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Bunda S, Kálmán-Szabó I, Lihi N, Képes Z, Szikra D, Peline Szabo J, Timári I, Szücs D, May NV, Papp G, Trencsényi G, Kálmán FK. Diagnosis of Melanoma with 61Cu-Labeled PET Tracer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9342-9354. [PMID: 38753457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Until the recent years, substances containing radioactive 61Cu were strongly considered as potential positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals for use in positron emission tomography (PET) applications; however, due to their suitably long half-life, and generator-independent and cost-effective production, they seem to be economically viable for human imaging. Since malignant melanoma (MM) is a major public health problem, its early diagnosis is a crucial contributor to long-term survival, which can be achieved using radiolabeled α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog NAPamide derivatives. Here, we report on the physicochemical features of a new CB-15aneN5-based Cu(II) complex ([Cu(KFTGdiac)]-) and the ex vivo and in vivo characterization of its NAPamide conjugate. The rigid chelate possesses prompt complex formation and suitable inertness (t1/2 = 18.4 min in 5.0 M HCl at 50 °C), as well as excellent features in the diagnosis of B16-F10 melanoma tumors (T/M(SUVs) (in vivo): 12.7, %ID/g: 6.6 ± 0.3, T/M (ex vivo): 22).
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Bunda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Kálmán-Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Norbert Lihi
- HUN-REN-UD Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dezső Szikra
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Peline Szabo
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Timári
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Szücs
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra V May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN), Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Papp
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc K Kálmán
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Brühlmann SA, Walther M, Kopka K, Kreller M. Production of the PET radionuclide 61Cu via the 62Ni(p,2n) 61Cu nuclear reaction. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38180574 PMCID: PMC10770005 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are only a handful of true theranostic matched pairs, and in particular the theranostic radiocopper trio 61Cu, 64Cu and 67Cu, for diagnosis and therapy respectively, is a very attractive candidate. In fact, the alternative of two imaging radionuclides with different half-lives is a clear advantage over other theranostic pairs, since it offers a better matching for the tracer biological and radionuclide physical half-lives. Due to the high availability of 64Cu, its translation into the clinic is being successfully carried out, giving the example of the FDA approved radiopharmaceutical Detectnet (copper Cu 64 dotatate injection). However, a shorter-lived PET radionuclide such as 61Cu may as well be beneficial. RESULTS Proton irradiation of enriched 62Ni electrodeposited targets with a compact cyclotron produced the desired radionuclide via the 62Ni(p,2n)61Cu nuclear reaction, leading to 61Cu activities of up to 20 GBq at end of bombardment and 8 GBq at end of purification. Furthermore, two purification methods are compared leading to comparable results regarding separation yield and product purity. Following the radiochemical separation, quality assessment of this product [61Cu]CuCl2 solution proved radionuclidic purities (RNP) over 99.6% and apparent molar activities (AMA) of 260 GBq/µmol with the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA) chelator, end of purification corrected. CONCLUSIONS In the current article a comprehensive novel production method for the PET radionuclide 61Cu is presented, providing an alternative to the most popular production routes. Characterization of the [61Cu]CuCl2 product showed both high RNP as well as high AMA, proving that the produced activity presented high quality regarding radiolabeling up to 9 h after end of purification. Furthermore, production scalability could be easily achieved by increasing the irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Andrés Brühlmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Walther
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kreller
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Fani M, Nicolas GP. 61Cu-Labeled Radiotracers: Alternative or Choice? J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1855-1857. [PMID: 37884329 PMCID: PMC10690116 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
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Hussain M, Qaim SM, Spahn I, Aslam MN, Neumaier B. Copper radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardisation of their nuclear data. A mini-review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1270351. [PMID: 37841203 PMCID: PMC10570421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1270351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper has several clinically relevant radioisotopes and versatile coordination chemistry, allowing attachment of its radionuclides to biological molecules. This characteristic makes it suitable for applications in molecular imaging or radionuclide targeted therapy. Of particular interest in nuclear medicine today is the theranostic approach. This brief review considers five radionuclides of copper. These are Cu-60, Cu-61, Cu-62, Cu-64, and Cu-67. The first four are positron emitters for imaging, and the last one Cu-67 is a β--emitting radionuclide suitable for targeted therapy. The emphasis here is on theory-aided evaluation of available experimental data with a view to establishing standardised cross-section database for production of the relevant radionuclide in high purity. Evaluated cross section data of the positron emitters have been already extensively reported; so here they are only briefly reviewed. More attention is given to the data of the 68Zn(p,2p)67Cu intermediate energy reaction which is rather commonly used for production of 67Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore (GCUL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Naveed Aslam
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
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5
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Üncü YA, Özdoğan H. Estimations for the Production Cross Sections of Medical 61, 64, 67Cu Radioisotopes by Using Bayesian Regularized Artificial Neural Networks in (p, α) Reactions. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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6
