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Li K, Guo Z, Bai L. Digitoxose as powerful glycosyls for building multifarious glycoconjugates of natural products and un-natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:701-712. [PMID: 38868608 PMCID: PMC11167396 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Digitoxose, a significant 2,6-dideoxyhexose found in nature, exists in many small-molecule natural products. These digitoxose-containing natural products can be divided into steroids, macrolides, macrolactams, anthracyclines, quinones, enediynes, acyclic polyene, indoles and oligosaccharides, that exhibit antibacterial, anti-viral, antiarrhythmic, and antitumor activities respectively. As most of digitoxose-containing natural products for clinical application or preclinical tests, this review also summarizes the biosynthesis of digitoxose, and application of compound diversification by introducing sugar plasmids. It may provide a practical approach to expanding the diversity of digitoxose-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemeng Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liping Bai
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
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2
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Nuutila A, Xiao X, van der Heul HU, van Wezel GP, Dinis P, Elsayed SS, Metsä-Ketelä M. Divergence of Classical and C-Ring-Cleaved Angucyclines: Elucidation of Early Tailoring Steps in Lugdunomycin and Thioangucycline Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1131-1141. [PMID: 38668630 PMCID: PMC11106748 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Angucyclines are an important group of microbial natural products that display tremendous chemical diversity. Classical angucyclines are composed of a tetracyclic benz[a]anthracene scaffold with one ring attached at an angular orientation. However, in atypical angucyclines, the polyaromatic aglycone is cleaved at A-, B-, or C-rings, leading to structural rearrangements and enabling further chemical variety. Here, we have elucidated the branching points in angucycline biosynthesis leading toward cleavage of the C-ring in lugdunomycin and thioangucycline biosynthesis. We showed that 12-hydroxylation and 6-ketoreduction of UWM6 are shared steps in classical and C-ring-cleaved angucycline pathways, although the bifunctional 6-ketoreductase LugOIIred harbors additional unique 1-ketoreductase activity. We identified formation of the key intermediate 8-O-methyltetrangomycin by the LugN methyltransferase as the branching point toward C-ring-cleaved angucyclines. The final common step in lugdunomycin and thioangucycline biosynthesis is quinone reduction, catalyzed by the 7-ketoreductases LugG and TacO, respectively. In turn, the committing step toward thioangucyclines is 12-ketoreduction catalyzed by TacA, for which no orthologous protein exists on the lugdunomycin pathway. Our results confirm that quinone reductions are early tailoring steps and, therefore, may be mechanistically important for subsequent C-ring cleavage. Finally, many of the tailoring enzymes harbored broad substrate promiscuity, which we utilized in combinatorial enzymatic syntheses to generate the angucyclines SM 196 A and hydranthomycin. We propose that enzyme promiscuity and the competition of many of the enzymes for the same substrates lead to a branching biosynthetic network and formation of numerous shunt products typical for angucyclines rather than a canonical linear metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Nuutila
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Helga U. van der Heul
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Pedro Dinis
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Somayah S. Elsayed
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
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3
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Huang H, Zhang Y, Song Y, Ling C, Peng S, Ding B, Tao Y, Ju J. Deciphering the Glycosylation Steps in the Biosynthesis of P-1894B and Grincamycin Isolated from Marine-Derived Streptomyces lusitanus SCSIO LR32. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:32. [PMID: 38248657 PMCID: PMC10817425 DOI: 10.3390/md22010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, we re-isolated the glycosylated angucycline antibiotics P-1894B (1) and grincamycin (1') from the marine-derived Streptomyces lusitanus SCSIO LR32 as potent antitumor agents and identified their biosynthesis gene cluster gcn. Both P-1894B (1) and grincamycin (1') possess a trisaccharide and a disaccharide moiety comprised of five deoxysugars. In this work, three genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GcnG1, GcnG2, and GcnG3) responsible for the assembly of deoxysugars into angucycline aglycone were identified from the biosynthesis gene cluster gcn. Gene inactivations of gcnG1, gcnG2, gcnG3, and gcnG1G2 by lambda-RED-mediated gene replacements led to the construction of four mutants, in which the glycosyltransferase genes were disrupted, respectively. The metabolites from the mutants were purified and identified, including two new analogues designated as grincamycin U (3a) and V (3'). The sequential glycosylation steps in the biosynthesis of P-1894B (1) and grincamycin (1') catalyzed by GcnG3, GcnG1, and GcnG2 were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chunyao Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Siyan Peng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Caradec T, Trivelli X, Desmecht E, Peucelle V, Khalife J, Hartkoorn RC. Dactylosporolides: Glycosylated Macrolides from Dactylosporangium fulvum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2714-2722. [PMID: 36512509 PMCID: PMC9791991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel macrolides were discovered from the culture supernatant of the rare soil actinobacteria Dactylosporangium fulvum and named dactylosporolides A-C. The structure and absolute configuration of these dactylosporolides were defined using a combination of NMR structural elucidation and analysis of the dactylosporolide biosynthetic gene cluster. Together these data revealed dactylosporolides to be composed of a central 22-membered macrolactone with an internal hemiketal ring and a protruding ketide tail that were (poly)glycosylated at two distal parts. While bearing no antibiotic activity, these dactylosporolides displayed activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Caradec
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, FR 2638—IMEC—Institut
Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Lille 59000, France
| | - Eva Desmecht
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Veronique Peucelle
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jamal Khalife
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruben C. Hartkoorn
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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5
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Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and Shunt Products Yields Insights into the Biosynthesis of Balmoralmycin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0120822. [PMID: 36350133 PMCID: PMC9746310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01208-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angucyclines are a family of structurally diverse, aromatic polyketides with some members that exhibit potent bioactivity. Angucyclines have also attracted considerable attention due to the intriguing biosynthetic origins that underlie their structural complexity and diversity. Balmoralmycin (compound 1) represents a unique group of angucyclines that contain an angular benz[α]anthracene tetracyclic system, a characteristic C-glycosidic bond-linked deoxy-sugar (d-olivose), and an unsaturated fatty acid chain. In this study, we identified a Streptomyces strain that produces balmoralmycin and seven biosynthetically related coproducts (compounds 2-8). Four of the coproducts (compounds 5-8) are novel compounds that feature a highly oxygenated or fragmented lactone ring, and three of them (compounds 3-5) exhibited cytotoxicity against the human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 μg/mL. Genome sequencing and CRISPR/dCas9-assisted gene knockdown led to the identification of the ~43 kb balmoralmycin biosynthetic gene cluster (bal BGC). The bal BGC encodes a type II polyketide synthase (PKS) system for assembling the angucycline aglycone, six enzymes for generating the deoxysugar d-olivose, and a hybrid type II/III PKS system for synthesizing the 2,4-decadienoic acid chain. Based on the genetic and chemical information, we propose a mechanism for the biosynthesis of balmoralmycin and the shunt products. The chemical and genetic studies yielded insights into the biosynthetic origin of the structural diversity of angucyclines. IMPORTANCE Angucyclines are structurally diverse aromatic polyketides that have attracted considerable attention due to their potent bioactivity and intriguing biosynthetic origin. Balmoralmycin is a representative of a small family of angucyclines with unique structural features and an unknown biosynthetic origin. We report a newly isolated Streptomyces strain that produces balmoralmycin in a high fermentation titer as well as several structurally related shunt products. Based on the chemical and genetic information, a biosynthetic pathway that involves a type II polyketide synthase (PKS) system, cyclases/aromatases, oxidoreductases, and other ancillary enzymes was established. The elucidation of the balmoralmycin pathway enriches our understanding of how structural diversity is generated in angucyclines and opens the door for the production of balmoralmycin derivatives via pathway engineering.
