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Yamamoto ALC, Corrêa MDP, Torres RR, Martins FB, Godin-Beekmann S. Projected changes in ultraviolet index and UV doses over the twenty-first century: impacts of ozone and aerosols from CMIP6. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1279-1294. [PMID: 38762827 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the health-related weighted ultraviolet radiation (UVR) due to the total ozone content (TOC) and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes. Clear-sky Ultraviolet Index (UVI), daily doses, and exposure times for erythema induction (Dery and Tery) and vitamin D synthesis (DvitD and TvitD) were computed by a radiative transfer estimator. TOC and AOD data were provided by six Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). For projections, we consider four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios-SSPs (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5)-and two time-slices (near: 2041-2060 and far future: 2081-2100). UVR projections showed pronounced changes for the summer hemispheres in the far future. TOC increases in mid- and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere caused decreases in UVR at the summer solstice. However, projections did not indicate sun-safe exposure conditions in South America, Australia, and Southern Africa. On the contrary, exposure around solar noon from 10 to 20 min will still be sufficient to induce erythema in skin type III individuals throughout this century. In southern Argentina and Chile, the UVR insufficiency for vitamin D synthesis at solar noon in skin type III remains the same during this century at the winter solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI and Dery at the summer solstice should remain high (UVI ≥ 8; Dery ~ 7.0 kJ m-2) in highly populated locations. Above 45 °N, UVR levels cannot be enough to synthesize vitamin D in skin type III during the boreal winter. Our results show that climate change will affect human health through excess or lack of solar UVR availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo de Paula Corrêa
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá, MG, 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Roger Rodrigues Torres
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá, MG, 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Fabrina Bolzan Martins
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá, MG, 37500-903, Brazil
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2
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Diffey BL, Schmalwieser AW. Is sunscreen alone effective at preventing sunburn on a high-solar beach vacation: A modeling study? Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:725-732. [PMID: 37602509 DOI: 10.1111/php.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Beach holidays in areas of strong sunlight are popular and sunscreen is often the primary means of photoprotection favored by many people. The object of this study was to estimate how effective sunscreen is in preventing sunburn under high ultraviolet (UV) levels. We used a computational model to determine how the quantity, frequency, substantivity, and labeled SPF of applied sunscreens impact on the predicted erythemal response in unacclimatized skin over the course of a 7-day holiday in a high-solar environment. Our results indicated that sunscreen on its own may be insufficient to prevent sunburn in white skin on a sun-seeking holiday that combines prolonged exposure with high UV levels. Nevertheless, sunscreens have a valuable role to play on a beach holiday especially if an SPF30 or higher is chosen, the product is applied liberally and uniformly, application is started early into the sun exposure period and repeated at 2-hourly intervals throughout the day, and the product binds well to the skin. The main limitation of our investigation is that it is not an observational study but rather a computational model and while all models are wrong, some, including this one, are useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Diffey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (Dermatology), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Diffey B. When should sunscreen be applied: The balance between health benefit and adverse consequences to humans and the environment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:45-51. [PMID: 37799082 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a strategy for using sunscreens that optimizes the balance between skin health and adverse effects to humans and the environment. METHODS A model was developed to explore the relationship between sunscreen usage and personal sun exposure throughout the year in populations resident at different latitudes. RESULTS There is little biological justification in terms of skin health for applying sunscreen over the 4-6 winter months at latitudes of 45° N and higher, whereas year-round sunscreen is advised at latitudes of 30° N and lower. Avoiding sunscreen application at times when it is biologically unnecessary results in an annual reduction in sunscreen use of 25%. Furthermore, using products containing UV filters over the winter months at more northerly latitudes could lead to a higher number of people with vitamin D deficiency. The single largest use of sunscreen is on a sun-seeking holiday and encouragement to make more use of clothing and shade would appreciably reduce the sunscreen burden to the environment. CONCLUSION We need to use sunscreens wisely so that we gain the health benefit from their use while at the same time limiting possible harm to ourselves and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Diffey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (Dermatology), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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4
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Young AR. The adverse consequences of not using sunscreens. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:11-19. [PMID: 37799076 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on normal skin are well established, especially in those with poorly melanized skin. Clinically, these effects may be classified as acute, such as erythema or chronic such as keratinocyte and melanocyte skin cancers. Apart from skin type genetics, clinical responses to solar UVR are dependent on geophysical (e.g., solar intensity) and behavioural factors. The latter are especially important because they may result in 'solar overload' with unwanted clinical consequences and ever greater burdens to healthcare systems. Correctly used, sunscreens can mitigate the acute and chronic effects of solar UVR exposure. Laboratory studies also show that sunscreens can inhibit the initial molecular and cellular events that are responsible for clinical outcomes. Despite public health campaigns, global trends continue to show increasing incidence of all types of skin cancer. Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown the benefits of sunscreen use in preventing skin cancer, though it is likely that sunscreen use has not been optimal in such studies. It is evident that without substantial changes in sun-seeking behaviour, sunscreen use is a very important part of the defence against the acute and chronic effects of solar exposure. Ideally, sunscreens should be able to provide the level of protection that reduces the risk of skin cancer in susceptible skin types to that observed in heavily melanized skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Ma B, Burke-Bevis S, Tiefel L, Rosen J, Feeney B, Linden KG. Reflection of UVC wavelengths from common materials during surface UV disinfection: Assessment of human UV exposure and ozone generation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161848. [PMID: 36709900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has promoted interest in using devices emitting ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation (200-280 nm) for surface disinfection to reduce pathogen transmission, especially in occupied public spaces. While UVC devices have been shown to be highly effective against various pathogens, there are safety concerns when using conventional UVC devices for surface disinfection, including human exposure of reflected UVC irradiation and ozone generation. Emerging Far UVC devices (emitting at 200-230 nm), like the krypton chloride (KrCl*) excimer, have the potential to be safely applied in occupied spaces due to their minimal adverse effects on skin and eyes. In this study, UV reflection of 21 common materials was documented and compared using a filtered KrCl* excimer (installed with a bandpass filter at 222 nm), an unfiltered KrCl* excimer, and a conventional low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. The safety of Far UVC devices was evaluated based on the irradiance and spectrum of reflected UV irradiation and ozone generation measured at various locations around the device. Our results show that most common materials can reflect UV irradiation, among which some metals tend to have greater reflection. The Far UVC devices, especially the filtered KrCl* excimer, should be safe to be applied in occupied spaces for effective surface disinfection, with limited ozone generation and no health risk from reflected UV irradiation. However more caution is needed when using unfiltered KrCl* devices and conventional UV 254 nm light. This study provides urgently needed data on UV reflection of common materials and guidance for safety assessments of UVC devices for surface disinfection in occupied spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ma
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Sam Burke-Bevis
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Luke Tiefel
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Jennifer Rosen
- Freestyle Partners, LLC, and its affiliate, FSP Innovations, LLC, MI, United States
| | - Ben Feeney
- Freestyle Partners, LLC, and its affiliate, FSP Innovations, LLC, MI, United States
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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Adamiano A, Carella F, Degli Esposti L, Piccirillo C, Iafisco M. Calcium Phosphates from Fishery Byproducts as a Booster of the Sun Protection Factor in Sunscreens. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4987-4995. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Adamiano
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018Faenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018Faenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Degli Esposti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018Faenza, Italy
| | - Clara Piccirillo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), Campus Ecoteckne, Via Monteroni, 73100Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), Via Granarolo 64, 48018Faenza, Italy
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7
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Pyrimethamine induces phototoxicity in human keratinocytes via lysosomal and mitochondrial dependent signaling pathways under environmental UVA and UVB exposure. Toxicology 2022; 479:153320. [PMID: 36108988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimethamine (PYR) is used to treat parasitic infections including toxoplasmosis, pneumonia and cystoisosporiasis in HIV patients. Various oral medicines have shown phototoxicity therefore, we aimed to study the phototoxicity of PYR and its molecular mechanism involving stress responsive lysosomal protein Lamp2 and mitochondrial mediated signaling pathway under normal UVA/B exposure. We found that photodegradation and subsequent photoproduct formation was evident through LCMS/MS analysis. Photosensitized PYR produces ROS that cause damage to DNA, cell membrane and membrane bound organelles in human keratinocytes. PYR triggered cytotoxicity and phototoxicity that was evident through MTT and NRU assay respectively. Intracellular ROS generation caused phosphatidyl serine (PS) translocation in cell membrane, lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse that was further validated through caspase3 activation. DNA damage was measured as tail DNA formation and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Photosensitized PYR induces oxidative stress in the form of overexpression of Lamp2 that ultimately led to cellular apoptosis. Moreover, the effects of UVB were higher than UVA, probably due to its direct interaction with various macromolecules. We propose that photoexcited PYR may be harmful to human health even at normal sunlight exposure. Therefore, protective procedures should be practiced during PYR medication.
