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Scheibein F, McGirr K, Morrison A, Roche W, Wells JSG. An exploratory non-randomized study of a 3-month electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) intervention with people accessing a homeless supported temporary accommodation service (STA) in Ireland. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:73. [PMID: 33046080 PMCID: PMC7549237 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is endemic amongst people accessing homeless services, and they are disproportionately affected by smoking-related diseases. This paper reports on the results of a 3-month small scale intervention which explored the efficacy, challenges and opportunities of using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to support cessation of tobacco smoking with people accessing an Irish supported temporary accommodation (STA) homeless service. It considers the results of this intervention with reference to the balance of harms between the use of vaping to support smoking cessation and continued smoking. METHODS Twenty-three participants were recruited. Demographic data, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements, homelessness status and smoking history were recorded. Participants were given an ENDS device and two 10-ml bottles containing e-liquid available in several flavours and at several strengths. Participants could pick up new bottles on a weekly basis. At weeks 1, 4, 8 and 12, the Fagerström Test and Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS) were administered. RESULTS Over 75% of the residents in the participating hostel were recruited (23/30). However, there was a substantial loss to follow-up (n = 14) as a result of data protection issues, the transient nature of the population of interest and non-compliance with the intervention. Self-reported reductions in cigarette consumption were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, reductions in carbon monoxide measurements were not statistically significant. Decreases in Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test were statistically significant (p = 0.001), but decreases in MPSS "urge to smoke" and "strength of urges" composite scores were not. Reported side effects included coughing, runny nose, bleeding nose, slight sweating, dizziness, increased phlegm and a burning sensation at the back of the throat. Barriers to engagement were peer norms, vaping restrictions in accommodation and adverse life events. Positive effects reported included increased energy, less coughing, better breathing and financial benefits. An improvement in the domain "poor concentration" was also found to be statistically significant (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION ENDS-based interventions may be effective with this population. Future research should aim to improve follow-up, consider including behavioural components and monitor health effects in relation to ongoing concerns around risks and the balance of harms. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered retrospectively ISRCTN14767579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Scheibein
- School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
| | - Kevin McGirr
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Warren Roche
- Nutritional Research Centre Ireland, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
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A 10-year prospective-longitudinal study of daily hassles and incident psychopathology among adolescents and young adults: interactions with gender, perceived coping efficacy, and negative life events. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1353-1362. [PMID: 28889251 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively examine whether higher daily hassles predict a variety of incident mental disorders and respective associations vary by gender, age, perceived coping efficacy and number of negative life events. METHODS Data comes from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective-longitudinal study among adolescents and young adults from the community (n = 2797, aged 14-24 at baseline) followed up in up to 3 assessment waves over 10 years. Mental disorders were assessed at each wave using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Daily hassles, perceived coping efficacy, and negative life events were assessed at baseline using the Daily Hassles Scale, Scale for Self-Control and Coping Skills, and Munich Life Event List. RESULTS In logistic regressions adjusted for gender, age, other mental disorders, perceived coping efficacy and number of negative life events at baseline, higher daily hassles at baseline predicted the incidence of any anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, any affective disorder, and major depressive episodes at follow-up (OR 1.2-1.9 per standard deviation). Daily hassles interacted with perceived coping efficacy at baseline in predicting incident panic attacks (OR 1.3) and panic disorder (OR 1.3) at follow-up, i.e., higher daily hassles only predicted incident panic pathology among individuals with low perceived coping efficacy (OR 1.6-2.0) but not high perceived coping efficacy. Moreover, the associations between daily hassles and incident mental disorders partially varied by gender and age but not by negative life events at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Targeted stress management interventions among individuals with increased daily hassles might be useful to prevent the onset of anxiety and affective disorders.