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Dellepiane G, Casolaro P, Mateu I, Scampoli P, Voeten N, Braccini S. Cross-section measurement for an optimized 61Cu production at an 18 MeV medical cyclotron from natural Zn and enriched 64Zn solid targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 190:110466. [PMID: 36174333 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of novel medical radionuclides is a key point in the development of personalised nuclear medicine. In particular, copper radioisotopes are attracting considerable interest as they can be used to label various molecules of medical interest, such as proteins and peptides, and offer two of the most promising true theranostic pairs, namely 61Cu/67Cu and 64Cu/67Cu. Although 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.7006 h, β+: 17.6%, β-: 38.5%) is nowadays the most commonly used as a diagnostic radionuclide, 61Cu (t1/2 = 3.339 h, β+: 61%) features more favourable nuclear properties, such as a higher positron decay fraction and the absence of β- emissions. To date, the production of 61Cu has been carried out irradiating highly enriched 61Ni targets with a low energy proton beam. However, the use of the very expensive 61Ni targets requires an efficient recovery of the target material and makes this method quite inconvenient. Another promising production route is the proton irradiation of natural Zn or enriched 64Zn targets, exploiting the (p,α) nuclear reaction. Along this line, a research program is ongoing at the Bern medical cyclotron, equipped with an external beam transfer line and a solid target station. In this paper, we report on cross-section measurements of the 64Zn(p,α)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Zn and enriched 64Zn material, which served as the basis to perform optimized 61Cu production tests with solid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Pierluigi Casolaro
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isidre Mateu
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scampoli
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Naomi Voeten
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Production of GMP-Compliant Clinical Amounts of Copper-61 Radiopharmaceuticals from Liquid Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060723. [PMID: 35745642 PMCID: PMC9231368 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PET imaging has gained significant momentum in the last few years, especially in the area of oncology, with an increasing focus on metal radioisotopes owing to their versatile chemistry and favourable physical properties. Copper-61 (t1/2 = 3.33 h, 61% β+, Emax = 1.216 MeV) provides unique advantages versus the current clinical standard (i.e., gallium-68) even though, until now, no clinical amounts of 61Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals, other than thiosemicarbazone-based molecules, have been produced. This study aimed to establish a routine production, using a standard medical cyclotron, for a series of widely used somatostatin analogues, currently labelled with gallium-68, that could benefit from the improved characteristics of copper-61. We describe two possible routes to produce the radiopharmaceutical precursor, either from natural zinc or enriched zinc-64 liquid targets and further synthesis of [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-NOC, [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC and [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TATE with a fully automated GMP-compliant process. The production from enriched targets leads to twice the amount of activity (3.28 ± 0.41 GBq vs. 1.84 ± 0.24 GBq at EOB) and higher radionuclidic purity (99.97% vs. 98.49% at EOB). Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that clinical doses of 61Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals can easily be obtained in centres with a typical biomedical cyclotron optimised to produce 18F-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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8
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van der Meulen NP, Talip Z. Non-conventional radionuclides: The pursuit for perfection. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Copper Isotopes in Theranostics. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Choiński J, Łyczko M. Prospects for the production of radioisotopes and radiobioconjugates for theranostics. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of diagnostic methods in medicine as well as the progress in the synthesis of biologically active compounds allows the use of selected radioisotopes for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially cancerous ones, in patients. This approach is called theranostic. This review article includes chemical and physical characterization of chosen theranostic radioisotopes and their compounds that are or could be useful in nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Łyczko
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology , Warsaw , Poland
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11
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George KJH, Borjian S, Cross MC, Hicks JW, Schaffer P, Kovacs MS. Expanding the PET radioisotope universe utilizing solid targets on small medical cyclotrons. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31098-31123. [PMID: 35498914 PMCID: PMC9041346 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with medical radioisotopes enables the minimally-invasive monitoring of aberrant biochemical, cellular and tissue-level processes in living subjects. The approach requires the administration of radiotracers composed of radioisotopes attached to bioactive molecules, the pairing of which considers several aspects of the radioisotope in addition to the biological behavior of the targeting molecule to which it is attached. With the advent of modern cellular and biochemical techniques, there has been a virtual explosion in potential disease recognition antigens as well as targeting moieties, which has subsequently opened new applications for a host of emerging radioisotopes with well-matched properties. Additionally, the global radioisotope production landscape has changed rapidly, with reactor-based production and its long-defined, large-scale centralized manufacturing and distribution paradigm shifting to include the manufacture and distribution of many radioisotopes via a worldwide fleet of cyclotrons now in operation. Cyclotron-based radioisotope production has become more prevalent given the commercial availability of instruments, coupled with the introduction of new target hardware, process automation and target manufacturing methods. These advances enable sustained, higher-power irradiation of solid targets that allow hospital-based radiopharmacies to produce a suite of radioisotopes that drive research, clinical trials, and ultimately clinical care. Over the years, several different radioisotopes have been investigated and/or selected for radiolabeling due to favorable decay characteristics (i.e. a suitable half-life, high probability of positron decay, etc.), well-elucidated chemistry, and a feasible production framework. However, longer-lived radioisotopes have surged in popularity given recent regulatory approvals and incorporation of radiopharmaceuticals into patient management within the medical community. This review focuses on the applications, nuclear properties, and production and purification methods for some of the most frequently used/emerging positron-emitting, solid-target-produced radioisotopes that can be manufactured using small-to-medium size cyclotrons (≤24 MeV).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H George
