1
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Parveen N, Lin YL, Chou RH, Sun CM, Yu C. Synthesis of Novel Suramin Analogs With Anti-Proliferative Activity via FGF1 and FGFRD2 Blockade. Front Chem 2022; 9:764200. [PMID: 35047478 PMCID: PMC8763243 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach in cancer therapy is the inhibition of cell proliferation using small molecules. In this study, we report the synthesis of suramin derivatives and their applications. We used NMR spectroscopy and docking simulations to confirm binding sites and three-dimensional models of the ligand-protein complex. The WST-1 assay was used to assess cell viability and cell proliferation in vitro to evaluate the inhibition of protein-protein interactions and to investigate the anti-proliferative activities in a breast cancer cell line. All the suramin derivatives showed anti-proliferative activity by blocking FGF1 binding to its receptor FGFRD2. The dissociation constant was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. The suramin compound derivatives synthesized herein show potential as novel therapeutic agents for their anti-proliferative activity via the inhibition of protein-protein interactions. The cytotoxicity of these suramin derivatives was lower than that of the parent suramin compound, which may be considered a significant advancement in this field. Thus, these novel suramin derivatives may be considered superior anti-metastasis molecules than those of suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Parveen
- Chemistry Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program of Biotechnology and Biomedical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- Chemistry Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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2
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. The quest for supernatural products: the impact of total synthesis in complex natural products medicinal chemistry. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1511-1531. [PMID: 33169762 PMCID: PMC7678878 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 up to 2020This review presents select recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of complex natural products that are prepared by total synthesis. The underlying studies highlight enabling divergent synthetic strategies and methods that permit the systematic medicinal chemistry studies of key analogues bearing deep-seated structural changes not readily accessible by semisynthetic or biosynthetic means. Select and recent examples are detailed where the key structural changes are designed to improve defined properties or to overcome an intrinsic limitation of the natural product itself. In the examples presented, the synthetic efforts provided supernatural products, a term first introduced by our colleague Ryan Shenvi (Synlett, 2016, 27, 1145-1164), with properties superseding the parent natural product. The design principles and approaches for creating the supernatural products are highlighted with an emphasis on the properties addressed that include those that improve activity or potency, increase selectivity, enhance durability, broaden the spectrum of activity, improve chemical or metabolic stability, overcome limiting physical properties, add mechanisms of action, enhance PK properties, overcome drug resistance, and/or improve in vivo efficacy. Some such improvements may be regarded by some as iterative enhancements whereas others, we believe, truly live up to their characterization as supernatural products. Most such efforts are also accompanied by advances in synthetic organic chemistry, inspiring the development of new synthetic methodology and providing supernatural products with improved synthetic accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Henry JL, Wilson MR, Mulligan MP, Quinn TR, Sackett DL, Taylor RE. Synthesis, conformational preferences, and biological activity of conformational analogues of the microtubule-stabilizing agents, (-)-zampanolide and (-)-dactylolide. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:800-805. [PMID: 31191870 PMCID: PMC6540953 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00164f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zampanolide and dactylolide are microtubule-stabilizing polyketides possessing potent cytotoxicity towards a variety of cancer cell lines. Using our understanding of the conformational preferences of the macrolide core in both natural products, we hypothesized that analogues lacking the C17-methyl group would maintain the necessary conformation for bioactivity while reducing the number of synthetic manipulations necessary for their synthesis. Analogues 3, 4 and 5 were prepared via total synthesis, and their conformational preferences were determined through computational and high-field NMR studies. While no observable activities were present in dactylolide analogues 3 and 4, zampanolide analogue 5 exhibited sub-micromolar cytotoxicity. Herein, we describe these efforts towards understanding the structure- and conformation-activity relationships of dactylolide and zampanolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Henry
- The Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556-5670 , USA .
| | - Matthew R Wilson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals , 50 Northern Ave , Boston , MA 02210 , USA
| | - Michael P Mulligan
- The Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556-5670 , USA .
| | - Taylor R Quinn
- The Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556-5670 , USA .
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA
| | - Richard E Taylor
- The Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556-5670 , USA .
