1
|
Tanese K, Ogata D. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor family and CD74 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15122. [PMID: 38884501 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumour with poor prognosis that arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Over the past few decades, intense research into the pathogenesis of melanoma has led to the development of BRAF and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which have shown clinically significant efficacy. However, some tumours do not respond to these therapies initially or become treatment resistant. Most melanoma tissues appear to possess biological characteristics that allow them to evade these treatments, and identifying these characteristics is one of the major challenges facing cancer researchers. One such characteristic that has recently gained attention is the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74. This review outlines the cellular and molecular functions of CD74, MIF and their family of proteins. We then review their roles in tumours based on previous reports, highlight their pathological significance in melanoma and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blander JM, Yee Mon KJ, Jha A, Roycroft D. The show and tell of cross-presentation. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:33-114. [PMID: 37996207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is the culmination of complex subcellular processes that allow the processing of exogenous proteins and the presentation of resultant peptides on major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8 T cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a cell type that uniquely specializes in cross-presentation, mainly in the context of viral or non-viral infection and cancer. DCs have an extensive network of endovesicular pathways that orchestrate the biogenesis of an ideal cross-presentation compartment where processed antigen, MHC-I molecules, and the MHC-I peptide loading machinery all meet. As a central conveyor of information to CD8 T cells, cross-presentation allows cross-priming of T cells which carry out robust adaptive immune responses for tumor and viral clearance. Cross-presentation can be canonical or noncanonical depending on the functional status of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which in turn influences the vesicular route of MHC-I delivery to internalized antigen and the cross-presented repertoire of peptides. Because TAP is a central node in MHC-I presentation, it is targeted by immune evasive viruses and cancers. Thus, understanding the differences between canonical and noncanonical cross-presentation may inform new therapeutic avenues against cancer and infectious disease. Defects in cross-presentation on a cellular and genetic level lead to immune-related disease progression, recurrent infection, and cancer progression. In this chapter, we review the process of cross-presentation beginning with the DC subsets that conduct cross-presentation, the signals that regulate cross-presentation, the vesicular trafficking pathways that orchestrate cross-presentation, the modes of cross-presentation, and ending with disease contexts where cross-presentation plays a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Programs, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Kristel Joy Yee Mon
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Atimukta Jha
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dylan Roycroft
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Olajide OM, Osman MK, Robert J, Kessler S, Toews LK, Thamamongood T, Neefjes J, Wrobel AG, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K, Reuther P. Evolutionarily conserved amino acids in MHC-II mediate bat influenza A virus entry into human cells. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002182. [PMID: 37410798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral hemagglutinins of conventional influenza A viruses (IAVs) bind to sialylated glycans on host cell surfaces for attachment and subsequent infection. In contrast, hemagglutinins of bat-derived IAVs target major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) for cell entry. MHC-II proteins from various vertebrate species can facilitate infection with the bat IAV H18N11. Yet, it has been difficult to biochemically determine the H18:MHC-II binding. Here, we followed a different approach and generated MHC-II chimeras from the human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), which supports H18-mediated entry, and the nonclassical MHC-II molecule HLA-DM, which does not. In this context, viral entry was supported only by a chimera containing the HLA-DR α1, α2, and β1 domains. Subsequent modeling of the H18:HLA-DR interaction identified the α2 domain as central for this interaction. Further mutational analyses revealed highly conserved amino acids within loop 4 (N149) and β-sheet 6 (V190) of the α2 domain as critical for virus entry. This suggests that conserved residues in the α1, α2, and β1 domains of MHC-II mediate H18-binding and virus propagation. The conservation of MHC-II amino acids, which are critical for H18N11 binding, may explain the broad species specificity of this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okikiola M Olajide
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Kaukab Osman
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Robert
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lina Kathrin Toews
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thiprampai Thamamongood
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoni G Wrobel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Reuther
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li QL, Tang J, Zhao L, Ruze A, Shan XF, Gao XM. The role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1049143. [PMID: 36712241 PMCID: PMC9877307 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1049143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte differentiation antigen 74 (CD74), also known as invariant chain, is a molecular chaperone of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules involved in antigen presentation. CD74 has recently been shown to be a receptor for the macrophage migration inhibitory factor family proteins (MIF/MIF2). Many studies have revealed that CD74 plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the structure and main functions of CD74 and then focus on the recent research progress on the role of CD74 in cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we also discuss potential treatment strategies that target CD74. Our systematic review of the role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease will fill some knowledge gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Amanguli Ruze
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Ming Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hathaway-Schrader JD, Aartun JD, Poulides NA, Kuhn MB, McCormick BE, Chew ME, Huang E, Darveau RP, Westwater C, Novince CM. Commensal oral microbiota induces osteoimmunomodulatory effects separate from systemic microbiome in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:140738. [PMID: 35077397 PMCID: PMC8876522 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbes critically regulate skeletal homeostasis, yet the impact of specific microbiota communities on osteoimmune response mechanisms is unknown. To discern osteoimmunomodulatory effects imparted by the commensal oral microbiota that are distinct from the systemic microbiota, osteoimmunology studies were performed in both alveolar bone and nonoral skeletal sites of specific pathogen–free (SPF) versus germ-free (GF) mice and SPF mice subjected to saline versus chlorhexidine oral rinses. SPF versus GF mice had reduced cortical/trabecular bone and an enhanced pro-osteoclastic phenotype in alveolar bone. TLR signaling and Th17 cells that have known pro-osteoclastic actions were increased in alveolar BM, but not long BM, of SPF versus GF mice. MHC II antigen presentation genes and activated DCs and CD4+ T cells were elevated in alveolar BM, but not long BM, of SPF versus GF mice. These findings were substantiated by in vitro allostimulation studies demonstrating increased activated DCs derived from alveolar BM, but not long BM, of SPF versus GF mice. Chlorhexidine antiseptic rinse depleted the oral, but not gut, bacteriome in SPF mice. Findings from saline- versus chlorhexidine-treated SPF mice corroborated outcomes from SPF versus GF mice, which reveals that the commensal oral microbiota imparts osteoimmunomodulatory effects separate from the systemic microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, and
