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Gao B, Shi X, Li S, Xu W, Gao N, Shan J, Shen W. Size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on gut metagenome and antibiotic resistance in C57BL/6 mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114737. [PMID: 36950986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is an emerging threat for marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which has raised global concerns about its implications for human health. Mounting evidence has shown that the gut microbiota plays a key role in human health and diseases. The gut bacteria could be disturbed by many environmental factors, including the microplastic particles. However, the size effect of polystyrene microplastics on mycobiome, as well as gut functional metagenome has not been well studied. In this study, we performed ITS sequencing to explore the size effect of polystyrene microplastics on the fungal composition, in combination with the shotgun metagenomics sequencing to reveal the size effects of polystyrene on the functional metagenome. We found that polystyrene microplastic particles with 0.05-0.1 µm diameter showed greater impact on the bacterial and fungal composition of gut microbiota as well as the metabolic pathways than the polystyrene microplastic particles with 9-10 µm diameter. Our results suggested that size-depended effects should not be ignored in the health risk assessment of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Hydrometeorological Disaster Mechanism and Warning of Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiaochun Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weichen Xu
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Nan Gao
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Weishou Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative In-novation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Institute of Soil Health and Climate-Smart Agriculture, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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De Clerck C, Fujiwara A, Joncour P, Léonard S, Félix ML, Francis F, Jijakli MH, Tsuchida T, Massart S. A metagenomic approach from aphid's hemolymph sheds light on the potential roles of co-existing endosymbionts. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:63. [PMID: 26667400 PMCID: PMC4678535 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are known to live in symbiosis with specific bacteria, called endosymbionts which can be classified as obligate or accessory. Buchnera aphidicola is generally the only obligatory symbiont present in aphids, supplying essential nutrients that are missing in the plants phloem to its host. Pentalonia nigronervosa is the main vector of the banana bunchy top virus, one of the most damageable viruses in banana. This aphid is carrying two symbionts: B. aphidicola (BPn) and Wolbachia sp. (wPn). The high occurrence of Wolbachia in the banana aphid raises questions about the role it plays in this insect. The goal of this study was to go further in the understanding of the role played by the two symbionts in P. nigronervosa. To do so, microinjection tests were made to see the effect of wPn elimination on the host, and then, high-throughput sequencing of the haemolymph was used to analyze the gene content of the symbionts. RESULTS We observed that the elimination of wPn systematically led to the death of aphids, suggesting that the bacterium could play a mutualistic role. In addition, we identify and annotate 587 and 250 genes for wPn and BPn, respectively, through high-throughput sequencing. Analysis of these genes suggests that the two bacteria are working together for the production of several essential nutrients. The most striking cases are for lysin and riboflavin which are usually provided by B. aphidicola alone to the host. In the banana aphid, the genes involved in the production pathways of these metabolites are shared between the two bacteria making them both essential for the survival of the aphid host. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a co-obligatory symbiosis between B. aphidicola and Wolbachia occurs in the banana aphid, the two bacteria acting together to supply essential nutrients to the host. This is, to our knowledge, the first time Wolbachia is reported to play an essential role in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Clerck
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Akiko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Pauline Joncour
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Simon Léonard
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Line Félix
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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Lallemand P, Leban N, Kunzelmann S, Chaloin L, Serpersu EH, Webb MR, Barman T, Lionne C. Transient kinetics of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-IIIa reveals a potential drug target in the antibiotic resistance mechanism. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4223-7. [PMID: 23108046 PMCID: PMC3510435 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases are bacterial enzymes responsible for the inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics by O-phosphorylation. It is important to understand the mechanism of enzymes in order to find efficient drugs. Using rapid-mixing methods, we studied the transient kinetics of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3′)-IIIa. We show that an ADP-enzyme complex is the main steady state intermediate. This intermediate interacts strongly with kanamycin A to form an abortive complex that traps the enzyme in an inactive state. A good strategy to prevent the inactivation of aminoglycosides would be to develop uncompetitive inhibitors that interact with this key ADP-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Lallemand
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), UMR 5236 CNRS, University Montpellier I & II, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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4
