1
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Ishii H, Hattori Y, Ozawa H. Estrogen Receptor α Isoforms Generated by Alternative Use of Cryptic Exons. J NIPPON MED SCH 2023; 90:364-371. [PMID: 37558429 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2023_90-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) regulates several physiological functions. In pathophysiological conditions, ERα is involved in the development and progression of estrogen-sensitive tumors. The ERα gene contains multiple 5'-untranslated exons and eight conventional coding exons and presents multiple isoforms generated by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing. This gene also possesses non-conventional exons in the 3'- and intronic regions, and alternative use of cryptic exons contributes to further diversity of ERα mRNAs and proteins. Recently, the genomic organization of ERα genes and the splicing profiles of their transcripts were comparatively analyzed in humans, mice, and rats, and multiple ERα isoforms with distinct structures and functions were identified. These transcripts contain cryptic sequences that encode insertion-containing or truncated ERα proteins. In particular, alternative cryptic exons with in-frame stop codons yield transcripts encoding C-terminally-truncated ERα proteins. The C-terminally-truncated ERα isoforms lack part or all of the ligand-binding domain but possess an isoform-specific sequence. Some of these isoforms exhibit constitutive transactivation and resistance to estrogen receptor antagonists. Although numerous studies have reported conflicting results regarding their functions, the critical determinant for their gain-of-function has been identified structurally. Here we review recent progress in ERα variant research concerning the genomic organization of ERα genes, splicing profiles of ERα transcripts, and transactivation properties of ERα isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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2
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Dewaele A, Dujardin E, André M, Albina A, Jammes H, Giton F, Sellem E, Jolivet G, Pailhoux E, Pannetier M. Absence of Testicular Estrogen Leads to Defects in Spermatogenesis and Increased Semen Abnormalities in Male Rabbits. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2070. [PMID: 36360307 PMCID: PMC9690781 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are steroid hormones produced by the aromatization of androgens by the aromatase enzyme, encoded by the CYP19A1 gene. Although generally referred to as "female sex hormones", estrogen is also produced in the adult testes of many mammals, including humans. To better understand the function of estrogens in the male, we used the rabbit model which is an important biomedical model. First, the expression of CYP19A1 transcripts was localized mainly in meiotic germ cells. Thus, testicular estrogen appears to be produced inside the seminiferous tubules. Next, the cells expressing ESR1 and ESR2 were identified, showing that estrogens could exert their function on post-meiotic germ cells in the tubules and play a role during sperm maturation, since ESR1 and ESR2 were detected in the cauda epididymis. Then, CRISPR/Cas9 CYP19A1-/- genetically modified rabbits were analyzed. CYP19A1-/- males showed decreased fertility with lower sperm count associated with hypo-spermatogenesis and lower spermatid number. Germ/sperm cell DNA methylation was unchanged, while sperm parameters were affected as CYP19A1-/- males exhibited reduced sperm motility associated with increased flagellar defects. In conclusion, testicular estrogens could be involved in the spermatocyte-spermatid transition in the testis, and in the acquisition of sperm motility in the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dewaele
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Dujardin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marjolaine André
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Albina
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frank Giton
- APHP, Pôle Biologie-Pathologie Henri Mondor, 94040 Créteil, France
- INSERM IMRB U955, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Eli Sellem
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Geneviève Jolivet
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Pailhoux
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maëlle Pannetier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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3
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Buggio L, Barbara G, Facchin F, Ghezzi L, Dridi D, Vercellini P. The influence of hormonal contraception on depression and female sexuality: a narrative review of the literature. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:193-201. [PMID: 34913798 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.2016693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the past decades, an increasing number of women have been using hormonal contraception. The potential role of sex hormones in regulating vegetative, psychophysiological, and cognitive functions has been highlighted in several studies, and there is a need to further understand the impact of hormonal contraception on women's quality of life, especially as regards psychological health and sexuality. METHODS We conducted a narrative review aimed at clarifying the mechanisms involved in the interaction between sex hormones and the brain, also focusing on the association between hormonal contraception and mood and sexual function. RESULTS Our findings clarified that hormonal contraception may be associated with depressive symptoms, especially among adolescents, and with sexual dysfunction. However, the evidence included in this review was conflicting and did not support the hypothesis that hormonal contraception directly causes depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, or sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The optimal hormonal contraception should be identified in the context of shared decision making, considering the preferences and needs of each woman, as well as her physical and psychosexual conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buggio
- Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giussy Barbara
- Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- SVSeD, Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence and Obstetric and Gynecology Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dhouha Dridi
- Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Vercellini
- Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Yonehara K, Zhou Y, Takahashi JI, Yokoyama S, Tomihara K, Noguchi M, Sakurai H. RSK-Mediated Non-canonical Activation of EphA2 by Tamoxifen. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:162-168. [PMID: 35110502 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The long-term administration of tamoxifen to estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients is an established treatment that reduces mortality and recurrence. However, resistance to tamoxifen and an increased risk of endometrial cancer may occur; therefore, the mechanisms by which tamoxifen causes these adverse effects warrant further study. Tamoxifen has been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in an ERα-independent manner; therefore, we investigated its effects on the MAPK-mediated non-canonical activation of EphA2, a critical event regulating cell migration. Tamoxifen at slightly higher concentrations induced the rapid phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897 via the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) pathway in HeLa cells. In addition, tamoxifen significantly enhanced the migration ability of ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in RSK- and EphA2-dependent manners. Phosphorylated EphA2 was internalized and re-localized to the plasma membrane, including lamellipodia, in an RSK-dependent manner. Collectively, the present results provide novel insights into the tumor-promoting activity of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yonehara
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Jun-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kei Tomihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Makoto Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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5
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McMillin SL, Minchew EC, Lowe DA, Spangenburg EE. Skeletal muscle wasting: the estrogen side of sexual dimorphism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C24-C37. [PMID: 34788147 PMCID: PMC8721895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The importance of defining sex differences across various biological and physiological mechanisms is more pervasive now than it has been over the past 15-20 years. As the muscle biology field pushes to identify small molecules and interventions to prevent, attenuate, or even reverse muscle wasting, we must consider the effect of sex as a biological variable. It should not be assumed that a therapeutic will affect males and females with equal efficacy or equivalent target affinities under conditions where muscle wasting is observed. With that said, it is not surprising to find that we have an unclear or even a poor understanding of the effects of sex or sex hormones on muscle wasting conditions. Although recent investigations are beginning to establish experimental approaches that will allow investigators to assess the impact of sex-specific hormones on muscle wasting, the field still needs rigorous scientific tools that will allow the community to address critical hypotheses centered around sex hormones. The focus of this review is on female sex hormones, specifically estrogens, and the roles that these hormones and their receptors play in skeletal muscle wasting conditions. With the overall review goal of assembling the current knowledge in the area of sexual dimorphism driven by estrogens with an effort to provide insights to interested physiologists on necessary considerations when trying to assess models for potential sex differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L. McMillin
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Everett C. Minchew
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Dawn A. Lowe
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,2Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Espen E. Spangenburg
- 3Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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6
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Braun BC, Jewgenow K. Role of sex steroids and prostaglandins during the luteal life cycle in domestic cats and lynxes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106689. [PMID: 34688216 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although lynxes and domestic cats are both felids, their luteal life cycles differ. As in many species, corpora lutea (CLs) of domestic cats regress after pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. By contrast, CLs of lynxes do not functionally regress following the cycle of their formation. They stay physiologically active and persist for several years. To obtain an improved understanding of the life cycle of both species, we comparatively studied the CLs of these species in detail. In this review, we summarize the similarities and differences of their CLs regarding sex steroid and prostaglandin generation and receptors. The most evident differences were visible in the CLs of lynxes, which persist from previous cycles, compared with CLs of lynxes and domestic cats from the recent luteal cycle. We assume that these differences could indicate processes ensuring long-term luteal survival and functionality, for example, by high estrogen production/metabolism or by antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Braun