- Department of Stomatology-Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Megan B. Kuhn
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
| | | | - Michael E. Chew
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M. Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, and
- Department of Stomatology-Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
GILT Expression in Human Melanoma Cells Enhances Generation of Antigenic Peptides for HLA Class II-Mediated Immune Recognition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031066. [PMID: 35162988 PMCID: PMC8835040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that has become increasingly prevalent in western populations. Current treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and high-dose radiation have had limited success, often failing to treat late stage, metastatic melanoma. Alternative strategies such as immunotherapies have been successful in treating a small percentage of patients with metastatic disease, although these treatments to date have not been proven to enhance overall survival. Several melanoma antigens (Ags) proposed as targets for immunotherapeutics include tyrosinase, NY-ESO-1, gp-100, and Mart-1, all of which contain both human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II-restricted epitopes necessary for immune recognition. We have previously shown that an enzyme, gamma-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT), is abundantly expressed in professional Ag presenting cells (APCs), but absent or expressed at greatly reduced levels in many human melanomas. In the current study, we report that increased GILT expression generates a greater pool of antigenic peptides in melanoma cells for enhanced CD4+ T cell recognition. Our results suggest that the induction of GILT in human melanoma cells could aid in the development of a novel whole-cell vaccine for the enhancement of immune recognition of metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
|
7
|
Siavoshinia L, Kheirollah A, Zeinali M, Barzegari E, Jamalan M. Combinatorial in silico and in vivo evaluation of immune response elicitation by the affibody Z HER2. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108368. [PMID: 34857479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high affinity for binding to target molecules and also other unique attributes, affibodies have a great potential to be used in immunotherapeutic and diagnostic approaches. However, the possibility of undesirable immune response is still a great concern. In the current study, we investigated the possible antigenicity, allergenicity and cytotoxicity of the HER2-targeting affibody ZHER2. The binding affinity of potential epitopes of the affibody to murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules was investigated by immunoinformatics tools and docking approaches. The possible interaction of ZHER2 with human leukocyte antigens HLA-DP, HLA-DM, HLA-DQ and HLA-DR was also studied by protein-protein docking. Additionally, the synthesized affibody gene was expressed and the protein was purified for boosted immunization of Balb/c mice. Induced secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10, and total serum IgG were assessed in the immunized mice. Furthermore, MTT cell viability test was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ZHER2 in splenocytes of the treated mice. In silico analyses showed the possible induction of the immune response by ZHER2. While the affibody could elicit the secretion of cellular immune cytokines, it could not induce a significant humoral response in the treated mice and did not show any cytotoxic effects on the exposed splenocytes. These findings explain the practicability of ZHER2 for therapeutic and in vivo diagnostic usages, though its ubiquitous application may need more studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Siavoshinia
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Medical School, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Medical School, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Barzegari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jamalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Partnering for the major histocompatibility complex class II and antigenic determinant requires flexibility and chaperons. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:112-121. [PMID: 34146954 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic, or helper T cells recognize antigen via T cell receptors (TCRs) that can see their target antigen as short sequences of peptides bound to the groove of proteins of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and class II respectively. For MHC class II epitope selection from exogenous pathogens or self-antigens, participation of several accessory proteins, molecular chaperons, processing enzymes within multiple vesicular compartments is necessary. A major contributing factor is the MHC class II structure itself that uniquely offers a dynamic and flexible groove essential for epitope selection. In this review, I have taken a historical perspective focusing on the flexibility of the MHC II molecules as the driving force in determinant selection and interactions with the accessory molecules in antigen processing, HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
Collapse
|
9
|
Reyes-Vargas E, Barker AP, Zhou Z, He X, Jensen PE. HLA-DM catalytically enhances peptide dissociation by sensing peptide-MHC class II interactions throughout the peptide-binding cleft. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2959-2973. [PMID: 31969393 PMCID: PMC7062162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen-DM (HLA-DM) is an integral component of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen-processing and -presentation pathway. HLA-DM shapes the immune system by differentially catalyzing peptide exchange on MHCII molecules, thereby editing the peptide-MHCII (pMHCII) repertoire by imposing a bias on the foreign and self-derived peptide cargos that are presented on the cell surface for immune surveillance and tolerance induction by CD4+ T cells. To better understand DM selectivity, here we developed a real-time fluorescence anisotropy assay to delineate the pMHCII intrinsic stability, DM-binding affinity, and catalytic turnover, independent kinetic parameters of HLA-DM enzymatic activity. We analyzed prominent pMHCII contacts by differentiating the kinetic parameters in pMHCII homologs, observing that peptide interactions throughout the MHCII-binding cleft influence both the rate of peptide dissociation from the DM-pMHCII catalytic complex and the binding affinity of HLA-DM for a pMHCII. We show that the intrinsic stability of a pMHCII linearly correlates with DM catalytic turnover, but is nonlinearly correlated with its binding affinity. Surprisingly, interactions at the peptides N terminus up to and including MHCII position one (P1) anchor affected the catalytic turnover, suggesting that the active DM-pMHCII catalytic complex operates on pMHCII complexes with full peptide occupancy. Furthermore, interactions at the peptide C terminus modulated DM-binding affinity, suggesting distal communication between peptide interactions with the MHCII and the DM-pMHCII binding interface. Our results imply an intimate linkage between the DM-pMHCII interface and peptide-MHCII interactions throughout the peptide-binding cleft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Reyes-Vargas
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Adam P Barker
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; Department of Pathology, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Zemin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112.