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - S Borjian
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - M C Cross
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
| | - J W Hicks
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
- ARTMS 301-4475 Wayburn Drive Burnaby BC V5G 4X4 Canada
- Radiology, University of British Columbia 2775 Laurel St Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - M S Kovacs
- Lawson Health Research Institute 268 Grosvenor Street London ON N6A 4V2 Canada
- Medical Biophysics, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Medical Imaging, Western University 1151 Richmond Street N. London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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12
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Mieszkowska M, Grdeń M. Electrochemical deposition of nickel targets from aqueous electrolytes for medical radioisotope production in accelerators: a review. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews reported methods of the electrochemical deposition of nickel layers which are used as target materials for accelerator production of medical radioisotopes. The review focuses on the electrodeposition carried out from aqueous electrolytes. It describes the main challenges related to the preparation of suitable Ni target layers, such as work with limited amounts of expensive isotopically enriched nickel; electrodeposition of sufficiently thick, smooth and free of cracks layers; and recovery of unreacted Ni isotopes from the irradiated targets and from used electrolytic baths.
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13
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Precision measurement of relative γ-ray intensities from the decay of 61Cu. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 170:109625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Walke GR, Meron S, Shenberger Y, Gevorkyan‐Airapetov L, Ruthstein S. Cellular Uptake of the ATSM-Cu(II) Complex under Hypoxic Conditions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:486-492. [PMID: 33908707 PMCID: PMC8080296 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) complex (ATSM-Cu(II)) has been suggested as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) agent for hypoxia imaging. Several in-vivo studies have shown its potential to detect hypoxic tumors. However, its uptake mechanism and its specificity to various cancer cell lines have been less studied. Herein, we tested ATSM-Cu(II) toxicity, uptake, and reduction, using four different cell types: (1) mouse breast cancer cells (DA-3), (2) human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293), (3) breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and (4) cervical cancer cells (Hela) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We showed that ATSM-Cu(II) is toxic to breast cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, it is not toxic to normal HEK-293 non-cancer cells. We showed that the Cu(I) content in breast cancer cell after treatment with ATSM-Cu(II) under hypoxic conditions is higher than in normal cells, despite that the uptake of ATSM-Cu(II) is a bit higher in normal cells than in breast cancer cells. This study suggests that the redox potential of ATSM-Cu(II) is higher in breast cancer cells than in normal cells; thus, its toxicity to cancer cells is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan R. Walke
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Shelly Meron
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Yulia Shenberger
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Lada Gevorkyan‐Airapetov
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
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15
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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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16
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PET Radiochemistry. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Svedjehed J, Kutyreff CJ, Engle JW, Gagnon K. Automated, cassette-based isolation and formulation of high-purity [ 61Cu]CuCl 2 from solid Ni targets. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 33151400 PMCID: PMC7644601 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A need for improved, cassette-based automation of 61Cu separation from irradiated Ni targets was identified given the growing interest in theranostics, and generally lengthy separation chemistries for 64Cu/64Ni, upon which 61Cu chemistry is often based. METHODS A method for separating 61Cu from irradiated natNi targets was therefore developed, with provision for target recycling. Following deuteron irradiation, electroplated natNi targets were remotely transferred from the cyclotron and dissolved in acid. The dissolved target solution was then transferred to an automated FASTlab chemistry module, where sequential TBP and TK201 (Triskem) resins isolated the [61Cu]CuCl2, removed Ni, Co, and Fe, and concentrated the product into a formulation suitable for anticipated radiolabelling reactions. RESULTS 61Cu saturation yields of 190 ± 33 MBq/μA from energetically thick natNi targets were measured. The average, decay-corrected, activity-based dissolution efficiency was 97.5 ± 1.4% with an average radiochemical yield of 90.4 ± 3.2% (N = 5). The isolated activity was collected approximately 65 min post end of bombardment in ~ 2 mL of 0.06 M HCl (HCl concentration was verified by titration). Quality control of the isolated [61Cu]CuCl2 (N = 5) measured 58Co content of (8.3 ± 0.6) × 10- 5% vs. 61Cu by activity, Ni separation factors ≥ (2.2 ± 1.8) × 106, EoB molar activities 85 ± 23 GBq/μmol and NOTA-based EoB apparent molar activities of 31 ± 8 MBq/nmol and 201 MBq/nmol for the 30 min and 3.3 h (N = 1) irradiations, respectively. CONCLUSION High purity 61Cu was produced with the developed automated method using a single-use, cassette-based approach. It was also applicable for 64Cu, as demonstrated with a single proof-of-concept 64Ni target production run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Svedjehed
- Cyclotrons and TRACERcenter, GE Healthcare, GEMS PET Systems AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Kutyreff
