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Schaier M, Wolf RC, Kubera K, Nagel S, Bartsch A, Zeier M, Bendszus M, Herweh C. Vasogenic Brain Edema During Maintenance Hemodialysis : Preliminary Results from Tract-based Spatial Statistics and Voxel-based Morphometry. Clin Neuroradiol 2019; 31:217-224. [PMID: 31848644 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodialysis (HD), especially when first initiated, can cause neurological deterioration. Presumably this is due to transient cerebral edema, which has been observed using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in experimental and human studies; however, this has not been investigated under maintenance hemodialysis (mHD). Moreover, there are no studies to date investigating regional effects of mHD on grey and white matter volumes. METHODS In this study eight patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) were examined immediately before and after mHD sessions with multimodal MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and high-resolution structural imaging. Additionally, eight healthy, age-matched and sex-matched controls were examined for comparison. Data were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics and voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS At baseline, ESRD patients had significantly reduced values of fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity as well as bilaterally reduced grey matter volume in the insula, compared with controls. After the mHD session, FA further decreased while axial, radial, and mean diffusivity significantly increased ubiquitously throughout the white matter. Voxel-based morphometry revealed a corresponding significant increase in white matter volume in the central right hemisphere and splenium, as well as in cortical grey matter in the anterior medial frontal and cingulate cortex. None of the patients showed neurological deterioration. CONCLUSION In this study ESRD patients showed white matter changes indicative of chronic microstructural damage when compared with healthy controls, as previously reported. In addition, patients showed signs of a transient extracellular cerebral edema, which has not yet been observed in the absence of neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaier
- Department of Medicine I (Nephrology), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Bartsch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zeier
- Department of Medicine I (Nephrology), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Herweh
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Complex regional pain syndrome: a focus on the autonomic nervous system. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:457-467. [PMID: 31104164 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although autonomic features are part of the diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the role of the autonomic nervous system in CRPS pathophysiology has been downplayed in recent years. The purpose of this review is to redress this imbalance. METHODS We focus in this review on the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to CRPS pathophysiology. In particular, we discuss regional sympathetic and systemic autonomic disturbances in CRPS and the mechanisms which may underlie them, and consider links between these mechanisms, immune disturbances and pain. RESULTS The focused literature research revealed that immune reactions, alterations in receptor populations (e.g., upregulation of adrenoceptors and reduced cutaneous nerve fiber density) and central changes in autonomic drive seem to contribute to regional and systemic disturbances in sympathetic activity and to sympathetically maintained pain in CRPS. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that alterations in the sympathetic nervous system contribute to CRPS pathology. Understanding these alterations may be an important step towards providing appropriate treatments for CRPS.
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3
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Baker J, Paturel JR, Kimpinski K. Impaired cortical autonomic responses during sympathetic activation in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension characterized by postganglionic autonomic dysfunction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1210-1217. [PMID: 30332348 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00245.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is a cardinal feature of autonomic dysfunction. The cortical autonomic network (CAN) is a network of brain regions associated with autonomic function. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether impairment of CAN structures is involved in the pathophysiology of NOH. Fifteen controls (63 ± 13 yr) and 15 NOH patients (67 ± 6 yr; P = 0.2) with peripheral autonomic dysfunction completed standard tests of parasympathetic [deep breathing (DB)] and sympathetic [Valsalva maneuver (VM)] activation during a functional MRI. Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrasts were obtained and contrasted. Compared with controls, patients had significantly smaller heart rate responses to DB (control: 15.23 ± 9.6 vs. NOH: 5.7 ± 2.1) and Valsalva ratios (control: 2.1 ± 0.47 vs. NOH: 1.2 ± 0.1; P < 0.001). NOH patients had absent adrenergic phases (late phase II and phase IV) during VM as per a qualitative analysis. During VM, controls had greater activation in the right hippocampus (T-value: 8.03), left posterior cingulate (TL: 7.6), and bilateral thalamus (TR: 7.41, TL: 8.45; P < 0.05). During phase IV, controls had greater activation in the right hippocampus (TR: 5.78l P < 0.05). Following subtraction analysis, no significant differences were evident during DB. In conclusion, NOH patients have significantly less CAN activation during sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, activation. Impaired CANs associated with sympathetic activation may be involved in the pathophysiology of NOH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is a cardinal feature of autonomic dysfunction characterized by failure of reflexive sympathetic activation. Our result reveal that patients with autonomic dysfunction caused by postganglionic sympathetic impairment also have impaired activation of structures within the cortical autonomic network. Impaired activation is evident during a test of sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, activation. Impaired cortical autonomic networks associated with sympathetic activation may be involved in the pathophysiology of NOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie Baker
