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Patel R, Desai C, Acharya R, Raveshia D, Shah S, Panesar H, Patel N, Singh R. Five historical innovations that have shaped modern urological surgery. J Perioper Pract 2024; 34:154-163. [PMID: 38149615 DOI: 10.1177/17504589231214388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Throughout history, many innovations have contributed to the development of modern urological surgery, improving patient outcomes and expanding the range of treatment options available to patients. This article explores five key historical innovations that have shaped modern urological surgery: External shockwave lithotripsy, transurethral resection of prostate, cystoscope, perioperative prostate-specific antigen and robotic surgery. The selection of innovations for inclusion in this article was meticulously determined through expert consensus and an extensive literature review. We will review the development, impact and significance of each innovation, highlighting their contributions to the field of urological surgery and their ongoing relevance in contemporary and perioperative practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Patel
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Shrewsbury and Telford Trust, The Princess Royal Hospital, Apley Castle, Telford, UK
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Chaitya Desai
- Department of Urology, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, Walsall, UK
| | - Radhika Acharya
- Department of Intensive Care, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dimit Raveshia
- Department of General Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saumil Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Princess Royal Hospital, Apley Castle, Telford, UK
| | - Harrypal Panesar
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Princess Royal Hospital, Apley Castle, Telford, UK
| | | | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
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von Eyben FE, Kairemo K, Kapp DS. Prostate-Specific Antigen as an Ultrasensitive Biomarker for Patients with Early Recurrent Prostate Cancer: How Low Shall We Go? A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:822. [PMID: 38672176 PMCID: PMC11048591 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) needs to be monitored with ultrasensitive PSA assays (uPSAs) for oncologists to be able to start salvage radiotherapy (SRT) while PSA is <0.5 µg/L for patients with prostate cancer (PCa) relapsing after a radical prostatectomy (RP). Our systematic review (SR) aimed to summarize uPSAs for patients with localized PCa. The SR was registered as InPLASY2023110084. We searched for studies on Google Scholar, PUBMED and reference lists of reviews and studies. We only included studies on uPSAs published in English and excluded studies of women, animals, sarcoidosis and reviews. Of the 115 included studies, 39 reported PSA assay methods and 76 reported clinical findings. Of 67,479 patients, 14,965 developed PSA recurrence (PSAR) and 2663 died. Extremely low PSA nadir and early developments of PSA separated PSAR-prone from non-PSAR-prone patients (cumulative p value 3.7 × 1012). RP patients with the lowest post-surgery PSA nadir and patients who had the lowest PSA at SRT had the fewest deaths. In conclusion, PSA for patients with localized PCa in the pre-PSAR phase of PCa is strongly associated with later PSAR and survival. A rising but still exceedingly low PSA at SRT predicts a good 5-year overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalevi Kairemo
- Department of Molecular Radiotherapy & Nuclear Medicine, Docrates Cancer Center, FI-00185 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Daniel S. Kapp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Mahmoodi F, Bakherad H, Mogharrab N, Rabbani M. A novel approach to enhance the performance of kallikrein 6 enzyme using Pichia pastoris GS115 as a host. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:541-550. [PMID: 37842513 PMCID: PMC10568964 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.383709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Enzyme engineering is the process of raising enzyme efficiency and activity by altering amino acid sequences. Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) enzyme is a secreted serine protease involved in a variety of physiological and pathological activities. The increased expression of KLK6 plays a key role in various diseases. Instability and spontaneous activation and deactivation are major challenges in the study of this enzyme. This study aimed to create a stable pro-KLK6 enzyme by enzyme engineering, designing a specific cleavage site for enterokinase, and using Pichia pastoris GS115 as a host cell. Then, recombinant pro-KLK6 was used to introduce a novel inhibitor for it. Experimental approach An engineered pro-KLK6 gene was cloned into the pPICZα A expression vector. Then, it was expressed in P. pastoris GS115 and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. An inactive engineered pro-KLK6 gene was cleaved by enterokinase and converted to an active KLK6. The KLK6 enzyme activity and its kinetic parameters were measured using N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) substrates. Findings/Results The secretory form of the pro-KLK6 was expressed at about 11 mg/L in P. pastoris (GS115). Before activation with enterokinase, pro-KLK6 was inactive and did not activate spontaneously. The kinetic parameters, including Km and Vmax, were estimated at 113.59 μM and 0.432 μM/s, respectively. Conclusion and implications A stable pro-KLK6 enzyme was produced using P. pastoris (GS115) as the host cell and a specific cleavage site for enterokinase. Additionally, this study assessed the kinetic parameters of the KLK6 enzyme using the BAEE substrate for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoodi
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory (BCBL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Navid Mogharrab
- Biophysics and Computational Biology Laboratory (BCBL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wu Y, Fu Y, Guo J, Guo J. Single-molecule immunoassay technology: Recent advances. Talanta 2023; 265:124903. [PMID: 37418954 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Detecting diseases at the molecular level aids in early diagnosis and treatment. However, traditional immunological detection techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence, have detection sensitivities between 10-16 and 10-12 mol/L, which are inadequate for early diagnosis. Single-molecule immunoassays can reach detection sensitivities of 10-18 mol/L and can detect biomarkers that are difficult to measure using conventional detection techniques. It can confine molecules to be detected in a small spatial area and provide absolute counting of the detected signal, offering the advantage of high efficiency and accuracy. Herein, we demonstrate the principles and equipment of two single-molecule immunoassay techniques and discuss their applications. It is shown that the detection sensitivity can be improved by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to common chemiluminescence or ELISA assays. The microarray-based single-molecule immunoassay technique can test 66 samples in 1 h, which is more efficient than conventional immunological detection techniques. In contrast, microdroplet-based single-molecule immunoassay techniques can generate 107 droplets in 10 min, which is more than 100 times faster than a single droplet generator. By comparing the two single-molecule immunoassay techniques, we highlight our personal perspectives on the current limitations of point-of-care applications and future development trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusheng Fu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Xie H, Guo L, Wang Z, Peng S, Ma Q, Yang Z, Shang Z, Niu Y. Assessing the Potential Prognostic and Immunological Role of TK1 in Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:778850. [PMID: 35559045 PMCID: PMC9086852 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.778850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) was up-regulated in multiple malignancies and participated in the regulation of tumor malignant behavior. However, its specific role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Methods: TK1 expression in PCa patients and cell lines was identified via crossover analysis of the public datasets. A series of in vitro experiments and in vivo models was applied to investigate the function of TK1 in PCa. Functional enrichment analyses were further conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. Additionally, TISIDB was applied to explore the correlation between TK1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immune subtypes, and immune regulatory factors. Results: TK1 expression was significantly up-regulated in PCa patients and cell lines. TK1 ablation inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration potential, and in vivo experiments showed that TK1 inactivation can significantly restrain tumor growth. Functional enrichment analysis revealed TK1-related hub genes (AURKB, CCNB2, CDC20, CDCA5, CDK1, CENPA, CENPM, KIF2C, NDC80, NUF2, PLK1, SKA1, SPC25, ZWINT), and found that TK1 was closely involved in the regulation of cell cycle. Moreover, elevated mRNA expression of TK1 was related with higher Gleason score, higher clinical stage, higher pathological stage, higher lymph node stage, shorter overall survival, and DFS in PCa patients. Particularly, TK1 represented attenuated expression in C3 PCa and was related with infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells as well as immunomodulator expression. Conclusion: Our study indicates that TK1 is a prognostic predictor correlated with poor outcomes of PCa patients, and for the first time represented that TK1 can promote the progression of PCa. Therefore, TK1 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linpei Guo
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuanghe Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianwang Ma