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8
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Gruzman A, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Cohen G. NRF2 in dermatological disorders: Pharmacological activation for protection against cutaneous photodamage and photodermatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:262-276. [PMID: 35753587 PMCID: PMC9350913 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The skin barrier and its endogenous protective mechanisms cope daily with exogenous stressors, of which ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses an imminent danger. Although the skin is able to reduce the potential damage, there is a need for comprehensive strategies for protection. This is particularly important when developing pharmacological approaches to protect against photocarcinogenesis. Activation of NRF2 has the potential to provide comprehensive and long-lasting protection due to the upregulation of numerous cytoprotective downstream effector proteins that can counteract the damaging effects of UVR. This is also applicable to photodermatosis conditions that exacerbate the damage caused by UVR. This review describes the alterations caused by UVR in normal skin and photosensitive disorders, and provides evidence to support the development of NRF2 activators as pharmacological treatments. Key natural and synthetic activators with photoprotective properties are summarized. Lastly, the gap in knowledge in research associated with photodermatosis conditions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel; The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Eilat, 8855630, Israel.
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9
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Young AR, Schalka S, Temple RC, Simeone E, Sohn M, Kohlmann C, Morelli M. Innovative digital solution supporting sun protection and vitamin D synthesis by using satellite-based monitoring of solar radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1853-1868. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Hodnik JJ, Jankovec M, Ježek J, Krušič Ž, Mitterhofer S, Starič J. Minimal Erythema Dose Determination in Holstein Friesian Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:757452. [PMID: 34790714 PMCID: PMC8591259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.757452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle on pasture are continuously exposed to solar UV radiation, which has been associated with biological effects such as sunburn, photosensitization, squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous vitamin D3 production. The minimal erythema dose (MED) required to produce first-degree sunburn (erythema) is poorly researched in cattle. Since cattle are naturally covered with dense hair coats, the MED is influenced by the UV protection offered by the hair. The objective of this study was to determine the MED on intact-hair-covered (MED-H) and shaved white skin (MED-S) of Holstein Friesian cattle. Twenty-one Holstein Friesian cows and heifers were MED tested using a narrowband UV-B LED light (peak irradiance at 292 nm) on eight hair-covered and eight shaved areas over white skin previously unexposed to direct sunlight. Erythema was visually assessed after 24 h. The mean MED-H and MED-S were 5,595 and 329 J/m2, respectively. Heifers had a higher MED-H compared to cows, 7,600 and 4,969 J/m2, respectively. The mean UV transmittance of white cattle hair was 6.7%. MED-H was correlated with hair length (Spearman's rho = 0.76). A linear regression model showed that each millimeter of hair coat length increased the MED-H by 316 J/m2. In conclusion, this study provides a MED testing protocol for cattle and reports standardized values of MED for cattle on intact-hair-covered and shaved areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Jakob Hodnik
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals-Section for Ruminants, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jankovec
- Laboratory of Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals-Section for Ruminants, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Krušič
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Mitterhofer
- Laboratory of Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Starič
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals-Section for Ruminants, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Young AR, Morgan KA, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Petersen B, Wulf HC, Philipsen PA. A revised action spectrum for vitamin D synthesis by suberythemal UV radiation exposure in humans in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015867118. [PMID: 34580202 PMCID: PMC8501902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015867118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Action spectra are important biological weighting functions for risk/benefit analyses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) exposure. One important human benefit of exposure to terrestrial solar UVB radiation (∼295 to 315 nm) is the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 that is initiated by the photoconversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 An action spectrum for this process that is followed by other nonphotochemical steps to achieve biologically active vitamin D3 has been established from ex vivo data and is widely used, although its validity has been questioned. We tested this action spectrum in vivo by full- or partial-body suberythemal irradiation of 75 healthy young volunteers with five different polychromatic UVR spectra on five serial occasions. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels, as the most accurate measure of vitamin D3 status, were assessed before, during, and after the exposures. These were then used to generate linear dose-response curves that were different for each UVR spectrum. It was established that the previtamin D3 action spectrum was not valid when related to the serum 25(OH)D3 levels, as weighting the UVR doses with this action spectrum did not result in a common regression line unless it was adjusted by a blue shift, with 5 nm giving the best fit. Such a blue shift is in accord with the published in vitro action spectra for vitamin D3 synthesis. Thus, calculations regarding the risk (typically erythema) versus the benefit of exposure to solar UVR based on the ex vivo previtamin D3 action spectrum require revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
| | - Kylie A Morgan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham I Harrison
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Karl P Lawrence
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Bibi Petersen
- Global Medical Affairs, LEO Pharma, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology D92, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology D92, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Kayani ABA, Kuriakose S, Monshipouri M, Khalid FA, Walia S, Sriram S, Bhaskaran M. UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100621. [PMID: 34105241 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited levels of UV exposure can be beneficial to the human body. However, the UV radiation present in the atmosphere can be damaging if levels of exposure exceed safe limits which depend on the individual the skin color. Hence, UV photochromic materials that respond to UV light by changing their color are powerful tools to sense radiation safety limits. Photochromic materials comprise either organic materials, inorganic transition metal oxides, or a hybrid combination of both. The photochromic behavior largely relies on charge transfer mechanisms and electronic band structures. These factors can be influenced by the structure and morphology, fabrication, composition, hybridization, and preparation of the photochromic materials, among others. Significant challenges are involved in realizing rapid photochromic change, which is repeatable, reversible with low fatigue, and behaving according to the desired application requirements. These challenges also relate to finding the right synergy between the photochromic materials used, the environment it is being used for, and the objectives that need to be achieved. In this review, the principles and applications of photochromic processes for transition metal oxides and hybrid materials, photocatalytic applications, and the outlook in the context of commercialized sensors in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminuddin Bin Ahmad Kayani
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sruthi Kuriakose
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mahta Monshipouri
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Diffey B. Erythema and Acclimatization Following Repeated Sun Exposure: A Modeling Study. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1558-1567. [PMID: 34118062 DOI: 10.1111/php.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a computational model is described that allows time-varying erythema and acclimatization to be determined following repeated exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Good agreement was observed between experimental data and model predictions. Results are presented that illustrate how daily, adventitious sun exposure over the course of a year can result in occasional erythema generally in the late spring/early summer, while at the same time showing how the photoadaptive response of the skin changes throughout the year at different latitudes and for different sun-reactive skin types. The model is predicated on three physiological responses; the erythemal response as a function of increasing UV dose, the time courses of erythema and adaptation in response to a single UV exposure. Mathematical models complement observational data and the outputs from the model may help in planning future experimental studies, as well as providing insights into mechanistic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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14
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Fajuyigbe D, Douki T, Dijk A, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Dark cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are formed in the epidermis of Fitzpatrick skin types I/II and VI in vivo after exposure to solar‐simulated radiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:575-584. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antony R. Young
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology King’s College London London UK
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15
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Neville JJ, Palmieri T, Young AR. Physical Determinants of Vitamin D Photosynthesis: A Review. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10460. [PMID: 33553995 PMCID: PMC7839826 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D synthesis by exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) provides the majority of this hormone that is essential for bone development and maintenance but may be important for many other health outcomes. This process, which is the only well-established benefit of solar UVR exposure, depends on many factors including genetics, age, health, and behavior. However, the most important factor is the quantity and quality of UVR reaching the skin. Vitamin D synthesis specifically requires ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation that is the minority component (<5%) of solar UVR. This waveband is also the most important for the adverse effects of solar exposure. The most obvious of which is sunburn (erythema), but UVB is also the main cause of DNA damage to the skin that is a prerequisite for most skin cancers. UVB at the Earth's surface depends on many physical and temporal factors such as latitude, altitude, season, and weather. Personal, cultural, and behavioral factors are also important. These include skin melanin, clothing, body surface area exposed, holiday habits, and sunscreen use. There is considerable disagreement in the literature about the role of some of these factors, possibly because some studies have been done by researchers with little understanding of photobiology. It can be argued that vitamin D supplementation obviates the need for solar exposure, but many studies have shown little benefit from this approach for a wide range of health outcomes. There is also increasing evidence that such exposure offers health benefits independently of vitamin D: the most important of which is blood-pressure reduction. In any case, public health advice must optimize risk versus benefit for solar exposure. It is fortunate that the individual UVB doses necessary for maintaining optimal vitamin D status are lower than those for sunburn, irrespective of skin melanin. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Neville
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Palmieri
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences King's College London London United Kingdom
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16
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Cyanobacteria and Red Macroalgae as Potential Sources of Antioxidants and UV Radiation-Absorbing Compounds for Cosmeceutical Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120659. [PMID: 33371308 PMCID: PMC7767163 DOI: 10.3390/md18120659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on natural products has gained considerable attention, particularly in the cosmetic industry, which is looking for new bio-active and biodegradable molecules. In this study, cosmetic properties of cyanobacteria and red macroalgae were analyzed. The extractions were conducted in different solvents (water, ethanol and two combinations of water:ethanol). The main molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective capacity were mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin and phenolic compounds. The highest contents of scytonemin (only present in cyanobacteria) were observed in Scytonema sp. (BEA 1603B) and Lyngbya sp. (BEA 1328B). The highest concentrations of MAAs were found in the red macroalgae Porphyra umbilicalis, Gelidium corneum and Osmundea pinnatifida and in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. Scytonema sp. was the unique species that presented an MAA with maximum absorption in the UV-B band, being identified as mycosporine-glutaminol for the first time in this species. The highest content of polyphenols was observed in Scytonema sp. and P. umbilicalis. Water was the best extraction solvent for MAAs and phenols, whereas scytonemin was better extracted in a less polar solvent such as ethanol:dH2O (4:1). Cyanobacterium extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than those of red macroalgae. Positive correlations of antioxidant activity with different molecules, especially polyphenols, biliproteins and MAAs, were observed. Hydroethanolic extracts of some species incorporated in creams showed an increase in the photoprotection capacity in comparison with the base cream. Extracts of these organisms could be used as natural photoprotectors improving the diversity of sunscreens. The combination of different extracts enriched in scytonemin and MAAs could be useful to design broad-band natural UV-screen cosmeceutical products.