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - K Jewgenow
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Hattori Y, Ishii H, Higo S, Otsuka M, Kanaya M, Matsumoto K, Ozawa M, Ozawa H. Optimization of immunohistochemical detection of rat ESR2 proteins with well-validated monoclonal antibody PPZ0506. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111145. [PMID: 33400952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although there are few well-validated antibodies against ESR2 proteins, a recent validation assessment identified a specific monoclonal antibody against human ESR2 proteins (PPZ0506). Furthermore, our previous study confirmed its cross-reactivity and specificity against rodent ESR2 proteins, enabling the determination of true ESR2 distribution profiles in rodents. Therefore, we aimed to determine optimal conditions for ESR2 detection by PPZ0506 immunostaining and analyze ESR2 distribution in rats. We evaluated several staining conditions using paraffin-embedded and frozen ovary sections. Immunohistochemical staining with PPZ0506 antibody required strong antigen retrieval and appropriate antibody dilution. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis in multiple tissues under optimized conditions revealed that rat ESR2 proteins are expressed in a more localized manner than previously assumed. Our results suggest that previous immunohistochemical studies using inadequately validated antibodies against ESR2 proteins overestimated their distribution profiles. We expect that optimized immunohistochemical detection with PPZ0506 antibody can help researchers solve several conflicting problems in ESR2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Shimpei Higo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Mai Otsuka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Moeko Kanaya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Mina Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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8
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Ishii H, Hattori Y, Ozawa H. Identification of Novel C-Terminally Truncated Estrogen Receptor β Variant Transcripts and Their Distribution in Humans. J NIPPON MED SCH 2021; 88:54-62. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2021_88-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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9
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Božović A, Mandušić V, Todorović L, Krajnović M. Estrogen Receptor Beta: The Promising Biomarker and Potential Target in Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041656. [PMID: 33562134 PMCID: PMC7914503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) in 1996 opened new perspectives in the diagnostics and therapy of different types of cancer. Here, we present a review of the present research knowledge about its role in endocrine-related cancers: breast, prostate, and thyroid, and colorectal cancers. We also discuss the reasons for the controversy of its role in carcinogenesis and why it is still not in use as a biomarker in clinical practice. Given that the diagnostics and therapy would benefit from the introduction of new biomarkers, we suggest ways to overcome the contradictions in elucidating the role of ERβ.
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10
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Valeri C, Lovaisa MM, Racine C, Edelsztein NY, Riggio M, Giulianelli S, Venara M, Bedecarrás P, Ballerini MG, di Clemente N, Lamb CA, Schteingart HF, Rey RA. Molecular mechanisms underlying AMH elevation in hyperoestrogenic states in males. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15062. [PMID: 32934281 PMCID: PMC7492256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by Sertoli cells of the testes from early fetal life until puberty, when it is downregulated by androgens. In conditions like complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), AMH downregulation does not occur and AMH increases at puberty, due in part to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) effect. However, other conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), characterised by low FSH, also have increased AMH. Because both CAIS and PJS may present as hyperoestrogenic states, we tested the hypothesis that oestradiol (E2) upregulates AMH expression in peripubertal Sertoli cells and explored the molecular mechanisms potentially involved. The results showed that E2 is capable of inducing an upregulation of endogenous AMH and of the AMH promoter activity in the prepubertal Sertoli cell line SMAT1, signalling through ERα binding to a specific ERE sequence present on the hAMH promoter. A modest action was also mediated through the membrane oestrogen receptor GPER. Additionally, the existence of ERα expression in Sertoli cells in patients with CAIS was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The evidence presented here provides biological plausibility to the hypothesis that testicular AMH production increases in clinical conditions in response to elevated oestrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Valeri
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Lovaisa
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), 75012, Paris, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris-Diderot Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Y Edelsztein
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Riggio
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Giulianelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR-CCT (CENPAT-CONICET), U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Marcela Venara
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bedecarrás
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Ballerini
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nathalie di Clemente
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), 75012, Paris, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena F Schteingart
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Applicability of Anti-Human Estrogen Receptor β Antibody PPZ0506 for the Immunodetection of Rodent Estrogen Receptor β Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246312. [PMID: 31847265 PMCID: PMC6941125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of controversial evidence concerning estrogen receptor β (ERβ) remain to be solved because of the unavailability of specific antibodies against ERβ. The recent validation analysis identified a monoclonal antibody (PPZ0506) with sufficient specificity against human ERβ. However, the specificity and cross-reactivity of PPZ0506 antibody against ERβ proteins from laboratory animals have not been confirmed. In the present study, we aimed to validate the applicability of PPZ0506 to rodent studies. The antibody exhibited specific cross-reactivity against mouse and rat ERβ proteins in immunoblot and immunocytochemical experiments using transfected cells. In immunohistochemistry for rat tissue sections, PPZ0506 showed immunoreactive signals in the ovary, prostate, and brain. These immunohistochemical profiles of rat ERβ proteins in rat tissues accord well with its mRNA expression patterns. Although the antibody was reported to show the moderate signals in human testis, no immunoreactive signals were observed in rat testis. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis revealed that this species difference in ERβ expression resulted from different expression profiles related to the alternative promoter usage between humans and rats. In conclusion, we confirmed applicability of PPZ0506 for rodent ERβ studies, and our results provide a fundamental basis for further examination of ERβ functions.
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12
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Rigo R, Bazin JRM, Crespi M, Charon CL. Alternative Splicing in the Regulation of Plant-Microbe Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1906-1916. [PMID: 31106828 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of biotic interactions. While some biotic interactions are beneficial or even essential for the plant (e.g. rhizobia and mycorrhiza), others such as pathogens are detrimental and require fast adaptation. Plants partially achieve this growth and developmental plasticity by modulating the repertoire of genes they express. In the past few years, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing have revealed that, in addition to transcriptional control of gene expression, post-transcriptional processes, notably alternative splicing (AS), emerged as a key mechanism for gene regulation during plant adaptation to the environment. AS not only can increase proteome diversity by generating multiple transcripts from a single gene but also can reduce gene expression by yielding isoforms degraded by mechanisms such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries detailing the contribution of AS to the regulation of plant-microbe interactions, with an emphasis on the modulation of immunity receptor function and other components of the signaling pathways that deal with pathogen responses. We will also discuss emerging evidences that AS could contribute to dynamic reprogramming of the plant transcriptome during beneficial interactions, such as the legume-symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rigo
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jï Rï Mie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cï Line Charon
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
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Schreihofer DA, Duong P, Cunningham RL. N-terminal truncations in sex steroid receptors and rapid steroid actions. Steroids 2018; 133:15-20. [PMID: 29104096 PMCID: PMC5864524 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors act as ligand activated nuclear transcription factors throughout the body, including the brain. However, post-translational modification of these receptors can direct them to extranuclear sites, including the plasma membrane, where they are able to initiate rapid signaling. Because of the conserved domain structure of these receptors, alternative exon splicing can result in proteins with altered nuclear and extranuclear actions. Although much attention has focused on internal and C-terminal splice variants, both estrogen and androgen receptors undergo N-terminal truncations, as well. These truncated proteins not only influence the transcriptional activity of the full-length receptors, but also associate with caveolin and initiate signaling at the plasma membrane. Such actions may have important physiological consequences in neuronal, endothelial, and cancer signaling and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Schreihofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA
| | - Phong Duong
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76244, USA.