- School of Kinesiology, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre , London, Ontario , Canada
| | - Justin R Paturel
- School of Kinesiology, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre , London, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kurt Kimpinski
- School of Kinesiology, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre , London, Ontario , Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada
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4
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Lecours A, Piché M. Complex regional pain syndrome: From diagnosis to rehabilitation. World J Anesthesiol 2014; 3:46-60. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v3.i1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating pathology characterised by intense chronic pain associated with vasomotor, sensory and motor dysfunction of the affected limb. Although the pathophysiology of CRPS is not fully understood, it is recognised that inflammatory processes and autonomic dysfunction are involved. These processes are associated with peripheral and central sensitisation as well as changes in brain structure and function, and are reflected in the clinical presentation of CRPS. CRPS management requires an interdisciplinary team and requires the therapeutic approach to be individualised. With regard to pharmacological treatment, bisphosphonates, corticosteroids, ketamine and anticonvulsants have been demonstrated to be effective for CRPS management. Psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioural therapy, has produced promising results but more studies are needed to confirm its efficacy. Among rehabilitation interventions, there is evidence of the efficacy of physiotherapy and occupational therapy in diminishing CRPS symptoms and achieving a higher level of functioning. In this regard, the rehabilitation modality that seems the most promising according to the actual literature is graded motor imagery, which can help to reverse the maladaptive neuroplasticity occurring in CRPS.
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5
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Shirtcliff EA, Vitacco MJ, Graf AR, Gostisha AJ, Merz JL, Zahn-Waxler C. Neurobiology of empathy and callousness: implications for the development of antisocial behavior. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2009; 27:137-71. [PMID: 19319834 PMCID: PMC2729461 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Information on the neurobiology of empathy and callousness provides clinicians with an opportunity to develop sophisticated understanding of mechanisms underpinning antisocial behavior and its counterpart, moral decision-making. This article provides an integrated in-depth review of hormones (e.g. peripheral steroid hormones such as cortisol) and brain structures (e.g. insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala) implicated in empathy, callousness, and psychopathic-like behavior. The overarching goal of this article is to relate these hormones and brain structures to moral decision-making. This review will begin in the brain, but will then integrate information about biological functioning in the body, specifically stress-reactivity. Our aim is to integrate understanding of neural processes with hormones such as cortisol, both of which have demonstrated relationships to empathy, psychopathy, and antisocial behavior. The review proposes that neurobiological impairments in individuals who display little empathy are not necessarily due to a reduced ability to understand the emotions of others. Instead, evidence suggests that individuals who show little arousal to the distress of others likewise show decreased physiological arousal to their own distress; one manifestation of reduced stress reactivity may be a dysfunction in empathy, which supports psychopathic-like constructs (e.g. callousness). This integration will assist in the development of objective methodologies that can inform and monitor treatment interventions focused on decreasing antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Shirtcliff
- University of New Orleans, 2006 Geology/Psychology Building, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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6
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Geha PY, Baliki MN, Harden RN, Bauer WR, Parrish TB, Apkarian AV. The brain in chronic CRPS pain: abnormal gray-white matter interactions in emotional and autonomic regions. Neuron 2009; 60:570-81. [PMID: 19038215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating pain condition accompanied by autonomic abnormalities. We investigated gray matter morphometry and white matter anisotropy in CRPS patients and matched controls. Patients exhibited a disrupted relationship between white matter anisotropy and whole-brain gray matter volume; gray matter atrophy in a single cluster encompassing right insula, right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and right nucleus accumbens; and a decrease in fractional anisotropy in the left cingulum-callosal bundle. Reorganization of white matter connectivity in these regions was characterized by branching pattern alterations, as well as increased (VMPFC to insula) and decreased (VMPFC to basal ganglion) connectivity. While regional atrophy differentially related to pain intensity and duration, the strength of connectivity between specific atrophied regions related to anxiety. These abnormalities encompass emotional, autonomic, and pain perception regions, implying that they likely play a critical role in the global clinical picture of CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y Geha