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17
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Choksi J, Vora J, Shrivastava N. Bioactive Pigments from Isolated Bacteria and Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Sun Protective Application Useful for Cosmetic Products. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:379-382. [PMID: 32647396 PMCID: PMC7329960 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pigments are the unique and sustainable source of bioactive colour compounds used in cosmetics, food, textiles, printing and pharmaceutical products. Here, we report the pigment-producing isolates and their biological activities that could be benefited for different industries including cosmeceuticals. In this study, a total of 19 pigment-producing bacteria were isolated and purified from collected soil and water samples. The colour production ability of purified bacteria was observed up to 5 transfers. Of the 19 isolates, two isolates lost colour production ability in subsequent transfers. Crude pigments extracted from the remaining 17 isolates showed sunscreen activity in the range of 0.4-8.34. However, only 6 of them showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In the media optimization experiment, these 6 bacteria showed optimum growth in neutral to alkaline pH, while optimum temperatures for growth were different for different bacteria. One isolate produces the promising pigment, out of all six potential pigments. It is stable up to 5 transfers, having antioxidant and antibacterial activity with Sun protective activity; the strain was identified using 16srRNA gene sequencing and obtained accession number as MK770403 (probable strain is Staphylococcus xylosus) from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The results of this study suggested that these bioactive pigments can further be developed and used as antibacterial, antioxidant and sun-protective ingredients in cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Choksi
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, Gujarat India
| | - Jaykant Vora
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
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18
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Keurentjes AJ, Jakasa I, John SM, Ulrich C, Bekkenk MW, Rustemeyer T, Kezic S. Tape stripping the stratum corneum for biomarkers of ultraviolet radiation exposure at sub-erythemal dosages: a study in human volunteers. Biomarkers 2020; 25:490-497. [PMID: 32657162 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1792551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prevalence of skin cancer is rapidly increasing. There is a need for non-invasive biomarkers to assess efficacy of prevention strategies aiming at reduction of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Recently, stratum corneum (SC) biomarkers were applied in various inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we explore their suitability as candidate biomarkers for UVR. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve volunteers were exposed to a UVB-dose of 0.72 SED, three times a week, during three weeks. As candidate biomarkers, cis-isomers of urocanic acid (cUCA) and 25 immunological mediators were measured in the SC. RESULTS Eight immunological markers significantly changed from baseline. Of them, IL-1RA/IL-1α and a placental growth factor (PIGF) showed gradual changes during UVR-exposure (p < 0.01 for linear trend). cUCA increased sharply already after the first exposure, however, reached a plateau in the second week. CONCLUSIONS SC represents a promising, non-invasive alternative to skin biopsy in detecting UVR-induced changes. cUCA is the marker of choice for assessment of single UVR-exposure; however, it is less suitable for cumulative UVR-dose. Immunological markers including IL-1RA/IL-1α and PIGF showed gradual changes, and therefore are convenient for monitoring chronic UVR-exposure. These candidate biomarkers might facilitate assessment of the efficacy of preventive measures in the workplace and general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Keurentjes
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Lower-Saxonian Institute of Occupational Dermatology (NIB), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Claas Ulrich
- Skin Cancer Centre/HTCC, Hautklinik der Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel W Bekkenk
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Minimal Erythema Dose: Correlation with Fitzpatrick Skin Type and Concordance Between Methods of Erythema Assessment in a Patient Sample in Colombia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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20
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Minimal Erythema Dose: Correlation with Fitzpatrick Skin Type and Concordance Between Methods of Erythema Assessment in a Patient Sample in Colombia. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 111:390-397. [PMID: 32408973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The minimal erythema dose (MED), an essential measurement in studies of skin photosensitivity, requires establishing MED values for specific populations, given genetic variation. Different ways to assess erythema are also relevant. We aimed to determine MED values in a sample of Colombian patients and correlations between MED and Fitzpatrick skin type. We also studied concordance correlation between MEDs and two alternative ways to assess erythema. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study of 113 individuals in Bogotá, Colombia. We used a solar simulator to measure UV-A radiation and combined UV-A and UV-B (UVA+UVB) radiation, o se podría suprimir este término porque UVA y UVB son términos conocidos for MED calculation. Narrowband UV-B (NBUVB) radiation was measured in a phototherapy cabin. Erythema was assessed visually and with a Mexameter MX 18 device. RESULTS The median MEDs of UVA+UVB radiation were 22mJ/cm2 for Fitzpatrick skin typesI andII, and 33 and 43mJ/cm2, respectively, for typesIII andIV. The MEDs of UV-A radiation were 22, 42, 86, and 100J/cm2 for typesI, II, III, andIV, respectively. The MEDs of NBUVB light were 390, 550, 770, and 885mJ/cm2 for the 4 skin types. The correlation between MEDs and skin types ranged from 0.5 to 0.69. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients between visual and Mexameter assessments of erythema were greater than 0.8 in all cases. CONCLUSION This study allowed us to understand MED values for UV-A, UVA+UVB, and NBUVB according to different skin types in the Colombian population. Concordance correlation coefficients between the different methods of erythema assessment were very good. Correlations between MEDs and skin types were moderate to good.