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Loiseau C, Cayetanot F, Joubert F, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cardot P, Fiamma MN, Frugiere A, Straus C, Bodineau L. Current Perspectives for the use of Gonane Progesteronergic Drugs in the Treatment of Central Hypoventilation Syndromes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1433-1454. [PMID: 28721821 PMCID: PMC6295933 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170719104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central alveolar hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) encompass neurorespiratory diseases resulting from congenital or acquired neurological disorders. Hypercapnia, acidosis, and hypoxemia resulting from CHS negatively affect physiological functions and can be lifethreatening. To date, the absence of pharmacological treatment implies that the patients must receive assisted ventilation throughout their lives. OBJECTIVE To highlight the relevance of determining conditions in which using gonane synthetic progestins could be of potential clinical interest for the treatment of CHS. METHODS The mechanisms by which gonanes modulate the respiratory drive were put into the context of those established for natural progesterone and other synthetic progestins. RESULTS The clinical benefits of synthetic progestins to treat respiratory diseases are mixed with either positive outcomes or no improvement. A benefit for CHS patients has only recently been proposed. We incidentally observed restoration of CO2 chemosensitivity, the functional deficit of this disease, in two adult CHS women by desogestrel, a gonane progestin, used for contraception. This effect was not observed by another group, studying a single patient. These contradictory findings are probably due to the complex nature of the action of desogestrel on breathing and led us to carry out mechanistic studies in rodents. Our results show that desogestrel influences the respiratory command by modulating the GABAA and NMDA signaling in the respiratory network, medullary serotoninergic systems, and supramedullary areas. CONCLUSION Gonanes show promise for improving ventilation of CHS patients, although the conditions of their use need to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Bodineau
- Address correspondence to this author at the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France; Tel: 33 1 40 77 97 15; Fax: 33 1 40 77 97 89; E-mail:
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Ishii H, Hattori Y, Munetomo A, Watanabe H, Sakuma Y, Ozawa H. Characterization of rodent constitutively active estrogen receptor α variants and their constitutive transactivation mechanisms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 248:16-26. [PMID: 28412386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNAs exhibit remarkable heterogeneity owing to complicated alternative splicing. Some encode C-terminally-truncated ERα proteins, which display ligand-independent transactivation or dominant-negative activity. We previously characterized C-terminally-truncated ERα mRNA variants with cryptic sequences in humans and mice, and demonstrated that helices in the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of ERα variants contribute to ligand-independent transcriptional activity. However, existence of non-conventional coding exons and generation of constitutively active ERα variants have remained to be examined in rats. To comparatively analyze modular organization and splicing profiles of the ERα genes, the range of C-terminally-truncated ERα variants was explored in rats and mice using rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR cloning. Furthermore, their functions were determined in transiently transfected cells using expression constructs and luciferase reporter assays. Multiple cryptic exons and C-terminally-truncated ERα variant mRNAs were identified in rats and mice. Naturally occurring and artificially truncated variants/constructs lacking helix 5 potentially exhibited gain-of-function in transfected cells. Although cryptic exons and splicing profiles were poorly conserved among humans, mice, and rats, constitutively active variants were generated from the ERα genes. Moreover, the primary mechanism of ligand-independent activation by C-terminally-truncated ERα variants is C-terminus to helix 5 deletion in the LBD. This comparative study documented the complexity of ERα genes, mRNAs, and proteins, and further determined the underlying structural basis of ligand-independent activation by C-terminally-truncated ERα variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Sakuma
- University of Tokyo Health Sciences, 4-11 Ochiai, Tama, Tokyo 206-0033, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Dostalova P, Zatecka E, Dvorakova-Hortova K. Of Oestrogens and Sperm: A Review of the Roles of Oestrogens and Oestrogen Receptors in Male Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050904. [PMID: 28441342 PMCID: PMC5454817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role that oestrogens play in male reproduction has been generally accepted; however, the exact mechanism of their action is not entirely clear and there is still much more to be clarified. The oestrogen response is mediated through oestrogen receptors, as well as classical oestrogen receptors’ variants, and their specific co-expression plays a critical role. The importance of oestrogen signalling in male fertility is indicated by the adverse effects of selected oestrogen-like compounds, and their interaction with oestrogen receptors was proven to cause pathologies. The aims of this review are to summarise the current knowledge on oestrogen signalling during spermatogenesis and sperm maturation and discuss the available information on oestrogen receptors and their splice variants. An overview is given of species-specific differences including in humans, along with a detailed summary of the methodology outcome, including all the genetically manipulated models available to date. This review provides coherent information on the recently discovered mechanisms of oestrogens’ and oestrogen receptors’ effects and action in both testicular somatic and germ cells, as well as in mature sperm, available for mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Dostalova
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Zatecka
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- Group of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Kindler J, Weickert CS, Schofield PR, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Raloxifene increases prefrontal activity during emotional inhibition in schizophrenia based on estrogen receptor genotype. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1930-1940. [PMID: 27842943 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia show decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during emotional response inhibition, a cognitive process sensitive to hormonal influences. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, binds estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-α), improves memory, attention and normalizes cortical and hippocampal activity during learning and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia. Here, we tested the extent to which raloxifene restores neuronal activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia. Since genetic variation in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-1) determines cortical ESR-α production and correlates with cognition, we also predicted that genetic ESR-1 variation would differentially relate to increased cortical activity by raloxifene administration. Thirty people with schizophrenia participated in a thirteen-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over adjunctive treatment trial of raloxifene administered at 120mg/day. Effects of raloxifene on brain activation were assessed based on ESR-1 genotype using functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotional word inhibition. Raloxifene increased PFC activity during inhibition of response to negative words and the raloxifene related increased PFC activity was greater in patients homozygous for ESR-1 rs9340799 AA relative to G carriers. Comparison to 23 healthy controls demonstrated that PFC activity of people with schizophrenia receiving raloxifene was more similar to controls than to their own brain activity during placebo. Estrogen receptor modulation by raloxifene restores PFC activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia and ESR-1 genotype predicts degree of increased neural activity in response to raloxifene. While these preliminary results require replication, they suggest the potential for personalized pharmacotherapy using ESR-1 and estrogen receptor targeting compounds in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kindler
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia.