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Sanches R, Crippa J, Hallak J, de Sousa J, Araújo D, Santos A, Zuardi A. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal, cingulate and perirolandic cortices and its relationship to skin conductance in patients with schizophrenia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:1132-41. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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de Oliveira-Souza R, Hare RD, Bramati IE, Garrido GJ, Azevedo Ignácio F, Tovar-Moll F, Moll J. Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1202-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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9
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Hussain Z, Brooks J, Percy D. Menstrual variation of breast volume and T2 relaxation times in cyclical mastalgia. Radiography (Lond) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Herbert BM, Pollatos O. Interozeptive Sensitivität, Gefühle und Verhaltensregulation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x.19.3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Die zentralnervöse Verarbeitung afferenter Signale aus dem Körperinneren ist nicht nur bei der basalen Kontrolle homöostatischer Prozesse im Körper zur Regulation fundamentaler Adaptationsprozesse des Organismus relevant, sondern spielt zusammen mit der bewussten Perzeptionsgenauigkeit dieser körperlichen Signale („interozeptive Sensitivität“) auch bei der Regulation komplexer kognitiver, emotionaler und behavioraler Prozesse eine nicht zu unterschätzende Rolle. Diese Übersichtsarbeit stellt theoretische Grundlagen zur interozeptiven Sensitivität dar und gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle empirische Forschungsergebnisse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate M. Herbert
- Institut für Neuropsychologie und Klinische Psychologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Neurologische Poliklinik, Department Neurologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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11
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Egger K, Mueller J, Schocke M, Brenneis C, Rinnerthaler M, Seppi K, Trieb T, Wenning GK, Hallett M, Poewe W. Voxel based morphometry reveals specific gray matter changes in primary dystonia. Mov Disord 2007; 22:1538-42. [PMID: 17588241 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed patterns of brain tissue alterations in different types of primary dystonia using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Nine patients with primary generalized dystonia (GD), 11 patients with primary cervical dystonia (CD), and 11 patients with primary focal hand dystonia (FHD) as well as 31 age and gender-matched controls were included. When compared with healthy controls, patients with primary dystonia (n=31) showed gray matter volume increase bilaterally in the globus pallidus internus, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, as well as unilaterally in the left inferior parietal lobe. This is the first study using VBM in patients with different types of primary dystonia, showing a common pattern of gray matter changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Egger
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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12
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Herbert BM, Pollatos O, Schandry R. Interoceptive sensitivity and emotion processing: An EEG study. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 65:214-27. [PMID: 17543405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Theories of emotion consider the self-perception of visceral activity to play an important role in emotion. This study examined the relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and both the subjective emotional experience and the processing of emotional pictures. According to their results in a heartbeat detection task subjects were classified as good (N = 17) or poor (N = 20) heartbeat perceivers. Event-related potentials were recorded while subjects viewed pleasant, neutral and unpleasant pictures and SAM ratings were examined. Good heartbeat perceivers showed significantly greater P300 and slow wave amplitudes for emotional pictures at antero-inferior, medial and posterior electrode sites and experienced a greater arousal for emotional pictures compared to poor heartbeat perceivers. The heartbeat perception score correlated significantly positive both with emotional P300 and slow wave amplitudes as well as with the arousal ratings for emotional pictures. The results indicate that there is a significant and strong association between interoceptive sensitivity and the intensity of emotional experience as well as the central processing of emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate M Herbert
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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13
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Sterzer P, Stadler C, Poustka F, Kleinschmidt A. A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. Neuroimage 2007; 37:335-42. [PMID: 17553706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether brain regions implicated in emotion processing show structural alterations in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). Using an optimized voxel-based morphometry protocol, we compared grey matter volume in 12 patients with CD and 12 age-, sex-, and intelligence-matched control subjects. Grey matter volume in bilateral anterior insular cortex and the left amygdala was significantly reduced in CD patients compared to healthy control subjects. The insular grey matter abnormalities could be attributed to aggressive behaviour. Moreover, bilateral anterior insular grey matter volume in CD patients correlated significantly with empathy scores. These novel findings point at a joint neuroanatomical substrate underpinning aggressive behaviour and impaired capacity of empathy and suggest a critical role for the anterior insula in regulating social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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14