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6
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Zhao S, Xia Y, Liu H, Cui T, Fu P, Zhu W. A Cyclohexapeptide and Its Rare Glycosides from Marine Sponge-Derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-4539. Org Lett 2022; 24:6750-6754. [PMID: 36073973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyridapeptide A (1), a cyclohexapeptide containing hexahydropyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (HPDA), 5-hydroxytetrahydropyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (γ-OH-TPDA), and (2S,3R,4E,6E)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-8-methylnona-4,6-dienoic acid residues, and its four glycopeptides, pyridapeptides B-E (2-5, respectively), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine sponge-derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-4539. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Pyridapeptides B-E have one or more 2,3,6-trideoxyhexose sugar units glycosylated at the γ-OH-TPDA residue. The biosynthetic pathways were proposed on the basis of gene cluster analysis. Compounds 4 and 5, containing four sugar groups, displayed significant antiproliferative activity against five human cancer cell lines (PC9, MKN45, HepG2, HCT-116, and K562).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuige Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuwei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haishan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.,School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Tongxu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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7
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Vogel U, Beerens K, Desmet T. Nucleotide sugar dehydratases: Structure, mechanism, substrate specificity, and application potential. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101809. [PMID: 35271853 PMCID: PMC8987622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all domains of life. Bacteria are true masters of deoxy sugar biosynthesis as they can produce a wide range of highly specialized monosaccharides. Indeed, deoxy and amino sugars play important roles in the virulence of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic species and are additionally involved in the biosynthesis of diverse macrolide antibiotics. The biosynthesis of deoxy sugars relies on the activity of NS dehydratases, which can be subdivided into three groups based on their structure and reaction mechanism. The best-characterized NS dehydratases are the 4,6-dehydratases that, together with the 5,6-dehydratases, belong to the NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The other two groups are the less abundant 2,3-dehydratases that belong to the Nudix hydrolase superfamily and 3-dehydratases, which are related to aspartame aminotransferases. 4,6-Dehydratases catalyze the first step in all deoxy sugar biosynthesis pathways, converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses to nucleoside diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy hexoses, which in turn are further deoxygenated by the 2,3- and 3-dehydratases to form dideoxy and trideoxy sugars. In this review, we give an overview of the NS dehydratases focusing on the comparison of their structure and reaction mechanisms, thereby highlighting common features, and investigating differences between closely related members of the same superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vogel
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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8
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Caffrey P, Hogan M, Song Y. New Glycosylated Polyene Macrolides: Refining the Ore from Genome Mining. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:334. [PMID: 35326797 PMCID: PMC8944477 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated polyene macrolides include effective antifungal agents, such as pimaricin, nystatin, candicidin, and amphotericin B. For the treatment of systemic mycoses, amphotericin B has been described as a gold-standard antibiotic because of its potent activity against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens, which do not readily become resistant. However, amphotericin B has severe toxic side effects, and the development of safer alternatives remains an important objective. One approach towards obtaining such compounds is to discover new related natural products. Advances in next-generation sequencing have delivered a wealth of microbial genome sequences containing polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. These typically encode a modular polyketide synthase that catalyzes the assembly of the aglycone core, a cytochrome P450 that oxidizes a methyl branch to a carboxyl group, and additional enzymes for synthesis and attachment of a single mycosamine sugar residue. In some cases, further P450s catalyze epoxide formation or hydroxylation within the macrolactone. Bioinformatic analyses have identified over 250 of these clusters. Some are predicted to encode potentially valuable new polyenes that have not been uncovered by traditional screening methods. Recent experimental studies have characterized polyenes with new polyketide backbones, previously unknown late oxygenations, and additional sugar residues that increase water-solubility and reduce hemolytic activity. Here we review these studies and assess how this new knowledge can help to prioritize silent polyene clusters for further investigation. This approach should improve the chances of discovering better antifungal antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caffrey
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (Y.S.)