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Alternative splicing of estrogen receptor alpha in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:926. [PMID: 27899088 PMCID: PMC5129602 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERa), estrogen receptor beta (ERb) and ERa36 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not fully addressed. METHODS In this study, three cohorts were included: (i) primary HCC patients (N = 76, cohort P), (ii) colorectal liver metastasis (mCRC) (N = 32, cohort S), and (iii) HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (N = 121). The levels of ERa36 and wtER36 were measured and their correlation with clinicopathologic features was determined. RESULTS WtERa was downregulated and that ERa36 was upregulated in tumor tissues in both cohort P and TCGA data set. ERa36 was downregulated in tumor tissues in cohort S. In cohort P, wtERa was differentially expressed in gender (P < 0.000), age (P = 0.004), tumor number (P = 0.043), tumor size (P = 0.002), intrahepatic recurrence (P = 0.054). ERa36 was unequally expressed in different non-tumor liver status (P = 0.040). WtERa was negatively associated with overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) in cohort P. Compared with non-tumor tissues, the expression of ERa36 was increased in primary HCC but decreased in secondary HCC, showing opposite expression patterns of ERa36 between primary HCC and secondary HCC. CONCLUSIONS Primary HCC is associated with the decreased WtERa but increased ERa36. The expression pattern of ERa36 is different between primary HCC and secondary HCC, as the former with the increased ERa36 but the latter with the decreased ERa36. Therefore, the expression of ERa36 may be used to differentiate the primary HCC and the secondary one.
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Hattori Y, Ishii H, Munetomo A, Watanabe H, Morita A, Sakuma Y, Ozawa H. Human C-terminally truncated ERα variants resulting from the use of alternative exons in the ligand-binding domain. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 425:111-22. [PMID: 26835991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor genes contain alternative internal and terminal exons, with alternative exon incorporation yielding mRNA variants that encode various receptor types, including some with C-terminal truncation that exhibit constitutive activation or dominant-negative transcriptional transactivation. However, C-terminally truncated estrogen receptor α (ERα) variants with alternative sequences have rarely been reported in humans. Therefore, we assessed human ERα genomic organization and alternative splicing profiles, and identified both alternative exons and C-terminally truncated ERα variants. These naturally occurring C-terminally truncated ERα proteins were localized in the nuclei of transfected cells. In addition, ERαi45c and ERαΔ5 variants exhibited constitutive transactivation of an estrogen responsive element-driven promoter in transfected cells. We manufactured expression vectors encoding artificially truncated ERα constructs and evaluated their transactivation abilities to establish mechanisms determining the constitutive activity and dominant-negative properties of truncated variants. Lack of the region encoded in exon 8 eliminated basal and ligand-induced transcriptional transactivation. The C-terminally truncated ERα variants/constructs containing the helices 5 in their ligand-binding domains did not exhibit constitutive transactivation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that truncation from C-termini to helices 5 in the variant ligand-binding domains was required for constitutive activation and found that the remnant regions of the ligand-binding domains and variant-specific sequences influenced transcriptional transactivation efficiency. In conclusion, we elucidated the structural and functional features of novel C-terminally truncated ERα variants and revealed the mechanisms underlying constitutive transactivation by C-terminally truncated nuclear receptor variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akio Morita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakuma
- University of Tokyo Health Sciences, 4-11 Ochiai, Tama, Tokyo 206-0033, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Zhao Y, Li Z. Interplay of estrogen receptors and FOXA factors in the liver cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:334-9. [PMID: 25661537 PMCID: PMC4524798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer in human with male dominance. Sexual dimorphism of liver cancer is conserved from rodents to humans, which was firstly found in mice in late 1930s and female mice were resistant to liver cancer. Sex hormones were found to affect the incidence of liver cancer in rodents. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated estrogen signaling or androgen receptor-mediated androgen signaling prevents or promotes the growth of rodent liver tumors, respectively. Forkhead box protein A (Foxa) factors, Foxa1 and Foxa2, also known as pioneer transcription factors in liver specification, are essential for both estrogen and androgen signaling by acting as central regulators of sexual dimorphism in liver cancer. This review mainly focuses on the interplay between ERα and FOXA factors in liver cancer, and summarizes recent breakthrough studies in elucidating the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Characterization of the fundamental properties of the N-terminal truncation (Δ exon 1) variant of estrogen receptor α in the rat. Gene 2015; 571:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Tomao F, Papa A, Zaccarelli E, Rossi L, Caruso D, Minozzi M, Vici P, Frati L, Tomao S. Triple-negative breast cancer: new perspectives for targeted therapies. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:177-93. [PMID: 25653541 PMCID: PMC4303459 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s67673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing a large number of entities showing different morphological features and having clinical behaviors. It has became apparent that this diversity may be justified by distinct patterns of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic aberrations. The identification of gene-expression microarray-based characteristics has led to the identification of at least five breast cancer subgroups: luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and basal-like. Triple-negative breast cancer is a complex disease diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, and it is characterized by malignant cells not expressing estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors at all, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Along with this knowledge, recent data show that triple-negative breast cancer has specific molecular features that could be possible targets for new biological targeted drugs. The aim of this article is to explore the use of new drugs in this particular setting, which is still associated with poor prognosis and high risk of distant recurrence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Anselmo Papa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zaccarelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Rossi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Caruso
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Marina Minozzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
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Patel B, Elguero S, Thakore S, Dahoud W, Bedaiwy M, Mesiano S. Role of nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms in uterine pathophysiology. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:155-73. [PMID: 25406186 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone is a key hormonal regulator of the female reproductive system. It plays a major role to prepare the uterus for implantation and in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Actions of progesterone on the uterine tissues (endometrium, myometrium and cervix) are mediated by the combined effects of two progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms, designated PR-A and PR-B. Both receptors function primarily as ligand-activated transcription factors. Progesterone action on the uterine tissues is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by the relative levels and transcriptional activities of PR-A and PR-B. The transcriptional activity of the PR isoforms is affected by specific transcriptional coregulators and by PR post-translational modifications that affect gene promoter targeting. In this context, appropriate temporal and cell-specific expression and function of PR-A and PR-B are critical for normal uterine function. METHODS Relevant studies describing the role of PRs in uterine physiology and pathology (endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer and recurrent pregnancy loss) were comprehensively searched using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and critically reviewed. RESULTS Progesterone, acting through PR-A and PR-B, regulates the development and function of the endometrium and induces changes in cells essential for implantation and the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. During pregnancy, progesterone via the PRs promotes myometrial relaxation and cervical closure. Withdrawal of PR-mediated progesterone signaling triggers menstruation and parturition. PR-mediated progesterone signaling is anti-mitogenic in endometrial epithelial cells, and as such, mitigates the tropic effects of estrogen on eutopic normal endometrium, and on ectopic implants in endometriosis. Similarly, ligand-activated PRs function as tumor suppressors in endometrial cancer cells through inhibition of key cellular signaling pathways required for growth. In contrast, progesterone via PR activation appears to increase leiomyoma growth. The exact role of PRs in cervical cancer is unclear. PRs regulate implantation and therefore aberrant PR function may be implicated in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). PRs likely regulate key immunogenic factors involved in RPL. However, the exact role of PRs in the pathophysiology of RPL and the use of progesterone for therapeutic benefit remains uncertain. CONCLUSIONS PRs are key mediators of progesterone action in uterine tissues and are essential for normal uterine function. Aberrant PR function (due to abnormal expression and/or function) is a major cause of uterine pathophysiology. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of PR isoform action in the uterus is required, as this knowledge will afford the opportunity to create progestin/PR-based therapeutics to treat various uterine pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansari Patel
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sonia Elguero