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4
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Beesoo R, Bhagooli R, Neergheen-Bhujun VS, Li WW, Kagansky A, Bahorun T. Antibacterial and antibiotic potentiating activities of tropical marine sponge extracts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 196:81-90. [PMID: 28392375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has led research to focus on discovering new antimicrobial agents derived from the marine biome. Although ample studies have investigated sponges for their bioactive metabolites with promising prospects in drug discovery, the potentiating effects of sponge extracts on antibiotics still remains to be expounded. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial capacity of seven tropical sponges collected from Mauritian waters and their modulatory effect in association with three conventional antibiotics namely chloramphenicol, ampicillin and tetracycline. Disc diffusion assay was used to determine the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of the sponge total crude extracts (CE), hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and aqueous (AF) fractions against nine standard bacterial isolates whereas broth microdilution method was used to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and antibiotic potentiating activity of the most active sponge extract. MIC values of the sponge extracts ranged from 0.039 to 1.25mg/mL. Extracts from Neopetrosia exigua rich in beta-sitosterol and cholesterol displayed the widest activity spectrum against the 9 tested bacterial isolates whilst the best antibacterial profile was observed by its EAF particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus with MIC and MBC values of 0.039mg/mL and 0.078mg/mL, respectively. The greatest antibiotic potentiating effect was obtained with the EAF of N. exigua (MIC/2) and ampicillin combination against S. aureus. These findings suggest that the antibacterial properties of the tested marine sponge extracts may provide an alternative and complementary strategy to manage bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Beesoo
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius; ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Mauritius, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius
| | - Ranjeet Bhagooli
- Department of Marine and Ocean Science, Fisheries and Mariculture, Faculty of Ocean Studies, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius.
| | - Vidushi S Neergheen-Bhujun
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Mauritius, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius.
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, ST4 7 QB Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Synthetic Epigenetics Laboratory, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Republic of Mauritius.
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5
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Larsen EM, Wilson MR, Taylor RE. Conformation-activity relationships of polyketide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1183-206. [PMID: 25974024 PMCID: PMC4443481 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyketides represent an important class of secondary metabolites that interact with biological targets connected to a variety of disease-associated pathways. Remarkably, nature's assembly lines, polyketide synthases, manufacture these privileged structures through a combinatorial mixture of just a few structural units. This review highlights the role of these structural elements in shaping a polyketide's conformational preferences, the use of computer-based molecular modeling and solution NMR studies in the identification of low-energy conformers, and the importance of conformational analogues in probing the bound conformation. In particular, this review covers several examples wherein conformational analysis complements classic structure-activity relationships in the design of biologically active natural product analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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6
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Li Y, Dodge GJ, Fiers WD, Fecik RA, Smith JL, Aldrich CC. Functional Characterization of a Dehydratase Domain from the Pikromycin Polyketide Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7003-6. [PMID: 26027428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways represents a promising approach to natural products discovery. The dehydratase (DH) domains of PKSs, which generate an α,β-unsaturated bond through a dehydration reaction, have been poorly studied compared with other domains, likely because of the simple nature of the chemical reaction they catalyze and the lack of a convenient assay to measure substrate turnover. Herein we report the first steady-state kinetic analysis of a PKS DH domain employing LC-MS/MS analysis for product quantitation. PikDH2 was selected as a model DH domain. Its substrate specificity and mechanism were interrogated with a systematic series of synthetic triketide substrates containing a nonhydrolyzable thioether linkage as well as by site-directed mutagenesis, evaluation of the pH dependence of the catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(M)), and kinetic characterization of a mechanism-based inhibitor. These studies revealed that PikDH2 converts d-alcohol substrates to trans-olefin products. The reaction is reversible with equilibrium constants ranging from 1.2 to 2. Moreover, the enzyme activity is robust, and PikDH2 was used on a preparative scale for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of unsaturated triketide products. PikDH2 was shown to possess remarkably strict substrate specificity and is unable to turn over substrates that are epimeric at the β-, γ-, or δ-position. We also demonstrated that PikDH2 has a key ionizable group with a pK(a) of 7.0 and can be irreversibly inactivated through covalent modification by a mechanism-based inhibitor, which provides a foundation for future structural studies to elucidate substrate-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Greg J Dodge
- ‡Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - William D Fiers
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert A Fecik
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Janet L Smith
- ‡Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Evaluation of the effect of the chiral centers of Taxol on binding to β-tubulin: A docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 56:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Discodermolide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100023-6.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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9
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Brunden KR, Gardner NM, James MJ, Yao Y, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Paterson I, Ballatore C, Smith AB. MT-Stabilizer, Dictyostatin, Exhibits Prolonged Brain Retention and Activity: Potential Therapeutic Implications. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:886-9. [PMID: 24900764 DOI: 10.1021/ml400233e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusions comprising the microtubule (MT)-stabilizing protein, tau, are found within neurons in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders that are broadly referred to as tauopathies. The sequestration of tau into inclusions is believed to cause a loss of tau function, such that MT structure and function are compromised, leading to neuronal damage. Recent data reveal that the brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing agent, epothilone D (EpoD), improves cognitive function and decreases both neuron loss and tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of tauopathy. There is thus a need to identify additional MT-stabilizing compounds with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and slow brain clearance, as observed with EpoD. We report here that the MT-stabilizing natural product, dictyostatin, crosses the BBB in mice and has extended brain retention. Moreover, a single administration of dictyostatin to mice causes prolonged stabilization of MTs in the brain. In contrast, the structurally related MT-stabilizer, discodermolide, shows significantly less brain exposure. Thus, dictyostatin merits further investigation as a potential tauopathy therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R. Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicola M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Michael J. James
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuemang Yao