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Araujo A, Cook LM, Frieling JS, Tan W, Copland JA, Kohli M, Gupta S, Dhillon J, Pow-Sang J, Lynch CC, Basanta D. Quantification and Optimization of Standard-of-Care Therapy to Delay the Emergence of Resistant Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 33567529 PMCID: PMC7915310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastatic prostate cancer (BMPCa), despite the initial responsiveness to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), inevitably becomes resistant. Recent clinical trials with upfront treatment of ADT combined with chemotherapy or novel hormonal therapies (NHTs) have extended overall patient survival. These results indicate that there is significant potential for the optimization of standard-of-care therapies to delay the emergence of progressive metastatic disease. METHODS Here, we used data extracted from human bone metastatic biopsies pre- and post-abiraterone acetate/prednisone to generate a mathematical model of bone metastatic prostate cancer that can unravel the treatment impact on disease progression. Intra-tumor heterogeneity in regard to ADT and chemotherapy resistance was derived from biopsy data at a cellular level, permitting the model to track the dynamics of resistant phenotypes in response to treatment from biological first-principles without relying on data fitting. These cellular data were mathematically correlated with a clinical proxy for tumor burden, utilizing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production as an example. RESULTS Using this correlation, our model recapitulated the individual patient response to applied treatments in a separate and independent cohort of patients (n = 24), and was able to estimate the initial resistance to the ADT of each patient. Combined with an intervention-decision algorithm informed by patient-specific prediction of initial resistance, we propose to optimize the sequence of treatments for each patient with the goal of delaying the evolution of resistant disease and limit cancer cell growth, offering evidence for an improvement against retrospective data. CONCLUSIONS Our results show how minimal but widely available patient information can be used to model and track the progression of BMPCa in real time, offering a clinically relevant insight into the patient-specific evolutionary dynamics of the disease and suggesting new therapeutic options for intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT # 01953640. FUNDING Funded by an NCI U01 (NCI) U01CA202958-01 and a Moffitt Team Science Award. CCL and DB were partly funded by an NCI PSON U01 (U01CA244101). AA was partly funded by a Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-15-1-0184) fellowship. LC was partly funded by a postdoctoral fellowship (PF-13-175-01-CSM) from the American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Araujo
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- School of Arts, University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leah M. Cook
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Jeremy S. Frieling
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Winston Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | | | - Manish Kohli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA;
| | - Shilpa Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Genitourinary Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.D.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Julio Pow-Sang
- Genitourinary Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.D.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Conor C. Lynch
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Genitourinary Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.D.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - David Basanta
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Genitourinary Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.D.); (J.P.-S.)
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Fiala C, Diamandis EP. Can a Broad Molecular Screen Based on Circulating Tumor DNA Aid in Early Cancer Detection? J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:1372-1377. [PMID: 33057613 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer has been a major research focus for almost a century. Current methods for early cancer detection suffer from suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, especially when used for population screening. For most major cancers, including breast, prostate, lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer, population screening is still controversial or is not recommended by expert bodies. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an exciting new cancer biomarker with potential applicability to all cancer types. Recent investigations have shown that genetic alterations or epigenetic modifications in ctDNA could be used for cancer detection with a liquid biopsy (i.e., a tube of blood). Tests based on ctDNA have attracted considerable attention for various applications, such as patient management, prognosis, early diagnosis, and population screening. Recently, new biotechnology companies were founded, with the goal of revolutionizing early cancer detection by using ctDNA. We previously examined this technology, as published by various academic laboratories and of one leading company, Grail, and drew attention to potential obstacles. After 3 years of intense development, this technology seems to have made some progress. Here, we will analyze the latest clinical data presented by Grail in October 2019, during the inaugural American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2019 Breakthrough Conference. Despite considerable technical improvements, it seems that the sensitivity and specificity of the Grail test as a pan-cancer screening tool are still too low for clinical use. The prospects that this test could be further improved are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Fiala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Comparetti EJ, Romagnoli GG, Gorgulho CM, Pedrosa VDA, Kaneno R. Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody increases the toxicity of paclitaxel carried by carbon nanotubes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111254. [PMID: 32806261 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were functionalized with polyethyleneimine in order to incorporate paclitaxel (PTX), the first line chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer. These particles were then covered with antibodies for the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), to address them to prostate cancer cells. LNCaP prostate cancer cells (PSMA+), HCT-116 and CaCo-2 colon cancer cells (PSMA-), as well as human peripheral monocytes and lymphocytes (PSMA-), were in vitro exposed to fluorescent CNT composites. The interaction/adherence of those composites to target cells was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, showing a diffuse interaction of CNTs and CNT-PTX with all cell types. Analysis of cytotoxicity revealed that both prostate (PSMA+) and colorectal cancer cells (PSMA-) were more susceptible to PTX complexed with CNTs than to pure PTX or CNTs alone, while the incorporation of anti-PSMA (CNT-PTX-PSMA) improved the toxicity on LNCaP cells but not on PSMA- targets. No toxicity was observed in human monocytes and lymphocytes but composites induced phenotypical changes in monocytes. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using anti-PSMA antibody to address drug-loaded CNT to cancer cells as a strategy for improving the effectiveness of antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson José Comparetti
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences - Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Gorete Romagnoli
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences - Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Medicine of Botucatu - Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; UNOESTE - Oeste Paulista University, Department of Health Sciences, Jaú, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences - Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Medicine of Botucatu - Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Valber de Albuquerque Pedrosa
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences - Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences - Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Zhang H, Shen T, Zhang Z, Li Y, Pan Z. Expression of KIF18A Is Associated with Increased Tumor Stage and Cell Proliferation in Prostate Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6418-6428. [PMID: 31451680 PMCID: PMC6724560 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of KIF18A in tumorigenesis and tumor development has been well studied in several cancers, but not in prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the potential prognostic utility of KIF18A and its role in prostate cancer progression. Material/Methods We collected prostate cancer and paracancerous tissue samples from the same patient. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to investigate the KIF18A expression levels in the clinical sample. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was analyzed via a bioinformatics approach to gain insight into the relationship between KIF18A expression and prognosis. We examined the effect of KIF18A knockdown on PC-3 cell proliferation via colony formation and MTT assays. Flow cytometry was used to assess the effect of KIF18A knockdown on PC-3 cell apoptosis. Transwell invasion assay was performed to assess whether KIF18A affects the invasion ability of PC-3 cells. Results The KIF18A protein level was higher in PCa tissue than in paracancerous tissue. The In addition, upregulated KIF18A suggested a poor tumor stage and prognosis for prostate cancer patients. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that KIF18A knockdown in PC-3 cells significantly inhibited proliferation and metastasis. Conclusions High KIF18A expression in prostate cancer patients predicts a poor prognosis. KIF18A knockdown inhibits prostate cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, this study confirms the usefulness of KIF18A as an oncological prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Ultrasound Department, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Tianyu Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland).,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongjie Pan