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9
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Li LY, Hu YL, Sun JL, Yu LB, Shi J, Wang ZR, Guo ZK, Zhang B, Guo WJ, Tan RX, Ge HM. Resistance and phylogeny guided discovery reveals structural novelty of tetracycline antibiotics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12892-12898. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using resistance gene genome mining strategy and refinement with chain length factor, we obtained 25 distinct tetracycline biosynthetic gene clusters and a novel tetracycline. The biosynthesis of the highly modified tetracycline was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Long Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zi Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi Kai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Bio-technology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Alvarez Quispe C, Da Costa M, Beerens K, Desmet T. Exploration of archaeal nucleotide sugar epimerases unveils a new and highly promiscuous GDP-Gal4E subgroup. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Putkaradze N, Teze D, Fredslund F, Welner DH. Natural product C-glycosyltransferases - a scarcely characterised enzymatic activity with biotechnological potential. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:432-443. [PMID: 33005913 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020C-Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that catalyse the transfer of sugar molecules to carbon atoms in substituted aromatic rings of a variety of natural products. The resulting β-C-glycosidic bond is more stable in vivo than most O-glycosidic bonds, hence offering an attractive modulation of a variety of compounds with multiple biological activities. While C-glycosylated natural products have been known for centuries, our knowledge of corresponding C-glycosyltransferases is scarce. Here, we discuss commonalities and differences in the known C-glycosyltransferases, review attempts to leverage them as synthetic biocatalysts, and discuss current challenges and limitations in their research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Putkaradze
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Dan VM, J S V, C J S, Sanawar R, Lekshmi A, Kumar RA, Santhosh Kumar TR, Marelli UK, Dastager SG, Pillai MR. Molecular Networking and Whole-Genome Analysis Aid Discovery of an Angucycline That Inactivates mTORC1/C2 and Induces Programmed Cell Death. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:780-788. [PMID: 32058690 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rediscovery of known compounds and time consumed in identification, especially high molecular weight compounds with complex structure, have let down interest in drug discovery. In this study, whole-genome analysis of microbe and Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking helped in initial understanding of possible compounds produced by the microbe. Genome data revealed 10 biosythethic gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites with anticancer potential. NMR analysis of the pure compound revealed the presence of a four-ringed benz[a]anthracene, thus confirming angucycline; molecular networking further confirmed production of this class of compounds. The type II polyketide synthase gene identified in the microbial genome was matched with the urdamycin cluster by BLAST analysis. This information led to ease in identification of urdamycin E and a novel natural derivative, urdamycin V, purified from Streptomyces sp. OA293. Urdamycin E (Urd E) induced apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cell lines. Urd E exerted anticancer action through inactivation of the mTOR complex by preventing phosphorylation at Ser 2448 and Ser 2481 of mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. Significant reduction in phosphorylation of the major downstream regulators of both mTORC1 (p70s6k and 4e-bp1) and mTORC2 (Akt) were observed, thus further confirming complete inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Urd E presents itself as a novel mTOR inhibitor that employs a novel mechanism in mTOR pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vinodh J S
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- NCIM Resource Centre, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandesh C J
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Sanawar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R. Ajay Kumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - T. R. Santhosh Kumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Uday Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Syed G. Dastager
- NCIM Resource Centre, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. Radhakrishna Pillai
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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13
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Bilyk O, Samborskyy M, Leadlay PF. The biosynthetic pathway to ossamycin, a macrocyclic polyketide bearing a spiroacetal moiety. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215958. [PMID: 31039188 PMCID: PMC6490886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossamycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ossamyceticus is an antifungal and cytotoxic polyketide and a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATPase. Analysis of a near-complete genome sequence of the ossamycin producer has allowed the identification of the 127-kbp ossamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. The presence in the cluster of a specific crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase homologue suggests that the 5-methylhexanoate extension unit used in construction of the macrocyclic core is incorporated intact from the unusual precursor isobutyrylmalonyl-CoA. Surprisingly, the modular polyketide synthase uses only 14 extension modules to accomplish 15 cycles of polyketide chain extension, a rare example of programmed iteration on a modular polyketide synthase. Specific deletion of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes has given insight into the late-stage tailoring of the ossamycin macrocycle required for the attachment of the unusual 2,3,4,6-deoxyaminohexose sugar l-ossamine to C-8 of the ossamycin macrocycle. The ossamycin cluster also encodes a putative spirocyclase enzyme, OssO, which may play a role in establishing the characteristic spiroketal moiety of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Bilyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Markiyan Samborskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Qi R, Pfeifer BA, Zhang G. Engineering Heterologous Production of Salicylate Glucoside and Glycosylated Variants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2241. [PMID: 30294315 PMCID: PMC6158457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylate 2-O-β-D-glucoside (SAG) is a plant-derived natural product with potential utility as both an anti-inflammatory and as a plant protectant compound. Heterologous biosynthesis of SAG has been established in Escherichia coli through metabolic engineering of the shikimate pathways and introduction of a heterologous biosynthetic step to allow a more directed route to the salicylate precursor. The final SAG compound resulted from the separate introduction of an Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase enzyme. In this study, a range of heterologous engineering parameters were varied (including biosynthetic pathway construction, expression plasmid, and E. coli strain) for the improvement of SAG specific production in conjunction with a system demonstrating improved plasmid stability. In addition, the glucoside moiety of SAG was systematically varied through the introduction of the heterologous oliose and olivose deoxysugar pathways. Production of analogs was observed for each newly constructed pathway, demonstrating biosynthetic diversification potential; however, production titers were reduced relative to the original SAG compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiquan Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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15
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Abstract
The jadomycin family of natural products was discovered from Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 in the 1990s. Subsequent identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster along with synthetic efforts established that incorporation of an amino acid into the polyaromatic angucycline core occurs non-enzymatically. Over two decades, the precursor-directed biosynthetic potential of the jadomycins has been heavily exploited, generating a library exceeding 70 compounds. This review compiles the jadomycins that have been isolated and characterized to date; these include jadomycins incorporating proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, semi-synthetic derivatives, biosynthetic shunt products, compounds isolated in structural gene deletion studies, and deoxysugar sugar variant jadomycins produced by deletion or heterologous expression of sugar biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanna M. MacLeod
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X7, Canada
| | | | - David L. Jakeman
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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16
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Engineered jadomycin analogues with altered sugar moieties revealing JadS as a substrate flexible O-glycosyltransferase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5291-5300. [PMID: 28429060 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs)-mediated glycodiversification studies have drawn significant attention recently, with the goal of generating bioactive compounds with improved pharmacological properties by diversifying the appended sugars. The key to achieving glycodiversification is to identify natural and/or engineered flexible GTs capable of acting upon a broad range of substrates. Here, we report the use of a combinatorial biosynthetic approach to probe the substrate flexibility of JadS, the GT in jadomycin biosynthesis, towards different non-native NDP-sugar substrates, enabling us to identify six jadomycin B analogues with different sugar moieties. Further structural engineering by precursor-directed biosynthesis allowed us to obtain 11 new jadomycin analogues. Our results for the first time show that JadS is a flexible O-GT that can utilize both L- and D- sugars as donor substrates, and tolerate structural changes at the C2, C4 and C6 positions of the sugar moiety. JadS may be further exploited to generate novel glycosylated jadomycin molecules in future glycodiversification studies.