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Romanowska J, Reuter N, Trylska J. Comparing aminoglycoside binding sites in bacterial ribosomal RNA and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Proteins 2012; 81:63-80. [PMID: 22907688 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used against severe bacterial infections. They bind to the bacterial ribosomal RNA and interfere with the translation process. However, bacteria produce aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) to resist aminoglycoside actions. AMEs form a variable group and yet they specifically recognize and efficiently bind aminoglycosides, which are also diverse in terms of total net charge and the number of pseudo-sugar rings. Here, we present the results of 25 molecular dynamics simulations of three AME representatives and aminoglycoside ribosomal RNA binding site, unliganded and complexed with an aminoglycoside, kanamycin A. A comparison of the aminoglycoside binding sites in these different receptors revealed that the enzymes efficiently mimic the nucleic acid environment of the ribosomal RNA binding cleft. Although internal dynamics of AMEs and their interaction patterns with aminoglycosides differ, the energetical analysis showed that the most favorable sites are virtually the same in the enzymes and RNA. The most copied interactions were of electrostatic nature, but stacking was also replicated in one AME:kanamycin complex. In addition, we found that some water-mediated interactions were very stable in the simulations of the complexes. We show that our simulations reproduce well findings from NMR or X-ray structural studies, as well as results from directed mutagenesis. The outcomes of our analyses provide new insight into aminoglycoside resistance mechanism that is related to the enzymatic modification of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Romanowska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Fong DH, Xiong B, Hwang J, Berghuis AM. Crystal structures of two aminoglycoside kinases bound with a eukaryotic protein kinase inhibitor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19589. [PMID: 21573013 PMCID: PMC3090406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is recognized as a growing healthcare problem. To address this issue, one strategy is to thwart the causal mechanism using an adjuvant in partner with the antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are a class of clinically important antibiotics used for the treatment of serious infections. Their usefulness has been compromised predominantly due to drug inactivation by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, such as aminoglycoside phosphotransferases or kinases. These kinases are structurally homologous to eukaryotic Ser/Thr and Tyr protein kinases and it has been shown that some can be inhibited by select protein kinase inhibitors. The aminoglycoside kinase, APH(3′)-IIIa, can be inhibited by CKI-7, an ATP-competitive inhibitor for the casein kinase 1. We have determined that CKI-7 is also a moderate inhibitor for the atypical APH(9)-Ia. Here we present the crystal structures of CKI-7-bound APH(3′)-IIIa and APH(9)-Ia, the first structures of a eukaryotic protein kinase inhibitor in complex with bacterial kinases. CKI-7 binds to the nucleotide-binding pocket of the enzymes and its binding alters the conformation of the nucleotide-binding loop, the segment homologous to the glycine-rich loop in eurkaryotic protein kinases. Comparison of these structures with the CKI-7-bound casein kinase 1 reveals features in the binding pockets that are distinct in the bacterial kinases and could be exploited for the design of a bacterial kinase specific inhibitor. Our results provide evidence that an inhibitor for a subset of APHs can be developed in order to curtail resistance to aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree H. Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche GRASP, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiyoung Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert M. Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche GRASP, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Morar
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada;
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7
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Amstutz P, Binz HK, Parizek P, Stumpp MT, Kohl A, Grütter MG, Forrer P, Plückthun A. Intracellular Kinase Inhibitors Selected from Combinatorial Libraries of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24715-22. [PMID: 15851475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501746200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific intracellular inhibition of protein activity at the protein level allows the determination of protein function in the cellular context. We demonstrate here the use of designed ankyrin repeat proteins as tailor-made intracellular kinase inhibitors. The target was aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (3')-IIIa (APH), which mediates resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in pathogenic bacteria and shares structural homology with eukaryotic protein kinases. Combining a selection and screening approach, we isolated 198 potential APH inhibitors from highly diverse combinatorial libraries of designed ankyrin repeat proteins. A detailed analysis of several inhibitors revealed that they bind APH with high specificity and with affinities down to the subnanomolar range. In vitro, the most potent inhibitors showed complete enzyme inhibition, and in vivo, a phenotype comparable with the gene knockout was observed, fully restoring antibiotic sensitivity in resistant bacteria. These results underline the great potential of designed ankyrin repeat proteins for modulation of intracellular protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Amstutz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
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8
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Taniguchi K, Nakamura A, Tsurubuchi K, O'Hara K, Sawai T. The role of histidine residues conserved in the putative ATP-binding region of macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 232:123-6. [PMID: 15033229 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase (MPH(2')) catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to the 2'-hydroxyl group of macrolide antibiotics. In this study, H198 and H205, conserved in the ATP-binding region motif 1 in the putative amino acid sequence of MPH(2')II, were replaced by Ala to investigate their role. H205 was also subsequently replaced by Asn. H198A and H205N mutant enzymes retained more than 50% of the specific activity of the original enzyme to substrate oleandomycin. On the other hand, the specific activity of the H205A mutant enzyme was reduced to less than 1% of that of the wild enzyme. The results suggested that H205 is crucial for maintaining the catalytic activity of MPH(2')II, and Asn can substitute for His at this position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Taniguchi