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Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysers C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage 2007; 34:1744-53. [PMID: 17175173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior insula and adjacent frontal operculum (hereafter referred to as IFO) are active during exposure to tastants/odorants (particularly disgusting ones), and during the viewing of disgusted facial expressions. Together with lesion data, the IFO has thus been proposed to be crucial in processing disgust-related stimuli. Here, we examined IFO involvement in the processing of other people's gustatory emotions more generally by exposing participants to food-related disgusted, pleased and neutral facial expressions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We then exposed participants to pleasant, unpleasant and neutral tastants for the purpose of mapping their gustatory IFO. Finally, we associated participants' self reported empathy (measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI) with their IFO activation during the witnessing of others' gustatory emotions. We show that participants' empathy scores were predictive of their gustatory IFO activation while witnessing both the pleased and disgusted facial expression of others. While the IFO has been implicated in the processing of negative emotions of others and empathy for negative experiences like pain, our finding extends this concept to empathy for intense positive feelings, and provides empirical support for the view that the IFO contributes to empathy by mapping the bodily feelings of others onto the internal bodily states of the observer, in agreement with the putative interoceptive function of the IFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbemba Jabbi
- BCN NeuroImaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Hüfner K, Hamilton DA, Kalla R, Stephan T, Glasauer S, Ma J, Brüning R, Markowitsch HJ, Labudda K, Schichor C, Strupp M, Brandt T. Spatial memory and hippocampal volume in humans with unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Hippocampus 2007; 17:471-85. [PMID: 17397043 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acquired chronic bilateral vestibular loss were recently found to have a significant impairment in spatial memory and navigation when tested with a virtual Morris water task. These deficits were associated with selective and bilateral atrophy of the hippocampus, which suggests that spatial memory and navigation also rely on vestibular input. In the present study 16 patients with unilateral vestibular deafferentation due to acoustic neurinoma were examined 5- to 13-yrs post-surgery. Volumetry of the hippocampus was performed in patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls by manually tracing the structure and by an evaluator-independent voxel-based morphometry. Spatial memory and navigation were assessed with a virtual Morris water task. No significant deficits in spatial memory and navigation could be demonstrated in the patients with left vestibular failure, whereas patients with right vestibular loss showed a tendency to perform worse on the respective tests. Impairment was significant only for one computed measure (heading error). The subtle deficiencies with right vestibular loss are compatible with the recently described dominance of the right labyrinth and the vestibular cortex in the right hemisphere. Volumetry did not reveal any atrophy of the hippocampus in either patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Bennett CM, Baird AA. Anatomical changes in the emerging adult brain: a voxel-based morphometry study. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27:766-77. [PMID: 16317714 PMCID: PMC6871409 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has consistently confirmed changes occur in brain morphometry between adolescence and adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to explore anatomical change during a specific environmental transition. High-resolution T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired from 19 participants (mean age at initial scan = 18.6 years) during their freshman year. Scans were completed during the fall term and 6 months later before the conclusion of the school year. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess within-subject change. Significant intensity increases were observed along the right midcingulate, inferior anterior cingulate gyrus, right caudate head, right posterior insula, and bilateral claustrum. Regional changes were not observed in two control groups; one controlling for method and another controlling for age-specific change over time. The results suggest that significant age-related changes in brain structure continue after the age of 18 and may represent dynamic changes related to new environmental challenges. Findings from the regions of change are discussed in the context of specific environmental demands during a period of normative maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Bennett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Moore Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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17
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Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, May JC, Siegle GJ, Gamalo MA, Jennings JR. Anterior cingulate activity correlates with blood pressure during stress. Psychophysiology 2006; 42:627-35. [PMID: 16364058 PMCID: PMC2246096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex presumptively regulates blood pressure reactions to behavioral stressors. There is little evidence in humans, however, that stressor-evoked changes in blood pressure correlate with concurrent changes in anterior cingulate activity. Using fMRI, we tested whether changes in mean arterial blood pressure correlate with ongoing changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in 9 women and 11 men who completed a stressful Stroop color-word interference task. Higher mean arterial pressure during the Stroop task correlated with greater BOLD activation in two regions of the cingulate cortex (perigenual and mid-anterior) and in other networked brain regions, including the insula, thalamus, and periaqueductal gray. These results support the hypothesis that the anterior cingulate cortex regulates blood pressure reactions to behavioral stressors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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18