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine Gagnon
- Cyclotrons and TRACERcenter, GE Healthcare, GEMS PET Systems AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Noor A, Hayne DJ, Lim S, Van Zuylekom JK, Cullinane C, Roselt PD, McLean CA, White JM, Donnelly PS. Copper Bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-stilbenyl Complexes That Bind to Amyloid-β Plaques. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11658-11669. [PMID: 32799487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β plaques. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with tracers radiolabeled with positron-emitting radionuclides that bind to amyloid-β plaques can assist in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. With the goal of designing new imaging agents radiolabeled with positron-emitting copper-64 radionuclides that bind to amyloid-β plaques, a family of bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands with appended substituted stilbenyl functional groups has been prepared. The ligands form charge-neutral and stable complexes with copper(II). The new ligands can be radiolabeled with copper-64 at room temperature. Two lead complexes were demonstrated to bind to amyloid-β plaques present in post-mortem brain tissue from subjects with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and crossed the blood-brain barrier in mice. The work presented here provides strategies to prepare compounds with radionuclides of copper that can be used for targeted brain PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria 3181, Australia
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Mapping transient hypoxia from in situ activation of 15O by photon beams: A simulation study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sitarz M, Cussonneau JP, Matulewicz T, Haddad F. Radionuclide candidates for β+γ coincidence PET: An overview. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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23
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Ahmedova A, Todorov B, Burdzhiev N, Goze C. Copper radiopharmaceuticals for theranostic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1406-1425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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The emerging role of copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals as cancer theranostics. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1489-1501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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McInnes LE, Rudd SE, Donnelly PS. Copper, gallium and zirconium positron emission tomography imaging agents: The importance of metal ion speciation. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Neumaier B. Uses of alpha particles, especially in nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2015-2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alpha particles exhibit three important characteristics: scattering, ionisation and activation. This article briefly discusses those properties and outlines their major applications. Among others, α-particles are used in elemental analysis, investigation and improvement of materials properties, nuclear reaction studies and medical radionuclide production. The latter two topics, dealing with activation of target materials, are treated in some detail in this paper. Measurements of excitation functions of α-particle induced reactions shed some light on their reaction mechanisms, and studies of isomeric cross sections reveal the probability of population of high-spin nuclear levels. Regarding medical radionuclides, an overview is presented of the isotopes commonly produced using α-particle beams. Consideration is also given to some routes which could be potentially useful for production of a few other radionuclides. The significance of α-particle induced reactions to produce a few high-spin isomeric states, decaying by emission of low-energy conversion or Auger electrons, which are of interest in localized internal radiotherapy, is outlined. The α-particle beam, thus broadens the scope of nuclear chemistry research related to development of non-standard positron emitters and therapeutic radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Production of 61Cu by the natZn(p,α) reaction: improved separation and specific activity determination by titration with three chelators. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hypoxia-specific ultrasensitive detection of tumours and cancer cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5834. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Aslam M, Qaim S. Nuclear model analysis of excitation functions of proton and deuteron induced reactions on 64 Zn and 3 He- and α-particle induced reactions on 59 Co leading to the formation of copper-61: Comparison of major production routes. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 94:131-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Aslam M, Qaim S. Nuclear model analysis of excitation functions of proton, deuteron and α-particle induced reactions on nickel isotopes for production of the medically interesting copper-61. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 89:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The copper radioisotopes: a systematic review with special interest to 64Cu. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:786463. [PMID: 24895611 PMCID: PMC4033511 DOI: 10.1155/2014/786463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an important trace element in humans; it plays a role as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and other proteins crucial for respiration, iron transport, metabolism, cell growth, and hemostasis. Natural copper comprises two stable isotopes, (63)Cu and (65)Cu, and 5 principal radioisotopes for molecular imaging applications ((60)Cu, (61)Cu, (62)Cu, and (64)Cu) and in vivo targeted radiation therapy ((64)Cu and (67)Cu). The two potential ways to produce Cu radioisotopes concern the use of the cyclotron or the reactor. A noncopper target is used to produce noncarrier-added Cu thanks to a chemical separation from the target material using ion exchange chromatography achieving a high amount of radioactivity with the lowest possible amount of nonradioactive isotopes. In recent years, Cu isotopes have been linked to antibodies, proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles for preclinical and clinical research; pathological conditions that influence Cu metabolism such as Menkes syndrome, Wilson disease, inflammation, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance have been studied. We aim to discuss all Cu radioisotopes application focusing on (64)Cu and in particular its form (64)CuCl2 that seems to be the most promising for its half-life, radiation emissions, and stability with chelators, allowing several applications in oncological and nononcological fields.
