absence of glucose in the incubation medium increases uptake. By increasing the administered activity, uptake per protein also increases and tracer uptake per protein is lower at higher cell densities. Immunocytochemical analysis reveals a lower expression of both GLUT1 and HK2 at higher cell concentrations. All investigated parameters influenced FDG uptake and therefore we can conclude it is of utmost importance to keep administered activity, incubation medium, and time constant and to correct uptake when cell density changes due to environmental conditions, such as therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Mertens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Recent advances in genome inspired target discovery, small molecule screens, development of biological and nanotechnology have led to the introduction of a myriad of new differently sized agents into the clinic. The differences in small and large molecule delivery are becoming increasingly important in combination therapies as well as the use of drugs that modify the physiology of tumors such as anti-angiogenic treatment. The complexity of targeting has led to the development of mathematical models to facilitate understanding, but unfortunately, these studies are often only applicable to a particular molecule, making pharmacokinetic comparisons difficult. Here we develop and describe a framework for categorizing primary pharmacokinetics of drugs in tumors. For modeling purposes, we define drugs not by their mechanism of action but rather their rate-limiting step of delivery. Our simulations account for variations in perfusion, vascularization, interstitial transport, and non-linear local binding and metabolism. Based on a comparison of the fundamental rates determining uptake, drugs were classified into four categories depending on whether uptake is limited by blood flow, extravasation, interstitial diffusion, or local binding and metabolism. Simulations comparing small molecule versus macromolecular drugs show a sharp difference in distribution, which has implications for multi-drug therapies. The tissue-level distribution differs widely in tumors for small molecules versus macromolecular biologic drugs, and this should be considered in the design of agents and treatments. An example using antibodies in mouse xenografts illustrates the different in vivo behavior. This type of transport analysis can be used to aid in model development, experimental data analysis, and imaging and therapeutic agent design.
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Hu H, Deng C, Yang T, Dong Q, Chen Y, Nice EC, Huang C, Wei Y. Proteomics revisits the cancer metabolome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 8:505-533. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Sheikine Y, Akram K. FDG–PET imaging of atherosclerosis: Do we know what we see? Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:371-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Smith TAD. Influence of chemoresistance and p53 status on fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose incorporation in cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 37:51-5. [PMID: 20122668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both mutant p53 and chemoresistance are poor prognostic factors in cancer. Many studies have examined the influence of these factors on fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) incorporation. Whilst mutant p53 is associated with increased FDG incorporation, chemoresistance, especially when associated with P-glycoprotein, is associated with decreased FDG incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A D Smith
- School of Medical Sciences (Biomedical Physics), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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mTOR and HIF-1alpha-mediated tumor metabolism in an LKB1 mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11137-42. [PMID: 19541609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900465106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a familial cancer disorder due to inherited loss of function mutations in the LKB1/ STK11 serine/threonine kinase. PJS patients develop gastrointestinal hamartomas with 100% penetrance often in the second decade of life, and demonstrate an increased predisposition toward the development of a number of additional malignancies. Among mitogenic signaling pathways, the mammalian-target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is hyperactivated in tissues and tumors derived from LKB1-deficient mice. Consistent with a central role for mTORC1 in these tumors, rapamycin as a single agent results in a dramatic suppression of preexisting GI polyps in LKB1+/- mice. However, the key targets of mTORC1 in LKB1-deficient tumors remain unknown. We demonstrate here that these polyps, and LKB1- and AMPK-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, show dramatic up-regulation of the HIF-1alpha transcription factor and its downstream transcriptional targets in an rapamycin-suppressible manner. The HIF-1alpha targets hexokinase II and Glut1 are up-regulated in these polyps, and using FDG-PET, we demonstrate that LKB1+/- mice show increased glucose utilization in focal regions of their GI tract corresponding to these gastrointestinal hamartomas. Importantly, we demonstrate that polyps from human Peutz-Jeghers patients similarly exhibit up-regulated mTORC1 signaling, HIF-1alpha, and GLUT1 levels. Furthermore, like HIF-1alpha and its target genes, the FDG-PET signal in the GI tract of these mice is abolished by rapamycin treatment. These findings suggest a number of therapeutic modalities for the treatment and detection of hamartomas in PJS patients, and potential for the screening and treatment of the 30% of sporadic human lung cancers bearing LKB1 mutations.