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Dunn BD, Dalgleish T, Lawrence AD. The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30:239-71. [PMID: 16197997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH; [Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., 1991. Somatic markers and the guidance of behaviour: theory and preliminary testing. In Levin, H.S., Eisenberg, H.M., Benton, A.L. (Eds.), Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 217-229]) proposes that emotion-based biasing signals arising from the body are integrated in higher brain regions, in particular the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), to regulate decision-making in situations of complexity. Evidence for the SMH is largely based on performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; [Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Damasio, A.R., 1996. Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 6 (2), 215-225]), linking anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs) to successful performance on a decision-making paradigm in healthy participants. These 'marker' signals were absent in patients with VMPFC lesions and were associated with poorer IGT performance. The current article reviews the IGT findings, arguing that their interpretation is undermined by the cognitive penetrability of the reward/punishment schedule, ambiguity surrounding interpretation of the psychophysiological data, and a shortage of causal evidence linking peripheral feedback to IGT performance. Further, there are other well-specified and parsimonious explanations that can equally well account for the IGT data. Next, lesion, neuroimaging, and psychopharmacology data evaluating the proposed neural substrate underpinning the SMH are reviewed. Finally, conceptual reservations about the novelty, parsimony and specification of the SMH are raised. It is concluded that while presenting an elegant theory of how emotion influences decision-making, the SMH requires additional empirical support to remain tenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby D Dunn
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK.
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Rosen HJ, Allison SC, Schauer GF, Gorno-Tempini ML, Weiner MW, Miller BL. Neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural disorders in dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:2612-25. [PMID: 16195246 PMCID: PMC1820861 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with profound changes in social and emotional function. The emergence of increasingly sophisticated methods for measuring brain volume has facilitated correlation of local changes in tissue content with cognitive and behavioural changes in neurodegenerative disease. The current study examined neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural abnormalities, as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, in 148 patients with dementia using voxel-based morphometry. Of 12 behaviours examined, 4 correlated with tissue loss: apathy, disinhibition, eating disorders and aberrant motor behaviour. Increasing severity across these four behaviours was associated with tissue loss in the ventral portion of the right anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and adjacent ventromedial superior frontal gyrus (vmSFG), the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) more posteriorly, the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, the right caudate head, the right orbitofrontal cortex and the right anterior insula. In addition, apathy was independently associated with tissue loss in the right vmSFG, disinhibition with tissue loss in the right subgenual cingulate gyrus in the VMPC, and aberrant motor behaviour with tissue loss in the right dorsal ACC and left premotor cortex. These data strongly support the involvement of the right hemisphere in mediating social and emotional behaviour and highlight the importance of distinct regions on the medial wall of the right frontal lobe in regulating different behaviours. Furthermore, the findings underscore the utility of studying patients with dementia for understanding the neuroanatomical basis of social and emotional functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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Rosen HJ, Wilson MR, Schauer GF, Allison S, Gorno-Tempini ML, Pace-Savitsky C, Kramer JH, Levenson RW, Weiner M, Miller BL. Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired recognition of emotion in dementia. Neuropsychologia 2005; 44:365-73. [PMID: 16154603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases frequently affect brain regions important for emotional processing, offering a valuable opportunity to study the effects of brain injury on emotion. The current study examined the neuroanatomical correlates of impaired recognition of emotions in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Performance on recognition of facial expressions, as measured by the Florida Affect Battery, was correlated with regional changes in gray matter tissue content in 50 patients with neurodegenerative disease using voxel-based morphometry. Recognition accuracy in the group was poor for negative emotions (fear, anger and sadness) and good for happiness, consistent with previous studies. For negative emotions, a region in the right lateral inferior temporal gyrus (Brodman's area (BA) 20) extending into the right middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) was correlated with accuracy. This effect appeared to be strongest for sadness, which was also independently correlated with atrophy in the superior temporal gyrus. These data suggest that regions in the right lateral and inferolateral temporal lobe are important for visual processing of negative emotions from faces and that functioning of this right temporal network is most critical for recognition of sad faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Rosen
- University of California at San Francisco Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, 350 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 706, Box 1207, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA.