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Kim K, Park H. Gender differences in the association between self-reported stress and cigarette smoking in Korean adolescents. Tob Induc Dis 2016; 14:19. [PMID: 27274720 PMCID: PMC4891905 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between stress and smoking among Korean adolescents, as well as the influence of gender on this relationship. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 3930 adolescents aged 12–18 years, collected in the 2007–2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Results An increased level of self-reported stress was positively associated with increasing levels of smoking in both girls and boys (p for trend < 0.001). After adjusting for age, the odds ratios of smoking among girls and boys reporting very high levels of stress were 15.99 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 4.17–61.30) and 2.34 (95 % CI, 1.07–5.11), respectively, compared with those who reported low levels of stress. Conclusions This study found a statistically significant association between stress and smoking among Korean adolescents and this association was stronger in girls than boys. Further research is needed to understand more fully the link between stress and smoking in adolescents, with particular attention to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of International Medical Management, Catholic University of Daegu, Kyungbuk, 38430 Republic of Korea
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Bilsky SA, Feldner MT, Knapp AA, Rojas SM, Leen-Feldner EW. The roles of sex, anxious reactivity to bodily arousal, and anxiety sensitivity in coping motives for cigarette smoking among adolescents. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:147-155. [PMID: 27054780 PMCID: PMC4891293 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that smoking to cope among adolescents is associated with a number of problematic outcomes (e.g., greater smoking frequency, higher rates of dependence). It is thus imperative to better understand factors that may increase the likelihood of smoking to cope among adolescents. Research suggests anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with smoking to cope among adults, although the link between AS and coping motives for cigarette use among youth is less clear. Gender differences have also been noted in AS. The current study investigates this association using a biological challenge paradigm. Specifically, the indirect effects of anxious reactivity to bodily arousal on the relation between the physical and mental AS factors and coping motives for cigarette smoking were examined within a sample of 108 adolescent cigarette smokers. Gender was examined as a moderator. Results suggested significant indirect effects of self-reported anxiety in response to bodily arousal on the relation between physical AS and coping motives for cigarette smoking. This indirect effect was moderated by gender, such that it was significant for females but not males. Models examining AS mental concerns and psychophysiological responding to the challenge were not significant. These results suggest that, relative to their low AS counterparts, female adolescents high in physical concerns respond with elevated anxiety in response to interoceptive arousal and, in turn, endorse elevated coping-related smoking motives. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for understanding the nature and origins of coping-related smoking motives and how such information can be used to inform intervention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Bilsky
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sarah A. Bilsky, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychological Science, Arkansas Interdisciplinary Sciences Laboratory, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701; ; phone: (479) 575-3523; Ellen Leen-Feldner,
| | - Matthew T. Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | - Ashley A. Knapp
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sasha M. Rojas
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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Lijffijt M, Hu K, Swann AC. Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: a translational review. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:83. [PMID: 25101007 PMCID: PMC4101973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma and post-childhood chronic/repeated stress could increase the risk of a substance use disorder by affecting five stages of addiction illness-course: (a) initial experimentation with substances; (b) shifting from experimental to regular use; (c) escalation from regular use to abuse or dependence; (d) motivation to quit; and (e) risk of (re-)lapse. We reviewed the human literature on relationships between stress and addiction illness-course. We explored per illness-course stage: (i) whether childhood trauma and post-childhood chronic/repeated stress have comparable effects and (ii) whether effects cut across classes of substances of abuse. We further discuss potential underlying mechanisms by which stressors may affect illness-course stages for which we relied on evidence from studies in animals and humans. Stress and substances of abuse both activate stress and dopaminergic motivation systems, and childhood trauma and post-childhood stressful events are more chronic and occur more frequently in people who use substances. Stressors increase risk to initiate early use potentially by affecting trait-like factors of risk-taking, decision making, and behavioral control. Stressors also accelerate transition to regular use potentially due to prior effects of stress on sensitization of dopaminergic motivation systems, cross-sensitizing with substances of abuse, especially in people with high trait impulsivity who are more prone to sensitization. Finally, stressors increase risk for abuse and dependence, attenuate motivation to quit, and increase relapse risk potentially by intensified sensitization of motivational systems, by a shift from positive to negative reinforcement due to sensitization of the amygdala by corticotropin releasing factor, and by increased sensitization of noradrenergic systems. Stress generally affects addiction illness-course across stressor types and across classes of substances of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Kesong Hu