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21
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Vaidya MU, Gangakhedkar GR, Shetty AN, Waghalkar PV. A rare occurrence of accidental exposure to UV radiation among operating theatre personnel. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:230-232. [PMID: 32346171 PMCID: PMC7179771 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_656_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) lamps are commonly used in operation theatres for disinfection. Accidental exposure causes damage to superficial tissues especially the skin, the eyes and has the potential to cause various malignancies. Nine previously asymptomatic operation theaters (OT) personnel experienced, foreign body sensation with intense tearing of eyes and erythematous rash on exposed body parts 2 to 4 hours after leaving work. They required symptomatic treatment with oral and topical antihistaminics and lubricant eye drops. Two of the nine required intravenous steroids. UV exposure was diagnosed as diagnosis of exclusion. There is a lack of knowledge regarding presence UV radiation in OT and a lack of safety measures in place to prevent exposure. This case report emphasises the threats poses by UV exposure, the need to bring about awareness about the presence of UV lamps and adopting safety measures to avoid exposure among healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi U Vaidya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gauri R Gangakhedkar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita N Shetty
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pallavi V Waghalkar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Young AR, Passeron T. Everyday sunscreen use may compromise vitamin D in temperate climes: reply from authors. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1313-1314. [PMID: 31858587 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, 151, route de Ginestière 06200, Nice, France.,C3M, INSERM U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, 151, route de Ginestière 06200, Nice, France
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23
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Young AR, Morgan KA, Ho TW, Ojimba N, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Jakharia-Shah N, Wulf HC, Cruickshank JK, Philipsen PA. Melanin has a Small Inhibitory Effect on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis: A Comparison of Extreme Phenotypes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1418-1426.e1. [PMID: 31883961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology suggests that melanin inhibits cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis by UVR. Laboratory investigations assessing the impact of melanin on vitamin D production have produced contradictory results. We determined the effect of melanin on vitamin D3 photosynthesis in healthy young volunteers (n = 102) of Fitzpatrick skin types II-VI (white to black). Participants, irrespective of skin type, were exposed to the same suberythemal UVR dose, to 85% body surface area, using solar simulated UVR or narrowband UVB (311 nm). This was repeated five times with intervals of 3-4 days between UVR exposures. Blood was taken before, during, and after the irradiation and assessed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) as a marker of vitamin D3 status. Linear UVR dose-dependent increases in 25(OH)D3 were highly significant (P ≤ 7.7 x 10-11). The ratios of regression slopes of the different skin type groups were compared, and only skin type II was significantly steeper than the other groups. Comparisons between extreme skin types II and VI showed melanin inhibition factors of approximately 1.3-1.4, depending on the UVR source. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of melanin on vitamin D3 synthesis is small, compared with erythema, but that this difference may be sufficient to explain the epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kylie A Morgan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tak-Wai Ho
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ngozi Ojimba
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Dietetics Department, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl P Lawrence
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nihull Jakharia-Shah
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- Department of Nutritional Science, Division of Life-Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Moudgil A, Kalyani N, Mishra P, Das S. Azurin-TiO 2 hybrid nanostructure field effect transistor for efficient ultraviolet detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:495205. [PMID: 31476745 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid semiconductor nanostructures have attracted tremendous response due to their unique properties and applications in nano-optoelectronics and sensors. Here, we fabricated a back-gated transistor based on 300 nm channel of the Azurin-TiO2 hybrid nanostructure, whose enhanced performance is attributed to the synergetic effect of the metal oxide and azurin. Surface potential mapping under the dark and light condition using Kelvin probe force microscopy, gives the perfect correlation of band gap estimation for Azurin, TiO2 and Azurin-TiO2 nanostructures. The extracted parameters of the transistor exhibit the majority carrier mobility of 2.26 cm2 V-1 s-1, Schottky barrier height of 133.56 meV and low off current (6 × 10-10 A). The photodetector showed the high spectral response of 8.7 × 105 A W-1 and detectivity of 6.4 × 1014 Jones for 260 nm wavelength, at an applied gate bias of 5 V. The short carrier transit time (3 μs) and large recombination time (0.4 s) with multiple recirculations of photo generated carries facilitate the high gain of 2.6 × 106. A significant rejection ratio (R 260/R 530) of 56.2 at V GS = 5 V and the linear dynamic range of 45.75 dB for 260 nm wavelength is achieved. The obtained rise and fall time of the photodetector is 0.52 s, and 0.65 s, respectively. This study suggests the applicability of Azurin-TiO2 hybrid nanostructures with high performance for the biocompatible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Moudgil
- Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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25
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Bieliauskiene G, Holm-Schou ASS, Philipsen PA, Murphy GM, Sboukis D, Schwarz T, Young AR, Wulf HC. Measurements of sun sensitivity in five European countries confirm the relative nature of Fitzpatrick skin phototype scale. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 36:179-184. [PMID: 31785041 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Skin colour and sun sensitivity are highly related to the distance to the equator: people in southern latitudes are usually darker and less sensitive to sun than in northern latitudes. Whether differences in sun sensitivity can be found in a relatively homogenous European population is unclear. We aimed to objectively measure sun sensitivity (assessed as pigment protection factor (PPF)) in five European countries, relate it to self-assessed Fitzpatrick skin phototype (FST) and to determine whether PPF levels in the different FST categories are dependent on the investigated countries. METHODS Volunteers (n = 569) were recruited in Copenhagen (Denmark), Dublin (Ireland), London (England), Münster (Germany) and Ioannina (Greece). Skin phototype was self-assessed using the FST scale. PPF was measured at both sun-protected buttocks and five sun-exposed skin sites by a skin reflectance spectrophotometer. RESULTS Overall, there were statistically significant differences in PPF of the buttocks, inner arm, outer arm, forehead, chest and back between the five countries (P ≤ .031). Generally, PPF level was lower in northern than in southern latitudes. PPF of the buttocks was similar in all countries for those who identified as FST I (P = .723). However, it was statistically significantly different (P ≤ 2.913*10-4 ) and country-dependent for those who identified as FST II-IV. CONCLUSION Objectively measured sun sensitivity is higher (lower PPF) in northern compared with southern latitudes. The choice of self-identified FST category is influenced by a person's immediate environment. Therefore, we confirmed the relative nature of the FST scale and the need to standardise the skin phototype assessment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Bieliauskiene
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Bustamante M, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Tewari A, Sarria Y, Harrison GI, Puigdecanet E, Nonell L, Kang W, Friedländer MR, Estivill X, González JR, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Young AR. Dose and time effects of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation on the in vivo human skin transcriptome. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:1458-1468. [PMID: 31529490 PMCID: PMC7318624 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Terrestrial ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes erythema, oxidative stress, DNA mutations and skin cancer. Skin can adapt to these adverse effects by DNA repair, apoptosis, keratinization and tanning. Objectives To investigate the transcriptional response to fluorescent solar‐simulated radiation (FSSR) in sun‐sensitive human skin in vivo. Methods Seven healthy male volunteers were exposed to 0, 3 and 6 standard erythemal doses (SED). Skin biopsies were taken at 6 h and 24 h after exposure. Gene and microRNA expression were quantified with next generation sequencing. A set of candidate genes was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); and wavelength dependence was examined in other volunteers through microarrays. Results The number of differentially expressed genes increased with FSSR dose and decreased between 6 and 24 h. Six hours after 6 SED, 4071 genes were differentially expressed, but only 16 genes were affected at 24 h after 3 SED. Genes for apoptosis and keratinization were prominent at 6 h, whereas inflammation and immunoregulation genes were predominant at 24 h. Validation by qPCR confirmed the altered expression of nine genes detected under all conditions; genes related to DNA repair and apoptosis; immunity and inflammation; pigmentation; and vitamin D synthesis. In general, candidate genes also responded to UVA1 (340–400 nm) and/or UVB (300 nm), but with variations in wavelength dependence and peak expression time. Only four microRNAs were differentially expressed by FSSR. Conclusions The UV radiation doses of this acute study are readily achieved daily during holidays in the sun, suggesting that the skin transcriptional profile of ‘typical’ holiday makers is markedly deregulated. What's already known about this topic? The skin's transcriptional profile underpins its adverse (i.e. inflammation) and adaptive molecular, cellular and clinical responses (i.e. tanning, hyperkeratosis) to solar ultraviolet radiation. Few studies have assessed microRNA and gene expression in vivo in humans, and there is a lack of information on dose, time and waveband effects.
What does this study add? Acute doses of fluorescent solar‐simulated radiation (FSSR), of similar magnitude to those received daily in holiday situations, markedly altered the skin's transcriptional profiles. The number of differentially expressed genes was FSSR‐dose‐dependent, reached a peak at 6 h and returned to baseline at 24 h. The initial transcriptional response involved apoptosis and keratinization, followed by inflammation and immune modulation. In these conditions, microRNA expression was less affected than gene expression.