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Suruchi Thakore
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wissam Dahoud
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mohamed Bedaiwy
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Sam Mesiano
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Su X, Xu X, Li G, Lin B, Cao J, Teng L. ER-α36: a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1525-33. [PMID: 25210466 PMCID: PMC4155893 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s65345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha36 (ER-α36) is a 36-kDa variant of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) firstly identified and cloned by Wang et al in 2005. It lacks both transactivation domains (activation function 1 and activation function 2) and has different biological characteristics compared to traditional ER-α (ER-α66). ER-α36 primarily locates on plasma membrane and cytoplasm and functions as a mediator in the rapid membrane-initiated non-genomic signaling pathway. Additionally, it inhibits the traditional genomic signaling pathway mediated by ER-α66 in a dominant-negative pattern. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ER-α36 regulates the physiological function of various tissues. Thus, dysregulation of ER-α36 is closely associated with plenty of diseases including cancers. ER-α36 is recognized as a molecular abnormality which solidly correlates to carcinogenesis, aggressiveness, and therapeutic response of breast cancer. Additionally, special attention has been paid to the role of ER-α36 in endocrine therapy resistance. Therefore, ER-α36 provides a novel biomarker of great value for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer. It may also be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer patients, especially for those who are resistant to endocrine therapy. In this review, we will overview and update the biological characteristics, underlying mechanism, and function of ER-α36, focusing on its biological function in breast cancer and endocrine therapy resistance. We will evaluate its application value in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Su
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Sánchez-Hernández M, Arizcun M, García-Alcázar A, Sarropoulou E, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Fish granulocytes express a constitutively active androgen receptor variant. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:115-122. [PMID: 24509065 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In humans, alternative splicing of androgen receptor (AR) is usually involved in some diseases. However, our knowledge about the presence of AR variants in other species and its importance for immunity is scant. Here, we report the identification of a constitutively active AR variant lacking the ligand-binding domain (LBD), ARΔLBD, in the fish gilthead seabream. ARΔLBD is expressed in the testis and the head-kidney (HK), and its expression varies with the reproductive stage and is correlated with plasma testosterone (T). In addition, ARΔLBD is expressed in acidophilic granulocytes (AGs), which are the functional equivalent of mammalian neutrophils, but not in macrophages, and its expression is modulated by both T and immune stimuli. Notably, AR and ARΔLBD were able to interact, being the activity of AR dominant at all concentrations tested of the ligand. These results reveal a new mechanism for the regulation of neutrophil biology in vertebrates and explain the conflicting results that suggest that androgens are less important than AR in human and mouse neutrophil homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sánchez-Hernández
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Crete, Greece
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Kim KH, Young BD, Bender JR. Endothelial estrogen receptor isoforms and cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 389:65-70. [PMID: 24530925 PMCID: PMC4040324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, nongenomic vascular cell and tissue responses to estrogen have been demonstrated for more than a decade. Although the pendulum continues to swing, accumulating evidence, both clinical and pre-clinical, support favorable effects of ovarian steroid hormones in the vascular system. These effects are mediated both by classical steroid hormone receptor-mediated transcriptional modulation, and largely by endothelial plasma membrane-associated estrogen receptor (ER)α, which when engaged triggers a signaling cascade resulting in release of cardioprotective nitric oxide (NO). In addition to full-length ERα (ER66), an N-terminus truncated ERα isoform, ER46, plays a key role in these rapid endothelial responses to 17β-estradiol (E2). We have recently determined that ER46 can be a Type I integral transmembrane molecule. In this review, we discuss ER isoforms, rapid E2-stimulated signaling in the endothelium, the importance of the ER46 transmembrane orientation, and the clinical context of this rapid endothelial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bryan D Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bender
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Cardiovascular Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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28
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Mayra PR, Rosalina VL, López G, Iruretagoyena J, Magness R. [Regulation of uterine blood flow. I. Functions of estrogen and estrogen receptor α/β in the uterine vascular endothelium during pregnancy]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 79:129-139. [PMID: 26113750 DOI: 10.4067/s0717-75262014000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ER-α and ER-β, have been shown to be partially responsible for short and long term uterine endothelial adaptations during pregnancy. The molecular and structural differences, together with the various effects caused by these receptors in cells and tissues, suggest that their function varies depending upon estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of estrogen and its classic receptors in the cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the expression of ERs in vivo and in vitro in the uterine artery endothelium during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, while comparing their expression in arterial endothelium from reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. These themes integrate current knowledge of this broad scientific field with various interpretations and hypothesis that related estrogenic effects by either one or both ERs. This review also includes the relationship with vasodilator and angiogenic adaptations required to modulate the dramatic physiological increase to the uteroplacental perfusion observed during normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pastore R Mayra
- Programa de Endocrinología y Fisiología Reproductiva, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Laboratorio de Investigación Perinatal, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecoloaía y División de Ciencias de la Reproducción, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Villalón L Rosalina
- Programa de Endocrinología y Fisiología Reproductiva, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Laboratorio de Investigación Perinatal, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecoloaía y División de Ciencias de la Reproducción, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gladys López
- Laboratorio de Investigación Perinatal, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecoloaía y División de Ciencias de la Reproducción, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Departamento Perinatal, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jesús Iruretagoyena
- Departamento Perinatal, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología de la División de Medicina Materno-Fetal. Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Magness
- Programa de Endocrinología y Fisiología Reproductiva, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Laboratorio de Investigación Perinatal, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecoloaía y División de Ciencias de la Reproducción, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Departamento Perinatal, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA ; Departamento de Ciencias de Animales, Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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29
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Ishii H, Kobayashi M, Munetomo A, Miyamoto T, Sakuma Y. Novel splicing events and post-transcriptional regulation of human estrogen receptor α E isoforms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:120-8. [PMID: 23032375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene is subject to complex regulation. To elucidate the mechanisms of this regulation, the genomic organization and the physiological role of the multiple 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) must be determined. Here, we investigated the expression and splicing patterns of the human ERα E isoforms. We identified two novel untranslated exons, N1 and N2, in the 5'-region of the human ERα gene and multiple E isoform mRNA variants generated by alternative usage of non-coding internal exons. Expression of the N1-containing variants was observed only in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MCF7, while the N2-containing variants were expressed in the adult liver and MCF7 cells. We examined post-transcriptional regulation of the variant mRNAs using luciferase reporter assays and quantitative PCR. The insertion of untranslated internal exons into the 5'-UTRs of the E isoforms reduced their translation efficiency, but barely influenced mRNA turnover. Our results indicate that the genomic organization of the human ERα gene and the splicing profiles of the human ERα E isoforms are more complicated than previously reported. Furthermore, the 5'-UTRs of the E isoforms post-transcriptionally control human ERα expression mainly through translational repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1 Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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30
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Schoen J, Sharbati S, Ritter J, Jewgenow K. Feline Gonads Exhibit Tissue Specific Alternative Splicing of Oestrogen Receptor Alpha (ESR1). Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:30-4. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Schoen
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - S Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - K Jewgenow
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin; Germany
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31