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian Paterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Abro A, Kulsoom S, Riaz N. Pharmacophore model generation for microtubule-stabilizing anti-mitotic agents (MSAAs) against ovarian cancer. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Ballatore C, Brunden KR, Huryn DM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Smith AB. Microtubule stabilizing agents as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative tauopathies. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8979-96. [PMID: 23020671 PMCID: PMC3493881 DOI: 10.1021/jm301079z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) associated protein tau, which is highly expressed in the axons of neurons, is an endogenous MT-stabilizing agent that plays an important role in axonal transport. Loss of MT-stabilizing tau function, caused by misfolding, hyperphosphorylation, and sequestration of tau into insoluble aggregates, leads to axonal transport deficits with neuropathological consequences. Several in vitro and preclinical in vivo studies have shown that MT-stabilizing drugs can be utilized to compensate for the loss of tau function and to maintain/restore effective axonal transport. These findings indicate that MT-stabilizing compounds hold considerable promise for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies. The present article provides a synopsis of the key findings demonstrating the therapeutic potential of MT-stabilizing drugs in the context of neurodegenerative tauopathies, as well as an overview of the different classes of MT-stabilizing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Kurt R. Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
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12
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Carlomagno T. NMR in natural products: understanding conformation, configuration and receptor interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:536-54. [PMID: 22456471 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2011. Natural products are of tremendous importance in both traditional and modern medicine. For medicinal chemistry natural products represent a challenge, as their chemical synthesis and modification are complex processes, which require many, often stereo-selective, synthetic steps. A prerequisite for the design of analogs of natural products, with more accessible synthetic routes, is the availability of their bioactive conformation. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are the two techniques of choice to investigate the structure of natural products. In this review, I describe the most recent advances in NMR to study the conformation of natural products either free in solution or bound to their cellular receptors. In chapter 2, I focus on the use of residual dipolar couplings (RDC). On the basis of a few examples, I discuss the benefit of complementing classical NMR parameters, such as NOEs and scalar couplings, with dipolar couplings to simultaneously determine both the conformation and the relative configuration of natural products in solution. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the study of the structure of natural products in complex with their cellular receptors and is further divided in two sections. In the first section, I describe two solution-state NMR methodologies to investigate the binding mode of low-affinity ligands to macromolecular receptors. The first approach, INPHARMA (Interligand Noes for PHArmacophore Mapping), is based on the observation of interligand NOEs between two small molecules binding competitively to a common receptor. INPHARMA reveals the relative binding mode of the two ligands, thus allowing ligand superimposition. The second approach is based on paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) of ligand resonances in the presence of a receptor containing a paramagnetic center. In the second section, I focus on solid-state NMR spectroscopy as a tool to access the bioactive conformation of natural products in complex with macromolecular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Carlomagno
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg
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13
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Amos LA. What tubulin drugs tell us about microtubule structure and dynamics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:916-26. [PMID: 22001382 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of small molecules, including alkaloids, macrolides and peptides, bind to tubulin and disturb microtubule assembly dynamics. Some agents inhibit assembly, others inhibit disassembly. The binding sites of drugs that stabilize microtubules are discussed in relation to the properties of microtubule associated proteins. The activities of assembly inhibitors are discussed in relation to different nucleotide states of tubulin family protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Amos
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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14
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Smith AB, Sugasawa K, Atasoylu O, Yang CPH, Horwitz SB. Design and synthesis of (+)-discodermolide-paclitaxel hybrids leading to enhanced biological activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6319-27. [PMID: 21870795 PMCID: PMC3174350 DOI: 10.1021/jm200692n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Potential binding modes of (+)-discodermolide at the paclitaxel binding site of tubulin have been identified by computational studies based on earlier structural and SAR data. Examination of the prospective binding modes reveal that the aromatic pocket occupied by the paclitaxel side chain is unoccupied by (+)-discodermolide. Based on these findings, a small library of (+)-discodermolide-paclitaxel hybrids have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation reveals a two- to eight-fold increase in antiproliferative activity compared to the parent molecule using the A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Keizo Sugasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Onur Atasoylu
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Chia-Ping Huang Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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15
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de Lemos E, Agouridas E, Sorin G, Guerreiro A, Commerçon A, Pancrazi A, Betzer JF, Lannou MI, Ardisson J. Conception, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Original Discodermolide Analogues. Chemistry 2011; 17:10123-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Nobili S, Landini I, Mazzei T, Mini E. Overcoming tumor multidrug resistance using drugs able to evade P-glycoprotein or to exploit its expression. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1220-62. [PMID: 21374643 DOI: 10.1002/med.20239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of cancer. Cellular overproduction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which acts as an efflux pump for various anticancer drugs (e.g. anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, epipodophyllotoxins, and some of the newer antitumor drugs) is one of the more relevant mechanisms underlying MDR. P-gp belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters and is encoded by the ABCB1 gene. Its overexpression in cancer cells has become a therapeutic target for circumventing MDR. As an alternative to the classical pharmacological strategy of the coadministration of pump inhibitors and cytotoxic substrates of P-gp and to other approaches applied in experimental tumor models (e.g. P-gp-targeting antibodies, ABCB1 gene silencing strategies, and transcriptional modulators) and in the clinical setting (e.g. incapsulation of P-gp substrate anticancer drugs into liposomes or nanoparticles), a more intriguing strategy for circumventing MDR is represented by the development of new anticancer drugs which are not substrates of P-gp (e.g. epothilones, second- and third-generation taxanes and other microtubule modulators, topoisomerase inhibitors). Some of these drugs have already been tested in clinical trials and, in most of cases, show relevant activity in patients previously treated with anticancer agents which are substrates of P-gp. Of these drugs, ixabepilone, an epothilone, was approved in the United States for the treatment of breast cancer patients pretreated with an anthracycline and a taxane. Another innovative approach is the use of molecules whose activity takes advantage of the overexpression of P-gp. The possibility of overcoming MDR using the latter two approaches is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nobili
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy, Viale Pieraccini, 6-50139, Firenze, Italy.