| | - Peter E Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112; Department of Pathology, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Welsh R, Song N, Sadegh-Nasseri S. What to do with HLA-DO/H-2O two decades later? Immunogenetics 2019; 71:189-196. [PMID: 30683973 PMCID: PMC6377320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-01097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of antigen processing is to orchestrate the selection of immunodominant epitopes for recognition by CD4 T cells. To achieve this, MHC class II molecules have evolved with a flexible peptide-binding groove in need of a bound peptide. Newly synthesized MHC-II molecules bind a class II invariant chain (Ii) upon synthesis and are shuttled to a specialized compartment, where they encounter exogenous antigens. Ii serves multiple functions, one of which is to maintain the shape of the MHC-II groove so that it can readily bind exogenous antigens upon dissociation of the Ii peptide in MHC- II compartment. MIIC contains processing enzymes, one or both accessory molecules, HLA-DM/H2-M (DM) and HLA-DO/H2-O (DO), and optimal denaturing conditions. In a process known as "editing," DM facilitates the dissociation of the invariant chain peptide, CLIP, for exchange with exogenous antigens. Despite the availability of mechanistic insights into DM functions, understanding how DO contributes to epitope selection has proven to be more challenging. The current dogma assumes that DO inhibits DM, whereas an opposing model suggests that DO fine-tunes the epitope selection process. Understanding which of these, or potentially other models of DO function is important, as DO variants have been linked to autoimmunity, cancer, and the generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies to viruses. This review therefore attempts to evaluate experimental evidence in support of these hypotheses, with an emphasis on the less discussed model, and to explore intriguing questions about the importance of DO in biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Welsh
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nianbin Song
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hathaway-Schrader JD, Steinkamp HM, Chavez MB, Poulides NA, Kirkpatrick JE, Chew ME, Huang E, Alekseyenko AV, Aguirre JI, Novince CM. Antibiotic Perturbation of Gut Microbiota Dysregulates Osteoimmune Cross Talk in Postpubertal Skeletal Development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:370-390. [PMID: 30660331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota-host immune responses are experimentally delineated via gnotobiotic animal models or alternatively by antibiotic perturbation of gut microbiota. Osteoimmunology investigations in germ-free mice, revealing that gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions critically regulate physiologic skeletal development, highlight that antibiotic perturbation of gut microbiota may dysregulate normal osteoimmunological processes. We investigated the impact of antibiotic disruption of gut microbiota on osteoimmune response effects in postpubertal skeletal development. Sex-matched C57BL/6T mice were administered broad-spectrum antibiotics or vehicle-control from the age of 6 to 12 weeks. Antibiotic alterations in gut bacterial composition and skeletal morphology were sex dependent. Antibiotics did not influence osteoblastogenesis or endochondral bone formation, but notably enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Unchanged Tnf or Ccl3 expression in marrow and elevated tumor necrosis factor-α and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 in serum indicated that the pro-osteoclastic effects of the antibiotics are driven by increased systemic inflammation. Antibiotic-induced broad changes in adaptive and innate immune cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen demonstrated that the perturbation of gut microbiota drives a state of dysbiotic hyperimmune response at secondary lymphoid tissues draining local gut and systemic circulation. Antibiotics up-regulated the myeloid-derived suppressor cells, immature myeloid progenitor cells known for immunosuppressive properties in pathophysiologic inflammatory conditions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell-mediated immunosuppression can be antigen specific. Therefore, antibiotic-induced broad suppression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation genes in bone marrow discerns that antibiotic perturbation of gut microbiota dysregulates critical osteoimmune cross talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Endocrinology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Heidi M Steinkamp
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael B Chavez
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nicole A Poulides
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Endocrinology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joy E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael E Chew
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jose I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina; Endocrinology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang J, Natarajan K, Margulies DH. MHC Molecules, T cell Receptors, Natural Killer Cell Receptors, and Viral Immunoevasins-Key Elements of Adaptive and Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:21-62. [PMID: 31628650 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecules encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) bind self or foreign peptides and display these at the cell surface for recognition by receptors on T lymphocytes (designated T cell receptors-TCR) or on natural killer (NK) cells. These ligand/receptor interactions govern T cell and NK cell development as well as activation of T memory and effector cells. Such cells participate in immunological processes that regulate immunity to various pathogens, resistance and susceptibility to cancer, and autoimmunity. The past few decades have witnessed the accumulation of a huge knowledge base of the molecular structures of MHC molecules bound to numerous peptides, of TCRs with specificity for many different peptide/MHC (pMHC) complexes, of NK cell receptors (NKR), of MHC-like viral immunoevasins, and of pMHC/TCR and pMHC/NKR complexes. This chapter reviews the structural principles that govern peptide/MHC (pMHC), pMHC/TCR, and pMHC/NKR interactions, for both MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. In addition, we discuss the structures of several representative MHC-like molecules. These include host molecules that have distinct biological functions, as well as virus-encoded molecules that contribute to the evasion of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D12, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