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Saavedra E, Marín-Hernández A, Gallardo-Pérez JC. The bioenergetics of cancer: is glycolysis the main ATP supplier in all tumor cells? Biofactors 2009; 35:209-25. [PMID: 19449450 DOI: 10.1002/biof.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells achieve an enhanced glycolytic flux and, presumably, a decreased oxidative phosphorylation are analyzed. As the O(2) concentration in hypoxic regions of tumors seems not limiting for oxidative phosphorylation, the role of this mitochondrial pathway in the ATP supply is re-evaluated. Drugs that inhibit glycoysis and oxidative phosphorylation are analyzed for their specificity toward tumor cells and effect on proliferation. The energy metabolism mechanisms involved in the use of positron emission tomography are revised and updated. It is proposed that energy metabolism may be an alternative therapeutic target for both hypoxic (glycolytic) and oxidative tumors. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Juan Badiano 1, Tlalpan, México DF, Mexico
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Abasolo I, Pujal J, Rabanal RM, Serafin A, Navarro P, Millán O, Real FX. FDG PET imaging of Ela1-myc mice reveals major biological differences between pancreatic acinar and ductal tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1156-66. [PMID: 19252908 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate FDG PET imaging in Ela1-myc mice, a pancreatic cancer model resulting in the development of tumours with either acinar or mixed acinar-ductal phenotype. METHODS Transversal and longitudinal FDG PET studies were conducted; selected tissue samples were subjected to autoradiography and ex vivo organ counting. Glucose transporter and hexokinase mRNA expression was analysed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Glut2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Transversal studies showed that mixed acinar-ductal tumours could be identified by FDG PET several weeks before they could be detected by hand palpation. Longitudinal studies revealed that ductal--but not acinar--tumours could be detected by FDG PET. Autoradiographic analysis confirmed that tumour areas with ductal differentiation incorporated more FDG than areas displaying acinar differentiation. Ex vivo radioactivity measurements showed that tumours of solely acinar phenotype incorporated more FDG than pancreata of non-transgenic littermates despite the fact that they did not yield positive PET images. To gain insight into the biological basis of the differential FDG uptake, glucose transporter and hexokinase transcript expression was studied in microdissected tumour areas enriched for acinar or ductal cells and validated using cell-specific markers. Glut2 and hexokinase I and II mRNA levels were up to 20-fold higher in ductal than in acinar tumours. Besides, Glut2 protein overexpression was found in ductal neoplastic cells but not in the surrounding stroma. CONCLUSION In Ela1-myc mice, ductal tumours incorporate significantly more FDG than acinar tumours. This difference likely results from differential expression of Glut2 and hexokinases. These findings reveal previously unreported biological differences between acinar and ductal pancreatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibane Abasolo
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Shim HK, Lee WW, Park SY, Kim H, So Y, Kim SE. Expressions of glucose transporter Types 1 and 3 and hexokinase-II in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and other B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Robey RB, Hay N. Is Akt the "Warburg kinase"?-Akt-energy metabolism interactions and oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:25-31. [PMID: 19130886 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt - also known as protein kinase B (PKB) - has emerged as one of the most frequently activated protein kinases in human cancer. In fact, most, if not all, tumors ultimately find a way to activate this important kinase. As such, Akt activation constitutes a hallmark of most cancer cells, and such ubiquity presumably connotes important roles in tumor genesis and/or progression. Likewise, the hypermetabolic nature of cancer cells and their increased reliance on "aerobic glycolysis", as originally described by Otto Warburg and colleagues, are considered metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells. In this review, we address the specific contributions of Akt activation to the signature metabolic features of cancer cells, including the so-called "Warburg effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brooks Robey
- White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Jct, VT 05009-0001, United States.