- Division of Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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9
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Azucena E, Mobashery S. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes: mechanisms of catalytic processes and inhibition. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:106-17. [PMID: 11512519 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2001.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent mechanism for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is mediated through their enzymatic modification in resistant organisms. Dozens of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes are known at the gene sequence level, but few have been characterized in the details of their mechanism. This review summarizes the state of knowledge of the best studied of these enzymes, focusing on their catalytic mechanisms and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Azucena
- Institute for Drug Design, Departments of Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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10
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Thompson PR, Schwartzenhauer J, Hughes DW, Berghuis AM, Wright GD. The COOH terminus of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (3')-IIIa is critical for antibiotic recognition and resistance. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30697-706. [PMID: 10521458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.43.30697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs) are widely distributed among pathogenic bacteria and are employed to covalently modify, and thereby detoxify, the clinically relevant aminoglycoside antibiotics. The crystal structure for one of these aminoglycoside kinases, APH(3')-IIIa, has been determined in complex with ADP and analysis of the electrostatic surface potential indicates that there is a large anionic depression present adjacent to the terminal phosphate group of the nucleotide. This region also includes a conserved COOH-terminal alpha-helix that contains the COOH-terminal residue Phe(264). We report here mutagenesis and computer modeling studies aimed at examining the mode of aminoglycoside binding to APH(3')-IIIa. Specifically, seven site mutants were studied, five from the COOH-terminal helix (Asp(261), Glu(262), and Phe(264)), and two additional residues that line the wall of the anionic depression (Tyr(55) and Arg(211)). Using a molecular modeling approach, six ternary complexes of APH(3')-IIIa.ATP with the antibiotics, kanamycin, amikacin, butirosin, and ribostamycin were independently constructed and these agree well with the mutagenesis data. The results obtained show that the COOH-terminal carboxylate of Phe(264) is critical for proper function of the enzyme. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that there exists multiple binding modes for the aminoglycosides, which provides a molecular basis for the broad substrate- and regiospecificity observed for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Thompson
- Antimicrobial Research Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
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11
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Abstract
Bacterial resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics is most frequently associated with the expression of modifying enzymes that can phosphorylate, adenylate or acetylate these compounds. The recent availability of representative crystal structures for all three classes of modifying enzymes has greatly expanded our knowledge of enzyme function, and has revealed unexpected and exciting connections to other families of enzymes. Furthermore, the complete genome sequences for several bacteria have revealed many potential aminoglycoside-resistance elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Wright
- Antimicrobial Research Centre Department of Biochemistry McMaster University 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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12
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Taniguchi K, Nakamura A, Tsurubuchi K, Ishii A, O'Hara K, Sawai T. Identification of functional amino acids in the macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase II. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2063-5. [PMID: 10428938 PMCID: PMC89416 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase [MPH(2')] transfers the gamma phosphate of ATP to the 2'-OH group of macrolide antibiotics. The role of aspartic acids in the putative ATP-binding site of MPH(2')II was investigated through the substitution of alanine for aspartate by site-directed mutagenesis. D200A, D209A, D219A, and D231A mutant strains were unable to inactivate the substrate oleandomycin, while a D227A mutant retained 7% of the activity of the original enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taniguchi
- Division of Microbial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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13
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Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM. Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:727-37. [PMID: 10103173 PMCID: PMC89199 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mingeot-Leclercq
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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14