Linked Comment:Hart. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:1328–1329. Plain language summary available online Respond to this article
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hernandez-Ferrer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Computational Health Informatics Program (CHIP), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - A Tewari
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, U.K
| | - Y Sarria
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G I Harrison
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, U.K
| | - E Puigdecanet
- Servei d'Anàlisi de Microarrays, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Nonell
- Servei d'Anàlisi de Microarrays, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Kang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M R Friedländer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - X Estivill
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Program, Sidra Medical Center, Al Rayyan Municipality, Qatar
| | - J R González
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A R Young
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, U.K
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27
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A Critical Appraisal of Strategies to Optimize Vitamin D Status in Germany, a Population with a Western Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112682. [PMID: 31698703 PMCID: PMC6893762 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our scientific knowledge of the pleiotropic biological effects of vitamin D metabolites and their relevance to human health has expanded widely. Beyond the well-known key role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and bone health, it has been shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a broad variety of independent diseases, including several types of cancer, and with increased overall mortality. Moreover, recent findings have demonstrated biological effects of the vitamin D endocrine system that are not mediated via activation of the classical nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) by binding with high affinity to its corresponding ligand, the biologically active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). In contrast, many of these new biological effects of vitamin D compounds, including regulation of the circadian clock and many metabolic functions, are mediated by other vitamin D metabolites, including 20-hydroxyvitamin D and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D, and involve their binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and retinoid-orphan receptor (ROR). In most populations, including the German population, UVB-induced cutaneous vitamin D production is the main source for fulfilling the human body’s requirements of vitamin D. However, this causes a dilemma because solar or artificial UVR exposure is associated with skin cancer risk. In addition to UVB-induced vitamin D production in skin, in humans, there are two other possible sources of vitamin D: from diet and supplements. However, only a few natural foods contain substantial amounts of vitamin D, and in most populations, the dietary source of vitamin D cannot fulfill the body´s requirements. Because an increasing body of evidence has convincingly demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, it is the aim of this paper to (i) give an update of the vitamin D status in a population with a western diet, namely, the German population, and to (ii) develop strategies to optimize the vitamin D supply that consider both the advantages as well as the disadvantages/risks of different approaches, including increasing vitamin D status by dietary intake, by supplements, or by UVB-induced cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D.
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Passeron T, Bouillon R, Callender V, Cestari T, Diepgen TL, Green AC, van der Pols JC, Bernard BA, Ly F, Bernerd F, Marrot L, Nielsen M, Verschoore M, Jablonski NG, Young AR. Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:916-931. [PMID: 31069788 PMCID: PMC6899926 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Global concern about vitamin D deficiency has fuelled debates on photoprotection and the importance of solar exposure to meet vitamin D requirements. Objectives To review the published evidence to reach a consensus on the influence of photoprotection by sunscreens on vitamin D status, considering other relevant factors. Methods An international panel of 13 experts in endocrinology, dermatology, photobiology, epidemiology and biological anthropology reviewed the literature prior to a 1‐day meeting in June 2017, during which the evidence was discussed. Methods of assessment and determining factors of vitamin D status, and public health perspectives were examined and consequences of sun exposure and the effects of photoprotection were assessed. Results A serum level of ≥ 50 nmol L−1 25(OH)D is a target for all individuals. Broad‐spectrum sunscreens that prevent erythema are unlikely to compromise vitamin D status in healthy populations. Vitamin D screening should be restricted to those at risk of hypovitaminosis, such as patients with photosensitivity disorders, who require rigorous photoprotection. Screening and supplementation are advised for this group. Conclusions Sunscreen use for daily and recreational photoprotection does not compromise vitamin D synthesis, even when applied under optimal conditions. What's already known about this topic? Knowledge of the relationship between solar exposure behaviour, sunscreen use and vitamin D is important for public health but there is confusion about optimal vitamin D status and the safest way to achieve this. Practical recommendations on the potential impact of daily and/or recreational sunscreens on vitamin D status are lacking for healthy people.
What does this study add? Judicious use of daily broad‐spectrum sunscreens with high ultraviolet (UV) A protection will not compromise vitamin D status in healthy people. However, photoprotection strategies for patients with photosensitivity disorders that include high sun‐protection factor sunscreens with high UVA protection, along with protective clothing and shade‐seeking behaviour are likely to compromise vitamin D status. Screening for vitamin D status and supplementation are recommended in patients with photosensitivity disorders.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18126. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18494 available online
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Affiliation(s)
- T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, 151, route de Ginestière, 06200, Nice, France.,C3M, INSERM U1065 Université Côte d'Azur, 151, route de Ginestière, 06200, Nice, France
| | - R Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Callender
- Callender Dermatology & Cosmetic Center, 12200 Annapolis Road, Suite 315, Glenn Dale, MD, 20769, U.S.A
| | - T Cestari
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcellos 2350 zone 13, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - T L Diepgen
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A C Green
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.,CRUK Manchester Institute and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9NQ, U.K
| | - J C van der Pols
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - B A Bernard
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - F Ly
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, BP 5825, Dakar, Senegal
| | - F Bernerd
- L'Oréal R&I, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - L Marrot
- L'Oréal R&I, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-sous-bois, France
| | - M Nielsen
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - M Verschoore
- L'Oréal R&I, Scientific Directorate, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - N G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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Young AR, Narbutt J, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Bell M, O'Connor C, Olsen P, Grys K, Baczynska KA, Rogowski-Tylman M, Wulf HC, Lesiak A, Philipsen PA. Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:1052-1062. [PMID: 31069787 PMCID: PMC6899952 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV)A and UVB radiation. UVB is essential for vitamin D synthesis but is the main cause of sunburn and skin cancer. Sunscreen use is advocated to reduce the sun's adverse effects but may compromise vitamin D status. Objectives To assess the ability of two intervention sunscreens to inhibit vitamin D synthesis during a week‐long sun holiday. Methods The impact of sunscreens on vitamin D status was studied during a 1‐week sun holiday in Tenerife (28° N). Comparisons were made between two formulations, each with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15. The UVA‐protection factor (PF) was low in one case and high in the other. Healthy Polish volunteers (n = 20 per group) were given the sunscreens and advised on the correct application. Comparisons were also made with discretionary sunscreen use (n = 22) and nonholiday groups (51·8° N, n = 17). Sunscreen use in the intervention groups was measured. Behaviour, UV radiation exposure, clothing cover and sunburn were monitored. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] was assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results Use of intervention sunscreens was the same (P = 0·60), and both equally inhibited sunburn, which was present in the discretionary use group. There was an increase (P < 0·001) in mean ± SD 25(OH)D3 (28·0 ± 16·5 nmol L−1) in the discretionary use group. The high and low UVA‐PF sunscreen groups showed statistically significant increases (P < 0·001) of 19·0 ± 14·2 and 13·0 ± 11·4 nmol L−1 25(OH)D3, respectively with P = 0·022 for difference between the intervention sunscreens. The nonholiday group showed a fall (P = 0·08) of 2·5 ± 5·6 nmol L−1 25(OH)D3. Conclusions Sunscreens may be used to prevent sunburn yet allow vitamin D synthesis. A high UVA‐PF sunscreen enables significantly higher vitamin D synthesis than a low UVA‐PF sunscreen because the former, by default, transmits more UVB than the latter. What's already known about this topic? Action spectra (wavelength dependence) for erythema and the cutaneous formation of vitamin D overlap considerably in the ultraviolet (UV)B region. Theoretically, sunscreens that inhibit erythema should also inhibit vitamin D synthesis. To date, studies on the inhibitory effects of sunscreens on vitamin D synthesis have given conflicting results, possibly, in part, because people typically apply sunscreen suboptimally. Many studies have design flaws.
What does this study add? Sunscreens (sun protection factor, SPF 15) applied at sufficient thickness to inhibit sunburn during a week‐long holiday with a very high UV index still allow a highly significant improvement of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration. An SPF 15 formulation with high UVA protection enables better vitamin D synthesis than a low UVA protection product. The former allows more UVB transmission.