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Department of Human Development, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA ; Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston, TX , USA
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Hunte HER, Finlayson TL. The relationship between perceived discrimination and psychotherapeutic and illicit drug misuse in Chicago, IL, USA. J Urban Health 2013; 90:1112-29. [PMID: 24018467 PMCID: PMC3853179 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-013-9822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on several stress-coping frameworks, recent studies have suggested that perceived experiences of discrimination, a psychosocial stressor, may be associated with various risky health behaviors. The 2001 Chicago Community Adult Health Study (n = 3,101), a face-to-face representative probability sample of adults in Chicago, IL, USA, was used to examine the relationship among lifetime everyday discrimination, major discrimination, and the use of illicit and psychotherapeutic drugs for nonmedical reasons. We used negative binomial logistic and multinomial regression analyses controlling for potential confounders. Approximately 17 % of the respondents reported using one or more illicit drugs and/or misusing one or more psychotherapeutic drug. Adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, other stressors and various personality-related characteristics, results from negative binomial regression suggest that respondents who experienced moderate to high levels of everyday discrimination misused on average 1.5 different kinds of drugs more than respondents that experienced relatively low levels of everyday discrimination (p < 0.05). Similarly, an increase in one lifetime major discrimination event was associated with an increase of misusing 1.3 different drugs on average regardless of experiences of everyday discrimination (p < 0.001). When examining the types of drugs misused, results from multinomial logistic regression suggest that everyday discrimination was only associated with illicit drug use alone; however, lifetime major discrimination was associated with increased odds of using any illicit and both illicit/psychotherapeutic drugs. Mental health and substance use clinical providers should be aware of these potential relationships and consider addressing the harmful effects of perceived discrimination, in all patients not only among racial/ethnic minority patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslyn E R Hunte
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA,
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Noor NM, Alwi A. Stressors and well-being in low socio-economic status Malaysian adolescents: The role of resilience resources. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noraini M. Noor
- Department of Psychology; International Islamic University Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Azlin Alwi
- Department of Psychology; International Islamic University Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Hunte HER, Barry AE. Perceived discrimination and DSM-IV-based alcohol and illicit drug use disorders. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:e111-7. [PMID: 23078466 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and alcohol and drug use disorders in a nationally representative sample of African Americans and Black Caribbeans. METHODS With data from the National Survey of American Life Study, we employed multivariable logistic regression analyses--while controlling for potential confounders--to examine the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and substance use disorders on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. RESULTS Every 1 unit increase in the everyday discrimination scale positively predicted alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; P < .01) and drug use (OR = 1.02; P < .05) disorders. Similarly, each additional major discrimination event positively predicted alcohol (OR = 1.10; P < .05) and drug use (OR = 1.15; P < .01) disorders. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine problematic usage patterns rather than infrequent use of alcohol and drugs in a national sample of African American and Black Caribbean adults and the first to examine this particular relationship in a national sample of Black Caribbeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslyn E R Hunte
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Services, and the Center for Poverty and Health Inequity, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Hoeppner BB, Redding CA, Rossi JS, Pallonen UE, Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. Factor structure of decisional balance and temptations scales for smoking: cross-validation in urban female African-American adolescents. Int J Behav Med 2012; 19:217-27. [PMID: 21279493 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-011-9145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transtheoretical model is an influential theoretical model in health psychology, particularly in its application to smoking cessation research. Decisional Balance (DB) and Temptations are key constructs within this framework. PURPOSE This study examines the psychometric properties of the DB and Temptations scales for smoking in a predominantly African-American sample of urban adolescent girls. METHODS We used confirmatory factor analysis to compare the fit of previously published factor structures in smokers (n = 233) and nonsmokers (n = 598). External validity was tested by examining stages of change differences in the retained subscales. RESULTS Results supported the internal and external validity of the DB scale for smokers and nonsmokers. Notably, previously published three-factor (Social Pros, Coping Pros, Cons) and four-factor (Cons split into "Aesthetic Cons" and "Health Cons") models fit equally well, with Cons subscales correlating highly. For Temptations, a previously published three-factor (Negative Affect, Social, Weight Control) hierarchical model fit well in nonsmokers. In smokers, previously published subscales were reliably measured, but their structural relationship remained unclear. Stage difference tests showed medium to large effect sizes of DB and Temptation subscales in smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS The use of DB was validated for both smokers and nonsmokers in this sample of primarily African-American adolescent females, where Cons can be combined or separated into "Aesthetic Cons" and "Health Cons" based on practical utility and preference. For Temptations, more research is needed but large stage differences in Temptations subscales underscore the importance of this concept in smoking acquisition and cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina B Hoeppner