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17
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Ballatore C, Brunden KR, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Smith AB, Huryn DM. Modulation of protein-protein interactions as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative tauopathies. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:317-30. [PMID: 21320060 PMCID: PMC3069499 DOI: 10.2174/156802611794072605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that malfunction of the microtubule (MT) associated protein tau is likely to play a defining role in the onset and/or progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has resulted in the initiation of drug discovery programs that target this protein. Tau is an endogenous MT-stabilizing agent that is highly expressed in the axons of neurons. The MT-stabilizing function of tau is essential for the axonal transport of proteins, neurotransmitters and other cellular constituents. Under pathological conditions, tau misfolding and aggregation results in axonal transport deficits that appear to have deleterious consequences for the affected neurons, leading to synapse dysfunction and, ultimately, neuronal loss. This review focuses on both progress and unresolved issues surrounding the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative tauopathies, which are based on (A) MT-stabilizing agents to compensate for the loss of normal tau function, and (B) small molecule inhibitors of tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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Jogalekar AS, Kriel FH, Shi Q, Cornett B, Cicero D, Snyder JP. The discodermolide hairpin structure flows from conformationally stable modular motifs. J Med Chem 2010; 53:155-65. [PMID: 19894728 DOI: 10.1021/jm9015284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Discodermolide (DDM), a polyketide macrolide from marine sponge, is a potent microtubule assembly promoter. Reported solid-state, solution, and protein-bound DDM conformations reveal the unusual result that a common hairpin conformational motif exists in all three microenvironments. No other flexible microtubule binding agent exhibits such constancy of conformation. In the present study, we combine force-field conformational searches with NMR deconvolution in different solvents to compare DDM conformers with those observed in other environments. While several conformational families are perceived, the hairpin form dominates. The stability of this motif is dictated primarily by steric factors arising from repeated modular segments in DDM composed of the C(Me)-CHX-C(Me) fragment. Furthermore, docking protocols were utilized to probe the DDM binding mode in beta-tubulin. A previously suggested pose is substantiated (Pose-1), while an alternative (Pose-2) has been identified. SAR analysis for DDM analogues differentiates the two poses and suggests that Pose-2 is better able to accommodate the biodata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Jogalekar
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Khrapunovich-Baine M, Menon V, Verdier-Pinard P, Smith AB, Angeletti RH, Fiser A, Horwitz SB, Xiao H. Distinct pose of discodermolide in taxol binding pocket drives a complementary mode of microtubule stabilization. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11664-77. [PMID: 19863156 DOI: 10.1021/bi901351q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton has proven to be an effective target for cancer therapeutics. One class of drugs, known as microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs), binds to microtubule polymers and stabilizes them against depolymerization. The prototype of this group of drugs, Taxol, is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used extensively in the treatment of human ovarian, breast, and lung carcinomas. Although electron crystallography and photoaffinity labeling experiments determined that the binding site for Taxol is in a hydrophobic pocket in beta-tubulin, little was known about the effects of this drug on the conformation of the entire microtubule. A recent study from our laboratory utilizing hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) in concert with various mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has provided new information on the structure of microtubules upon Taxol binding. In the current study we apply this technique to determine the binding mode and the conformational effects on chicken erythrocyte tubulin (CET) of another MSA, discodermolide, whose synthetic analogues may have potential use in the clinic. We confirmed that, like Taxol, discodermolide binds to the taxane binding pocket in beta-tubulin. However, as opposed to Taxol, which has major interactions with the M-loop, discodermolide orients itself away from this loop and toward the N-terminal H1-S2 loop. Additionally, discodermolide stabilizes microtubules mainly via its effects on interdimer contacts, specifically on the alpha-tubulin side, and to a lesser extent on interprotofilament contacts between adjacent beta-tubulin subunits. Also, our results indicate complementary stabilizing effects of Taxol and discodermolide on the microtubules, which may explain the synergy observed between the two drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Khrapunovich-Baine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Salum L, Dias L, Andricopulo A. Fragment-Based QSAR and Molecular Modeling Studies on a Series of Discodermolide Analogs as Microtubule-Stabilizing Anticancer Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200860109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Bourin A, Barbion J, Agouridas E, Lannou MI, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. Total synthesis of discodermolide: optimization of the effective synthetic route. Chemistry 2009; 14:11092-112. [PMID: 18973162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and modulable total synthesis of discodermolide (DDM), a unique marine anticancer polyketide is described including related alternative synthetic approaches. Particularly notable is the repeated application of a crotyltitanation reaction to yield homoallylic (Z)-O-ene-carbamate alcohols with excellent selectivity. Advantage was taken of this reaction not only for the stereocontrolled building of the syn-anti methyl-hydroxy-methyl triads of DDM, but also for the direct construction of the terminal (Z)-diene. Of particular interest is also the installation of the C13=C14 (Z)-double bond through a highly selective dyotropic rearrangement. The preparation of the middle C8-C14 fragment in two sequential stages and its coupling to the C1-C7 moiety was a real challenge and required careful optimization. Several synthetic routes were explored to allow high and reliable yields. Due to the flexibility and robust character of this approach, it might enable a systematic structural variation of DDM and, therefore, the elaboration and exploration of novel discodermolide structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa de Lemos