Linked Editorial: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18273. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18492 available online https://www.bjdonline.com/article/optimal-sunscreen-use-during-a-sun-holiday-with-a-very-high-ultraviolet-index-allows-vitamin-d-synthesis-without-sunburn/
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Young
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - J Narbutt
- Medical University of Łódź, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Łódź, 90-647, Poland
| | - G I Harrison
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K P Lawrence
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - M Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - C O'Connor
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - P Olsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - K Grys
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K A Baczynska
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, U.K
| | | | - H C Wulf
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Medical University of Łódź, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Łódź, 90-647, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
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Alafiatayo AA, Lai KS, Ahmad S, Mahmood M, Shaharuddin NA. RNA-Seq analysis revealed genes associated with UV-induced cell necrosis through MAPK/TNF-α pathways in human dermal fibroblast cells as an inducer of premature photoaging. Genomics 2019; 112:484-493. [PMID: 30946891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposing the skin to solar UV radiation induces cascades of signaling pathways and biological alterations such as redox imbalance, suppression of antioxidant genes and programmed cell death. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use RNA-Seq to unravel the effects of UV radiation on Normal Human Adult Fibroblast cells (NHDF). Cells were exposed to UV (20 mJ/cm2 for 3 mins) and incubated for 24 h. Total mRNA from the cells generated libraries of 72,080,648 and 40,750,939 raw reads from UV-treated and control cells respectively. Of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) produced 2,007 were up-regulated and 2,791 were down-regulated (fold change ≥2, p < 0.05). The expression of 4 genes was validated with RT-qPCR. Chemokine signaling pathways in cancer were significantly activated and antioxidant genes were down-regulated. This study applied Next Generation Sequencing technology to reveal the genes and pathways involved in UV-induced human dermal fibroblast cells necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinola Adekoya Alafiatayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maziah Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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TRPA1 Sensitization Produces Hyperalgesia to Heat but not to Cold Stimuli in Human Volunteers. Clin J Pain 2019; 35:321-327. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kelbch A, Wittlich M, Bott A. Quantifying the effects of a low-ozone event and shallow stratocumulus clouds on ultraviolet erythemal radiation exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:359-369. [PMID: 30685788 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Meteorological and dosimetric ultraviolet (UV) erythemal radiation (UVER) measurements were performed in Didcot, England, on 6 and 7 April 2017. Both days were characterized by clear-sky conditions in the morning and the afternoon with development of shallow stratocumulus clouds (SSC) around noon. In addition, a low-ozone event occurred on 7 April characterized by a 34 DU (Dobson Unit) drop in total stratospheric ozone content. Compared to 6 April, the ozone mini-hole caused UVER increases of 2.67 standard erythema dose (SED) for diffuse and 4.32 SED for global radiation characterized by radiation amplification factors (RAF) of 1.62 and 1.52, respectively. The total global UVER dose reductions due to SSC coverage amount to 2.33 SED (6 April) and 2.81 SED (7 April). As innovation the RAF is decomposed into two parts, named cloud ozone factor (COF) and radiation amplification factor based on measured data (RAFm), to quantify the low-ozone event's effect and the SSC influence in independently modifying the UVER doses. Hereby, the weight of each of these two effects acting during the same low-ozone event is expressed by the new COF. In this case, the COF values range between -0.13 and -0.11 for diffuse UVER and -0.03 to -0.07 for the global UV and UV-B parts. A positive COF value (0.18) results for the global UV-A range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kelbch
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 20, Bonn, D-53121, Germany.
| | - M Wittlich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, Sankt Augustin, D-53757, Germany
| | - A Bott
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 20, Bonn, D-53121, Germany
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Lucas RM, Yazar S, Young AR, Norval M, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, Rhodes LE, Sinclair CA, Neale RE. Human health in relation to exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation under changing stratospheric ozone and climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:641-680. [PMID: 30810559 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has limited increases in the UV-B (280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nevertheless, the incidence of skin cancers continues to increase in most light-skinned populations, probably due mainly to risky sun exposure behaviour. In locations with strong sun protection programs of long duration, incidence is now reducing in younger age groups. Changes in the epidemiology of UV-induced eye diseases are less clear, due to a lack of data. Exposure to UV radiation plays a role in the development of cataracts, pterygium and possibly age-related macular degeneration; these are major causes of visual impairment world-wide. Photodermatoses and phototoxic reactions to drugs are not uncommon; management of the latter includes recognition of the risks by the prescribing physician. Exposure to UV radiation has benefits for health through the production of vitamin D in the skin and modulation of immune function. The latter has benefits for skin diseases such as psoriasis and possibly for systemic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The health risks of sun exposure can be mitigated through appropriate sun protection, such as clothing with both good UV-blocking characteristics and adequate skin coverage, sunglasses, shade, and sunscreen. New sunscreen preparations provide protection against a broader spectrum of solar radiation, but it is not clear that this has benefits for health. Gaps in knowledge make it difficult to derive evidence-based sun protection advice that balances the risks and benefits of sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. and Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - M Norval
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - F R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Y Takizawa
- Akita University School of Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Nakadai, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L E Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - R E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia and School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Australia
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Narbutt J, Philipsen PA, Harrison GI, Morgan KA, Lawrence KP, Baczynska KA, Grys K, Rogowski-Tylman M, Olejniczak-Staruch I, Tewari A, Bell M, O'Connor C, Wulf HC, Lesiak A, Young AR. Sunscreen applied at ≥ 2 mg cm -2 during a sunny holiday prevents erythema, a biomarker of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and suppression of acquired immunity. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:604-614. [PMID: 30307614 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sun protection factor (SPF) is assessed with sunscreen applied at 2 mg cm-2 . People typically apply around 0·8 mg cm-2 and use sunscreen daily for holidays. Such use results in erythema, which is a risk factor for skin cancer. OBJECTIVES To determine (i) whether typical sunscreen use resulted in erythema, epidermal DNA damage and photoimmunosuppression during a sunny holiday, (ii) whether optimal sunscreen use inhibited erythema and (iii) whether erythema is a biomarker for photoimmunosuppression in a laboratory study. METHODS Holidaymakers (n = 22) spent a week in Tenerife (very high ultraviolet index) using their own sunscreens without instruction (typical sunscreen use). Others (n = 40) were given SPF 15 sunscreens with instructions on how to achieve the labelled SPF (sunscreen intervention). Personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure was monitored electronically as the standard erythemal dose (SED) and erythema was quantified. Epidermal cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) were determined by immunostaining, and immunosuppression was assessed by contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. RESULTS There was no difference between personal UVR exposure in the typical sunscreen use and sunscreen intervention groups (P = 0·08). The former had daily erythema on five UVR-exposed body sites, increased CPDs (P < 0·001) and complete CHS suppression (20 of 22). In comparison, erythema was virtually absent (P < 0·001) when sunscreens were used at ≥ 2 mg cm-2 . A laboratory study showed that 3 SED from three very different spectra suppressed CHS by around ~50%. CONCLUSIONS Optimal sunscreen use prevents erythema during a sunny holiday. Erythema predicts suppression of CHS (implying a shared action spectrum). Given that erythema and CPDs share action spectra, the data strongly suggest that optimal sunscreen use will also reduce CPD formation and UVR-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - G I Harrison
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K A Morgan
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K P Lawrence
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K A Baczynska
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, U.K
| | - K Grys
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | | | - I Olejniczak-Staruch
- Dermoklinika Centrum Medyczne, Łódź, 90-436, Poland.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Tewari
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - M Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - C O'Connor
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - H C Wulf
- University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - A R Young
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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Fan F, Li Y, Liu Y, Shao L, Yu J, Li Z. Overexpression of klotho in adipose-derived stem cells protects against UVB-induced photoaging in co-cultured human fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5473-5480. [PMID: 30365106 PMCID: PMC6236291 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-culture methods are widely used in tissue engineering to drive tissue formation with the direct or indirect interaction of multiple cell types. Klotho is a novel biomarker involved in aging. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of klotho overexpressed adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) against ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-induced photoaging in co-cultured human skin fibroblasts (HSF2 cell line). Furthermore, the involvement of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was investigated. ADSCs were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue and the 3rd generation of ADSCs was used after being identified. Klotho overexpression (OE) lentivirus vectors were constructed and identified in ADSCs. The HSF2 cells were seeded in the upper layer of the Transwell co-culture plate (0.4 µm pore polycarbonate membrane) and ADSCs were seeded in the lower layer. UVB irradiation of HSF2 cells was performed using UVB lamps in uncovered petri dishes at room temperature. The present results indicated that the proliferation of ADSCs was increased by klotho OE. Furthermore the proliferation and collagen content of HSF2 were decreased by UVB irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, the protein level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 3 and p-P38 in HSF2 were upregulated. In the co-culture system, relative mRNA expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 as well as protein level of MMP-1, MMP-3 and p-P38 in HSF2 were reduced by co-culture with klotho overexpressed ADSCs when exposed to UVB (20 mJ/cm2). By contrast, the collagen content of HSF2 was increased. Collectively, OE of klotho in ADSCs notably ameliorates UVB-induced photoaging in co-cultured HSF2, and these effects were potentially achieved by increasing the collagen content and decreasing the protein level of MMP-1, MMP-3 and p-P38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Fan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of CPLA, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Li Shao
- The VIP Department, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Li
- The VIP Department, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Del Bino S, Duval C, Bernerd F. Clinical and Biological Characterization of Skin Pigmentation Diversity and Its Consequences on UV Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092668. [PMID: 30205563 PMCID: PMC6163216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color diversity is the most variable and noticeable phenotypic trait in humans resulting from constitutive pigmentation variability. This paper will review the characterization of skin pigmentation diversity with a focus on the most recent data on the genetic basis of skin pigmentation, and the various methodologies for skin color assessment. Then, melanocyte activity and amount, type and distribution of melanins, which are the main drivers for skin pigmentation, are described. Paracrine regulators of melanocyte microenvironment are also discussed. Skin response to sun exposure is also highly dependent on color diversity. Thus, sensitivity to solar wavelengths is examined in terms of acute effects such as sunburn/erythema or induced-pigmentation but also long-term consequences such as skin cancers, photoageing and pigmentary disorders. More pronounced sun-sensitivity in lighter or darker skin types depending on the detrimental effects and involved wavelengths is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Del Bino