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Kang YH, Zhang BY, Wang PQ, Chu MX, Lai P, Cai BJ, Song WJ. [Progesterone receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms on mammalian female reproduction]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:1223-32. [PMID: 23099778 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone, progesterone, plays a critical role in regulation of mammalian female reproductive activities. Besides the non-genomic activity of progesterone on target cells, its main physiological effect is caused through genomic action by the ligand-dependent nuclear progesterone receptor. The genomic and non-genomic effects of progesterone collectively mediate various female reproductive functions, including ovulation, embryo implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, initiation of parturition, and development of mammary gland. Although a large number of candidate genes regulated by progesterone have been identified by gene chip technology, the traditional progesterone response elements located in the promoter region of downstream target genes havenot been detected. Accordingly, it was suggested thatthe mechanism of nuclear progesterone receptors regulating transcription may be different from other nuclear steroid receptors. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of progesterone receptors mediating the physiological effects in various female re-productive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Kang
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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32
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Galluzzo P, Marino M. Nutritional flavonoids impact on nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptor activities. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:161-76. [PMID: 18850212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of nonnutrient compounds naturally produced from plants as part of their defence mechanisms against stresses of different origins. They emerged from being considered an agricultural oddity only after it was observed that these compounds possess a potential protective function against several human degenerative diseases. This has led to recommending the consumption of food containing high concentrations of flavonoids, which at present, especially as soy isoflavones, are even available as overthecounter nutraceuticals. The increased use of flavonoids has occurred even though their mechanisms are not completely understood, in particular those involving the flavonoid impact on estrogen signals. In fact, most of the human health protective effects of flavonoids are described either as estrogenmimetic, or as antiestrogenic, while others do not involve estrogen signaling at all. Thus, the same molecule is reported as an endocrine disruptor, an estrogen mimetic or as an antioxidant without estrogenic effects. This is due in part to the complexity of the estrogen mechanism, which is conducted by different pathways and involves two different receptor isoforms. These pathways can be modulated by flavonoids and should be considered for a reliable evaluation of flavonoid, both estrogenicity and antiestrogenicity, and for a correct prediction of their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- Department of Biology, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Roma, Italy
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33
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Laurentino SS, Pinto PIS, Tomás J, Cavaco JE, Sousa M, Barros A, Power DM, Canário AVM, Socorro S. Identification of androgen receptor variants in testis from humans and other vertebrates. Andrologia 2012; 45:187-94. [PMID: 22734680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The existence of alternatively spliced variants is well recognised for several members of this superfamily, most of them having functional importance. For example, several testicular oestrogen receptor variants have been suggested to play a role in the regulation of spermatogenesis. However, information on AR variants is mostly related to cancer and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) cases. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of AR variants in the testis from humans and other vertebrates. Four AR variants [ARΔ2(Stop) , ARΔ2(23Stop) , ARΔ3 and ARΔ4(120)] were identified in human testis. ARΔ2(Stop) and ARΔ3, with exon 2 or 3 deleted, respectively, were also expressed in human liver, lung, kidney and heart. In addition, ARΔ2(Stop) was expressed in rat and gilthead seabream testis, while an ARΔ3 was detected in African clawed frog testis. This is the first report revealing the existence of AR variants in the testis of evolutionarily distant vertebrate species and in nonpathological tissues. These data suggest the functional importance of these novel AR forms and demonstrate a complexity in AR signalling that is not exclusive of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Laurentino
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Pinto PIS, Teodósio R, Socorro S, Power DM, Canário AVM. Structure, tissue distribution and estrogen regulation of splice variants of the sea bream estrogen receptor α gene. Gene 2012; 503:18-24. [PMID: 22579469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen actions are mainly mediated by specific nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), for which different genes and a diversity of transcript variants have been identified, mainly in mammals. In this study, we investigated the presence of ER splice variants in the teleost fish gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus), by comparison with the genomic organization of the related species Takifugu rubripes. Two exon2-deleted ERα transcript variants were isolated from liver cDNA of estradiol-treated fish. The ΔE2 variant lacks ERα exon 2, generating a premature termination codon and a putative C-terminal truncated receptor, while the ΔE2,3* variant contains an in-frame deletion of exon 2 and part of exon 3 and codes for a putative ERα protein variant lacking most of the DNA-binding domain. Both variants were expressed at very low levels in several female and male sea bream tissues, and their expression was highly inducible in liver by estradiol-17β treatment with a strong positive correlation with the typical wild-type (wt) ERα response in this tissue. These findings identify novel estrogen responsive splice variants of fish ERα, and provide the basis for future studies to investigate possible modulation of wt-ER actions by splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I S Pinto
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
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35
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Pastore MB, Jobe SO, Ramadoss J, Magness RR. Estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β in the uterine vascular endothelium during pregnancy: functional implications for regulating uterine blood flow. Semin Reprod Med 2012; 30:46-61. [PMID: 22271294 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1299597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone estrogen and its classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ER-α and ER-β, have been shown to be partly responsible for the short- and long-term uterine endothelial adaptations during pregnancy. The ER-subtype molecular and structural differences coupled with the differential effects of estrogen in target cells and tissues suggest a substantial functional heterogeneity of the ERs in estrogen signaling. In this review we discuss (1) the role of estrogen and ERs in cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy, (2) in vivo and in vitro expression of ERs in uterine artery endothelium during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, contrasting reproductive and nonreproductive arterial endothelia, (3) the structural basis for functional diversity of the ERs and estrogen subtype selectivity, (4) the role of estrogen and ERs on genomic responses of uterine artery endothelial cells, and (5) the role of estrogen and ERs on nongenomic responses in uterine artery endothelia. These topics integrate current knowledge of this very rapidly expanding scientific field with diverse interpretations and hypotheses regarding the estrogenic effects that are mediated by either or both ERs and their relationship with vasodilatory and angiogenic vascular adaptations required for modulating the dramatic physiological rises in uteroplacental perfusion observed during normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra B Pastore
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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36
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Genetic polymorphisms in estrogen receptors and sexual dimorphism in fat redistribution in HIV-infected patients on HAART. AIDS 2012; 26:19-26. [PMID: 22011627 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834db3ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in estrogen receptor-α (ERα) (ESR1, rs2234693, rs1801132, rs7757956 and rs2813544) and ERβ (ESR2, rs3020450, rs7154455 and rs4986938) genes and relate them to the adverse effects lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome as well as to differences in their prevalence between sexes in HIV-infected individuals on HAART. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected from 614 patients at reference services in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas and Rio Grande in Brazil. The SNPs were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS The lipodystrophy subtype frequencies in patients of different sexes showed statistically significant differences; the atrophic pattern was more prevalent in men, and the hypertrophic pattern was more prevalent in women. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher in women than in men. The ESR1 rs2813544 G-allele was associated with higher measurements of several anthropometric variables in women: BMI, total subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous fat of limbs. Additionally, patients who were AA homozygous for ESR2 rs3020450 presented an increased risk for developing lipoatrophy (prevalence ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.73, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Significant differences in lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome prevalence were detected between sexes. Moreover, the ESR1 gene (rs2813544) presented significant sex-specific associations with anthropometric variables, and the ESR2 gene (rs3020450) was associated with an increased risk of developing lipoatrophy. Our results suggest that these genes are in part responsible for the sexual dimorphism in fat tissue redistribution and patterns of lipodystrophy.