- Ultrasound Department, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Sydyakina Y, Sivakova A, Komar A, Galkin A. Prostat-Specific Antigen: Biochemical, Molecular-Biological, and Analytical Aspects. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.2.164790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Moya L, Meijer J, Schubert S, Matin F, Batra J. Assessment of miR-98-5p, miR-152-3p, miR-326 and miR-4289 Expression as Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1154. [PMID: 30845775 PMCID: PMC6429489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, accounting for almost 1 in 5 new cancer diagnoses in the US alone. The current non-invasive biomarker prostate specific antigen (PSA) has lately been presented with many limitations, such as low specificity and often associated with over-diagnosis. The dysregulation of miRNAs in cancer has been widely reported and it has often been shown to be specific, sensitive and stable, suggesting miRNAs could be a potential specific biomarker for the disease. Previously, we identified four miRNAs that are significantly upregulated in plasma from PCa patients when compared to healthy controls: miR-98-5p, miR-152-3p, miR-326 and miR-4289. This panel showed high specificity and sensitivity in detecting PCa (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.88). To investigate the specificity of these miRNAs as biomarkers for PCa, we undertook an in depth analysis on these miRNAs in cancer from the existing literature and data. Additionally, we explored their prognostic value found in the literature when available. Most studies showed these miRNAs are downregulated in cancer and this is often associated with cancer progression and poorer overall survival rate. These results suggest our four miRNA signatures could potentially become a specific PCa diagnostic tool of which prognostic potential should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Moya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Jonelle Meijer
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Sarah Schubert
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Farhana Matin
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Diamandis EP, Stanczyk FZ, Wheeler S, Mathew A, Stengelin M, Nikolenko G, Glezer EN, Brown MD, Zheng Y, Chen YH, Wu HL, Azziz R. Serum complexed and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:1789-1797. [PMID: 28361781 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may constitute a new biomarker for hyperandrogenism in PCOS. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 45 women with PCOS and 40 controls. Serum from these women was analyzed for androgenic steroids and for complexed PSA (cPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) with a novel fifth- generation assay with a sensitivity of ~10 fg/mL for cPSA and 140 fg/mL for fPSA. RESULTS cPSA and fPSA levels were about three times higher in PCOS compared to controls. However, in PCOS, cPSA and fPSA did not differ according to waist-to-hip ratio, Ferriman-Gallwey score, or degree of hyperandrogenemia or oligo-ovulation. In PCOS and control women, serum cPSA and fPSA levels were highly correlated with each other, and with free and total testosterone levels, but not with other hormones. Adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and race, cPSA was significantly associated with PCOS, with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.67 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86, 22.0). The OR of PCOS for fPSA was 7.04 (95% CI: 1.65, 40.4). A multivariate model that included age, BMI, race and cPSA yielded an area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.89. CONCLUSIONS Serum cPSA and fPSA are novel biomarkers for hyperandrogenism in PCOS and may have value for disease diagnosis.
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13
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Eklund E, Diamandis EP, Muytjens C, Wheeler S, Mathew A, Stengelin M, Glezer E, Nikolenko G, Brown MD, Zheng Y, Hirschberg AL. Serum complexed and free prostate specific antigen levels are lower in female elite athletes in comparison to control women. F1000Res 2017; 6:1131. [PMID: 28815018 PMCID: PMC5539849 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11821.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein that it is under regulation by androgens, may be differentially expressed in female elite athletes in comparison to control women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 106 female athletes and 114 sedentary age-matched controls. Serum from these women was analyzed for complexed prostate specific antigen (cPSA) and free prostate specific antigen (fPSA), by fifth generation assays with limits of detection of around 6 and 140 fg/mL, respectively. A panel of estrogens, androgens and progesterone in the same serum was also quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Both components of serum PSA (cPSA and fPSA) were lower in the elite athletes vs the control group (P=0.033 and 0.013, respectively). Furthermore, estrone (p=0.003) and estradiol (p=0.004) were significantly lower, and dehydroepiandrosterone (p=0.095) and 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol (p=0.084) tended to be higher in the athletes vs controls. Oral contraceptive use was similar between groups and significantly associated with increased cPSA and fPSA in athletes (p= 0.046 and 0.009, respectively). PSA fractions were not significantly associated with progesterone changes. The Spearman correlation between cPSA and fPSA in both athletes and controls was 0.75 (P < 0.0001) and 0.64 (P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: Elite athletes have lower complexed and free PSA, higher levels of androgen precursors and lower levels of estrogen in their serum than sedentary control women. ABBREVIATIONS cPSA, complexed PSA; fPSA, free PSA; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; E1, estrone; E2, estradiol; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone, Testo, testosterone; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; PROG, progesterone; Delta 4, androstenedione; Delta 5, androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol; BMD, body mineral density; LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; ULOQ, upper limit of quantification; LOD, limit of detection; ACT, α 1-antichymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Eklund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carla Muytjens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anu Mathew
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC. , Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Eli Glezer
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC. , Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Marshall D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Xu DD, Deng YL, Li CY, Lin Y, Tang HW. Metal-enhanced fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles and magnetic separation: A sensitive platform for one-step fluorescence detection of prostate specific antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:881-887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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An integrated lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7775-7783. [PMID: 27562751 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the area of biosensor technology and microfluidic applications have enabled the miniaturisation of the sensing platforms. Here we describe a new integrated and fully automated lab-on-a-chip-based biosensor device prototype (MiSens) that has potential to be used for point-of-care cancer biomarker testing. The key features of the device include a new biochip, a device integrated microfluidic system and real-time amperometric measurements during the flow of enzyme substrate. For ease of use, a new plug and play type sensor chip docking station has been designed. This system allows the formation of an ∼7 μL capacity flow cell on the electrode array with the necessary microfluidic and electronic connections with one move of a handle. As a case study, the developed prototype has been utilised for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in serum that is routinely used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The patient samples from a nearby hospital have been collected and tested using the MiSens device, and the results have been compared to the hospital results. The obtained results indicate the potential of the MiSens device as a useful tool for point-of-care testing. Graphical abstract Microfluidics integrated and automated electrochemical biosensor device "MiSens" has been designed and fabricated by a multidisciplinary team and utilised to detect PSA from clinical samples.
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16
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Musrap N, Diamandis EP. Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker of Hyperandrogenism in Women and Its Implications for Antidoping. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1066-74. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.256198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Since its discovery in the 1970s, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has become widely known as a biomarker of prostate cancer in males but has often been overlooked in female malignancies. Although the serum concentration of PSA differs between men and women by about 1000-fold, studies have suggested that PSA concentrations drastically differ among healthy females and those who exhibit increased androgen production.
CONTENT
There have been reports of increased PSA expression in women exhibiting hyperandrogenic states, including polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism, as well as marked increases in a subset of breast cancer patients. These findings have not only revealed the remarkable diagnostic potential of PSA in a diverse range of clinical conditions but also point to its potential of becoming a useful biomarker of steroid hormone doping among female athletes. Recently, highly sensitive assays that can measure PSA at low limits of detection have been developed, which will aid in the discrimination of PSA between these different conditions.