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS UMR 8638, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex, France
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22
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Gertsch J, Meier S, Müller M, Altmann KH. Differential Effects of Natural Product Microtubule Stabilizers on Microtubule Assembly: Single Agent and Combination Studies with Taxol, Epothilone B, and Discodermolide. Chembiochem 2009; 10:166-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Total synthesis of novel dictyostatin analogs and hybrids as microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agents. PURE APPL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-08-09-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural modification of the dictyostatin macrolide template through adaptation of our total synthesis has led to the identification of a number of potent analogs of this novel microtubule-stabilizing agent. A common synthetic strategy was exploited, employing a (Z)-selective Still-Gennari olefination between various advanced C11-C26 aldehyde and C4-C10 (or C1-C10) β-ketophosphonate intermediates. In vitro evaluation of the growth inhibitory activity of these analogs against both Taxol-sensitive and -resistant human cancer cell lines has provided a foundation for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to help define the pharmacophore region.
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Canales A, Matesanz R, Gardner N, Andreu J, Paterson I, Díaz J, Jiménez-Barbero J. The Bound Conformation of Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents: NMR Insights into the Bioactive 3D Structure of Discodermolide and Dictyostatin. Chemistry 2008; 14:7557-69. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Florence GJ, Gardner NM, Paterson I. Development of practical syntheses of the marine anticancer agents discodermolide and dictyostatin. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:342-75. [PMID: 18389141 DOI: 10.1039/b705661n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Initially isolated in trace quantities from deep-sea sponges, the structurally related polyketides discodermolide and dictyostatin share the same microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic mechanism as Taxol. Discodermolide has been the focus of intense research activity in order to develop a practical supply route, and these efforts ultimately allowed its large-scale synthesis and the initiation of clinical trials as a novel anticancer drug. Similarly, the re-isolation and synthesis of dictyostatin continues to stimulate the biological and chemical communities in their quest for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. This comprehensive review chronicles the synthetic endeavours undertaken over the last 15 years towards the development and realization of practical chemical syntheses of discodermolide and, more recently, dictyostatin, focusing on the methods and strategies employed for achieving overall stereocontrol and key fragment unions, as well as the design and synthesis of novel hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Florence
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9 ST, United Kingdom.
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26
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Smith AB, Freeze BS. (+)-Discodermolide: Total Synthesis, Construction of Novel Analogues, and Biological Evaluation. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:261-298. [PMID: 21113402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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27
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Molecular modeling approaches to study the binding mode on tubulin of microtubule destabilizing and stabilizing agents. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 286:279-328. [PMID: 23563616 DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin targeting agents constitute an important class of anticancer drugs. By acting either as microtubule stabilizers or destabilizers, they disrupt microtubule dynamics, thus inducing mitotic arrest and, ultimately, cell death by apoptosis. Three different binding sites, whose exact location on tubulin has been experimentally detected, have been identified so far for antimitotic compound targeting microtubules, namely the taxoid, the colchicine and the vinka alkaloid binding site. A number of ligand- and structure-based molecular modeling studies in this field has been reported over the years, aimed at elucidating the binding modes of both stabilizing and destabilizing agent, as well as the molecular features responsible for their efficacious interaction with tubulin. Such studies are described in this review, focusing on information provided by different modeling approaches on the structural determinants of antitubulin agents and the interactions with the binding pockets on tubulin emerged as fundamental for antitumor activity.To describe molecular modeling approaches applied to date to molecules known to bind microtubules, this paper has been divided into two main parts: microtubule destabilizing (Part 1) and stabilizing (Part 2) agents. The first part includes structure-based and ligand-based approaches to study molecules targeting colchicine (1.1) and vinca alkaloid (1.2) binding sites, respectively. In the second part, the studies performed on microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic agents (MSAA) are described. Starting from the first representative compound of this class, paclitaxel, molecular modeling studies (quantitative structure-activity relationships - QSAR - and structure-based approaches), performed on natural compounds acting with the same mechanism of action and temptative common pharmacophoric hypotheses for all of these compounds, are reported.