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Callard GV, Tarrant AM, Novillo A, Yacci P, Ciaccia L, Vajda S, Chuang GY, Kozakov D, Greytak SR, Sawyer S, Hoover C, Cotter KA. Evolutionary origins of the estrogen signaling system: insights from amphioxus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:176-88. [PMID: 21514383 PMCID: PMC3179578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, the estrogen signaling system has two core components: cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19), the enzyme complex that catalyzes the rate limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis; and estrogen receptors (ERs), ligand activated transcription factors that interact with the regulatory region of target genes to mediate the biological effects of estrogen. While the importance of estrogens for regulation of reproduction, development and physiology has been well-documented in gnathostome vertebrates, the evolutionary origins of estrogen as a hormone are still unclear. As invertebrates within the phylum Chordata, cephalochordates (e.g., the amphioxus of the genus Branchiostoma) are among the closest invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates and can provide critical insight into the evolution of vertebrate-specific molecules and pathways. To address this question, this paper briefly reviews relevant earlier studies that help to illuminate the history of the aromatase and ER genes, with a particular emphasis on insights from amphioxus and other invertebrates. We then present new analyses of amphioxus aromatase and ER sequence and function, including an in silico model of the amphioxus aromatase protein, and CYP19 gene analysis. CYP19 shares a conserved gene structure with vertebrates (9 coding exons) and moderate sequence conservation (40% amino acid identity with human CYP19). Modeling of the amphioxus aromatase substrate binding site and simulated docking of androstenedione in comparison to the human aromatase shows that the substrate binding site is conserved and predicts that androstenedione could be a substrate for amphioxus CYP19. The amphioxus ER is structurally similar to vertebrate ERs, but differs in sequence and key residues of the ligand binding domain. Consistent with results from other laboratories, amphioxus ER did not bind radiolabeled estradiol, nor did it modulate gene expression on an estrogen-responsive element (ERE) in the presence of estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A or genistein. Interestingly, it has been shown that a related gene, the amphioxus "steroid receptor" (SR), can be activated by estrogens and that amphioxus ER can repress this activation. CYP19, ER and SR are all primarily expressed in gonadal tissue, suggesting an ancient paracrine/autocrine signaling role, but it is not yet known how their expression is regulated and, if estrogen is actually synthesized in amphioxus, whether it has a role in mediating any biological effects. Functional studies are clearly needed to link emerging bioinformatics and in vitro molecular biology results with organismal physiology to develop an understanding of the evolution of estrogen signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Marine organisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Callard
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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Ishii H, Sakuma Y. Complex organization of the 5'-untranslated region of the mouse estrogen receptor α gene: identification of numerous mRNA transcripts with distinct 5'-ends. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:211-8. [PMID: 21397022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene plays an important role in determining its tissue-specific expression. We examined the 5'-UTRs of the mouse ERα mRNA variants in depth using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends (5'-RACE) and RT-PCR. We demonstrated the presence of multiple variants containing unique 5'-UTRs. We mapped the cDNA sequences onto the mouse genome, and found that both alternative splicing from four different leader exons (A, C, F1, and H) to exon 1, and combinations of 12 internal exons (X1, X2, X3, X4, F2/X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X10, X11, and B) generate multiple ERα transcripts. Mouse exon B, that has homologies with human exon B and rat exon 0T, was used as an internal exon, not as a leader exon. RT-PCR analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of the variants, suggesting that the alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing are regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Our results indicate that the genomic organization of the mouse ERα gene is complicated as previously shown in the rat ERα gene. In addition, both alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing contribute to the remarkable mRNA diversity of the mouse ERα gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1 Sendagi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Ishii H, Shoda Y, Yomogida K, Hamada T, Sakuma Y. Identification of C-terminally and N-terminally truncated estrogen receptor α variants in the mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 124:38-46. [PMID: 21251978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We re-examined mouse ERα mRNA variants using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and RT-PCR. Our analysis showed the presence of several mRNA variants containing unique 5'- or 3'-nucleotide sequences. We mapped the cDNA sequences on the mouse genome, and identified four novel 3'-terminal and 5'-leader exons in the intronic region between exons 4 and 5. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression patterns of the C-terminally truncated ERα products (CTERPs) were similar to that of Wild-type ERα and that the N-terminally truncated ERα products (NTERPs) appeared to have different expression profiles. Moreover, we constructed expression vectors and analyzed the subcellular localization and the transcriptional activation abilities of the variant proteins in transfected HEK293 cells using immunocytochemistry and luciferase reporter assay. The CTERP variants localized in the nuclei and constitutively activated estrogen response element (ERE)-driven promoters, while the NTERP variant was located in the extra-nuclear regions and had no ability to activate the ERE promoters in the presence or absence of 10 nM estradiol. Our results indicate that the mouse ERα gene is more complex than previously thought in terms of genomic organization and that alternative splicing and alternative usage of intronic promoters contribute to the remarkable diversity of ERα mRNAs and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Vranic S, Gatalica Z, Deng H, Frkovic-Grazio S, Lee LMJ, Gurjeva O, Wang ZY. ER-α36, a novel isoform of ER-α66, is commonly over-expressed in apocrine and adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2010; 64:54-7. [PMID: 21045236 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2010.082776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ER-α36 is a novel 36 kDa isoform of the full-length oestrogen receptor alpha (ER-α66). ER-α36 primarily localises to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, and responds to membrane-initiated oestrogen and antioestrogen signalling pathways. AIM To examine the expression of ER-α36 in apocrine and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast, both of which are consistently ER-α66 negative and currently lack effective targeted therapeutic options. METHODS 19 pure apocrine carcinomas (17 invasive and two in-situ carcinomas) and 11 adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast were evaluated for ER-α36 expression, along with expressions of ER-α66, progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS All pure apocrine carcinomas showed a characteristic steroid receptor expression profile (ER-α66 and PR negative, AR strongly positive). ER-α36 expression was detected in 18/19 pure apocrine carcinomas (94.7%, 95% CI 75.1 to 98.7) in predominantly membranous and cytoplasmic distribution. When positive, pure apocrine carcinomas uniformly (100% of cells) expressed ER-α36. All adenoid cystic carcinomas were uniformly negative for all three classic steroid receptors, but ER-α36 was detected in 8/11 cases (72.7%, 95% CI 42.8 to 90) with the similar sub-cellular pattern of expression as in the pure apocrine carcinomas. When positive, adenoid cystic carcinomas expressed ER-α36 in the majority of cells (average 76%). CONCLUSION ER-α36, a novel isoform of ER-α66, is frequently over-expressed in apocrine and adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast. These results indicate a potential for a novel targeted treatment in these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Vranic
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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41
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Harris GM, Dodelzon K, Gong L, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Paulson HL. Splice isoforms of the polyglutamine disease protein ataxin-3 exhibit similar enzymatic yet different aggregation properties. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13695. [PMID: 21060878 PMCID: PMC2965175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein context clearly influences neurotoxicity in polyglutamine diseases, but the contribution of alternative splicing to this phenomenon has rarely been investigated. Ataxin-3, a deubiquitinating enzyme and the disease protein in SCA3, is alternatively spliced to encode either a C-terminal hydrophobic stretch or a third ubiquitin interacting motif (termed 2UIM and 3UIM isoforms, respectively). In light of emerging insights into ataxin-3 function, we examined the significance of this splice variation. We confirmed neural expression of several minor 5′ variants and both of the known 3′ ataxin-3 splice variants. Regardless of polyglutamine expansion, 3UIM ataxin-3 is the predominant isoform in brain. Although 2UIM and 3UIM ataxin-3 display similar in vitro deubiquitinating activity, 2UIM ataxin-3 is more prone to aggregate and more rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Our data demonstrate how alternative splicing of sequences distinct from the trinucleotide repeat can alter properties of the encoded polyglutamine disease protein and thereby perhaps contribute to selective neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Marie Harris
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katerina Dodelzon
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lijie Gong
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Mesiano
- Departments of Reproductive Biology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Errol R. Norwitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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43
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Ishunina TA. The α and β estrogen receptors in the human hypothalamus and basal forebrain in Alzheimer’s disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712410010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Zhang QA, Xu HF, Feng JF. Advances in understanding the relationship between estrogen and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:272-275. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy. Its incidence and mortality significantly increase in recent years in China. Since McMichael and Potter proposed that exogenous estrogen could reduce the incidence of colon cancer in women in 1980s, the relationship between estrogen use and the incidence of colorectal cancer has been extensively studied. This paper reviews the recent advances in understanding the relationship between estrogen and colorectal cancer.