SUMMARY
The overall aim of this review is to revisit the expression of PSA in hormonally-regulated tissues and in female malignancies, and to demonstrate how the regulation of PSA permits its use in antidoping initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Musrap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Li S, Wu Z, Chen Y, Kang Z, Wang H, He P, Zhang X, Hu T, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Xu X, Guan M. Diagnostic and prognostic value of tissue and circulating levels of Ephrin-A2 in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5365-74. [PMID: 26561474 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin-A2, a member of the Eph/ephrin family, is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of both serum and tissue levels of Ephrin-A2 in prostate cancer (PCa) management. One hundred and forty-five frozen prostate tissues, 55 paraffin-embedded prostate tissues, 88 serum samples, and seven prostate cell lines (RWPE-1, LNCaP, LNCaP-LN3, PC-3, PC-3M, PC-3M-LN4, and DU145) were examined via quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. Induced Ephrin-A2 messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein expression was detected in 8.6 % (5/58) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 59.8 % (52/87) PCa, and five prostate cancer cell lines. Ephrin-A2 immunostaining was present in 6.7 % (1/15) patients with BPHs and 62.5 % (25/40) clinically localized PCa. Accordingly, serum Ephrin-A2 was significantly higher in PCa patients compared to those in the BPH patients and controls (P < 0.001). The expression of Ephrin-A2 was higher in tumor patients with an elevated Gleason score or T3-T4 staging. Ephrin-A2 expression was correlated with Ki-67 expression in PCa patients, both at the gene scale and protein level. Our data indicate that Ephrin-A2 is a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a promising molecular therapeutic target to attenuate prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinju Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Tabarés G, Hoesel W, Jung K. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in Prostate Cancer Research and Diagnostics. Lab Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1309/9tmwpme1q1mk3n39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Ma D, Zhou Z, Yang B, He Q, Zhang Q, Zhang XH. Association of molecular biomarkers expression with biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer through tissue microarray immunostaining. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2185-2191. [PMID: 26622816 PMCID: PMC4579815 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic role of metallothionein-2A (MT-2A), E-cadherin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclin-E, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 in the biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) using tissue microarray immunostaining. Tissue specimens from 128 PCa patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were processed and transferred onto tissue microarrays. The clinicopathological parameters of PCa patients were also recorded. Following immunohistochemical examination of MT-2A, E-cadherin, IL-6, cyclin-E, PCNA and Bcl-2 expression in PCa specimens, association analysis of biomarkers expression with the biochemical recurrence of PCa was performed. The results revealed that the overall rate of biochemical recurrence was 30.5% (39/128) and the median biochemical recurrence-free time was 19 months (range, 6–35 months). The biochemical recurrence rates in low-, intermediate- and high-risk PCa classification were 14.8 (8/54), 38.7 (24/62) and 58.3% (7/12), respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that a decreased biochemical recurrence-free survival rate was noted in PCa cases with positive MT-2A and cyclin E expression as well as those with negative E-cadherin expression (P=0.022, 0.028 and 0.011, respectively). Subsequent multivariate Cox analysis revealed that MT-2A [hazard ratio (HR)=2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08–3.15; P=0.005], E-cadherin (HR=1.79; 95% CI=1.08–2.21; P=0.042) and cyclin E (HR=1.92; 95% CI=1.22–2.45; P=0.020) were independent predictors of the biochemical recurrence of PCa. In conclusion, the present study provided clinical evidence that evaluation of molecular biomarkers expression may improve clinical prognostic accuracy for the biochemical recurrence of PCa. Of note, the expression of MT-2A, cyclin E and E-cadherin may serve as independent predictors for biochemical recurrence of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
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20
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Song E, Hu Y, Hussein A, Yu CY, Tang H, Mechref Y. Characterization of the Glycosylation Site of Human PSA Prompted by Missense Mutation using LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2872-83. [PMID: 26022737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. It is a glycoprotein possessing a single glycosylation site at N69. During our previous study of PSA N69 glycosylation, additional glycopeptides were observed in the PSA sample that were not previously reported and did not match glycopeptides of impure glycoproteins existing in the sample. This extra glycosylation site of PSA is associated with a mutation in KLK3 genes. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KLKs families, the rs61752561 in KLK3 genes is an unusual missense mutation resulting in the conversion of D102 to N in PSA amino acid sequence. Accordingly, a new N-linked glycosylation site is created with an N102MS motif. Here we report the first qualitative and quantitative glycoproteomic study of PSA N102 glycosylation site by LC-MS/MS. We successfully applied tandem MS to verify the amino acid sequence possessing N102 glycosylation site and associated glycoforms of PSA samples acquired from different suppliers. Among the three PSA samples, HexNAc2Hex5 was the predominant glycoform at N102, while HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc1 or HexNAc4Hex5Fuc1NeuAc2 was the primary glycoforms at N69. D102 is the first amino acid of "kallikrein loop", which is close to a zinc-binding site and catalytic triad. The different glycosylation of N102 relative to N69 might be influenced by the close vicinity of N102 to these functional sites and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Hussein
- ∥Department of Biotechnology, Alexandria University, 163-Horreya Avenue, El-Shatby 21526, Alexandria, Egypt
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21
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Determination of prostate-specific antigen in serum samples using gold nanoparticle based amplification and lab-on-a-chip based amperometric detection. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Razavi SHE, Ghajarzadeh M, Abdollahi A, Shoar S, Omranipour R. Is Serum Prostate-specific Antigen a Diagnostic Marker for Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors in Women? Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25789147 PMCID: PMC4362281 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.151824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a marker of prostate gland malignancy, which has been considered in cases with breast cancer in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine total and free PSA levels in cases with malignant and benign breast lesions. METHODS In this case-control study, ninety women with histological proved malignant breast masses and 90 with benign breast masses were enrolled. Total and free PSA levels along with Histological grade and conditions of vascular and perinural invasion, status of hormonal tumor receptors, immune-histo-chemistry markers recorded for all cases. Total and free PSA levels were assessed after treatment in cases with malignant masses. RESULTS Total and free PSA levels were significantly higher in cases with malignant masses. The best cut-off point for total PSA to differentiate benign and malignant masses was 0.31 with sensitivity and specificity of 100%, 100% (area under the curve [AUC] =1, P < 0.001) and the best cut-off point for free PSA to differentiate benign and malignant masses was 0.19 with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100% (AUC = 1, P < 0.001). After treatment, mean free PSA level was significantly lower than free PSA before treatment (0.23 ± 0.1 vs. 0.3 ± 0.08, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum PSA level could be applied for differentiating benign and malignant breast masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hasan Emami Razavi
- Department of Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Shoar
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramesh Omranipour
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Song E, Mayampurath A, Yu CY, Tang H, Mechref Y. Glycoproteomics: identifying the glycosylation of prostate specific antigen at normal and high isoelectric points by LC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5570-80. [PMID: 25327667 PMCID: PMC4261947 DOI: 10.1021/pr500575r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prostate
specific antigen (PSA) is currently used as a biomarker
to diagnose prostate cancer. PSA testing has been widely used to detect
and screen prostate cancer. However, in the diagnostic gray zone,
the PSA test does not clearly distinguish between benign prostate
hypertrophy and prostate cancer due to their overlap. To develop more
specific and sensitive candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer, an
in-depth understanding of the biochemical characteristics of PSA (such
as glycosylation) is needed. PSA has a single glycosylation site at
Asn69, with glycans constituting approximately 8% of the protein by
weight. Here, we report the comprehensive identification and quantitation
of N-glycans from two PSA isoforms using LC–MS/MS. There were
56 N-glycans associated with PSA, whereas 57 N-glycans were observed
in the case of the PSA-high isoelectric point (pI) isoform (PSAH).