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Early evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy with longitudinal FDG small-animal PET in human testicular cancer xenografts: early flare response does not reflect refractory disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:396-405. [PMID: 19050878 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of FDG PET in the early prediction of the effects of chemotherapy on human testicular cancer xenografts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nude rats bearing subcutaneous human embryonal carcinoma xenografts received either cisplatin (5 mg/kg) or saline serum. Small-animal PET studies were performed on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 and compared to immunochemistry studies, flow cytometry studies and hexokinase assays. RESULTS Cisplatin treatment resulted in biphasic FDG uptake evolution: a peak was observed on day 2, followed by a marked decrease on day 7 despite an insignificant change in tumour volume. Similarly, a peak in cyclin A immunostaining was observed on days 2 and 4), followed by a significant decrease on day 7. Flow cytometry showed that the cyclin A peak was not related to increased cell proliferation but was due to a transient S and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. A marked increase in cell apoptosis was observed from day 2 to day 7. GLUT-1 showed a significant decrease on day 7. Macrophagic infiltrate remained stable except for an increase observed on day 7. In control tumours, continuous growth was observed, all immunostaining markers remaining stable over time. Hexokinase activity was significantly lower on day 7 in treated tumours than in controls. CONCLUSION FDG PET may be useful in the early evaluation of treatment in patients with testicular cancer. In our model, a very early increased [(18)F]-FDG uptake was related to a transient cell cycle arrest and early stage apoptosis but did not reveal refractory disease.
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Miele E, Spinelli GP, Tomao F, Zullo A, De Marinis F, Pasciuti G, Rossi L, Zoratto F, Tomao S. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiotracers in oncology--utility of 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG)-PET in the management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:52. [PMID: 18928537 PMCID: PMC2579910 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is a nuclear medicine imaging method, frequently used in oncology during the last years. It is a non-invasive technique that provides quantitative in vivo assessment of physiological and biological phenomena. PET has found its application in common practice for the management of various cancers.Lung cancer is the most common cause of death for cancer in western countries.This review focuses on radiotracers used for PET scan with particular attention to Non Small Cell Lung Cancer diagnosis, staging, response to treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Rome Sapienza viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, Italy.
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Bowen ML, Orvig C. 99m-Technetium carbohydrate conjugates as potential agents in molecular imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5077-91. [PMID: 18956031 DOI: 10.1039/b809365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This feature article covers recent reports of work towards the development of (99m)Tc-carbohydrate based agents for use in SPECT imaging, particularly of cancerous tissue. An outline of some of the key biological functions and coordination chemistry of carbohydrates is given, along with an introduction to bioconjugation and molecular imaging. Technetium coordination chemistry and the subset of this involving bioconjugates are discussed before moving into the focus of the article: glycoconjugates of (99m)Tc(v) and the more recently developed [(99m)Tc(I)(CO)(3)](+). Significant work in the last decade has featured the very attractive [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+) core, and the ligand sets designed for this core are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryn L Bowen
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z1
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Sharma RI, Smith TA. Colorectal Tumor Cells Treated with 5-FU, Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan, and Cetuximab Exhibit Changes in 18F-FDG Incorporation Corresponding to Hexokinase Activity and Glucose Transport. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1386-94. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
The clinical applications of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology are becoming established. While simple static scanning techniques are used for the majority of routine clinical examinations, increasing use of PET in clinical trials to monitor treatment response with 18FDG and novel tracers reflecting different pharmacodynamic end points, often necessitates a more complex and quantitative analysis of radiopharmaceutical kinetics. A wide range of PET analysis techniques exist, ranging from simple visual analysis and semiquantitative methods to full dynamic studies with kinetic analysis. These methods are discussed, focusing particularly on the available methodologies that can be utilised in clinical trials.
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Synthesis and cytotoxic properties of new fluorodeoxyglucose-coupled chlorambucil derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5004-20. [PMID: 18424156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Frequently used in the treatment of malignant cells, alkylating agents, like most anticancer substances, produce adverse side effects caused by the toxicity of the agents toward normal tissues and lose efficiency through poor distribution to target sites. Our approach to developing more selective drugs with low systemic toxicity is based on the premise that the body distribution and cell uptake of a drug can be altered by attaching a neoplastic cell-specific uptake enhancer, such as 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), the radiotracer most frequently used in PET for tumor imaging. Two properties of deoxyglucose, namely preferential accumulation in neoplastic cells and inhibition of glycolysis, underpin this targeting approach. Here, we report the synthesis of 19 new chlorambucil glycoconjugates in which the alkylating drug is attached to the C-1 position of FDG, directly or via different linkages. This set of compounds was evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against different human normal and tumor cell lines. There was a significant improvement in the in vitro cytotoxicity of peracetylated glucoconjugates compared with the free substance. Four compounds were finally selected for further in vivo studies owing to their lack of oxidative stress-inducing properties.