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17
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Bekeova C, Rehakova A, Feckova L, Vlckova S, Novakova R, Mingyar E, Kormanec J. Characterisation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and attachment of the aminodeoxysugar D-forosamine in the auricin gene cluster of Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM3239. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3177-95. [PMID: 26685675 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified the aur1 gene cluster which produces the angucycline antibiotic auricin. Preliminary characterisation of auricin revealed that it is modified by a single aminodeoxysugar, D-forosamine. Here we characterise the D-forosamine-specific genes. The four close tandem genes, aur1TQSV, encoding enzymes involved in the initial steps of the deoxysugar biosynthesis, were located on a large operon with other core auricin biosynthetic genes. Deleting these genes resulted in the absence of auricin and the production of deglycosylated auricin intermediates. The two final D-forosamine biosynthetic genes, sa59, an NDP-hexose aminotransferase, and sa52, an NDP-aminohexose N-dimethyltransferase, are located in a region rather distant from the core auricin genes. A deletion analysis of these genes confirmed their role in D-forosamine biosynthesis. The Δsa59 mutant had a phenotype similar to that of the cluster deletion mutant, while the Δsa52 mutant produced an auricin with a demethylated D-forosamine. Although auricin contains a single deoxyhexose, two glycosyltransferase genes were found to participate in the attachment of D-forosamine to the auricin aglycon. An analysis of the expression of the D-forosamine biosynthesis genes revealed that the initial D-forosamine biosynthetic genes aur1TQSV are regulated together with the other auricin core genes by the aur1Ap promoter under the control of the auricin-specific activator Aur1P. The expression of the other D-forosamine genes, however, is governed by promoters differentially dependent upon the two SARP family auricin-specific activators Aur1PR3 and Aur1PR4. These promoters contain direct repeats similar to the SARP consensus sequence and are involved in the interaction with both regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bekeova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Rehakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubomira Feckova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Vlckova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Renata Novakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Erik Mingyar
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Kormanec
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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18
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Zhang G, Li Y, Fang L, Pfeifer BA. Tailoring pathway modularity in the biosynthesis of erythromycin analogs heterologously engineered in E. coli. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500077. [PMID: 26601183 PMCID: PMC4640655 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Type I modular polyketide synthases are responsible for potent therapeutic compounds that include avermectin (antihelinthic), rapamycin (immunosuppressant), pikromycin (antibiotic), and erythromycin (antibiotic). However, compound access and biosynthetic manipulation are often complicated by properties of native production organisms, prompting an approach (termed heterologous biosynthesis) illustrated in this study through the reconstitution of the erythromycin pathway through Escherichia coli. Using this heterologous system, 16 tailoring pathways were introduced, systematically producing eight chiral pairs of deoxysugar substrates. Successful analog formation for each new pathway emphasizes the remarkable flexibility of downstream enzymes to accommodate molecular variation. Furthermore, analogs resulting from three of the pathways demonstrated bioactivity against an erythromycin-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain. The approach and results support a platform for continued molecular diversification of the tailoring components of this and other complex natural product pathways in a manner that mirrors the modular nature of the upstream megasynthases responsible for aglycone polyketide formation.
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20
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Zhang Y, Huang H, Chen Q, Luo M, Sun A, Song Y, Ma J, Ju J. Identification of the Grincamycin Gene Cluster Unveils Divergent Roles for GcnQ in Different Hosts, Tailoring the l-Rhodinose Moiety. Org Lett 2013; 15:3254-7. [PMID: 23782455 DOI: 10.1021/ol401253p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Minghe Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Junying Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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21
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Song MC, Kim E, Ban YH, Yoo YJ, Kim EJ, Park SR, Pandey RP, Sohng JK, Yoon YJ. Achievements and impacts of glycosylation reactions involved in natural product biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Kharel MK, Pahari P, Shepherd MD, Tibrewal N, Nybo SE, Shaaban KA, Rohr J. Angucyclines: Biosynthesis, mode-of-action, new natural products, and synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 29:264-325. [PMID: 22186970 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 to 2010. The angucycline group is the largest group of type II PKS-engineered natural products, rich in biological activities and chemical scaffolds. This stimulated synthetic creativity and biosynthetic inquisitiveness. The synthetic studies used five different strategies, involving Diels-Alder reactions, nucleophilic additions, electrophilic additions, transition-metal mediated cross-couplings and intramolecular cyclizations to generate the angucycline frames. Biosynthetic studies were particularly intriguing when unusual framework rearrangements by post-PKS tailoring oxidoreductases occurred, or when unusual glycosylation reactions were involved in decorating the benz[a]anthracene-derived cores. This review follows our previous reviews, which were published in 1992 and 1997, and covers new angucycline group antibiotics published between 1997 and 2010. However, in contrast to the previous reviews, the main focus of this article is on new synthetic approaches and biosynthetic investigations, most of which were published between 1997 and 2010, but go beyond, e.g. for some biosyntheses all the way back to the 1980s, to provide the necessary context of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan K Kharel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
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23
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Wang G, Kharel MK, Pahari P, Rohr J. Investigating Mithramycin deoxysugar biosynthesis: enzymatic total synthesis of TDP-D-olivose. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2568-71. [PMID: 21960454 PMCID: PMC3412565 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mix'n'match: Enzymatic total synthesis of TDP-D-olivose was achieved, starting from TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose, by combining three pathway enzymes with one cofactor-regenerating enzyme. The results also revealed that MtmC is a bifunctional enzyme that can perform a 4-ketoreduction necessary for D-olivose biosynthesis besides the previously found C-methyltransfer for D-mycarose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Wang
- Dr. G. Wang, Prof. Dr. M. K. Kharel, Dr. P. Pahari, Prof. Dr. J. Rohr Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 (USA)
| | - Madan K. Kharel
- Dr. G. Wang, Prof. Dr. M. K. Kharel, Dr. P. Pahari, Prof. Dr. J. Rohr Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 (USA)
- Prof. Dr. M. K. Kharel Present address: Midway College School of Pharmacy 120 Scott Perry Drive, Paintsville, KY 41240 (USA)
| | - Pallab Pahari
- Dr. G. Wang, Prof. Dr. M. K. Kharel, Dr. P. Pahari, Prof. Dr. J. Rohr Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 (USA)
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Dr. G. Wang, Prof. Dr. M. K. Kharel, Dr. P. Pahari, Prof. Dr. J. Rohr Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 (USA)