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Christine Duval
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Françoise Bernerd
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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Narbutt J, Philipsen PA, Lesiak A, Sandberg Liljendahl T, Segerbäck D, Heydenreich J, Chlebna-Sokol D, Olsen P, Harrison GI, Pearson A, Baczynska K, Rogowski-Tylman M, Wulf HC, Young AR. Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , after a summer holiday in Northern Europe. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:940-950. [PMID: 29691848 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood, which is associated with mutations caused by UVR-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Solar UVR is also the main source of vitamin D, essential for healthy bone development in children. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of a 12-day Baltic Sea (54° N) beach holiday on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 ] and CPD in 32 healthy Polish children (skin types I-IV). METHODS Blood and urine were collected before and after the holiday and assessed for 25(OH)D3 and excreted CPD, respectively, and personal UVR exposure was measured. Diaries were used to record sunbathing, sunburn and sunscreen use. Before- and after-holiday skin redness and pigmentation were measured by reflectance spectroscopy. RESULTS The average ± SD daily exposure UVR dose was 2·4 ± 1·5 standard erythema doses (SEDs), which is borderline erythemal. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D3 increased (× 1·24 ± 0·19) from 64·7 ± 13·3 to 79·3 ± 18·7 nmol L-1 (P < 0·001). Mean CPD increased 12·6 ± 10·0-fold from 26·9 ± 17·9 to 248·9 ± 113·4 fmol μmol-1 creatinine (P < 0·001). Increased 25(OH)D3 was accompanied by a very much greater increase in DNA damage associated with carcinogenic potential. Overall, skin type had no significant effects on behavioural, clinical or analytical outcomes, but skin types I/II had more CPD (unadjusted P = 0·0496) than skin types III/IV at the end of the holiday. CONCLUSIONS Careful consideration must be given to the health outcomes of childhood solar exposure, and a much better understanding of the risk-benefit relationships of such exposure is required. Rigorous photoprotection is necessary for children, even in Northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - T Sandberg Liljendahl
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - D Segerbäck
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J Heydenreich
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - D Chlebna-Sokol
- Department of Paediatric Propedeutics and Bone Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P Olsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - G I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - A Pearson
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | - K Baczynska
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | | | - H C Wulf
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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Fajuyigbe D, Coleman A, Sarkany RPE, Young AR, Schmalwieser AW. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Reliable Means of Comparing Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Erythema in Extreme Skin Colors. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1066-1070. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Coleman
- Department of Medical Physics; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Hospital Trust; London UK
| | | | - Antony R. Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; King's College London; London UK
| | - Alois W. Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
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Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. UVR: sun, lamps, pigmentation and vitamin D. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:291-301. [PMID: 27834434 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has important and significant consequences on human health. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the beneficial effects of UVR. This perspective gives an introduction to the solar spectrum, UV lamps, UV dosimetry, skin pigment and vitamin D. The health benefits of UVR exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways will be discussed in this themed issue in the following articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - P A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - H C Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lawrence KP, Gacesa R, Long PF, Young AR. Molecular photoprotection of human keratinocytes in vitro by the naturally occurring mycosporine-like amino acid palythine. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1353-1363. [PMID: 29131317 PMCID: PMC6032870 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces molecular and genetic changes in the skin, which result in skin cancer, photoageing and photosensitivity disorders. The use of sunscreens is advocated to prevent such photodamage; however, most formulations contain organic and inorganic UVR filters that are nonbiodegradable and can damage fragile marine ecosystems. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are natural UVR‐absorbing compounds that have evolved in marine species for protection against chronic UVR exposure in shallow‐water habitats. Objectives To determine if palythine, a photostable model MAA, could offer protection against a range of UVR‐induced damage biomarkers that are important in skin cancer and photoageing. Methods HaCaT human keratinocytes were used to assess the photoprotective potential of palythine using a number of end points including cell viability, DNA damage (nonspecific, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidatively generated damage), gene expression changes (linked to inflammation, photoageing and oxidative stress) and oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism was investigated using chemical quenching and Nrf2 pathway activation assays. Results Palythine offered statistically significant protection (P < 0·005) against all end points tested even at extremely low concentrations (0·3% w/v). Additionally, palythine was found to be a potent antioxidant, reducing oxidatively generated stress, even when added after exposure. Conclusions Palythine is an extremely effective multifunctional photoprotective molecule in vitro that has potential to be developed as a natural and biocompatible alternative to currently approved UVR filters. What's already known about this topic? Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are photoprotective molecules found in marine organisms but there are few data on their ability to protect skin cells from the adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is concerned about the potential adverse health and ecotoxic effects of eight of 16 commonly used sunscreen filters in Europe. The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme has expressed similar concerns.
What does this study add? Palythine, an MAA extracted from an edible seaweed, affords photoprotection against a wide range of adverse effects in HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to solar simulating and ultraviolet A radiation. Of note is protection against two types of DNA photolesions; cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine. Palythine is also a potent antioxidant that offers protection even when added after UVR exposure.
What is the translational message? MAAs should be considered for development as natural biocompatible sunscreens that may address the concerns of the ECHA and EEAP.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16598. https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lawrence
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Gacesa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - P F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
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Fajuyigbe D, Lwin SM, Diffey BL, Baker R, Tobin DJ, Sarkany RPE, Young AR. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes. FASEB J 2018; 32:3700-3706. [PMID: 29394104 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal DNA damage, especially to the basal layer, is an established cause of keratinocyte cancers (KCs). Large differences in KC incidence (20- to 60-fold) between white and black populations are largely attributable to epidermal melanin photoprotection in the latter. The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is the most mutagenic DNA photolesion; however, most studies suggest that melanin photoprotection against CPD is modest and cannot explain the considerable skin color-based differences in KC incidence. Along with melanin quantity, solar-simulated radiation-induced CPD assessed immediately postexposure in the overall epidermis and within 3 epidermal zones was compared in black West Africans and fair Europeans. Melanin in black skin protected against CPD by 8.0-fold in the overall epidermis and by 59.0-, 16.5-, and 5.0-fold in the basal, middle, and upper epidermis, respectively. Protection was related to the distribution of melanin, which was most concentrated in the basal layer of black skin. These results may explain, at least in part, the considerable skin color differences in KC incidence. These data suggest that a DNA protection factor of at least 60 is necessary in sunscreens to reduce white skin KC incidence to a level that is comparable with that of black skin.-Fajuyigbe, D., Lwin, S. M., Diffey, B. L., Baker, R., Tobin, D. J., Sarkany, R. P. E., Young, A. R. Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su M Lwin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian L Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P E Sarkany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Guan L, Suggs A, Galan E, Lam M, Baron ED. Topical application of ST266 reduces UV-induced skin damage. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10:459-471. [PMID: 29184429 PMCID: PMC5689067 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s147112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has a significant impact on human skin and is the major environmental factor for skin cancer formation. It is also believed that 80% of the signs of skin aging are attributed to UVR. UVR induces inflammatory changes in the skin via the increase in oxidative stress, DNA damage vascular permeability, and fluctuation in a myriad of cytokines. Acutely, UVR causes skin inflammation and DNA damage, which manifest as sunburn (erythema). ST266 is the secretome of proprietary amnion-derived cells that have been shown to reduce inflammation and accelerate healing of various wounds by promoting migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in preclinical animal studies. We hypothesized that ST266 has anti-inflammatory effects that can be used to reduce ultraviolet (UV) erythema and markers of inflammation. In this study, we examined the in vivo effects of ST266 on post UV-irradiated skin by measuring erythema, level of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), and expression level of xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA). We demonstrated that ST266 has the potential to reduce the acute effects of UV-induced skin damage when applied immediately after the initial exposure. In addition, ST266 is shown to reduce erythema, increase XPA DNA repair protein, and decrease damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Guan
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Amanda Suggs
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Emily Galan
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Minh Lam
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Elma D Baron
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Bustamante M, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Sarria Y, Harrison GI, Nonell L, Kang W, Friedländer MR, Estivill X, González JR, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Young AR. The acute effects of ultraviolet radiation on the blood transcriptome are independent of plasma 25OHD 3. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:239-248. [PMID: 28822308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of many health outcomes attributed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that they may originate from transcriptional changes in blood cells. This was determined by assessing the effect of fluorescent solar simulated radiation (FSSR) on the transcriptional profile of peripheral blood pre- and 6h, 24h and 48h post-exposure in nine healthy volunteers. Expression of 20 genes was down-regulated and one was up-regulated at 6h after FSSR. All recovered to baseline expression at 24h or 48h. These genes have been associated with immune regulation, cancer and blood pressure; health effects attributed to vitamin D via solar UVR exposure. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25OHD3] levels increased over time after FSSR and were maximal at 48h. The increase was more pronounced in participants with low basal 25OHD3 levels. Mediation analyses suggested that changes in gene expression due to FSSR were independent of 25OHD3 and blood cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yaris Sarria
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graham I Harrison
- King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
| | - Lara Nonell
- Servei d'Anàlisi de Microarrays, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenjing Kang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc R Friedländer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antony R Young
- King's College London (KCL), St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK.