Three sulfated/phosphorylated glycopeptides were detected, the identification
of which was supported by tandem MS data. One of these sulfated/phosphorylated
N-glycans, HexNAc5Hex4dHex1s/p1 was identified in both PSA and PSAH
at relative intensities of 0.52 and 0.28%, respectively. Quantitatively,
the variations were monitored between these two isoforms. Because
we were one of the laboratories participating in the 2012 ABRF Glycoprotein
Research Group (gPRG) study, those results were compared to that presented
in this study. Our qualitative and quantitative results summarized
here were comparable to those that were summarized in the interlaboratory
study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehwang Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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24
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Kojtari A, Shah V, Babinec JS, Yang C, Ji HF. Structure-Based Drug Design of Diphenyl α-Aminoalkylphosphonates as Prostate-Specific Antigen Antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2967-79. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arben Kojtari
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vishal Shah
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jacob S. Babinec
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Catherine Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Hai-Feng Ji
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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25
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Zhang H, Wang A, Qi S, Cheng S, Yao B, Xu Y. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) as a predictor of lymph node metastases and a novel prognostic biomarker in patients with prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11665-77. [PMID: 24987951 PMCID: PMC4139806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) has been studied in various tumors, but its role in prostate cancer remains unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the prognostic and predictive significance of PTK7 in patients with prostate cancer. PTK7 expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis in 20 pairs of benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens and prostate cancer specimens. Then, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of PTK7 in 180 prostate cancer specimens and evaluated its clinical significances. Elevated PTK7 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastases, seminal vesicle invasion, prostate cancer stage, the higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen, the higher Gleason score, angiolymphatic invasion, and biochemical recurrence. The results revealed that the overexpression of PTK7 in prostate cancer was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival and biochemical recurrence-free survival. The present data provide evidence that PTK7 predicts lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival and biochemical recurrence-free survival, highlighting its potential function as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Andi Wang
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Shiyong Qi
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Shang Cheng
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, National Key Clinical Specialty of Urology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China.
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26
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Tokel O, Inci F, Demirci U. Advances in plasmonic technologies for point of care applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5728-52. [PMID: 24745365 PMCID: PMC4086846 DOI: 10.1021/cr4000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Tokel
- Demirci
Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fatih Inci
- Demirci
Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Demirci
Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford
for Cancer Early Detection, Palo
Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci
Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT
Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Demirci
Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford
for Cancer Early Detection, Palo
Alto, California 94304, United States
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Saraon P, Trudel D, Kron K, Dmitromanolakis A, Trachtenberg J, Bapat B, van der Kwast T, Jarvi KA, Diamandis EP. Evaluation and prognostic significance of ACAT1 as a marker of prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2014; 74:372-80. [PMID: 24311408 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in North America. While a majority of prostate cancer cases remain indolent, subsets of patients develop aggressive cancers, which may lead to death. The current methods of detection include digital rectal examination and the serum PSA test. However, due to lack of specificity, neither of these approaches is able to accurately discriminate between indolent and aggressive cancer, which is why there is a need for additional prognostic factors. Previously, we identified enzymes of the ketogenic pathway, particularly ACAT1, to be elevated in aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS In the current study, we assessed the diagnostic and prognostic potential of ACAT1 by analyzing its expression using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray consisting of 251 clinically localized prostate cancer patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy. RESULTS Using quantitative digital imaging software, we found that ACAT1 expression was significantly greater in cancerous cores compared to adjacent benign cores (P < 0.0001), in Gleason score (GS) ≥8 cancers versus GS≤6 cancers (P < 0.0001), GS≥8 cancers versus GS7 cancers (P = 0.001), as well as pT3/pT4 versus pT2 cancers (P = 0.001). In addition, ACAT1 predicted biochemical recurrence in univariate (HR, 1.81, CI = 1.13-2.9, P = 0.0128), and multivariate models (HR, 1.69, CI = 1.01-2.81, P = 0.0431) including pre-operative PSA level, Gleason score and pathological stage. In univariate time-to-recurrence analysis, ACAT1 expression predicted recurrence in ERG negative cases (P = 0.0025), whereas ERG positive cases did not display any differences. DISCUSSION Taken together, these findings indicate that ACAT1 expression could serve as a potential prognostic marker in prostate cancer, specifically in differentiating indolent and aggressive forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Saraon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kavuri VC, Liu H. Hierarchical clustering method to improve transrectal ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography for prostate cancer imaging. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:250-62. [PMID: 24439338 PMCID: PMC4562019 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of anatomical prior information in reconstruction algorithms can improve the quality of reconstructed images in near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Prior literature on possible locations of human prostate cancer from transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), however, is limited and has led to biased reconstructed DOT images. In this work, we propose a hierarchical clustering method (HCM) to improve the accuracy of image reconstruction with limited prior information. HCM reconstructs DOT images in three steps: 1) to reconstruct the human prostate, 2) to divide the prostate region into geometric clusters to search for anomalies in finer clusters, 3) to continue the geometric clustering within anomalies for improved reconstruction. We demonstrated this hierarchical clustering method using computer simulations and laboratory phantom experiments. Computer simulations were performed using combined TRUS/DOT probe geometry with a multilayered model; experimental demonstration was performed with a single-layer tissue simulating phantom. In computer simulations, two hidden absorbers without prior location information were reconstructed with a recovery rate of 100% in their locations and 95% in their optical properties. In experiments, a hidden absorber without prior location information was reconstructed with a recovery rate of 100% in its location and 83% in its optical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkaiah C Kavuri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA BLVD., Arlington, TX, 76010
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA BLVD., Arlington, TX, 76010.
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Shang Z, Niu Y, Cai Q, Chen J, Tian J, Yeh S, Lai KP, Chang C. Human kallikrein 2 (KLK2) promotes prostate cancer cell growth via function as a modulator to promote the ARA70-enhanced androgen receptor transactivation. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Garrido-Medina R, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. On-capillary fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence analysis of glycoforms of intact prostate-specific antigen. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2295-302. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Daniels-Wells TR, Helguera G, Leuchter RK, Quintero R, Kozman M, Rodríguez JA, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Martínez-Maza O, Schultes BC, Nicodemus CF, Penichet ML. A novel IgE antibody targeting the prostate-specific antigen as a potential prostate cancer therapy. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:195. [PMID: 23594731 PMCID: PMC3651304 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA), often found at high levels in the serum of PCa patients, has been used as a marker for PCa detection and as a target of immunotherapy. The murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody AR47.47, specific for human PSA, has been shown to enhance antigen presentation by human dendritic cells and induce both CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation when complexed with PSA. In this study, we explored the properties of a novel mouse/human chimeric anti-PSA IgE containing the variable regions of AR47.47 as a potential therapy for PCa. Our goal was to take advantage of the unique properties of IgE in order to trigger immune activation against PCa. METHODS Binding characteristics of the antibody were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. In vitro degranulation was determined by the release of β-hexosaminidase from effector cells. In vivo degranulation was monitored in human FcεRIα transgenic mice using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. These mice were also used for a vaccination study to determine the in vivo anti-cancer effects of this antibody. Significant differences in survival were determined using the Log Rank test. In vitro T-cell activation was studied using human dendritic cells and autologous T cells. RESULTS The anti-PSA IgE, expressed in murine myeloma cells, is properly assembled and secreted, and binds the antigen and FcεRI. In addition, this antibody is capable of triggering effector cell degranulation in vitro and in vivo when artificially cross-linked, but not in the presence of the natural soluble antigen, suggesting that such an interaction will not trigger systemic anaphylaxis. Importantly, the anti-PSA IgE combined with PSA also triggers immune activation in vitro and in vivo and significantly prolongs the survival of human FcεRIα transgenic mice challenged with PSA-expressing tumors in a prophylactic vaccination setting. CONCLUSIONS The anti-PSA IgE exhibits the expected biological properties and is capable of triggering immune activation and anti-tumor protection. Further studies on this antibody as a potential PCa therapy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Current Affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard K Leuchter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rafaela Quintero