14
|
Ancient features of the MHC class II presentation pathway, and a model for the possible origin of MHC molecules. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:233-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Sadegh-Nasseri S, Kim A. Selection of immunodominant epitopes during antigen processing is hierarchical. Mol Immunol 2018; 113:115-119. [PMID: 30146122 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC II proteins present processed antigens to CD4 + T cells through a complex set of events and players that include chaperons and accessory molecules. Antigen processing machinery is optimized for the selection of the best fitting peptides, called 'immunodominant epitopes', in the MHC II groove to which, specific CD4 + T cells respond and differentiate into memory T cells. However, due to the complexity of antigen processing, understanding the parameters that lead to immunodominance has proved difficult. Moreover, immunodominance of epitopes vary, depending on multiple factors that include; simultaneous processing of multiple proteins, involvement of multiple alleles of MHC II that can bind to the same antigen, or competition among several suitable epitopes on a single protein antigen. The current dogma assumes that once an antigenic determinant is selected under a specific condition, it would emerge immunodominant wherever it is placed. Here we will discuss some established parameters that contribute to immunodominance as well as some new findings, which demonstrate that slight changes to antigen structure can cause a complete shift in epitope selection during antigen processing and distort the natural immunodominant epitope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - AeRyon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evolving Insights for MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Afridi S, Hoessli DC, Hameed MW. Mechanistic understanding and significance of small peptides interaction with MHC class II molecules for therapeutic applications. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:151-68. [PMID: 27319349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are expressed by antigen-presenting cells and stimulate CD4(+) T cells, which initiate humoral immune responses. Over the past decade, interest has developed to therapeutically impact the peptides to be exposed to CD4(+) T cells. Structurally diverse small molecules have been discovered that act on the endogenous peptide exchanger HLA-DM by different mechanisms. Exogenously delivered peptides are highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in vivo; however, it is only when successfully incorporated into stable MHC II-peptide complexes that these peptides can induce an immune response. Many of the small molecules so far discovered have highlighted the molecular interactions mediating the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes. As potential drugs, these small molecules open new therapeutic approaches to modulate MHC II antigen presentation pathways and influence the quality and specificity of immune responses. This review briefly introduces how CD4(+) T cells recognize antigen when displayed by MHC class II molecules, as well as MHC class II-peptide-loading pathways, structural basis of peptide binding and stabilization of the peptide-MHC complexes. We discuss the concept of MHC-loading enhancers, how they could modulate immune responses and how these molecules have been identified. Finally, we suggest mechanisms whereby MHC-loading enhancers could act upon MHC class II molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifullah Afridi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Daniel C Hoessli
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Hameed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rawal L, Panwar D, Ali S. Intermolecular Interactions Between DMα and DMβ Proteins in BuLA‐DM Complex of Water Buffalo
Bubalus bubalis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4254-4266. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rawal
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryNational Institute of ImmunologyAruna Asaf Ali MargDelhi‐110067India
| | - Deepak Panwar
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryNational Institute of ImmunologyAruna Asaf Ali MargDelhi‐110067India
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of DelhiDelhi‐110007India
| | - Sher Ali
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryNational Institute of ImmunologyAruna Asaf Ali MargDelhi‐110067India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic SciencesJamia Millia IslamiaDelhi‐110025India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rock KL, Reits E, Neefjes J. Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:724-737. [PMID: 27614798 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of MHC molecules, it has taken 40 years to arrive at a coherent picture of how MHC class I and MHC class II molecules really work. This is a story of the proteases and MHC-like chaperones that support the MHC class I and II molecules in presenting peptides to the immune system. We now understand that the MHC system shapes both the repertoire of presented peptides and the subsequent T cell response, with important implications ranging from transplant rejection to tumor immunotherapies. Here we present an illustrated review of the ins and outs of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sadegh-Nasseri S. A step-by-step overview of the dynamic process of epitope selection by major histocompatibility complex class II for presentation to helper T cells. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27347387 PMCID: PMC4902097 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7664.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) expressed on cytotoxic or helper T cells can only see their specific target antigen as short sequences of peptides bound to the groove of proteins of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and class II respectively. In addition to the many steps, several participating proteins, and multiple cellular compartments involved in the processing of antigens, the MHC structure, with its dynamic and flexible groove, has perfectly evolved as the underlying instrument for epitope selection. In this review, I have taken a step-by-step, and rather historical, view to describe antigen processing and determinant selection, as we understand it today, all based on decades of intense research by hundreds of laboratories.