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PET with 62Cu-ATSM and 62Cu-PTSM is a useful imaging tool for hypoxia and perfusion in pulmonary lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 201:W698-706. [PMID: 24147499 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.12.9698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia is a characteristic of many tumors and portends a worse prognosis in lung, cervical, prostate, and rectal cancers. Unlike the others, lung cancers present a unique challenge in measuring hypoxia, with invasive biopsies and higher rates of complications. Noninvasive imaging studies detecting hypoxia using isotopes of copper-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((62)Cu-ATSM) have predicted prognosis and treatment outcomes in some small feasibility trials. These images, however, may not identify all areas of hypoxia. Hence, we hypothesize that the addition of another PET imaging agent, copper-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((62)Cu-PTSM), which can detect areas of perfusion, can augment the information obtained in (62)Cu-ATSM PET scans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To characterize tumors on the basis of both perfusion and hypoxia, 10 patients were studied using both (62)Cu-ATSM and (62)Cu-PTSM PET scans. In addition, proteomic arrays looking at specific proangiogenic, survival, and proinflammatory targets were assessed. RESULTS Six of 10 patients had evaluable PET scans. Our initial experience of characterizing lung tumor hypoxia using (62)Cu-ATSM and (62)Cu-PTSM PET scans showed that visualization of areas with hypoxia normalized for perfusion is feasible. All studied tumors exhibited some hypoxia. Despite the small sample size, a positive relationship was noted between epidermal growth factor levels and (62)Cu-ATSM-detected hypoxia. CONCLUSION This initial series of (62)Cu-ATSM and (62)Cu-PTSM PET scans shows that evaluating lung masses by visualizing hypoxia and perfusion is a feasible and novel technique to provide more information. Further investigation is warranted to assess the potential role of (62)Cu-ATSM and (62)Cu-PTSM PET techniques combined with proteomics as alternatives to invasive biopsy techniques in clinical care.
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El-Khouly SH, Attallah MF, Allan KF. Studies on separation of Cs/Ba and Zn/Cu binary mixtures on zirconium antimonate as ion exchanger. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362213050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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High specific activity 61Cu via 64Zn(p,α)61Cu reaction at low proton energies. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 72:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Imaging hypoxia using positron emission tomography (PET) is of great importance for therapy of cancer. [(18)F]Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) was the first PET agent for hypoxia imaging, and various radiolabeled nitroimidazole derivatives such as [(18)F]fluoroerythronitroimidazole (FETNIM), [(18)F]1-α-D: -(2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (FAZA), [(18)F]2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide (EF-5), and [(18)F]fluoroetanidazole (FETA) have been developed successively. To overcome the high cost of cyclotron installation, (68)Ga-labeled nitroimidazole derivatives also have been developed. Another important hypoxia imaging agent is (64)Cu-diacetyl-bis(N (4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM), which can distribute in cancer tissue rapidly due to high lipophilicity. However, its application is limited due to high cost of radionuclide production. Although various hypoxia imaging agents have been reported and tested, hypoxia PET images still have to be improved, because of the low blood flow in hypoxic tissues and resulting low uptake of the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Hoigebazar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Szymański P, Frączek T, Markowicz M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E. Development of copper based drugs, radiopharmaceuticals and medical materials. Biometals 2012; 25:1089-112. [PMID: 22914969 PMCID: PMC3496555 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the most interesting elements for various biomedical applications. Copper compounds show vast array of biological actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, biocidal and other. It also offers a selection of radioisotopes, suitable for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy. Quick progress in nanotechnology opened new possibilities for design of copper based drugs and medical materials. To date, copper has not found many uses in medicine, but number of ongoing research, as well as preclinical and clinical studies, will most likely lead to many novel applications of copper in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Zhang Y, Hong H, Niu G, Valdovinos HF, Orbay H, Nayak TR, Chen X, Barnhart TE, Cai W. Positron emission tomography imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression with (61)Cu-labeled lysine-tagged VEGF121. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3586-94. [PMID: 23137334 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) indicates poor prognosis for cancer patients in a variety of clinical studies. Our goal is to develop a tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of VEGFR expression using recombinant human VEGF121 with three lysine residues fused to the N-terminus (denoted as K3-VEGF121), which can facilitate radiolabeling without affecting its VEGFR binding affinity. K3-VEGF121 was conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and labeled with (61)Cu (t1/2: 3.3 h; 62% β(+)). The IC50 value of NOTA-K3-VEGF121 for VEGFR-2 was comparable to that of K3-VEGF121 (1.50 and 0.65 nM, respectively) based on a cell binding assay. (61)Cu labeling was achieved with good yield (55 ± 10%) and specific activity (4.2 GBq/mg). Serial PET imaging showed that the 4T1 tumor uptake of (61)Cu-NOTA-K3-VEGF121 was 3.4 ± 0.5, 4.9 ± 1.0, 5.2 ± 1.0, and 4.8 ± 0.8%ID/g (n = 4) at 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 h postinjection, respectively, which was consistent with biodistribution data measured by γ counting. Blocking experiments and ex vivo histology confirmed the VEGFR specificity of (61)Cu-NOTA-K3-VEGF121. Extrapolated human dosimetry calculation showed that liver was the organ with the highest radiation dose. The use of (61)Cu as the radiolabel is desirable for small proteins such as K3-VEGF121, which has a much higher β(+) branching ratio than the commonly used (64)Cu (62% vs 17%), thereby offering stronger signal intensity and lower tracer dose for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin, United States
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Zeng D, Desai AV, Ranganathan D, Wheeler TD, Kenis PJA, Reichert DE. Microfluidic radiolabeling of biomolecules with PET radiometals. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 40:42-51. [PMID: 23078875 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A robust, versatile and compact microreactor has been designed, fabricated and tested for the labeling of bifunctional chelate conjugated biomolecules (BFC-BM) with PET radiometals. METHODS The developed microreactor was used to radiolabel a chelate, either 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) that had been conjugated to cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-DPhe-Lys) peptide, with both ⁶⁴Cu and ⁶⁸Ga respectively. The microreactor radiolabeling conditions were optimized by varying temperature, concentration and residence time. RESULTS Direct comparisons between the microreactor approach and conventional methods showed improved labeling yields and increased reproducibility with the microreactor under identical labeling conditions, due to enhanced mass and heat transfer at the microscale. More importantly, over 90% radiolabeling yields (incorporation of radiometal) were achieved with a 1:1 stoichiometry of bifunctional chelate biomolecule conjugate (BFC-BM) to radiometal in the microreactor, which potentially obviates extensive chromatographic purification that is typically required to remove the large excess of unlabeled biomolecule in radioligands prepared using conventional methods. Moreover, higher yields for radiolabeling of DOTA-functionalized BSA protein (Bovine Serum Albumin) were observed with ⁶⁴Cu/⁶⁸Ga using the microreactor, which demonstrates the ability to label both small and large molecules. CONCLUSIONS A robust, reliable, compact microreactor capable of chelating radiometals with common chelates has been developed and validated. Based on our radiolabeling results, the reported microfluidic approach overall outperforms conventional radiosynthetic methods, and is a promising technology for the radiometal labeling of commonly utilized BFC-BM in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Zeng
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Quintero NY, Restrepo G, Cohen IM. Chemotopological study of positron emitter radionuclides used in PET diagnostic imaging: physical, physico-chemical, dosimetric, quantum and nuclear properties. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Shetty D, Jeong JM, Shim H. Stroma targeting nuclear imaging and radiopharmaceuticals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 2012:817682. [PMID: 22685650 PMCID: PMC3364577 DOI: 10.1155/2012/817682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation of tumor accompanies profound changes in the normal neighboring tissue, called tumor stroma. The tumor stroma provides an environment favoring local tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic spreading. Nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT) measures biochemical and physiologic functions in the human body. In oncology, PET/SPECT is particularly useful for differentiating tumors from postsurgical changes or radiation necrosis, distinguishing benign from malignant lesions, identifying the optimal site for biopsy, staging cancers, and monitoring the response to therapy. Indeed, PET/SPECT is a powerful, proven diagnostic imaging modality that displays information unobtainable through other anatomical imaging, such as CT or MRI. When combined with coregistered CT data, [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG)-PET is particularly useful. However, [(18)F]FDG is not a target-specific PET tracer. This paper will review the tumor microenvironment targeting oncologic imaging such as angiogenesis, invasion, hypoxia, growth, and homing, and also therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to provide a roadmap for additional applications of tumor imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C5008, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C5008, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Production of 61Cu using natural cobalt target and its separation using ascorbic acid and common anion exchange resin. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 70:365-8. [PMID: 22093183 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(61)Cu was produced by (nat)Co(α, xn)(61)Cu reaction. (61)Cu production yield was 89.5 MBq/μAh (2.42 mCi/μAh) at the end of irradiation (EOI). A simple radiochemical separation method using anion exchange resin and ascorbic acid has been employed to separate the product radionuclide from inactive target material and co-produced non-isotopic impurities. The radiochemical separation yield was about 90%. Radiochemical purity of (61)Cu was >99% 1 h after EOI. Final product was suitable for making complex with N(2)S(2) type of ligands.