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Kozman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José A Rodríguez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer, Basic Research Division, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Birgit C Schultes
- Advanced Immune Therapeutics, Inc, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher F Nicodemus
- Advanced Immune Therapeutics, Inc, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation: AIT Strategies, Franconia, NH, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Saraon P, Cretu D, Musrap N, Karagiannis GS, Batruch I, Drabovich AP, van der Kwast T, Mizokami A, Morrissey C, Jarvi K, Diamandis EP. Quantitative proteomics reveals that enzymes of the ketogenic pathway are associated with prostate cancer progression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1589-601. [PMID: 23443136 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.023887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. One common treatment is androgen-deprivation therapy, which reduces symptoms in most patients. However, over time, patients develop tumors that are androgen-independent and ultimately fatal. The mechanisms that cause this transition remain largely unknown, and as a result, there are no effective treatments against androgen-independent prostate cancer. As a model platform, we used the LNCaP cell line and its androgen-independent derivative, LNCaP-SF. Utilizing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture coupled to mass spectrometry, we assessed the differential global protein expression of the two cell lines. Our proteomic analysis resulted in the quantification of 3355 proteins. Bioinformatic prioritization resulted in 42 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated proteins in LNCaP-SF cells relative to LNCaP cells. Our top candidate, HMGCS2, an enzyme involved in ketogenesis, was found to be 9-fold elevated in LNCaP-SF cells, based on peptide ratios. After analyzing the remaining enzymes of this pathway (ACAT1, BDH1, HMGCL, and OXCT1), we observed increased expression of these proteins in the LNCaP-SF cells, which was further verified using Western blotting. To determine whether these enzymes were up-regulated in clinical samples, we performed quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry on human prostate cancer tissues, from which we observed significantly increased transcript and protein levels in high-grade cancer (Gleason grade ≥ 8). In addition, we observed significant elevation of these enzymes in the LuCaP 96AI castration-resistant xenograft. Further assessment of ACAT1 on human castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer tissues revealed substantially elevated expression of ACAT1 in these specimens. Taken together, our results indicate that enzymes of the ketogenic pathway are up-regulated in high-grade prostate cancer and could serve as potential tissue biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of high-grade disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Saraon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3L9
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Saraon P, Musrap N, Cretu D, Karagiannis GS, Batruch I, Smith C, Drabovich AP, Trudel D, van der Kwast T, Morrissey C, Jarvi KA, Diamandis EP. Proteomic profiling of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines reveals a role for protein S during the development of high grade and castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34019-31. [PMID: 22908226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation constitutes the principal therapy for advanced and metastatic prostate cancers. However, this therapeutic intervention usually results in the transition to a more aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. The elucidation of molecular alterations during the progression to androgen independence is an integral step toward discovering more effective targeted therapies. With respect to identifying crucial mediators of this transition, we compared the proteomes of androgen-independent (PC3, DU145, PPC1, LNCaP-SF, and 22Rv1) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP and VCaP) and/or normal prostate epithelial (RWPE) cell lines using mass spectrometry. We identified more than 100 proteins that were differentially secreted in the androgen-independent cell lines. Of these, Protein S (PROS1) was elevated in the secretomes of all of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines, with no detectable secretion in normal and androgen-dependent cell lines. Using quantitative PCR, we observed significantly higher (p < 0.05) tissue expression levels of PROS1 in prostate cancer samples, further indicating its importance in prostate cancer progression. Similarly, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed elevation of PROS1 in high grade prostate cancer (Gleason grade ≥ 8), and further elevation in castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer lesions. We also observed its significant (p < 0.05) elevation in high grade prostate cancer seminal plasma samples. Taken together, these results show that PROS1 is elevated in high grade and castration-resistant prostate cancer and could serve as a potential biomarker of aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Saraon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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Mechref Y, Hu Y, Garcia A, Hussein A. Identifying cancer biomarkers by mass spectrometry-based glycomics. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1755-67. [PMID: 22740464 PMCID: PMC3673023 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Correlations between aberrant glycosylation and cancer have been established for decades. The major advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and separation science have rapidly advanced detailed characterization of the changes associated with cancer development and progression. Over the past 10 years, many reports have described MS-based glycomic methods directed toward comparing the glycomic profiles of different human specimens collected from disease-free individuals and patients with cancers. Glycomic profiling of glycoproteins isolated from human specimens originating from disease-free individuals and patients with cancers have also been performed. Profiling of native, labeled, and permethylated glycans has been acquired using MALDI-MS and LC-MS. This review focuses on describing, discussing, and evaluating the different glycomic methods employed to characterize and quantify glycomic changes associated with cancers of different organs, including breast, colon, esophagus, liver, ovarian, pancreas, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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Uludag Y, Tothill IE. Cancer Biomarker Detection in Serum Samples Using Surface Plasmon Resonance and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Nanoparticle Signal Amplification. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5898-904. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300278p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Uludag
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43
0AL, U.K
- UEKAE−BILGEM, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 41470 Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibtisam E. Tothill
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43
0AL, U.K
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Wilson DH, Hanlon DW, Provuncher GK, Chang L, Song L, Patel PP, Ferrell EP, Lepor H, Partin AW, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, Cheli CD, Thiel RP, Fournier DR, Duffy DC. Fifth-generation digital immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen by single molecule array technology. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1712-21. [PMID: 21998342 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.169540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy (RP) has been hindered by the limit of quantification of available assays. Because radical prostatectomy removes the tissue responsible for PSA production, postsurgical PSA is typically undetectable with current assay methods. Evidence suggests, however, that more sensitive determination of PSA status following RP could improve assessment of patient prognosis and response to treatment and better target secondary therapy for those who may benefit most. We developed an investigational digital immunoassay with a limit of quantification 2 logs lower than current ultrasensitive third-generation PSA assays. METHODS We developed reagents for a bead-based ELISA for use with high-density arrays of femtoliter-volume wells. Anti-PSA capture beads with immunocomplexes and associated enzyme labels were singulated within the wells of the arrays and interrogated for the presence of enzymatic product. We characterized analytical performance, compared its accuracy with a commercially available test, and analyzed longitudinal serum samples from a pilot study of 33 RP patients. RESULTS The assay exhibited a functional sensitivity (20% interassay CV) <0.05 pg/mL, total imprecision <10% from 1 to 50 pg/mL, and excellent agreement with the comparator method. All RP samples were well within the assay measurement capability. PSA concentrations following surgery were found to be predictive of prostate cancer recurrence risk over 5 years. CONCLUSIONS The robust 2-log improvement in limit of quantification relative to current ultrasensitive assays and the validated analytical performance of the assay allow for accurate assessment of PSA status after RP.