Collapse
|
21
|
Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:265-97. [PMID: 26907214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules are critical in the control of many immune responses. They are also involved in most autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Here, we describe the biology of MHC-II and MHC-II variations that affect immune responses. We discuss the classic cell biology of MHC-II and various perturbations. Proteolysis is a major process in the biology of MHC-II, and we describe the various components forming and controlling this endosomal proteolytic machinery. This process ultimately determines the MHC-II-presented peptidome, including cryptic peptides, modified peptides, and other peptides that are relevant in autoimmune responses. MHC-II also variable in expression, glycosylation, and turnover. We illustrate that MHC-II is variable not only in amino acids (polymorphic) but also in its biology, with consequences for both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goldberg AC, Rizzo LV. MHC structure and function - antigen presentation. Part 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:157-62. [PMID: 25807243 PMCID: PMC4977603 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082015rb3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The second part of this review deals with the molecules and processes involved in the processing and presentation of the antigenic fragments to the T-cell receptor. Though the nature of the antigens presented varies, the most significant class of antigens is proteins, processed within the cell to be then recognized in the form of peptides, a mechanism that confers an extraordinary degree of precision to this mode of immune response. The efficiency and accuracy of this system is also the result of the myriad of mechanisms involved in the processing of proteins and production of peptides, in addition to the capture and recycling of alternative sources aiming to generate further diversity in the presentation to T-cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Macmillan H, Strohman MJ, Ayyangar S, Jiang W, Rajasekaran N, Spura A, Hessell AJ, Madec AM, Mellins ED. The MHC class II cofactor HLA-DM interacts with Ig in B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:2641-2650. [PMID: 25098292 PMCID: PMC4157100 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells internalize extracellular Ag into endosomes using the Ig component of the BCR. In endosomes, Ag-derived peptides are loaded onto MHC class II proteins. How these pathways intersect remains unclear. We find that HLA-DM (DM), a catalyst for MHC class II peptide loading, coprecipitates with Ig in lysates from human tonsillar B cells and B cell lines. The molecules in the Ig/DM complexes have mature glycans, and the complexes colocalize with endosomal markers in intact cells. A larger fraction of Ig precipitates with DM after BCR crosslinking, implying that complexes can form when DM meets endocytosed Ig. In vitro, in the endosomal pH range, soluble DM directly binds the Ig Fab domain and increases levels of free Ag released from immune complexes. Taken together, these results argue that DM and Ig intersect in the endocytic pathway of B cells with potential functional consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Macmillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J. Strohman
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sashi Ayyangar
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Narendiran Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Armin Spura
- Life Technologies, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mellins ED, Stern LJ. HLA-DM and HLA-DO, key regulators of MHC-II processing and presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:115-22. [PMID: 24463216 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide loading of class II MHC molecules in endosomal compartments is regulated by HLA-DM. HLA-DO modulates HLA-DM function, with consequences for the spectrum of MHC-bound epitopes presented at the cell surface for interaction with T cells. Here, we summarize and discuss recent progress in investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of HLA-DM and HLA-DO and in understanding their roles in immune responses. Key findings are the long-awaited structures of HLA-DM in complex with its class II substrate and with HLA-DO, and observation of a novel phenotype--autoimmunity combined with immunodeficiency--in mice lacking HLA-DO. We also highlight several areas where gaps persist in our knowledge about this pair of proteins and their molecular biology and immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dijkstra JM, Grimholt U, Leong J, Koop BF, Hashimoto K. Comprehensive analysis of MHC class II genes in teleost fish genomes reveals dispensability of the peptide-loading DM system in a large part of vertebrates. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:260. [PMID: 24279922 PMCID: PMC4219347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules play an essential role in presenting peptide antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes in the acquired immune system. The non-classical class II DM molecule, HLA-DM in the case of humans, possesses critical function in assisting the classical MHC class II molecules for proper peptide loading and is highly conserved in tetrapod species. Although the absence of DM-like genes in teleost fish has been speculated based on the results of homology searches, it has not been definitively clear whether the DM system is truly specific for tetrapods or not. To obtain a clear answer, we comprehensively searched class II genes in representative teleost fish genomes and analyzed those genes regarding the critical functional features required for the DM system. Results We discovered a novel ancient class II group (DE) in teleost fish and classified teleost fish class II genes into three major groups (DA, DB and DE). Based on several criteria, we investigated the classical/non-classical nature of various class II genes and showed that only one of three groups (DA) exhibits classical-type characteristics. Analyses of predicted class II molecules revealed that the critical tryptophan residue required for a classical class II molecule in the DM system could be found only in some non-classical but not in classical-type class II molecules of teleost fish. Conclusions Teleost fish, a major group of vertebrates, do not possess the DM system for the classical class II peptide-loading and this sophisticated system has specially evolved in the tetrapod lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li XL, Teng MK, Reinherz EL, Wang JH. Strict Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Class-Specific Binding by Co-Receptors Enforces MHC-Restricted αβ TCR Recognition during T Lineage Subset Commitment. Front Immunol 2013; 4:383. [PMID: 24319443 PMCID: PMC3837227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of co-receptor dependent αβTCR recognition, considerable effort has been spent on elucidating the basis of CD4 and CD8 lineage commitment in the thymus. The latter is responsible for generating mature CD4 helper and CD8αβ cytotoxic T cell subsets. Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recognition of peptide antigens is known to be MHC class II- and MHC class I-restricted, respectively, the mechanism of single positive (SP) thymocyte lineage commitment from bipotential double-positive (DP) progenitors is not fully elucidated. Classical models to explain thymic CD4 vs. CD8 fate determination have included a stochastic selection model or instructional models. The latter are based either on strength of signal or duration of signal impacting fate. More recently, differential co-receptor gene imprinting has been shown to be involved in expression of transcription factors impacting cytotoxic T cell development. Here, we address commitment from a structural perspective, focusing on the nature of co-receptor binding to MHC molecules. By surveying 58 MHC class II and 224 MHC class I crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank, it becomes clear that CD4 cannot bind to MHC I molecules, nor can CD8αβ or CD8αα bind to MHC II molecules. Given that the co-receptor delivers Lck to phosphorylate exposed CD3 ITAMs within a peptide/MHC (pMHC)-ligated TCR complex to initiate cell signaling, this strict co-receptor recognition fosters MHC class-restricted SP thymocyte lineage commitment at the DP stage even though both co-receptors are expressed on a single cell. In short, the binding preference of an αβTCR for a peptide complexed with an MHC molecule dictates which co-receptor subsequently binds, thereby supporting development of that subset lineage. How function within the lineage is linked further to biopotential fate determination is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China ; College of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poluektov YO, Kim A, Sadegh-Nasseri S. HLA-DO and Its Role in MHC Class II Antigen Presentation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:260. [PMID: 24009612 PMCID: PMC3756479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells are stimulated to fight infections or diseases upon recognition of peptides from antigens that are processed and presented by the proteins of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II molecules. Degradation of a full protein into small peptide fragments is a lengthy process consisting of many steps and chaperones. Malfunctions during any step of antigen processing could lead to the development of self-reactive T cells or defective immune response to pathogens. Although much has been accomplished regarding how antigens are processed and presented to T cells, many questions still remain unanswered, preventing the design of therapeutics for direct intervention with antigen processing. Here, we review published work on the discovery and function of a MHC class II molecular chaperone, HLA-DO, in human, and its mouse analog H2-O, herein called DO. While DO was originally discovered decades ago, elucidating its function has proven challenging. DO was discovered in association with another chaperone HLA-DM (DM) but unlike DM, its distribution is more tissue specific, and its function more subtle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri O Poluektov
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Monson MS, Mendoza KM, Velleman SG, Strasburg GM, Reed KM. Expression profiles for genes in the turkey major histocompatibility complex B-locus. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1523-34. [PMID: 23687148 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic region of the genome essential to immune responses and animal health. In galliforms, the MHC is divided into 2 genetically unlinked regions (MHC-B and MHC-Y). Many MHC-B genes are involved in adaptive or innate immunity, yet others have nonimmune or unknown functions. The sequenced MHC-B region of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) contains 40 genes, the majority of which are predicted transcripts based on comparison with the chicken or quail, without direct evidence for expression. This study was designed to test for the presence of MHC-B gene transcripts in a panel of immune and nonimmune system tissues from domestic turkeys. This analysis provides the first locus-wide examination of MHC-B gene expression in any avian species. Most MHC-B genes were broadly expressed across tissues. Expression of all predicted genes was verified by reverse-transcription PCR, including B-butyrophilin 2 (BTN2), a predicted gene with no previous evidence for expression in any species. Previously undescribed splice variants were also detected and sequenced from 3 genes. Characterization of MHC-B expression patterns helps elucidate unknown gene functions and potential gene coregulation. Determining turkey MHC-B expression profiles increases our overall understanding of the avian MHC and provides a necessary resource for future research on the immunological response of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Monson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ferrante A. HLA-DM: arbiter conformationis. Immunology 2013; 138:85-92. [PMID: 23113687 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition by CD4(+) T cells of peptides bound to class II MHC (MHCII) molecules expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells is a key step in the initiation of an adaptive immune response. Presentation of peptides is the outcome of an intracellular selection process occurring in dedicated endosomal compartments involving, among others, an MHCII-like molecule named HLA-DM (DM). The impact of DM on the epitope selection machinery has been known for more than 15 years. However, the mechanism by which DM skews the presented repertoire in favour of kinetically stable complexes has remained elusive. Here, a review of the most recent observations in the field is presented, pointing to the possibility that DM decides the survival of a peptide-MHCII complex (pMHCII) on the basis of its conformational flexibility, which is a function of the 'tightness' of interaction between the peptide and the MHCII at a specific region of the binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrante
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pos W, Sethi DK, Call MJ, Schulze MSED, Anders AK, Pyrdol J, Wucherpfennig KW. Crystal structure of the HLA-DM-HLA-DR1 complex defines mechanisms for rapid peptide selection. Cell 2013; 151:1557-68. [PMID: 23260142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DR molecules bind microbial peptides in an endosomal compartment and present them on the cell surface for CD4 T cell surveillance. HLA-DM plays a critical role in the endosomal peptide selection process. The structure of the HLA-DM-HLA-DR complex shows major rearrangements of the HLA-DR peptide-binding groove. Flipping of a tryptophan away from the HLA-DR1 P1 pocket enables major conformational changes that position hydrophobic HLA-DR residues into the P1 pocket. These conformational changes accelerate peptide dissociation and stabilize the empty HLA-DR peptide-binding groove. Initially, incoming peptides have access to only part of the HLA-DR groove and need to compete with HLA-DR residues for access to the P2 site and the hydrophobic P1 pocket. This energetic barrier creates a rapid and stringent selection process for the highest-affinity binders. Insertion of peptide residues into the P2 and P1 sites reverses the conformational changes, terminating selection through DM dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Pos