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45
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Levels of estrogen receptor B splice variant (ERBΔ5) mRNA correlates with progesterone receptor in breast carcinomas. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1002257m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that breast tumors which are estrogen positive ER(+) are more likely to respond to hormone therapy. However, a certain percentage of ER(+)/PR(+) tumors do not respond to this therapy. Identification of the second estrogen receptor, named estrogen receptor beta (ER?), as well as the existence of numerous isoforms/splice variants of both ER? and ER?, suggests that a complex regulation of estrogen action exists. In this study, we analyzed the expression ratio of ER?1 isoform and ER??5 splice variant mRNAs, and its correlation with ER/PR status by quantitative RT-PCR and clinical and histopathological parameters. We found that the relative proportion of ER??5 in the total ER?1 transcript 'pool' inversely correlates with the PR level (p = -0,359, p< 0,003, Spearman). It may be that the ER??5 variant modulates the ER? activity of downstream targets. In addition, we suggest that the determination of the expression profiles of ER? and ER? isoforms and splice variants in the defined groups of patients are necessary for elucidating their involvement in endocrine resistance.
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Ishii H, Kobayashi M, Sakuma Y. Alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing of the rat estrogen receptor alpha gene generate numerous mRNA variants with distinct 5'-ends. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:59-69. [PMID: 19833204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene plays an important role in determining tissue-specific expression. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of rat ERalpha gene expression, the genomic organization must be investigated. We therefore analyzed the structure of the rat ERalpha mRNA 5'-UTR using rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends (5'-RACE) and RT-PCR. The analysis showed the presence of multiple variants containing unique 5'-UTRs. We mapped the cDNA sequences on the rat genome, and newly identified one leader exon (exon 0U) and ten untranslated internal exons (exons I1-10). Both splicing from four different leader exons (exons 0S, 0N, 0U, and 0/B) onto exon 1 and alternative splicing in combination with eleven internal exons (exons I1-10, and 0T) produce multiple transcripts. RT-PCR analysis revealed that each variant had preferred expression sites, suggesting that promoter usage and splicing are regulated in tissue-specific manners. Moreover, we determined a splicing event to yield Deltaexon 1 variants (0S-2-3-4-5-6-7-8), which are translated into rat 46 kDa ERalpha proteins. Our results indicate that the rat ERalpha gene is more complex than previously thought in terms of genomic organization and that both alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing contribute to the remarkable diversity of ERalpha mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Cavaco JEB, Laurentino SS, Barros A, Sousa M, Socorro S. Estrogen Receptors α and β in Human Testis: Both Isoforms are Expressed. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2009; 55:137-44. [DOI: 10.3109/19396360902855733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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48
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Roman-Blas JA, Castañeda S, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Osteoarthritis associated with estrogen deficiency. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:241. [PMID: 19804619 PMCID: PMC2787275 DOI: 10.1186/ar2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects all articular tissues and finally leads to joint failure. Although articular tissues have long been considered unresponsive to estrogens or their deficiency, there is now increasing evidence that estrogens influence the activity of joint tissues through complex molecular pathways that act at multiple levels. Indeed, we are only just beginning to understand the effects of estrogen deficiency on articular tissues during OA development and progression, as well as on the association between OA and osteoporosis. Estrogen replacement therapy and current selective estrogen receptor modulators have mixed effectiveness in preserving and/or restoring joint tissue in OA. Thus, a better understanding of how estrogen acts on joints and other tissues in OA will aid the development of specific and safe estrogen ligands as novel therapeutic agents targeting the OA joint as a whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Roman-Blas
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Ellmann S, Sticht H, Thiel F, Beckmann MW, Strick R, Strissel PL. Estrogen and progesterone receptors: from molecular structures to clinical targets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2405-26. [PMID: 19333551 PMCID: PMC11115849 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Research involving estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) have greatly contributed to our understanding of cell signaling and transcriptional regulation. In addition to the classical ER and PR nuclear actions, new signaling pathways have recently been identified due to ER and PR association with cell membranes and signal transduction proteins. Bio-informatics has unveiled how ER and PR recognize their ligands, selective modulators and co-factors, which has helped to implement them as key targets in the treatment of benign and malignant tumors. Knowledge regarding ER and PR is vast and complex; therefore, this review will focus on their isoforms, signaling pathways, co-activators and co-repressors, which lead to target gene regulation. Moreover it will highlight ER and PR involvement in benign and malignant diseases as well as pharmacological substances influencing cell signaling and provide established and new structural insights into the mechanism of activation and inhibition of these receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Computational Biology
- Estradiol/chemistry
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Progesterone/chemistry
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/classification
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry
- Receptors, Progesterone/classification
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/chemistry
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ellmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Thiel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L. Strissel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Taylor SE, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Oestrogen receptor splice variants in the pathogenesis of disease. Cancer Lett 2009; 288:133-48. [PMID: 19608332 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The full-length oestrogen receptor (ER) exists in most vertebrates as two separately encoded isoforms. ER splice variants represent truncated or otherwise modified versions of the full-length alpha or beta isoforms of the parent receptor. ERalpha is found on chromosome 6q and encodes a 595 amino acid protein, while ERbeta is found on chromosome 14q and encodes a 530 amino acid protein. These receptors possess differing ligand affinities, are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific fashion and may act antagonistically. Their altered expression has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a diverse range of conditions from cancer progression in hormone-responsive tissues to neurodegenerative disease. Variously co-expressed with full-length ERs, ER splice variants may have a positive or negative influence on transcription either by modifying the effect of the parent receptor or through their own intrinsic activity. To date, the vast majority of studies have used generic primers or antibodies against the full-length receptors and would not distinguish ER-mediated effects associated with various splice variants. Thus the evidence base of the influence of ER splice variants in normal developmental physiology and in the pathogenesis of disease is weak and greater understanding of their role will undoubtedly lead to new therapeutic strategies for disease intervention and treatment. This review aims to compile the current evidence for the presence of ER splice variants in humans, their physiological roles and clinical sequelae.
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