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28
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Fojo T, Menefee M. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance: the potential role of microtubule-stabilizing agents. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 Suppl 5:v3-8. [PMID: 17656560 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimitotic agents that target the dynamic equilibrium between the microtubule polymer and tubulin heterodimers are key components of chemotherapeutic regimens for various solid tumors. These agents can be divided into two major classes based on their effect on microtubule polymerization and the mass of microtubule polymers: those that inhibit polymerization, such as the vinca alkaloids and those that stabilize microtubules, such as the taxanes and epothilones. The taxanes paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere) were the first antimicrotubule agents approved for use in solid tumors, but their usefulness is often limited by development of drug resistance. The epothilones are distinguished from the taxanes structurally and functionally and have been shown in vitro and in preclinical models to have superior potency to the taxanes. The epothilones are not susceptible to P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux and have shown activity against taxane-resistant tumors. Other natural-product microtubule-stabilizing agents also have promising pharmacologic profiles. This article discusses mechanisms of drug resistance and summarizes scientific and clinical data supporting the potential of novel microtubule-stabilizing agents for achieving broad antitumor efficacy without the emergence of drug resistance. The ability to reduce the development of resistance with the epothilones and other microtubule-stabilizing agents may provide additional treatment options at the time of presentation and in the setting of taxane resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fojo
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Altmann KH, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature--natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:327-57. [PMID: 17390000 DOI: 10.1039/b515619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview on the current state of research in the area of microtubule-stabilizing agents from natural sources, with a primary focus on the biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology associated with these compounds. A variety of natural products have been discovered over the last decade to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism. These compounds represent a whole new range of structurally diverse lead structures for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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30
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. α-Oxygenated Crotyltitanium and Dyotropic Rearrangement in the Total Synthesis of Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1917-21. [PMID: 17262876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa de Lemos
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, CNRS UMR 8123, 5 Mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
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31
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. α-Oxygenated Crotyltitanium and Dyotropic Rearrangement in the Total Synthesis of Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Paterson I, Gardner NM, Poullennec KG, Wright AE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel analogues of dictyostatin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2443-7. [PMID: 17336522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel analogues of the microtubule-stabilising agent dictyostatin were designed using existing SAR information from the structurally related discodermolide, synthesised by a late-stage diversification strategy and evaluated in vitro for growth inhibition against a range of human cancer cell lines, including those known to exhibit Taxol-resistance (AsPC-1, DLD-1, PANC-1, NCI/ADR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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33
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Mickel SJ. Total synthesis of the marine natural product (+)-discodermolide in multigram quantities. PURE APPL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200779040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel polyketide (+)-discodermolide was isolated in very small quantities from sponge extracts. This compound is one of several microtubule stabilizers showing promise as novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. The clinical evaluation of this and similar compounds is hampered by lack of material, and at present, the only way to obtain the necessary quantities is total chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Mickel
- 1Novartis Pharma AG, CHAD, WKL-684.2.31 Klybeckstrasse, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Sánchez-Pedregal VM, Kubicek K, Meiler J, Lyothier I, Paterson I, Carlomagno T. The Tubulin-Bound Conformation of Discodermolide Derived by NMR Studies in Solution Supports a Common Pharmacophore Model for Epothilone and Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7388-94. [PMID: 17036370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Sánchez-Pedregal
- Abteilung NMR-basierte Strukturbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Sánchez-Pedregal VM, Kubicek K, Meiler J, Lyothier I, Paterson I, Carlomagno T. The Tubulin-Bound Conformation of Discodermolide Derived by NMR Studies in Solution Supports a Common Pharmacophore Model for Epothilone and Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Bergstralh DT, Ting JPY. Microtubule stabilizing agents: Their molecular signaling consequences and the potential for enhancement by drug combination. Cancer Treat Rev 2006; 32:166-79. [PMID: 16527420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule stabilization by chemotherapy is a powerful weapon in the war against cancer. Disruption of the mitotic spindle activates a number of signaling pathways, with consequences that may protect the cell or lead to its death via apoptosis. Taxol, the first microtubule stabilizing drug to be identified, has been utilized successfully in the treatment of solid tumors for two decades. Several features, however, make this drug less than ideal, and the search for next generation stabilizing drugs with increased efficacy has been intense and fruitful. Microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs), including the taxanes, the epothilones, discodermolide, laulimalide, and eleutherobin, form an important and expanding family of