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Denzin LK, Cresswell P. Sibling rivalry: competition between MHC class II family members inhibits immunity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:7-10. [PMID: 23288359 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peptide loading of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the endosomes and lysosomes of antigen-presenting cells is catalyzed by human leukocyte antigen-DM (HLA-DM) and modulated by HLA-DO. In a structural study in this issue, Guce et al. show that HLA-DO is an MHC class II mimic and functions as a competitive and essentially irreversible inhibitor of HLA-DM activity, thereby inhibiting MHC class II antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Painter CA, Stern LJ. Conformational variation in structures of classical and non-classical MHCII proteins and functional implications. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:144-57. [PMID: 23046127 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent structural characterizations of classical and non-classical major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) proteins have provided a view into the dynamic nature of the MHCII-peptide binding groove and the role that structural changes play in peptide loading processes. Although there have been numerous reports of crystal structures for MHCII-peptide complexes, a detailed analysis comparing all the structures has not been reported, and subtle conformational variations present in these structures may not have been fully appreciated. We compared the 91 MHCII crystal structures reported in the PDB to date, including an HLA-DR mutant particularly susceptible to DM-mediated peptide exchange, and reviewed experimental and computational studies of the effect of peptide binding on MHCII structure. These studies provide evidence for conformational lability in and around the α-subunit 3-10 helix at residues α48-51, a region known to be critical for HLA-DM-mediated peptide exchange. A biophysical study of MHC-peptide hydrogen bond strengths and a recent structure of the non-classical MHCII protein HLA-DO reveal changes in the same region. Conformational variability was observed also in the vicinity of a kink in the β-subunit helical region near residue β66 and in the orientation and loop conformation in the β2 Ig domain. Here, we provide an overview of the regions within classical and non-classical MHCII proteins that display conformational changes and the potential role that these changes may have in the peptide loading/exchange process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrie A Painter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
T cell recognition of antigen-presenting cells depends on their expression of a spectrum of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules. Conversion of antigens from pathogens or transformed cells into MHC-I- and MHC-II-bound peptides is critical for mounting protective T cell responses, and similar processing of self proteins is necessary to establish and maintain tolerance. Cells use a variety of mechanisms to acquire protein antigens, from translation in the cytosol to variations on the theme of endocytosis, and to degrade them once acquired. In this review, we highlight the aspects of MHC-I and MHC-II biosynthesis and assembly that have evolved to intersect these pathways and sample the peptides that are produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
HLA-DO acts as a substrate mimic to inhibit HLA-DM by a competitive mechanism. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 20:90-8. [PMID: 23222639 PMCID: PMC3537886 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
MHCII proteins bind peptide antigens in endosomal compartments of antigen-presenting cells. The non-classical MHCII protein HLA-DM chaperones peptide-free MHCII against inactivation and catalyzes peptide exchange on loaded MHCII. Another non-classical MHCII protein, HLA-DO, binds HLA-DM and influences the repertoire of peptides presented by MHCII proteins. However, the mechanism by which HLA-DO functions is unclear. Here we use x-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics and mutagenesis approaches to investigate human HLA-DO structure and function. In complex with HLA-DM, HLA-DO adopts a classical MHCII structure, with alterations near the alpha subunit 310 helix. HLA-DO binds to HLA-DM at the same sites implicated in MHCII interaction, and kinetic analysis demonstrates that HLA-DO acts as a competitive inhibitor. These results show that HLA-DO inhibits HLA-DM function by acting as a substrate mimic and place constraints on possible functional roles for HLA-DO in antigen presentation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
HLA-DO (DO) is a nonclassic class II heterodimer that inhibits the action of the class II peptide exchange catalyst, HLA-DM (DM), and influences DM localization within late endosomes and exosomes. In addition, DM acts as a chaperone for DO and is required for its egress from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These reciprocal functions are based on direct DO/DM binding, but the topology of DO/DM complexes is not known, in part, because of technical limitations stemming from DO instability. We generated two variants of recombinant soluble DO with increased stability [zippered DOαP11A (szDOv) and chimeric sDO-Fc] and confirmed their conformational integrity and ability to inhibit DM. Notably, we found that our constructs, as well as wild-type sDO, are inhibitory in the full pH range where DM is active (4.7 to ∼6.0). To probe the nature of DO/DM complexes, we used intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and mutagenesis and identified a lateral surface spanning the α1 and α2 domains of szDO as the apparent binding site for sDM. We also analyzed several sDM mutants for binding to szDOv and susceptibility to DO inhibition. Results of these assays identified a region of DM important for interaction with DO. Collectively, our data define a putative binding surface and an overall orientation of the szDOv/sDM complex and have implications for the mechanism of DO inhibition of DM.
Collapse
|
36
|
Schulze MSED, Wucherpfennig KW. The mechanism of HLA-DM induced peptide exchange in the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 24:105-11. [PMID: 22138314 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DM serves a critical function in the loading and editing of peptides on MHC class II (MHCII) molecules. Recent data showed that the interaction cycle between MHCII molecules and HLA-DM is dependent on the occupancy state of the peptide binding groove. Empty MHCII molecules form stable complexes with HLA-DM, which are disrupted by binding of high-affinity peptide. Interestingly, MHCII molecules with fully engaged peptides cannot interact with HLA-DM, and prior dissociation of the peptide N-terminus from the groove is required for HLA-DM binding. There are significant similarities to the peptide loading process for MHC class I molecules, even though it is executed by a distinct set of proteins in a different cellular compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika-Sarah E D Schulze
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Anders AK, Call MJ, Schulze MSED, Fowler KD, Schubert DA, Seth NP, Sundberg EJ, Wucherpfennig KW. HLA-DM captures partially empty HLA-DR molecules for catalyzed removal of peptide. Nat Immunol 2010; 12:54-61. [PMID: 21131964 PMCID: PMC3018327 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of HLA-DM catalyzed peptide exchange remain uncertain. We found that all stages of the interaction of DM with HLA-DR were dependent on the occupancy state of the peptide binding groove. High-affinity peptides were protected from removal by DM through two mechanisms: peptide binding induced dissociation of a long-lived complex of empty DR and DM, and high-affinity DR-peptide complexes bound DM only very slowly. Non-binding covalent DR-peptide complexes were converted to efficient DM binders upon truncation of an N-terminal peptide segment that emptied the P1 pocket and disrupted conserved hydrogen bonds to MHC. DM thus only binds to DR conformers in which a critical part of the binding site is vacant, due to spontaneous peptide motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Anders
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Peptide binding to MHC class I and II proteins: New avenues from new methods. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:649-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
39
|