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Lepor H, Cheli CD, Thiel RP, Taneja SS, Laze J, Chan DW, Sokoll LJ, Mangold L, Partin AW. Clinical evaluation of a novel method for the measurement of prostate-specific antigen, AccuPSA(TM) , as a predictor of 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy: results of a pilot study. BJU Int 2011; 109:1770-5. [PMID: 21992499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Study Type - Diagnostic (validating cohort) Level of Evidence 1b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Nadir Ultrasensitive PSA levels has some value for predicting BCR following RD. AccuPSA assays lower limit of PSA quantification of <0.01 pg/ml greatly enhances sensitivity and specificity of nadir PSA to predict BCR following RP. Our pilot study shows an AccuPSA of 3 pg/ml has a sensitory and specificity of 100% and 75% respectively for predicting 5 year BCR following RP. OBJECTIVES • To conduct a proof of concept study to evaluate a novel digital single molecule immunoassay (AccuPSA(TM) ) that detects prostate-specific antigen (PSA) a thousandfold more sensitively than current PSA detection methods. • To determine the ability of the AccuPSA(TM) assay to predict 5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival after radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS • A total of 31 frozen serum specimens were obtained from specimen logs maintained at New York University Langone Medical Center and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine on men who had undergone RP. Those men without evidence of BCR had a minimum of 5 years' PSA follow-up. • In all cases, preoperative and pathological information were available, as was a serum specimen 3-6 months after RP, with a PSA level of <0.1 ng/mL measured by conventional PSA methods at the time of serum collection. • Specimens were tested using the AccuPSA(TM) method. • A Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to determine whether AccuPSA(TM) predicted the risk of BCR. RESULTS • Overall, 11/31 (35.5%) men developed BCR. • Mean AccuPSA(TM) nadir levels were significantly different (P < 0.001) between the non-BCR group (2.27 pg/mL) and the BCR group (46.99 pg/mL). • Using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, AccuPSA(TM) nadir level was a significant predictor of BCR-free survival (P < 0.01). • Kaplan-Meier analysis of up to 5 years follow-up showed that 100% of men with AccuPSA(TM) nadir values <3 pg/mL did not develop BCR, whereas 62.5% of men with values >3 pg/mL developed BCR (P= 0.00024). • The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the AccuPSA(TM) method was 100%, 75%, 69% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS • AccuPSA(TM) assay predicts 5-year BCR- free survival after RP. • Identifying a reliable predictor of BCR soon after RP has important implications for frequency of PSA testing, selection of candidates for adjuvant therapy, and reassuring a large subset of men that they are not at risk of recurrence. • Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, NYU Medical Center Clinical Consulting, Mahopac, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Sarrats A, Saldova R, Comet J, O'Donoghue N, de Llorens R, Rudd PM, Peracaula R. Glycan characterization of PSA 2-DE subforms from serum and seminal plasma. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:465-74. [PMID: 20726802 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) subforms (F1-F5) have been described to be altered in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). To understand their molecular differences, characterization of these subforms from PCa serum and seminal plasma, namely, at the glycan level, was performed. PSA 2-DE subforms from two serum PCa samples and seminal plasma were analyzed by N-glycan sequencing using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with exoglycosidase array digestions and by mass spectrometry. F1, F2, and F3 subforms showed the same N-glycan pattern, which contained higher levels of sialic acid than the F4 subform, whereas the F5 subform was unglycosylated. When comparing PSA subforms from PCa with seminal plasma, a decrease in sialylation was observed. Furthermore, the analysis of F3, the more abundant PSA subform, showed a higher proportion of alpha 2-3 sialic acid and a decrease in core fucosylated glycans in the PCa sample. These N-glycan changes in PCa PSA subforms highlight the importance of glycosylation as an indicator of PCa disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sarrats
- Unitat de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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The canine kallikrein-related peptidase 14: structural characterization, alternative splicing and differential expression in mammary cancer. Gene 2009; 446:68-74. [PMID: 19619623 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent a family of 15 serine proteases with diverse roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including carcinogenesis. In the dog, only two KLK genes are known; dKLK1 and canine arginine esterase. Recently, 12 other genes have been predicted using computational methods, but none of them has ever been experimentally validated in canine tissues. In this study we investigated the expression of Canis familiaris KLK14, (CANFA)KLK14, in normal and cancerous mammary tissues. First, it was demonstrated that the in-silico determined canine KLK14 mRNA (GenBank accession no: XM_541464) has been wrongfully predicted on its 5'-end (nucleotides 1-88). The (CANFA)KLK14 mRNA sequence presented here, has high homology to its human counterpart and exhibits all defining-KLK features. In addition to the classical form of the gene, five splice variants were also identified. The splicing events involved 5'-truncation or complete elimination of exon 4 and/or retention of intron I. All encoded protein products of the splice variants were predicted to be truncated and catalytically inactive. The classical form and variant 3 were almost ubiquitously expressed in both normal and neoplastic tissues. Variant 1 was predominantly detected in normal tissues. The classical form and variants 1 and 2 exhibited lower expression levels in tumor compared to normal tissues. Moreover, an Ile155Asn polymorphism was identified. This is the first report on the structural characterization, alternative splicing and tissue expression of canine KLK14 mRNA. These findings may form the basis for the establishment of comparative studies investigating KLK functions in health and disease using the dog as a model.
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Bi X, He H, Ye Y, Dai Q, Han Z, Liang Y, Zhong W. Association of TMPRSS2 and KLK11 gene expression levels with clinical progression of human prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2009; 27:145-51. [PMID: 19242826 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of TMPRSS2 and KLK11 gene expression levels in human prostate cancer (PCa), and to evaluate their clinical significance in the progression of PCa. METHODS The expression of prostate-type and brain-type isoforms of KLK11 gene, and TMPRSS2 gene was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) in 63 PCa tissues. The correlation of TMPRSS2 and KLK11 gene expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and with the prognosis of PCa was subsequently assessed. RESULTS The mean values of TMPRSS2 (3.91 +/- 0.78 in PCa vs. 0.26 +/- 0.04 in normal prostate tissues) and both isoforms of KLK11 (prostate-type: 3.63 +/- 0.42 in PCa vs. 0.49 +/- 0.07 in normal prostate tissues; brain-type: 3.11 +/- 0.30 in PCa vs. 0.46 +/- 0.05 in normal prostate tissues) were significantly higher in cancer tissues compared with their normal counterparts. We found a significant positive correlation between TMPRSS2 expression and tumor stage (P = 0.02), Gleason score (P = 0.008), and tumor grade (P = 0.016). Regarding prostate-type KLK11, we identified a significant association between lower expression and higher tumor stage (P = 0.009), Gleason score (P = 0.01), and tumor grade (P = 0.006). No such association was seen with the brain-type isoform. The survival rate of the patients with TMPRSS2-high/KLK11-low expression was lowest (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the up-regulation of TMPRSS2 gene and the down-regulation of KLK11 gene in advanced and more aggressive tumors may open the feasibility of being used as biomarkers distinguishing the tumor aggressiveness as well as novel prognostic indicators for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Bi
- Department of Urology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Recht LD, Harsh G, Cohen HJ. The rationale for early detection and treatment of brain tumors in survivors of childhood cancer. Oncol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-009-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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43