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Härle J, Günther S, Lauinger B, Weber M, Kammerer B, Zechel D, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A. Rational Design of an Aryl-C-Glycoside Catalyst from a Natural Product O-Glycosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Sasaki E, Ogasawara Y, Liu HW. A biosynthetic pathway for BE-7585A, a 2-thiosugar-containing angucycline-type natural product. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7405-17. [PMID: 20443562 DOI: 10.1021/ja1014037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element found ubiquitously in living systems. However, there exist only a few sulfur-containing sugars in nature and their biosyntheses have not been studied. BE-7585A produced by Amycolatopsis orientalis subsp. vinearia BA-07585 has a 2-thiosugar and is a member of the angucycline class of compounds. We report herein the results of our initial efforts to study the biosynthesis of BE-7585A. Spectroscopic analyses verified the structure of BE-7585A, which is closely related to rhodonocardin A. Feeding experiments using (13)C-labeled acetate were carried out to confirm that the angucycline core is indeed polyketide-derived. The results indicated an unusual manner of angular tetracyclic ring construction, perhaps via a Baeyer-Villiger type rearrangement. Subsequent cloning and sequencing led to the identification of the bex gene cluster spanning approximately 30 kbp. A total of 28 open reading frames, which are likely involved in BE-7585A formation, were identified in the cluster. In view of the presence of a homologue of a thiazole synthase gene (thiG), bexX, in the bex cluster, the mechanism of sulfur incorporation into the 2-thiosugar moiety could resemble that found in thiamin biosynthesis. A glycosyltransferase homologue, BexG2, was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme successfully catalyzed the coupling of 2-thioglucose 6-phosphate and UDP-glucose to produce 2-thiotrehalose 6-phosphate, which is the precursor of the disaccharide unit in BE-7585A. On the basis of these genetic and biochemical experiments, a biosynthetic pathway for BE-7585A can now be proposed. The combined results set the stage for future biochemical studies of 2-thiosugar biosynthesis and BE-7585A assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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26
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Olano C, Gómez C, Pérez M, Palomino M, Pineda-Lucena A, Carbajo RJ, Braña AF, Méndez C, Salas JA. Deciphering Biosynthesis of the RNA Polymerase Inhibitor Streptolydigin and Generation of Glycosylated Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:1031-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Many bioactive compounds contain as part of their molecules one or more deoxysugar units. Their presence in the final compound is generally necessary for biological activity. These sugars derive from common monosaccharides, like d-glucose, which have lost one or more hydroxyl groups (monodeoxysugars, dideoxysugars, trideoxysugars) during their biosynthesis. These deoxysugars are transferred to the final molecule by the action of a glycosyltransferase. Here, we first summarize the different biosynthetic steps required for the generation of the different families of deoxysugars, including those containing extra methyl or amino groups, or tailoring modifications of the glycosylated compounds. We then give examples of several strategies for modification of the glycosylation pattern of a given bioactive compound: inactivation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of deoxysugars; heterologous expression of genes for the biosynthesis or transfer of a specific deoxysugar; and combinatorial biosynthesis (including the use of gene cassette plasmids). Finally, we report techniques for the isolation and detection of the new glycosylated derivatives generated using these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lombó
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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28
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Härle J, Bechthold A. Chapter 12. The power of glycosyltransferases to generate bioactive natural compounds. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:309-33. [PMID: 19374988 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), which catalyze the attachment of a sugar moiety to an aglycone are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of many valuable natural products. Their use in pharmaceutical biotechnology is becoming more and more visible. The promiscuity of GTs has prompted efforts to modify sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products. Here, we present the state of the art in this field. After describing the importance of GTs in determining the functions of natural products, a general survey of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions is documented. This is followed by an overview of crystallized GT-B superfamily members and a discussion of the amino acids of these GTs involved in substrate binding. The main chapter is concerned with emphasizing the application of GTs in metabolic pathway engineering leading to novel unnatural bioactive compounds. A strategy to explore new GTs is presented as well as strategies to generate artificial GTs either randomly or in a rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Härle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Liu T, Kharel MK, Zhu L, Bright SA, Mattingly C, Adams VR, Rohr J. Inactivation of the ketoreductase gilU gene of the gilvocarcin biosynthetic gene cluster yields new analogues with partly improved biological activity. Chembiochem 2009; 10:278-86. [PMID: 19067453 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four new analogues of the gilvocarcin-type aryl-C-glycoside antitumor compounds, namely 4'-hydroxy gilvocarcin V (4'-OH-GV), 4'-hydroxy gilvocarcin M, 4'-hydroxy gilvocarcin E and 12-demethyl-defucogilvocarcin V, were produced through inactivation of the gilU gene. The 4'-OH-analogues showed improved activity against lung cancer cell lines as compared to their parent compounds without 4'-OH group (gilvocarcins V and E). The structures of the sugar-containing new mutant products indicate that the enzyme GilU acts as an unusual ketoreductase involved in the biosynthesis of the C-glycosidically linked deoxysugar moiety of the gilvocarcins. The structures of the new gilvocarcins indicate substrate flexibility of the post-polyketide synthase modifying enzymes, particularly the C-glycosyltransferase and the enzyme responsible for the sugar ring contraction. The results also shed light into biosynthetic sequence of events in the late steps of biosynthetic pathway of gilvocarcin V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Pérez M, Baig I, Braña AF, Salas JA, Rohr J, Méndez C. Generation of new derivatives of the antitumor antibiotic mithramycin by altering the glycosylation pattern through combinatorial biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2295-304. [PMID: 18756551 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mithramycin is an antitumor drug produced by Streptomyces argillaceus. It consists of a tricyclic aglycone and five deoxyhexoses that form a disaccharide and a trisaccharide chain, which are important for target interaction and therefore for the antitumor activity. Using a combinatorial biosynthesis approach, we have generated nine mithramycin derivatives, seven of which are new compounds, with alterations in the glycosylation pattern. The wild-type S. argillaceus strain and the mutant S. argillaceus M7U1, which has altered D-oliose biosynthesis, were used as hosts to express various "sugar plasmids", each one directing the biosynthesis of a different deoxyhexose. The newly formed compounds were purified and characterized by MS and NMR. Compared to mithramycin, they contained different sugar substitutions in the second (D-olivose, D-mycarose, or D-boivinose instead of D-oliose) and third (D-digitoxose instead of D-mycarose) sugar units of the trisaccharide as well as in the first (D-amicetose instead of D-olivose) sugar unit of the disaccharide. All compounds showed antitumor activity against different tumor cell lines. Structure-activity relationships are discussed on the basis of the number and type of deoxyhexoses present in these mithramycin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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31