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Kurtoglu M, Gao N, Shang J, Maher JC, Lehrman MA, Wangpaichitr M, Savaraj N, Lane AN, Lampidis TJ. Under normoxia, 2-deoxy-D-glucose elicits cell death in select tumor types not by inhibition of glycolysis but by interfering with N-linked glycosylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:3049-58. [PMID: 18025288 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In tumor cells growing under hypoxia, inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) leads to cell death, whereas under normoxic conditions cells similarly treated survive. Surprisingly, here we find that 2-DG is toxic in select tumor cell lines growing under normal oxygen tension. In contrast, a more potent glycolytic inhibitor, 2-fluorodeoxy-d-glucose, shows little or no toxicity in these cell types, indicating that a mechanism other than inhibition of glycolysis is responsible for their sensitivity to 2-DG under normoxia. A clue to this other mechanism comes from previous studies in which it was shown that 2-DG interferes with viral N-linked glycosylation and is reversible by exogenous addition of mannose. Similarly, we find that 2-DG interferes with N-linked glycosylation more potently in the tumor cell types that are sensitive to 2-DG under normoxia, which can be reversed by exogenous mannose. Additionally, 2-DG induces an unfolded protein response, including up-regulation of GADD153 (C/EBP-homologous protein), an unfolded protein response-specific mediator of apoptosis, more effectively in 2-DG-sensitive cells. We conclude that 2-DG seems to be toxic in select tumor cell types growing under normoxia by inhibition of N-linked glycosylation and not by glycolysis. Because in a phase I study 2-DG is used in combination with an anticancer agent to target hypoxic cells, our results raise the possibility that in certain cases, 2-DG could be used as a single agent to selectively kill both the aerobic (via interference with glycosylation) and hypoxic (via inhibition of glycolysis) cells of a solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Kurtoglu
- Department of Cell Biologoy and Anatomy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Abstract
Tumour responses to treatment are still largely assessed from imaging measurements of reductions in tumour size. However, this can take several weeks to become manifest and in some cases may not occur at all, despite a positive response to treatment. There has been considerable interest, therefore, in non-invasive techniques for imaging tissue function that can give early evidence of response. These can be used in clinical trials of new drugs to give an early indication of drug efficacy, and subsequently in the clinic to select the most effective therapy at an early stage of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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Li ZB, Wu Z, Cao Q, Dick DW, Tseng JR, Gambhir SS, Chen X. The synthesis of 18F-FDS and its potential application in molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 10:92-98. [PMID: 18097725 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) is the most commonly used positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for oncological and neurological imaging, but it has limitations on detecting tumor or inflammation in brain gray matter. In this study, we describe the development of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluorosorbitol ((18)F-FDS) and its possible application in lesion detection around brain area. PROCEDURES (18)F-FDS was obtained by reduction of FDG using NaBH(4) (81 +/- 4% yield in 30 min). Cell uptake/efflux experiments in cell culture and small animal PET imaging on tumor and inflammation models were performed. RESULTS Despite the low accumulation in cell culture, (18)F-FDS had good tumor uptake and contrast in the subcutaneous U87MG tumor model (4.54%ID/g at 30 min post-injection). Minimal uptake in the normal mouse brain facilitated good tumor contrast in both U87MG and GL-26 orthotopic tumor models. (18)F-FDS also had increased uptake in the inflamed foci of the TPA-induced acute inflammation model. CONCLUSIONS Because of the ease of synthesis and favorable in vivo kinetics, (18)F-FDS may have potential applications in certain cases where FDG is inadequate (e.g., brain tumor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bo Li
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Qizhen Cao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - David W Dick
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Tseng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Decreased [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose incorporation and increased glucose transport are associated with resistance to 5FU in MCF7 cells in vitro. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:955-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouc A Jaffer
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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