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Shokeen M, Wadas TJ. The development of copper radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Med Chem 2011; 7:413-29. [PMID: 21711219 PMCID: PMC8259694 DOI: 10.2174/157340611796799177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of positron emission tomography in preclinical and clinical settings has widened the demand for radiopharmaceuticals with high specificity that can image biological phenomena in vivo. While many PET tracers have been developed from small organic molecules labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, the short half-lives of these radionuclides preclude their incorporation into radiotracers, which can be used to image biological processes that are not induced immediately after system perturbation. Additionally, the continuing development of targeted agents, such as antibodies and nanoparticles, which undergo extended circulation, require that radionuclides with half-lives that are complimentary to the biological half-lives of these molecules be developed. Copper radionuclides have received considerable attention since they offer a variety of half-lives and decay energies and because the coordination chemistry of cooper and its role in biology is well understood. However, in addition to the radiometal chelate, a successful copper based radiopharmaceutical depends upon the chemical structure of the entire radiotracer, which may include a biologically important molecule and a chemical linker that can be used to deliver the copper radionuclide to a specific target and modulate its in vivo properties, respectively. This review discusses the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals and the importance of factors such as chemical structure on their pharmacokinetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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45
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Qaim SM. Development of novel positron emitters for medical applications: nuclear and radiochemical aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2011.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In molecular imaging, the importance of novel longer lived positron emitters, also termed as non-standard or innovative PET radionuclides, has been constantly increasing, especially because they allow studies on slow metabolic processes and in some cases furnish the possibility of quantification of radiation dose in internal radiotherapy. Considerable efforts have been invested worldwide and about 25 positron emitters have been developed. Those efforts relate to interdisciplinary studies dealing with basic nuclear data, high current charged particle irradiation, efficient radiochemical separation and quality control of the desired radionuclide, and recovery of the enriched target material for reuse. In this review all those aspects are briefly discussed, with particular reference to three radionuclides, namely 64Cu, 124I and 86Y, which are presently in great demand. For each radionuclide several nuclear routes were investigated but the ( p,n) reaction on an enriched target isotope was found to be the best for use at a small-sized cyclotron. Some other positron emitting radionuclides, such as 55Co, 76Br, 89Zr, 82mRb, 94mTc, 120I, etc., were also produced via the low-energy (p,n), (p,α) or (d,n) reaction. On the other hand, the production of radionuclides 52Fe, 73Se, 83Sr, etc. using intermediate energy (p,xn) or (d,xn) reactions needs special consideration, the nuclear data and chemical processing methods being of key importance. In a few special cases, a high intensity 3He- or α-particle beam could be an added advantage. The production of some potentially interesting positron emitters via generator systems, for example 44Ti/44Sc, 72Se/72As and 140N d/140Pr is considered. The significance of new generation high power accelerators is briefly discussed.