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Thibodeaux C, Melançon C, Liu HW. Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhao P, Bai L, Ma J, Zeng Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Lu C, Dai H, Wu Z, Li Y, Wu X, Chen G, Hao X, Shen Y, Deng Z, Floss HG. Amide N-glycosylation by Asm25, an N-glycosyltransferase of ansamitocins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:863-74. [PMID: 18721757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ansamitocins are potent antitumor maytansinoids produced by Actinosynnema pretiosum. Their biosynthesis involves the initial assembly of a macrolactam polyketide, followed by a series of postpolyketide synthase (PKS) modifications. Three ansamitocin glycosides were isolated from A. pretiosum and fully characterized structurally as novel ansamitocin derivatives, carrying a beta-D-glucosyl group attached to the macrolactam amide nitrogen in place of the N-methyl group. By gene inactivation and complementation, asm25 was identified as the N-glycosyltransferase gene responsible for the macrolactam amide N-glycosylation of ansamitocins. Soluble, enzymatically active Asm25 protein was obtained from asm25-expressing E. coli by solubilization from inclusion bodies. Its optimal reaction conditions, including temperature, pH, metal ion requirement, and Km/Kcat, were determined. Asm25 also showed broad substrate specificity toward other ansamycins and synthetic indolin-2-ones. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first in vitro characterization of a purified antibiotic N-glycosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Hong L, Zhao Z, Melançon CE, Zhang H, Liu HW. In vitro characterization of the enzymes involved in TDP-D-forosamine biosynthesis in the spinosyn pathway of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4954-67. [PMID: 18345667 DOI: 10.1021/ja0771383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forosamine (4-dimethylamino)-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-beta-D-threo-hexopyranose) is a highly deoxygenated sugar component of several important natural products, including the potent yet environmentally benign insecticide spinosyns. To study D-forosamine biosynthesis, the five genes (spnO, N, Q, R, and S) from the spinosyn gene cluster thought to be involved in the conversion of TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose to TDP-D-forosamine were cloned and heterologously expressed, and the corresponding proteins were purified and their activities examined in vitro. Previous work demonstrated that SpnQ functions as a pyridoxamine 5'-monophosphate (PMP)-dependent 3-dehydrase which, in the presence of the cellular reductase pairs ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase or flavodoxin/flavodoxin reductase, catalyzes C-3 deoxygenation of TDP-4-keto-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. It was also established that SpnR functions as a transaminase which converts the SpnQ product, TDP-4-keto-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-glucose, to TDP-4-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-D-glucose. The results presented here provide a full account of the characterization of SpnR and SpnQ and reveal that SpnO and SpnN functions as a 2,3-dehydrase and a 3-ketoreductase, respectively. These two enzymes act sequentially to catalyze C-2 deoxygenation of TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose to form the SpnQ substrate, TDP-4-keto-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Evidence has also been obtained to show that SpnS functions as the 4-dimethyltransferase that converts the SpnR product to TDP-D-forosamine. Thus, the biochemical functions of the five enzymes involved in TDP-D-forosamine formation have now been fully elucidated. The steady-state kinetic parameters for the SpnQ-catalyzed reaction have been determined, and the substrate specificities of SpnQ and SpnR have been explored. The implications of this work for natural product glycodiversification and comparative mechanistic analysis of SpnQ and related NDP-sugar 3-dehydrases E1 and ColD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hong
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Zhang X, Alemany LB, Fiedler HP, Goodfellow M, Parry RJ. Biosynthetic investigations of lactonamycin and lactonamycin z: cloning of the biosynthetic gene clusters and discovery of an unusual starter unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:574-85. [PMID: 18070976 PMCID: PMC2224763 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00717-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotics lactonamycin and lactonamycin Z provide attractive leads for antibacterial drug development. Both antibiotics contain a novel aglycone core called lactonamycinone. To gain insight into lactonamycinone biosynthesis, cloning and precursor incorporation experiments were undertaken. The lactonamycin gene cluster was initially cloned from Streptomyces rishiriensis. Sequencing of ca. 61 kb of S. rishiriensis DNA revealed the presence of 57 open reading frames. These included genes coding for the biosynthesis of l-rhodinose, the sugar found in lactonamycin, and genes similar to those in the tetracenomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Since lactonamycin production by S. rishiriensis could not be sustained, additional proof for the identity of the S. rishiriensis cluster was obtained by cloning the lactonamycin Z gene cluster from Streptomyces sanglieri. Partial sequencing of the S. sanglieri cluster revealed 15 genes that exhibited a very high degree of similarity to genes within the lactonamycin cluster, as well as an identical organization. Double-crossover disruption of one gene in the S. sanglieri cluster abolished lactonamycin Z production, and production was restored by complementation. These results confirm the identity of the genetic locus cloned from S. sanglieri and indicate that the highly similar locus in S. rishiriensis encodes lactonamycin biosynthetic genes. Precursor incorporation experiments with S. sanglieri revealed that lactonamycinone is biosynthesized in an unusual manner whereby glycine or a glycine derivative serves as a starter unit that is extended by nine acetate units. Analysis of the gene clusters and of the precursor incorporation data suggested a hypothetical scheme for lactonamycinone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, MS60, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Natural-product sugar biosynthesis and enzymatic glycodiversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9814-59. [PMID: 19058170 PMCID: PMC2796923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active small-molecule natural products produced by microorganisms derive their activities from sugar substituents. Changing the structures of these sugars can have a profound impact on the biological properties of the parent compounds. This realization has inspired attempts to derivatize the sugar moieties of these natural products through exploitation of the sugar biosynthetic machinery. This approach requires an understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of each target sugar and detailed mechanistic knowledge of the key enzymes. Scientists have begun to unravel the biosynthetic logic behind the assembly of many glycosylated natural products and have found that a core set of enzyme activities is mixed and matched to synthesize the diverse sugar structures observed in nature. Remarkably, many of these sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases also exhibit relaxed substrate specificity. The promiscuity of these enzymes has prompted efforts to modify the sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products through metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification. In applied biomedical research, these studies will enable the development of new glycosylation tools and generate novel glycoforms of secondary metabolites with useful biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