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Yang CC, Hung CF, Chen BH. Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6559-6580. [PMID: 28919754 PMCID: PMC5592955 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee grounds, a waste by-product generated after making coffee, contains approximately 15% coffee oil which can be used as a raw material in cosmetics. Algae oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been demonstrated to possess anticancer and anti-inflammation functions. The objectives of this study were to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of fatty acids in coffee oil and algae oil and prepare a nanoemulsion for studying its inhibition effect on ultraviolet A-induced skin damage in mice and growth of melanoma cells B16-F10. A total of 8 and 5 fatty acids were separated and quantified in coffee oil and algae oil by GC-MS, respectively, with linoleic acid (39.8%) dominating in the former and DHA (33.9%) in the latter. A nanoemulsion with a particle size of 30 nm, zeta potential -72.72 mV, and DHA encapsulation efficiency 100% was prepared by using coffee oil, algae oil, surfactant (20% Span 80 and 80% Tween 80), and deionized water. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed a high stability of nanoemulsion when heated up to 110°C at a pH 6, whereas no significant changes in particle size distribution and pH occurred over a 90-day storage period at 4°C. Animal experiments showed that a dose of 0.1% coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion was effective in mitigating trans-epidermal water loss, skin erythema, melanin formation, and subcutaneous blood flow. Cytotoxicity test implied effective inhibition of melanoma cell growth by nanoemulsion with an IC50 value of 26.5 µg/mL and the cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase. A dose-dependent upregulation of p53, p21, cyclin B, and cyclin A expressions and downregulation of CDK1 and CDK2 occurred. Also, both Bax and cytochrome c expressions were upregulated and bcl-2 expression downregulated, accompanied by a rise in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities for apoptosis execution. Collectively, the apoptosis pathway of melanoma cells B16-F10 may involve both mitochondria and death receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Young AR, Claveau J, Rossi AB. Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: Photobiology and sunscreen photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76:S100-S109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fajuyigbe D, Young AR. The impact of skin colour on human photobiological responses. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:607-618. [PMID: 27454804 PMCID: PMC5132026 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts both beneficial and adverse effects on human skin. Epidemiological studies show a lower incidence of skin cancer in people with pigmented skins compared to fair skins. This is attributed to photoprotection by epidermal melanin, as is the poorer vitamin D status of those with darker skins. We summarize a wide range of photobiological responses across different skin colours including DNA damage and immunosuppression. Some studies show the generally modest photoprotective properties of melanin, but others show little or no effect. DNA photodamage initiates non‐melanoma skin cancer and is reduced by a factor of about 3 in pigmented skin compared with white skin. This suggests that if such a modest reduction in DNA damage can result in the significantly lower skin cancer incidence in black skin, the use of sunscreen protection might be extremely beneficial for susceptible population. Many contradictory results may be explained by protocol differences, including differences in UVR spectra and exposure protocols. We recommend that skin type comparisons be done with solar‐simulated radiation and standard erythema doses or physical doses (J/m2) rather than those based solely on clinical endpoints such as minimal erythema dose (MED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilola Fajuyigbe
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony R Young
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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Topical application of superoxide dismutase mediated by HIV-TAT peptide attenuates UVB-induced damages in human skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:286-94. [PMID: 27460952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether topical application of superoxide dismutase with cell penetrating peptide (HIV-TAT) could protect against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in humans. The permeability through stratum corneum of large proteins linked to TAT peptide was firstly confirmed by confocal microscopy and tape stripping. Ten healthy volunteers with either Fitzpatrick skin type II or III were recruited in this clinical study. TAT-SOD (300units/cm(2)) and vehicle cream were applied on two symmetric areas of both inner upper arms 1h prior to UVB irradiation. After one hour of pretreatment, subjects received 10 incremental doses of UVB on pretreated areas. 24h later, erythema, blood flow and apoptotic cells were measured. Pretreatment with TAT-SOD 1h prior to UVB radiation promoted a mean minimal erythema dose (MED) increase of 36.6±18.4% (p=0.013<0.05. n=10) compared to vehicle control. The median blood flow values of all subjects following 2 and 3-MED of UVB were 107.8±51.0units and 239.5±88.0units respectively, which account for 26% and 25% decrease with respect to vehicle groups. These data suggest that TAT-SOD significantly suppresses UVB induced erythema formation and blood flow rise. Furthermore, pretreatment with TAT-SOD 1h prior to 2-MED of UVB irradiation reduced the apoptotic sunburn cell formation by 47.6±8.6% (p<0.0001) in all subjects. Evaluating results generated from all measurements, we conclude that topical application of TAT-SOD significantly attenuates UVB-induced skin damage in man. These biological effects of TAT-SOD are probably mediated via its free radical scavenging properties, clearly differentiating it from other physical sunscreen agents.
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Martinez-Levasseur LM, Furgal CM, Hammill MO, Burness G. Towards a Better Understanding of the Effects of UV on Atlantic Walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus: A Study Combining Histological Data with Local Ecological Knowledge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152122. [PMID: 27049757 PMCID: PMC4822789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Walruses, Odobenus rosmarus, play a key role in the Arctic ecosystem, including northern Indigenous communities, which are reliant upon walruses for aspects of their diet and culture. However, walruses face varied environmental threats including rising sea-water temperatures and decreasing ice cover. An underappreciated threat may be the large amount of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) that continues to reach the Arctic as a result of ozone loss. UV has been shown to negatively affect whales. Like whales, walrus skin is unprotected by fur, but in contrast, walruses spend long periods of time hauled-out on land. In this study, we combined the results of histological analyses of skin sections from five Atlantic walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, collected in Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada) with qualitative data obtained through the interviews of 33 local walrus hunters and Inuit Elders. Histological analyses allowed us to explore UV-induced cellular lesions and interviews with experienced walrus hunters and Elders helped us to study the incidences and temporal changes of UV-induced gross lesions in walruses. At the microscopic scale, we detected a range of skin abnormalities consistent with UV damage. However, currently such UV effects do not seem to be widely observed at the whole-animal level (i.e., absence of skin blistering, erythema, eye cataract) by individuals interviewed. Although walruses may experience skin damage under normal everyday UV exposure, the long-term data from local walrus hunters and Inuit Elders did not report a relation between the increased sun radiation secondary to ozone loss and walrus health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Martinez-Levasseur
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (GB); (LMML)
| | - Chris M. Furgal
- Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Resource Studies and Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike O. Hammill
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (GB); (LMML)
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Diffey BL, Osterwalder U, Herzog B. Suntanning with sunscreens: a comparison with sunbed tanning. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:307-14. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences; Institute of Cellular Medicine; University of Newcastle; Newcastle UK
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Pérez Ferriols A, Aguilera J, Aguilera P, de Argila D, Barnadas M, de Cabo X, Carrrascosa J, de Gálvez Aranda M, Gardeazábal J, Giménez-Arnau A, Lecha M, Lorente J, Martínez-Lozano J, Rodríguez Granados M, Sola Y, Utrillas M. Determinación de la dosis eritemática mínima y reacciones anómalas a radiación ultravioleta A según fototipo. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014; 105:780-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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