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Weinberger AH, McKee SA. Gender differences in smoking following an implicit mood induction. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 14:621-5. [PMID: 21908458 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is significantly associated with negative affect, which may play an especially important role in the smoking behavior of women. The purpose of this laboratory study was to examine the role of gender in the relationship of negative mood and smoking maintenance for male and female smokers following an implicit mood induction using music. METHODS Ninety adult smokers (50% female) completed a laboratory session during which they were randomly assigned to a negative mood induction, a positive mood induction, or a neutral mood condition. Latency to smoke and number of cigarettes smoked were assessed during an ad libitumsmoking period following the mood induction. RESULTS Female smokers began smoking more quickly following the negative mood induction when compared with males. There were no gender differences in the number of cigarettes smoked or for cravings to smoke by mood condition. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated gender differences in the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior following an implicit and subtle mood manipulation. A better understanding of gender differences in smoking behavior can provide valuable information about mechanisms that maintain smoking behavior and guide treatment development to help adults quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Daily Hassles and African American Adolescent Females’ Psychological Functioning: Direct and Interactive Associations with Gender Role Orientation. SEX ROLES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Delay discounting as a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and cigarette smoking status in adolescents. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:455-60. [PMID: 19730366 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328330dcff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been a wealth of research providing evidence for the relationship between stress and cigarette smoking during adolescence. Despite this knowledge, little is known about possible behavioral mechanisms by which stress exerts its influence on the decision to smoke. This study sought to examine one such behavioral characteristic, delay discounting, that may mediate the relationship between stress and cigarette smoking. Delay discounting generally refers to the discounting of value for outcomes because they are delayed; and high rates of delay discounting have been linked to impulsive behavior. For the current research, adolescent smokers (n = 50) and nonsmokers (n = 50) were compared using a self-report measure of perceived stress and a laboratory assessment of delay discounting. Smokers tended to report higher levels of stress and to discount more by delay, and there was a significant association between reported stress and delay discounting. In addition, delay discounting mediated the relationship between stress and cigarette smoking status. These results suggest that discounting by delay may be a behavior through which stress exerts influence on an adolescent's decision to smoke.
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Swim JK, Johnston K, Pearson NB. Daily Experiences With Heterosexism: Relations Between Heterosexist Hassles and Psychological Well-Being. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.5.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Comparison of Two School-Based Smoking Prevention Programs among South African High School Students: Results of a Randomized Trial. Ann Behav Med 2008; 36:231-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-008-9072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Correlates and predictors of tobacco use among immigrant and refugee youth in a Western Canadian city. J Immigr Minor Health 2008; 10:567-74. [PMID: 18386180 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-008-9136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco control is a priority of the British Columbia Ministry of Health as illnesses associated with tobacco use are the leading cause of preventable death in the province. As a result of increased immigration, British Columbia's demographic profile is becoming more diverse and necessitates approaches to health promotion and disease prevention that are culturally relevant. In order to develop culturally relevant anti-smoking messages and resources for immigrant and refugee youth, surveys were administered to 194 youth to better understand their attitudes towards smoking and to explore predictors of tobacco use. RESULTS Twelve percent of respondents reported smoking all or part of a cigarette within the past 30 days. Male respondents were three times more likely to smoke than female respondents. Logistic regression analysis showed that immigrant and refugee youth were more likely to be non-smokers if they did not have a father who smokes, drank alcohol less frequently and had fewer close friends who smoke. IMPLICATIONS These findings support previous research studies that relate youth smoking to social influences and demonstrate a need to address gender differences, the confluence of smoking and drinking and the significance of family and peer pressure on smoking when designing culturally relevant anti-smoking resources.