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Shang K, Hu Y, Zhu C, Zhu B. Production of 4′-epidaunorubicin by metabolic engineering of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus strain SIPI-1482. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baig I, Kharel M, Kobylyanskyy A, Zhu L, Rebets Y, Ostash B, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A, Fedorenko VA, Rohr J. On the acceptor substrate of C-glycosyltransferase UrdGT2: three prejadomycin C-Glycosides from an engineered mutant of Streptomyces globisporus 1912 DeltalndE(urdGT2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7842-6. [PMID: 17061307 PMCID: PMC2881212 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuriy Rebets
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Bohdan Ostash
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
| | - Victor A. Fedorenko
- L’viv National University, Department of Genetic and Biotechnology, Grushevskyy St. 4, 79005 L’viv (Ukraine)
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082 (USA), Fax: (+1) 859-257-7564
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Kopp M, Rupprath C, Irschik H, Bechthold A, Elling L, Müller R. SorF: a glycosyltransferase with promiscuous donor substrate specificity in vitro. Chembiochem 2007; 8:813-9. [PMID: 17407127 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylations are well-established steps in numerous biosynthetic pathways, and the attached sugar moieties often influence the specificity or pharmacology of the modified compounds. The sorangicins belong to the polyketide family of natural products, and exhibit antibiotic activity through inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase. We have identified the sorangicin biosynthetic gene cluster in the producing myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce12. Within the cluster, sorF encodes a putative glycosyltransferase. To determine its function in sorangicin biosynthesis, SorF was heterologously expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. After purification by affinity chromatography, SorF was found to glucosylate sorangicin A in vitro, utilizing UDP-alpha-D-glucose as the natural donor substrate. Additionally, SorF showed high flexibility towards further UDP- and dTDP-sugars and was able to transfer several other sugar moieties-alpha-D-galactose, alpha-D-xylose, beta-L-rhamnose, and 6-deoxy-4-keto-alpha-D-glucose-onto the aglycon. SorF is therefore one of the rare glycosyltransferases able to transfer both D- and L-sugars, and could thus be used to generate novel sorangiosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Kopp
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, P. O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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39
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Zhu L, Luzhetskyy A, Luzhetska M, Mattingly C, Adams V, Bechthold A, Rohr J. Generation of new landomycins with altered saccharide patterns through over-expression of the glycosyltransferase gene lanGT3 in the biosynthetic gene cluster of landomycin A in Streptomyces cyanogenus S-136. Chembiochem 2007; 8:83-8. [PMID: 17139690 PMCID: PMC2879348 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two novel landomycin compounds, landomycins I and J, were generated with a new mutant strain of Streptomyces cyanogenus in which the glycosyltransferase that is encoded by lanGT3 was over-expressed. This mutant also produced the known landomycins A, B, and D. All these compounds consist of the same polyketide-derived aglycon but differ in their sugar moieties, which are chains of different lengths. The major new metabolite, landomycin J, was found to consist of landomycinone with a tetrasaccharide chain attached. Combined with previous results of the production of landomycin E (which contains three sugars) by the LanGT3- mutant strain (obtained by targeted gene deletion of lanGT3), it was verified that LanGT3 is a D-olivosyltransferase responsible for the transfer of the fourth sugar required for landomycin A biosynthesis. The experiments also showed that gene over-expression is a powerful method for unbalancing biosynthetic pathways in order to generate new metabolites. The cytotoxicity of the new landomycins--compared to known ones--was assessed by using three different tumor cell lines, and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) with respect to the length of the deoxysugar side chain was deduced from the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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40
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Salas JA, Méndez C. Engineering the glycosylation of natural products in actinomycetes. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:219-32. [PMID: 17412593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products are frequently glycosylated with saccharide chains of different length, in which the sugars contribute to specific interactions with the biological target. Combinatorial biosynthesis approaches are being used in antibiotic-producing actinomycetes to generate derivatives with novel sugars in their architecture. Recent advances in this area indicate that glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of natural products have substrate flexibility regarding the sugar donor but also, less frequently, with respect to the aglycon acceptor. Therefore, the possibility exists of altering the glycosylation pattern of natural products, thus enabling an increase in the structural diversity of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Salas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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41
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Fedoryshyn M, Nur-e-Alam M, Zhu L, Luzhetskyy A, Rohr J, Bechthold A. Surprising production of a new urdamycin derivative by S. fradiae Delta urdQ/R. J Biotechnol 2007; 130:32-8. [PMID: 17434221 PMCID: PMC2880504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A strain (S. fradiae Delta urdQ/R) with mutations in urdQ and urdR encoding a dTDP-hexose-3,4-dehydratase and a dTDP-hexose-4-ketoreductase, respectively, produces a new urdamycin analogue (urdamycin X) with changes in the polyketide structure. The structure of urdamycin X has been elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Urdamycin X was not detectable, even in small amounts, in either S. fradiae Delta urdQ, in S. fradiae DeltaurdR or in S. fradiae A0, a mutant lacking all glycosyltransferase genes. Complementation of S. fradiae Delta urdQ/R restored urdamycin A production indicating that the mutations did not cause any polar effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fedoryshyn
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Nur-e-Alam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - L. Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
| | - A. Luzhetskyy
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Rohr
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author (chemistry). Tel.: +1 859 323 5031; fax: +1 859 257 7564
| | - A. Bechthold
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Thibodeaux CJ, Liu HW. Manipulating nature's sugar biosynthetic machineries for glycodiversification of macrolides: Recent advances and future prospects. PURE APPL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200779040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changing the sugar structures and glycosylation patterns of natural products is an effective means of altering the biological activity of clinically useful drugs. Several recent strategies have provided researchers with the opportunity to manipulate sugar structures and to change the sugar moieties attached to these natural products via a biosynthetic approach. In this review, we explore the utility of contemporary in vivo and in vitro methods to achieve natural product glycodiversification. This study will focus on recent progress from our laboratory in elucidating the biosynthesis of D-desosamine, a deoxysugar component of many macrolide antibiotics, and will highlight how we have engineered the D-desosamine biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces venezuelae through targeted disruption and heterologous expression of the sugar biosynthetic genes to generate a variety of new glycoforms. The in vitro exploitation of the substrate flexibility of the endogenous D-desosamine glycosyltransferase (GT) to generate many non-natural glycoforms will also be discussed. These experiments are compared with recent work from other research groups on the same topics. Finally, the significance of these studies for the future prospects of natural product glycodiversification is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- 1Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- 1Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Hertweck C, Luzhetskyy A, Rebets Y, Bechthold A. Type II polyketide synthases: gaining a deeper insight into enzymatic teamwork. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:162-90. [PMID: 17268612 DOI: 10.1039/b507395m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in understanding of the biosynthesis of polyketides produced by type II PKS systems at the genetic, biochemical and structural levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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44