chemotherapeutic agents. A strong understanding of their molecular signaling consequences is essential to their value, particularly in regard to their potential for combinatorial chemotherapy - the use of multiple agents to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment. Here we present a critical review of research on the signaling mechanisms induced by MSAs, their relevance to apoptosis, and their potential for exploitation by combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Bergstralh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Campus Box #7295, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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Shaw SJ, Sundermann KF, Burlingame MA, Zhang D, Petryka J, Myles DC. A series of 23,24-dihydrodiscodermolide analogues with simplified lactone regions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1961-4. [PMID: 16413186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A collection of seven new 23,24-dihydrodiscodermolide analogues have been synthesized with modifications to the lactone ring, some of which show antiproliferative activities similar to discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Shaw
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc., 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
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38
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Smith AB, Rucker PV, Brouard I, Freeze BS, Xia S, Horwitz SB. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potent Discodermolide Fluorescent and Photoaffinity Molecular Probes. Org Lett 2005; 7:5199-202. [PMID: 16268537 DOI: 10.1021/ol0520166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of (+)-discodermolide molecular probes possessing photoaffinity and fluorescent appendages has been achieved. Stereoselective olefin cross-metathesis comprised a key tactic for construction of two of the molecular probes. Three photoaffinity probes were radiolabeled with tritium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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39
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, LaMarche MJ, Sager J, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Discodermolide analogues as the chemical component of combination bacteriolytic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3623-6. [PMID: 15979874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide (1) and several simplified analogues of this microtubule-stabilizing agent have proven to be potent in vitro cell growth inhibitory agents in several human cancer cell lines. Here, we demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of discodermolide and several simplified congeners, both as stand-alone anti-tumor agents and, in the case of (+)-2,3-anhydrodiscodermolide (3), as a chemical component of the combination bacteriolytic therapy. A single intravenous injection of (+)-3 plus genetically modified Clostridium novyi-NT spores caused rapid and complete regressions of tumors in mice bearing HCT116 colorectal cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Smith AB, Xian M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Simplified Analogues of (+)-Discodermolide. Additional Insights on the Importance of the Diene, the C(7) Hydroxyl, and the Lactone. Org Lett 2005; 7:5229-32. [PMID: 16268545 DOI: 10.1021/ol052070m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of seven totally synthetic analogues of the antitumor agent (+)-discodermolide are reported. Saturation of the terminal diene system, alteration of the substituents on the lactone, and alkylation of the C7-hydroxyl group reveal significant structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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41
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Smith AB, Xian M, Liu F. Design, Total Synthesis, and Evaluation of C(13)−C(14) Cyclopropane Analogues of (+)-Discodermolide. Org Lett 2005; 7:4613-6. [PMID: 16209492 DOI: 10.1021/ol051691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The design, total synthesis, and biological evaluation of two C13-C14-cyclopropyl analogues [(+)-1 and (+)-2] of (+)-discodermolide have been achieved. Key features of the syntheses include highly stereoselective, hydroxyl-directed cyclopropanations of vinyl iodides and higher order cuprate-mediated cross-coupling reactions between cyclopropyl iodides and alkyl iodides. Biological evaluation revealed that neither orientation of the cyclopropyl methylene completely substitutes for the C14 methyl found in (+)-discodermolide (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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42
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Shin Y, Fournier JH, Balachandran R, Madiraju C, Raccor BS, Zhu G, Edler MC, Hamel E, Day BW, Curran DP. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (−)-16-Normethyldictyostatin: A Potent Analogue of (−)-Dictyostatin. Org Lett 2005; 7:2873-6. [PMID: 15987158 DOI: 10.1021/ol050808u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] (-)-16-Normethyldictyostatin has been made by total synthesis and is a potent antitumor agent in cells expressing wild-type tubulin and in one mutant cell line that is resistant to paclitaxel, but it is much less active than dictyostatin in another paclitaxel-resistant cell line where Val is substituted for Phe270. This provides strong evidence that the C16 methyl group of the dictyostatins is oriented toward Phe270 in the paclitaxel-binding site on beta-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youseung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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43
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Paterson I, Lyothier I. Development of a Third-Generation Total Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide: An Expedient Still−Gennari-Type Fragment Coupling Utilizing an Advanced β-Ketophosphonate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5494-507. [PMID: 15989331 DOI: 10.1021/jo050481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of marine sponge origin, has been completed in 11.1% overall yield over 21 linear steps. This third-generation approach features an unprecedented Still-Gennari-type HWE olefination reaction between advanced C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate 61 and C9-C24 aldehyde 7, introducing the (8Z)-alkene with 10:1 selectivity. The stereotetrad found in the C1-C8 subunit 61 was established via a highly diastereoselective boron-mediated aldol reaction/in situ reduction between ketone (S)-8 and 3-benzyloxypropanal. The (7S)-configuration was installed by the reduction of enone 73 with K-Selectride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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44