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Eckert MA, Leonard CM, Wilke M, Eckert M, Richards T, Richards A, Berninger V. Anatomical signatures of dyslexia in children: unique information from manual and voxel based morphometry brain measures. Cortex 2005; 41:304-15. [PMID: 15871596 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen male control and thirteen male dyslexic children (age, 121-152 months) were studied to determine if voxel based morphometry (VBM) could identify anatomical differences in the right cerebellar anterior lobe, and right and left pars triangularis that were identified with manual measures of the same children. VBM demonstrated significant gray and white matter differences in these three brain regions. In contrast to the manual results, these differences were not significant after controlling for brain volume, suggesting the manual measures captured additional important variance that distinguished the groups. Post-hoc VBM comparisons demonstrated white matter volume differences in a left temporal-parietal region that are consistent in location with results from diffusion tensor imaging studies of dyslexia. The VBM analyses also identified, gray matter volume differences in the left and right lingual gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and cerebellum, areas that had not been examined with manual methods. We conclude that manual and automated methods provide valuable and complementary approaches to the search for functionally significant neurobiological characteristics of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Eckert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
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Etgen T, Draganski B, Ilg C, Schröder M, Geisler P, Hajak G, Eisensehr I, Sander D, May A. Bilateral thalamic gray matter changes in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neuroimage 2005; 24:1242-7. [PMID: 15670702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder of a primary unpleasant sensation with an urge to move the legs occurring at rest. The etiology of idiopathic RLS is unknown and structural cerebral abnormalities have so far not been detected. We studied 51 right-handed patients with an idiopathic restless legs syndrome in two independent samples (Regensburg RLS-group: n = 28, Munich RLS-group: n = 23) and compared them to 51 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. High-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of each subject was obtained and analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to detect regionally specific differences in gray matter between patients and controls. Conjunction analysis was used to combine results from both centers. In patients with idiopathic RLS, both study centers observed independently a bilateral gray matter increase in the pulvinar. In the conjunction analysis including all patients and controls from both study centers, a significant gray matter increase in the pulvinar bilaterally (right: x = 16, y = -21, z = 12, Z = 4.57; left: x = -16, y = -24, z = 12, Z = 4.10) was present. This is the first demonstration of structural changes in the brain of patients with idiopathic RLS. These changes in thalamic structures are either involved in the pathogenesis of RLS or may reflect a consequence of chronic increase in afferent input of behaviorally relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorleif Etgen
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich (TU), Germany
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Abstract
A neuroanatomical description of dyslexia has been elusive, due in part to the complex cognitive nature of dyslexia. People with dyslexia have varying degrees of impairment in reading skills that engage oral and written language (reading) neural networks. Although findings for the inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum have been relatively consistent across studies, these studies also demonstrate that anatomical patterns of results vary according to the reading skills that characterize dyslexia. The number and likelihood of atypical anatomical findings in oral and/or written language systems appears to be related to the pattern of impairments in measures of phonology, orthography, and fluency. A comprehensive neurobiological understanding of dyslexia will depend on studies of dyslexic individuals with homogeneous perceptual, cognitive, and genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eckert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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