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Daigle DM, McKay GA, Thompson PR, Wright GD. Aminoglycoside antibiotic phosphotransferases are also serine protein kinases. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1999; 6:11-8. [PMID: 9889150 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(99)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics occurs primarily through the expression of modifying enzymes that covalently alter the drugs by O-phosphorylation, O-adenylation or N-acetylation. Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs) catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of these antibiotics. Two particular enzymes in this class, APH(3')-IIIa and AAC(6')-APH(2"), are produced in gram-positive cocci and have been shown to phosphorylate aminoglycosides on their 3' and 2" hydroxyl groups, respectively. The three-dimensional structure of APH (3')-IIIa is strikingly similar to those of eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs), and the observation, reported previously, that APH(3')-IIIa and AAC(6')-APH(2") are effectively inhibited by EPK inhibitors suggested the possibility that these aminoglycoside kinases might phosphorylate EPK substrates. RESULTS Our data demonstrate unequivocally that APHs can phosphorylate several EPK substrates and that this phosphorylation occurs exclusively on serine residues. Phosphorylation of Ser/Thr protein kinase substrates by APHs was considerably slower than phosphorylation of aminoglycosides under identical assay conditions, which is consistent with the primary biological roles of the enzymes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a functional relationship between aminoglycoside and protein kinases, expanding on our previous observations of similarities in protein structure, enzyme mechanism and sensitivity to inhibitors, and suggest an evolutionary link between APHs and EPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Daigle
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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16
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Daigle DM, McKay GA, Wright GD. Inhibition of aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance enzymes by protein kinase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24755-8. [PMID: 9312069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.40.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics is manifested primarily through the expression of enzymes which covalently modify these drugs. One important mechanism of aminoglycoside modification is through ATP-dependent O-phosphorylation, catalyzed by a family of aminoglycoside kinases. The structure of one of these kinases, APH(3')-IIIa has recently been determined by x-ray crystallography, and the general fold is strikingly similar to eukaryotic protein kinases (Hon, W. C., McKay, G. A., Thompson, P. R., Sweet, R. M., Yang, D. S. C., Wright, G. D., and Berghuis, A. M. (1997) Cell 89, 887-895). Based on this similarity, we have examined the effect of known inhibitors of eukaryotic protein kinases on two aminoglycoside kinases, APH(3')-IIIa and the enzyme AAC(6')-APH(2") which also exhibits acetyl-CoA-dependent aminoglycoside modification activity. We report that several known protein kinase inhibitors are also good inhibitors of aminoglycoside kinases. Compounds belonging to the isoquinolinesulfonamide group are especially effective in this regard, giving competitive inhibition in the micromolar range with respect to ATP and noncompetitive inhibition versus the aminoglycoside substrate. This study provides the basis for future aminoglycoside kinase inhibitor design and for the development of compounds which could reverse antibiotic resistance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Daigle
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Hon WC, McKay GA, Thompson PR, Sweet RM, Yang DS, Wright GD, Berghuis AM. Structure of an enzyme required for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance reveals homology to eukaryotic protein kinases. Cell 1997; 89:887-95. [PMID: 9200607 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is almost exclusively accomplished through either phosphorylation, adenylylation, or acetylation of the antibacterial agent. The aminoglycoside kinase, APH(3')-IIIa, catalyzes the phosphorylation of a broad spectrum of aminoglycoside antibiotics. The crystal structure of this enzyme complexed with ADP was determined at 2.2 A. resolution. The three-dimensional fold of APH(3')-IIIa reveals a striking similarity to eukaryotic protein kinases despite a virtually complete lack of sequence homology. Nearly half of the APH(3')-IIIa sequence adopts a conformation identical to that seen in these kinases. Substantial differences are found in the location and conformation of residues presumably responsible for second-substrate specificity. These results indicate that APH(3') enzymes and eukaryotic-type protein kinases share a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Hon
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Abstract
The aminoglycoside antibiotics are broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds that are used extensively for the treatment of many bacterial infections. In view of the current concerns over the global rise in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, there has been renewed interest in the mechanisms of resistance to the aminoglycosides, including the superfamily of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davies
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Suter TM, Viswanathan VK, Cianciotto NP. Isolation of a gene encoding a novel spectinomycin phosphotransferase from Legionella pneumophila. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1385-8. [PMID: 9174205 PMCID: PMC163921 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.6.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene capable of conferring spectinomycin resistance was isolated from Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease. The gene (aph) encoded a 36-kDa protein which has similarity to aminoglycoside phosphotransferases. Biochemical analysis confirmed that aph encodes a phosphotransferase which modifies spectinomycin but not hygromycin, kanamycin, or streptomycin. The strain that was the source of aph demonstrated resistance to spectinomycin, and Southern hybridizations determined that aph also exists in other legionellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Suter
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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