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Baig I, Kharel M, Kobylyanskyy A, Zhu L, Rebets Y, Ostash B, Luzhetskyy A, Bechthold A, Fedorenko VA, Rohr J. Über das Acceptorsubstrat der C-Glycosyltransferase UrdGT2: drei Prejadomycin-C-glycoside aus einer konstruierten Mutante vonStreptomyces globisporus 1912 ΔlndE(urdGT2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Pérez M, Lombó F, Baig I, Braña AF, Rohr J, Salas JA, Méndez C. Combinatorial biosynthesis of antitumor deoxysugar pathways in Streptomyces griseus: Reconstitution of "unnatural natural gene clusters" for the biosynthesis of four 2,6-D-dideoxyhexoses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6644-52. [PMID: 17021216 PMCID: PMC1610316 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01266-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biosynthesis was applied to Streptomyces deoxysugar biosynthesis genes in order to reconstitute "unnatural natural gene clusters" for the biosynthesis of four D-deoxysugars (D-olivose, D-oliose, D-digitoxose, and D-boivinose). Expression of these gene clusters in Streptomyces albus 16F4 was used to prove the functionality of the designed clusters through the generation of glycosylated tetracenomycins. Three glycosylated tetracenomycins were generated and characterized, two of which (D-digitoxosyl-tetracenomycin C and D-boivinosyl-tetracenocmycin C) were novel compounds. The constructed gene clusters may be used to increase the capabilities of microorganisms to synthesize new deoxysugars and therefore to produce new glycosylated bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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46
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Jia XY, Tian ZH, Shao L, Qu XD, Zhao QF, Tang J, Tang GL, Liu W. Genetic Characterization of the Chlorothricin Gene Cluster as a Model for Spirotetronate Antibiotic Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:575-85. [PMID: 16793515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for chlorothricin (CHL) was localized to a 122 kb contiguous DNA from Streptomyces antibioticus DSM 40725, and its involvement in CHL biosynthesis was confirmed by gene inactivation and complementation. Bioinformatic analysis of the sequenced 111.989 kb DNA region revealed 42 open reading frames, 35 of which were defined to constitute the CHL gene cluster. An assembly model for CHL biosynthesis from D-olivose, 2-methoxy-5-chloro-6-methylsalicyclic acid, and chlorothricolide building blocks was proposed. This work represents cloning of a gene cluster for spirotetronate antibiotic biosynthesis and sets the stage to investigate the unusual macrolide biosynthesis including tandem Diels-Alder cyclizations, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and incorporation of an enoylpyruvate unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Ikeno S, Aoki D, Hamada M, Hori M, Tsuchiya KS. DNA sequencing and transcriptional analysis of the kasugamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces kasugaensis M338-M1. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 59:18-28. [PMID: 16568715 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2006.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces kasugaensis M338-M1 produces the aminoglycoside antibiotic kasugamycin (KSM). We previously cloned, sequenced and characterized the KSM acetyltransferase, transporter, and some of the biosynthetic genes from this strain. To identify other potential genes in a chromosome walk experiment, a 6.8-kb EcoRI-PstI region immediately downstream from the KSM transporter genes was sequenced. Five open reading frames (designated as kasN, kasO, kasP, kasQ, kasR) and the 5' region of kasA were found in this region. The genes are apparently co-transcribed as bicistrons, all of which are co-directional except for the kasPQ transcript. Homology analysis of the deduced products of kasN, kasP, kasQ and kasR revealed similarities with known enzymes: KasN, D-amino acid oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35% identity); KasP, F420-dependent H4MPT reductase from Streptomyces lavendulae (33% identity); KasQ, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase from Streptomyces verticillus (45% identity); and KasR, NDP-hexose 3,4-dehydratase from Streptomyces cyanogenus (38% identity); respectively. A gel retardation assay showed that KasT, a putative pathway-specific regulator for this gene cluster, bound to the upstream region of kasN and to the intergenic region of kasQ-kasR, suggesting that the expression of these operons is under the control of the regulator protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Ikeno
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi Tamagawagakuen, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Dürr C, Schnell HJ, Luzhetskyy A, Murillo R, Weber M, Welzel K, Vente A, Bechthold A. Biosynthesis of the Terpene Phenalinolactone in Streptomyces sp. Tü6071: Analysis of the Gene Cluster and Generation of Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:365-77. [PMID: 16632249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenalinolactones are terpene glycosides with antibacterial activity. A striking structural feature is a highly oxidized gamma-butyrolactone of elusive biosynthetic origin. To investigate the genetic basis of the phenalinolactones biosynthesis, we cloned and sequenced the corresponding gene cluster from the producer strain Streptomyces sp. Tü6071. Spanning a 42 kbp region, 35 candidate genes could be assigned to putatively encode biosynthetic, regulatory, and resistance-conferring functions. Targeted gene inactivations were carried out to specifically manipulate the phenalinolactones pathway. The inactivation of a sugar methyltransferase gene and a cytochrome P450 monoxygenase gene led to the production of modified phenalinolactone derivatives. The inactivation of a Fe(II)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene disrupted the biosynthetic pathway within gamma-butyrolactone formation. The structure elucidation of the accumulating intermediate indicated that pyruvate is the biosynthetic precursor of the gamma butyrolactone moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Dürr
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2004 for marine natural products, with 693 citations (491 for the period January to December 2004) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (716 for 2004), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies (8), and syntheses (80), including those that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Luzhetskyy A, Fedoryshyn M, Dürr C, Taguchi T, Novikov V, Bechthold A. Iteratively acting glycosyltransferases involved in the hexasaccharide biosynthesis of landomycin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:725-9. [PMID: 16039521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detailed studies on the biosynthesis of the hexasaccharide side chain of landomycin A, produced by S. cyanogenus S136, revealed the function of each glycosyltransferase gene of the biosynthetic gene cluster. Analyses of generated mutants as well as feeding experiments allowed us to determine that LanGT2 and LanGT3 catalyze the attachment of one sugar, whereas LanGT1 and LanGT4 attach two sugars during landomycin A biosynthesis. The generation of a lanZ2 deletion mutant provided evidence that LanZ2 is controlling the elongation of the saccharide side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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