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46
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is widely recognized as a highly effective functional imaging modality. Unfortunately, standard PET cannot be used for dual-isotope imaging (which would allow for simultaneous investigation of two different biological processes), because positron-electron annihilation products from different tracers are indistinguishable in terms of energy. Methods that have been proposed for dual-isotope PET rely on differences in half-lives of the participating isotopes; these approaches, however, require making assumptions concerning kinetic behavior of the tracers and may not lead to optimal results. In this paper we propose a novel approach for dual-isotope PET and investigate its performance using GATE simulations. Our method requires one of the two radioactive isotopes to be a pure positron emitter and the second isotope to emit an additional high-energy gamma in a cascade simultaneously with positron emission. Detection of this auxiliary prompt gamma in coincidence with the annihilation event allows us to identify the corresponding 511 keV photon pair as originating from the same isotope. Two list-mode datasets are created: a primary dataset that contains all detected 511 keV photon pairs from both isotopes, and a second, tagged (much smaller) dataset that contains only those PET events for which a coincident prompt gamma has also been detected. An image reconstructed from the tagged dataset reflects the distribution of the second positron-gamma radiotracer and serves as a prior for the reconstruction of the primary dataset. Our preliminary simulation study with partially overlapping (18)F/(22)Na and (18)F/(60)Cu radiotracer distributions showed that in these two cases the dual-isotope PET method allowed for separation of the two activity distributions and recovered total activities with relative errors of about 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andreyev
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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47
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Sheehan JP, Popp B, Monteith S, Toulmin S, Tomlinson J, Martin J, Cifarelli CP, Lee DH, Park DM. Trans sodium crocetinate: functional neuroimaging studies in a hypoxic brain tumor. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:749-53. [PMID: 21682571 DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.jns101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Intratumoral hypoxia is believed to be exhibited in high-grade gliomas. Trans sodium crocetinate (TSC) has been shown to increase oxygen diffusion to hypoxic tissues. In this research, the authors use oxygen-sensitive PET studies to evaluate the extent of hypoxia in vivo in a glioblastoma model and the effect of TSC on the baseline oxygenation of the tumor. METHODS The C6 glioma cells were stereotactically implanted in the right frontal region of rat brains. Formation of intracranial tumors was confirmed on MR imaging. Animals were injected with Copper(II) diacetyl-di(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) and then either TSC or saline (6 rats each). Positron emission tomography imaging was performed, and relative uptake values were computed to determine oxygenation within the tumor and normal brain parenchyma. Additionally, TSC or saline was infused into the animals, and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) and hypoxia-inducing factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expression were measured 1 day afterward. RESULTS On PET imaging, all glioblastoma tumors demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in uptake of Cu-ATSM compared with the contralateral cerebral hemisphere (p = 0.000002). The mean relative uptake value of the tumor was 3900 (range 2203-6836), and that of the contralateral brain tissue was 1017 (range 488-2304). The mean relative hypoxic tumor volume for the saline group and TSC group (6 rats each) was 1.01 ± 0.063 and 0.69 ± 0.062, respectively (mean ± SEM, p = 0.002). Infusion of TSC resulted in a 31% decrease in hypoxic volume. Immunoblot analysis revealed expression of HIF-1α and CA9 in all tumor specimens. CONCLUSIONS Some glioblastomas exhibit hypoxia that is demonstrable on oxygen-specific PET imaging. It appears that TSC lessens intratumoral hypoxia on functional imaging. Further studies should explore relative hypoxia in glioblastoma and the potential therapeutic gains that can be achieved by lessening hypoxia during delivery of adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Paterson BM, Donnelly PS. Copper complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones): from chemotherapeutics to diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3005-18. [PMID: 21409228 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecules known as bis(thiosemicarbazones) derived from 1,2-diones can act as tetradentate ligands for Cu(II), forming stable, neutral complexes. As a family, these complexes possess fascinating biological activity. This critical review presents an historical perspective of their progression from potential chemotherapeutics through to more recent applications in nuclear medicine. Methods of synthesis are presented followed by studies focusing on their potential application as anti-cancer agents and more recent investigations into their potential as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. The Cu(II) complexes are of sufficient stability to be used to coordinate copper radioisotopes for application in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Detailed understanding of the coordination chemistry has allowed careful manipulation of the metal based properties to engineer specific biological activities. Perhaps the most promising complex radiolabelled with copper radioisotopes to date is Cu(II)(atsm), which has progressed to clinical trials in humans (162 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Paterson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
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49
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Glaus C, Rossin R, Welch MJ, Bao G. In vivo evaluation of (64)Cu-labeled magnetic nanoparticles as a dual-modality PET/MR imaging agent. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:715-22. [PMID: 20353170 DOI: 10.1021/bc900511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanoparticle-based dual-modality positron emission tomograph/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) contrast agent was developed. The probe consisted of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) core coated with PEGylated phospholipids. The chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was conjugated to PEG termini to allow labeling with positron-emitting (64)Cu. Radiolabeling with (64)Cu at high yield and high purity was readily achieved. The (64)Cu-SPIO probes produced strong MR and PET signals and were stable in mouse serum for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Biodistribution and in vivo PET/CT imaging studies of the probes showed a circulation half-life of 143 min and high initial blood retention with moderate liver uptake, making them an attractive contrast agent for disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Glaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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50
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Wadas TJ, Wong EH, Weisman GR, Anderson CJ. Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2858-902. [PMID: 20415480 PMCID: PMC2874951 DOI: 10.1021/cr900325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225 St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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