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Abstract
This study used Smith and Lazarus's appraisal model to explore nurses' emotional reactions to self-identified distressing work situations. Key situations reported typically involved time or interpersonal pressure, coping with errors at work, difficulties with patients, and managerial conflict. The strongest emotions experienced were anger and frustration. Anxiety and sadness were less endorsed. Most nurses felt able to cope emotionally and problem-solve solutions to the problems they faced. The findings were generally supportive of Smith and Lazarus's theory, with the exception of the emotion of sadness. The implications of the results are discussed.
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Nasim A, Corona R, Belgrave F, Utsey SO, Fallah N. Cultural Orientation as a Protective Factor Against Tobacco and Marijuana Smoking for African American Young Women. J Youth Adolesc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-006-9097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jackson B, Kubzansky LD, Wright RJ. Linking Perceived Unfairness to Physical Health: The Perceived Unfairness Model. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.10.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Can perceiving unfairness influence physical health? To address this question the authors propose the Perceived Unfairness Model, synthesized from psychological and epidemiological research. The model starts from the premise that perceiving unfairness, directed at beings to which the perceiver is emotionally attached, activates a cascade of psychological and physical processes. This cascade may be experienced by low or high status group members, and by the target or observer of the perceived unfairness. With repeated episodes, the effects of perceiving unfairness may accumulate and compromise physical health. Whether perceiving unfairness is potentially toxic or benign is a function of two key components of social location: identity relevance and helplessness to redress the unfairness. The authors conclude by discussing directions for developing the model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's, Hospital/Harvard Medical School
- Harvard School of Public Health
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Initial Development of a New Measure of Minor Stress for Adolescents: The Adolescent Minor Stress Inventory. J Youth Adolesc 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-005-4303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Resnick EM, Keitt SK, Marts SA. A report from the Society for Women's Health Research. Lung Cancer 2005; 47:427-33. [PMID: 15782441 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bennett GG, Wolin KY, Robinson EL, Fowler S, Edwards CL. Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:238-40. [PMID: 15671457 PMCID: PMC1449159 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.037812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use in 2129 African American college students in North Carolina. Age-adjusted and multivariate analyses evaluated the effect of harassment on daily and less-than-daily tobacco use. Harassed participants were twice as likely to use tobacco daily (odds ratio = 2.01; 95% confidence interval=1.94, 2.08) compared with those with no reported harassment experiences. Experiences of racial/ethnic harassment may contribute to tobacco use behaviors among some African American young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Bennett
- Harvard School of Public Health and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Community-Based Research, 44 Binney St, SM256, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans experience disproportionate smoking-related mortality. Because established smoking during youth predisposes to adult smoking and serious health consequences, characterizing ethnic differences in adolescent smokers' self-quit attempts may inform ethnic-specific approaches to youth smoking cessation. METHODS African American and European American teenage smokers applying to a teenage smoking cessation study (2000-2003) provided smoking-related data, including characteristics of previous cessation attempts and prior use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Tobacco dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS Of 980 (15.5 +/- 1.3 years, 41.8% African American, 59.9% female) participants, African Americans boys were significantly less likely than European American boys to report a prior quit attempt (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.73, P = 0.0049) or to have used NRT (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-0.998, P = 0.049) after adjusting for years smoked and FTND score. African American girls were more likely to report a prior request for cessation treatment than European American girls after adjusting for FTND and years smoked (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.37-3.48, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS While increasing education and outreach to African American boys and enhancing access to formal cessation programs for African American girls who smoke may be beneficial, our findings warrant extension to non-treatment-seeking teenage smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Moolchan
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Unger JB, Hamilton JE, Sussman S. A Family Member's Job Loss as a Risk Factor for Smoking Among Adolescents. Health Psychol 2004; 23:308-13. [PMID: 15099172 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Life events are associated with an increased likelihood of adolescent smoking. This study examined a family member's job loss as a predictor of smoking initiation over a 1-year period. Southern California students completed surveys in 6th and 7th grade. Of the 2,168 students, 252 (12%) reported that an adult in the household had lost a job within the past 6 months. Controlling for demographic, socioeconomic. educational, and parenting characteristics. 6th-grade never-smokers who reported a job loss were significantly more likely to have tried smoking by 7th grade and to have smoked in the past 30 days. Job loss for a household member is a risk factor for adolescents' involvement in problem behaviors such as smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Unger
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA.
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