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Niu Y, Yeh S, Miyamoto H, Li G, Altuwaijri S, Yuan J, Han R, Ma T, Kuo HC, Chang C. Tissue prostate-specific antigen facilitates refractory prostate tumor progression via enhancing ARA70-regulated androgen receptor transactivation. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7110-9. [PMID: 18757426 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite being well recognized as the best biomarker for prostate cancer, pathophysiologic roles of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remain unclear. We report here that tissue PSA may be involved in the hormone-refractory prostate cancer progression. Histologic analyses show that the increased tissue PSA levels are correlated with lower cell apoptosis index and higher cell proliferation rate in hormone-refractory tumor specimens. By stably transfecting PSA cDNA into various prostate cancer cell lines, we found that PSA could promote the growth of androgen receptor (AR)-positive CWR22rv1 and high-passage LNCaP (hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells) but not that of AR-negative PC-3 and DU145 cells. Surprisingly, the protease activity of PSA is not crucial for PSA to stimulate growth and promote AR transactivation. We further showed that increased PSA could enhance ARA70-induced AR transactivation via modulating the p53 pathway that results in the decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of PSA in LNCaP and CWR22rv1 cells causes cell apoptosis and cell growth arrest at the G(1) phase. In vitro colony formation assay and in vivo xenografted tumor results showed the suppression of prostate cancer growth via targeting PSA expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that, in addition to being a biomarker, PSA may also become a new potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. PSA small interfering RNA or smaller molecules that can degrade PSA protein may be developed as alternative approaches to treat the prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Niu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Novotny MV, Soini HA, Mechref Y. Biochemical individuality reflected in chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass-spectrometric profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:26-47. [PMID: 18551752 PMCID: PMC2603028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current trends in molecular profiling for the emerging systems biology applications. Historically, the methodological developments in separation science were coincident with the availability of new ionization techniques in mass spectrometry. Coupling miniaturized separation techniques with technologically-advanced MS instrumentation and the modern data processing capabilities are at the heart of current platforms for proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics. These are being featured here by the examples from quantitative proteomics, glycan mapping and metabolomic profiling of physiological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos V Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Satheesh Babu AK, Vijayalakshmi MA, Smith GJ, Chadha KC. Thiophilic-interaction chromatography of enzymatically active tissue prostate-specific antigen (T-PSA) and its modulation by zinc ions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:227-35. [PMID: 18083072 PMCID: PMC2716732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease secreted both by normal prostate glandular epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. We explored "thiophilic-interaction chromatography" (TIC) to isolate tissue prostate-specific antigen (T-PSA) from fresh human prostate cancer tissue harvested by radical prostatectomy for the purpose to characterize T-PSA for its enzymatic activity and sensitivity to zinc ions. We have shown, for the first time, that T-PSA has strong affinity for the thiophilic gel (T-gel). The average recovery of T-PSA from T-gel is over 87%. The presence of PSA in the column eluate was confirmed by ELISA and SDS/PAGE. Western blot developed with monoclonal antibody to PSA revealed that T-PSA was predominantly in the "free" form having a molecular weight of 33 kDa. Furthermore, T-PSA was found to be enzymatically active. T-PSA was found to be less enzymatically active as compared to seminal plasma PSA. The inhibition of enzymatic activity of both f-PSA and T-PSA over a wide range of concentrations of Zn(2+) ions (10nM to 50 microM) was comparable. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of chymotrypsin, another serine-protease, was affected differently. At higher concentrations of Zn(2+) (10 microM and higher) the enzymatic activity of chymotrypsin was inhibited, whereas, at lower concentrations of Zn(2+) (5 microM and lower), the enzymatic activity was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Satheesh Babu
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Diamandis EP. POINT: EPCA-2: a promising new serum biomarker for prostatic carcinoma? Clin Biochem 2007; 40:1437-9. [PMID: 17945209 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Memari N, Diamandis EP, Earle T, Campbell A, Van Dekken H, Van der Kwast TH. Human kallikrein-related peptidase 12: antibody generation and immunohistochemical localization in prostatic tissues. Prostate 2007; 67:1465-74. [PMID: 17654496 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (genes, KLKs; proteins, KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases present in a variety of tissues and biological fluids. A number of human tissue KLKs are established or candidate serologic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Human kallikrein-related peptidase 12 (KLK12, KLK12), recently identified in our laboratory, is a novel member of the KLK gene family. Here, we report generation of antibodies against the full-length recombinant KLK12 (classical form) and the immunohistological localization of this KLK in normal and malignant prostate tissues. METHODS The mature form of KLK12 cDNA was amplified using PCR and cloned into a plasmid vector for protein production in E. coli. Following identification by mass spectroscopy, recombinant KLK12 was purified and used as immunogen in rabbits. Anti- KLK12 antibody was used for immunostaining of paraffin-embedded sections of human prostate tissue. Immunoexpression of KLK12 in benign and malignant prostate tissue was evaluated using a prostate cancer tissue array. RESULTS Anti-KLK12 antibody showed a predominantly apical and membranous staining of the luminal cells of the normal prostate in contrast with the predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic staining observed in both prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinomas. This was occasionally associated with an intense granular supranuclear staining. More than 95% of the prostate cancers on the tissue microarray were KLK12 positive. CONCLUSION Higher levels of KLK12 in malignant prostatic glands, and the shift in subcellular localization of KLK12 in prostate cancer observed in this study point to the potential role of this kallikrein during prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Memari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen YT, Tsao CY, Li JM, Tsai CY, Chiu SF, Tseng TL. Large-scale protein identification of human urine proteome by multi-dimensional LC and MS/MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:577-87. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pakkala M, Hekim C, Soininen P, Leinonen J, Koistinen H, Weisell J, Stenman UH, Vepsäläinen J, Närvänen A. Activity and stability of human kallikrein-2-specific linear and cyclic peptide inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:348-53. [PMID: 17436344 DOI: 10.1002/psc.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human glandular kallikrein (KLK2) is a highly prostate-specific serine protease, which is mainly excreted into the seminal fluid, but part of which is also secreted into circulation from prostatic tumors. Since the expression level of KLK2 is elevated in aggressive tumors and it has been suggested to mediate the metastasis of prostate cancer, inhibition of the proteolytic activity of KLK2 is of potential therapeutic value. We have previously identified several KLK2-specific linear peptides by phage display technology. Two of its synthetic analogs, A R R P A P A P G (KLK2a) and G A A R F K V W W A A G (KLK2b), show specific inhibition of KLK2 but their sensitivity to proteolysis in vivo may restrict their potential use as therapeutic agents. In order to improve the stability of the linear peptides for in vivo use, we have prepared cyclic analogs and compared their biological activity and their structural stability. A series of cyclic variants with cysteine bridges were synthesized. Cyclization inactivated one peptide (KLK2a) and its derivatives, while the other peptide (KLK2b) and its derivatives remained active. Furthermore, backbone cyclization of KLK2b improved significantly the resistance against proteolysis by trypsin and human plasma. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that cyclization of the KLK2b peptides does not make the structures more rigid. In conclusion, we have shown that backbone cyclization of KLK2 inhibitory peptides can be used to increase stability without losing biological activity. This should render the peptides more useful for in vivo applications, such as tumor imaging and prostate cancer targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Pakkala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Kyselova Z, Mechref Y, Bataineh MMA, Dobrolecki LE, Hickey RJ, Vinson J, Sweeney CJ, Novotny MV. Alterations in the serum glycome due to metastatic prostate cancer. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1822-32. [PMID: 17432893 PMCID: PMC3685170 DOI: 10.1021/pr060664t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic profiles derived from human blood sera of 10 healthy males were compared to those from 24 prostate cancer patients. The profiles were acquired using MALDI-MS of permethylated N-glycans released from 10-microL sample aliquots. Quantitative permethylation was attained using solid-phase permethylation. Principal component analysis of the glycomic profiles revealed significant differences among the two sets, allowing their distinct clustering. The first principal component distinguished the 24 prostate cancer patients from the healthy individuals. It was determined that fucosylation of glycan structures is generally higher in cancer samples (ANOVA test p-value of 0.0006). Although more than 50 N-glycan structures were determined, 12 glycan structures, of which six were fucosylated, were significantly different between the two sample sets. Significant differences were confirmed through two independent statistical tests (ANOVA and ROC analyses). Ten of these structures had significantly higher relative intensities in the case of the cancer samples, while the other two were less abundant in the cancer samples. All 12 structures were statistically significant, as suggested by their very low ANOVA scores (<0.001) and ROC analysis, with area under the curve values close to 1 or 0. Accordingly, these structures can be considered as cancer-specific glycans and potential prostate cancer biomarkers. Therefore, serum glycomic profiling appears worthy of further investigation to define its role in cancer early detection and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kyselova
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Yehia Mechref
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405
- Corresponding authors: Milos V. Novotny Yehia Mechref Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Lacey E. Dobrolecki
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jake Vinson
- Hoosier Oncology Group, LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Milos V. Novotny
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Corresponding authors: Milos V. Novotny Yehia Mechref Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405
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