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Reayi A, Arya P. Natural product-like chemical space: search for chemical dissectors of macromolecular interactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:240-7. [PMID: 15939325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular interactions (i.e. protein-protein or DNA/RNA-protein interactions) play important cellular roles, including cellular communication and programmed cell death. Small-molecule chemical probes are crucial for dissecting these highly organized interactions, for mapping their function at the molecular level and developing new therapeutics. The lack of ideal chemical probes required to understand macromolecular interactions is the missing link in the next step of dissecting such interactions. Unfortunately, the classical combinatorial-chemistry community has not successfully provided the required probes (i.e. natural product inspired chemical probes that are rich in stereochemical and three-dimensional structural diversity) to achieve these goals. The emerging area of diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is beginning to provide natural product-like chemical probes that may be useful in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Reayi
- Chemical Biology Program, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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45
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Shaw SJ, Sundermann KF, Burlingame MA, Myles DC, Freeze BS, Xian M, Brouard I, Smith AB. Toward Understanding How the Lactone Moiety of Discodermolide Affects Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6532-3. [PMID: 15869264 DOI: 10.1021/ja051185i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of simplified discodermolide analogues have been designed and synthesized in an attempt to understand the role of the lactone ring. These synthetic efforts have led to an unsubstituted butyrolactone 9 being generated, which shows improved activity over the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Shaw
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc., 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
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46
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Pineda O, Farràs J, Maccari L, Manetti F, Botta M, Vilarrasa J. Computational comparison of microtubule-stabilising agents laulimalide and peloruside with taxol and colchicine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4825-9. [PMID: 15341932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-stabilising agents laulimalide and peloruside have been compared with tubulin-interacting drugs paclitaxel and colchicine by different computational approaches. Docking and QSAR-based programs point to a favourable interaction with the beta tubulin paclitaxel binding site, although an additional, preferred binding site has been found at the alpha subunit of tubulin. All together provides a plausible rationalisation of the singular binding features of these microtubule stabilisers and paves the way for future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Pineda
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, EU
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47
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Loiseleur O, Koch G, Cercus J, Schürch F. A Formal Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op049807s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Loiseleur
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Koch
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Cercus
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Schürch
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Paterson I, Delgado O, Florence GJ, Lyothier I, O'Brien M, Scott JP, Sereinig N. A second-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: the development of a practical route using solely substrate-based stereocontrol. J Org Chem 2005; 70:150-60. [PMID: 15624917 DOI: 10.1021/jo048534w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide (+)-discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of sponge origin, has been completed in 7.8% overall yield over 24 linear steps, with 35 steps altogether. This second-generation approach was designed to rely solely on substrate control for introduction of the required stereochemistry, eliminating the use of all chiral reagents or auxiliaries. The common 1,2-anti-2,3-syn stereotriad found in each of three subunits, aldehyde 9 (C(1)-C(5)), ester 40 (C(9)-C(16)), and aldehyde 13 (C(17)-C(24)), was established via a boron-mediated aldol reaction of ethyl ketone 15 and formaldehyde, followed by hydroxyl-directed reduction to give 1,3-diol 14. Alternatively, a surrogate aldehyde 22 was employed for formaldehyde in this aldol reaction, leading to the beta-hydroxy aldehyde 20 as a common building block, corresponding to the discodermolide stereotriad. Key fragment unions were achieved by a lithium-mediated anti aldol reaction of ester 40 and aldehyde 13 under Felkin-Anh control to provide (16S,17S)-adduct 51 and a boron-mediated aldol reaction between enone 10 and aldehyde 9, exploiting unprecedented remote 1,6-stereoinduction, to give the (5S)-adduct 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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49
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Mickel SJ, Daeffler R, Prikoszovich W. A Study of the Paterson Boron Aldol Reaction as Used in the Large-Scale Total Synthesis of the Anticancer Marine Natural Product (+)-Discodermolide. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op049800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Mickel
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Daeffler
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Prikoszovich
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, Lamarche MJ, Hirose T, Brouard I, Xian M, Sundermann KF, Shaw SJ, Burlingame MA, Horwitz SB, Myles DC. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Analogues of (+)-14-Normethyldiscodermolide. Org Lett 2004; 7:315-8. [PMID: 15646986 DOI: 10.1021/ol0476873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The design, syntheses, and biological evaluation of nine totally synthetic analogues of the microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-14-normethyldiscodermolide (2) are reported. Simplification at the C(21)-C(24) terminal diene and at the C(1)-C(5) lactone moieties reveals significant structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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