Insights into the Role of GILT in HLA Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation by Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:142959. [PMID: 20016802 PMCID: PMC2792950 DOI: 10.1155/2009/142959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the deadliest of skin cancers and is increasing in incidence. Since current treatment regimens are ineffective at controlling and/or curing the disease, novel approaches, such as immunotherapy, for treating this malignant disease are being explored. In this review, we discuss potential melanoma antigens (Ags) and their role in utilizing the HLA class II pathway to elicit tumor Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses in order to effectively induce long-lasting CD8+ antitumor memory. We also discuss the role of endolysosomal cathepsins and Gamma-Interferon-inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) in Ag processing and presentation, and at enhancing CD4+ T cell recognition of melanoma cells. This review also summarizes our current knowledge on GILT and highlights a novel mechanism of GILT-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells. At the end, we propose a strategy employing GILT in the development of a potential whole cell vaccine for combating metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou Z, Callaway KA, Weber DA, Jensen PE. Cutting edge: HLA-DM functions through a mechanism that does not require specific conserved hydrogen bonds in class II MHC-peptide complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4187-91. [PMID: 19767569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HLA-DM catalyzes peptide dissociation and exchange in class II MHC molecules through a mechanism that has been proposed to involve the disruption of specific components of the conserved hydrogen bond network in MHC-peptide complexes. HLA-DR1 molecules with alanine substitutions at each of the six conserved H- bonding positions were expressed in cells, and susceptibility to DM catalytic activity was evaluated by measuring the release of CLIP. The mutants alphaN62A, alphaN69A, alphaR76A, and betaH81A DR1 were fully susceptible to DM-mediated CLIP release, and betaN82A resulted in spontaneous release of CLIP. Using recombinant soluble DR1 molecules, the amino acid betaN82 was observed to contribute disproportionately in stabilizing peptide complexes. Remarkably, the catalytic potency of DM with each beta-chain mutant was equal to or greater than that observed with wild-type DR1. Our results support the conclusion that no individual component of the conserved hydrogen bond network plays an essential role in the DM catalytic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dong G, Wearsch PA, Peaper DR, Cresswell P, Reinisch KM. Insights into MHC class I peptide loading from the structure of the tapasin-ERp57 thiol oxidoreductase heterodimer. Immunity 2009; 30:21-32. [PMID: 19119025 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tapasin is a glycoprotein critical for loading major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with high-affinity peptides. It functions within the multimeric peptide-loading complex (PLC) as a disulfide-linked, stable heterodimer with the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57, and this covalent interaction is required to support optimal PLC activity. Here, we present the 2.6 A resolution structure of the tapasin-ERp57 core of the PLC. The structure revealed that tapasin interacts with both ERp57 catalytic domains, accounting for the stability of the heterodimer, and provided an example of a protein disulfide isomerase family member interacting with substrate. Mutational analysis identified a conserved surface on tapasin that interacted with MHC class I molecules and was critical for peptide loading and editing functions of the tapasin-ERp57 heterodimer. By combining the tapasin-ERp57 structure with those of other defined PLC components, we present a molecular model that illuminates the processes involved in MHC class I peptide loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yaneva R, Springer S, Zacharias M. Flexibility of the MHC class II peptide binding cleft in the bound, partially filled, and empty states: A molecular dynamics simulation study. Biopolymers 2009; 91:14-27. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Deshaies F, Diallo DA, Fortin JS, O'Rourke HM, Pezeshki AM, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Raby N, Bédard N, Brunet A, Denzin LK, Thibodeau J. Evidence for a human leucocyte antigen-DM-induced structural change in human leucocyte antigen-DObeta. Immunology 2008; 127:408-17. [PMID: 19019088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DO is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex class II molecule which modulates the function of HLA-DM and the loading of antigenic peptides on molecules such as HLA-DR. The bulk of HLA-DO associates with HLA-DM and this interaction is critical for HLA-DO egress from the endoplasmic reticulum. HLA-DM assists the early steps of HLA-DO maturation presumably through the stabilization of the interactions between the N-terminal regions of the alpha and beta chains. To evaluate a possible role for HLA-DM in influencing the conformation of HLA-DO, we made use of a monoclonal antibody, Mags.DO5, that was raised against HLA-DO/DM complexes. Using transfected cells expressing mismatched heterodimers between HLA-DR and -DO chains, we found that the epitope for Mags.DO5 is located on the DObeta chain and that Mags.DO5 reactivity was increased upon cotransfection with HLA-DM. Our results suggest that HLA-DM influences the folding of HLA-DO in the endoplasmic reticulum. A mutant HLA-DO showing reduced capacity for endoplasmic reticulum egress was better recognized by Mags.DO5 in the presence of HLA-DM. On the other hand, an HLA-DO mutant capable of endoplasmic reticulum egress on its own was efficiently recognized by Mags.DO5, irrespective of the presence of HLA-DM. Taken together, our results suggest that HLA-DM acts as a private chaperone, directly assisting the folding of HLA-DO to promote egress from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Deshaies
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fallang LE, Roh S, Holm A, Bergseng E, Yoon T, Fleckenstein B, Bandyopadhyay A, Mellins ED, Sollid LM. Complexes of two cohorts of CLIP peptides and HLA-DQ2 of the autoimmune DR3-DQ2 haplotype are poor substrates for HLA-DM. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5451-5461. [PMID: 18832702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atypical invariant chain (Ii) CLIP fragments (CLIP2) have been found in association with HLA-DQ2 (DQ2) purified from cell lysates. We mapped the binding register of CLIP2 (Ii 96-104) to DQ2 and found proline at the P1 position, in contrast to the canonical CLIP1 (Ii 83-101) register with methionine at P1. CLIP1/2 peptides are the predominant peptide species, even for DQ2 from HLA-DM (DM)-expressing cells. We hypothesized that DQ2-CLIP1/2 might be poor substrates for DM. We measured DM-mediated exchange of CLIP and other peptides for high-affinity indicator peptides and found it is inefficient for DQ2. DM-DQ-binding and DM chaperone effects on conformation and levels of DQ are also reduced for DQ2, compared with DQ1. We suggest that the unusual interaction of DQ2 with Ii and DM may provide a basis for the known disease associations of DQ2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Egil Fallang
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sujin Roh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anders Holm
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Bergseng
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Taejin Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Burkhard Fleckenstein
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation and Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun PD, Boyington JC. Overview of protein folds in the immune system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Appendix 1:Appendix 1N. [PMID: 18432648 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.ima01ns44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques in recent years has resulted in the solution of macromolecular structures at an unprecedented rate. This review aims at providing a comprehensive description of structures and folds related to the function of the immune system. Focus is placed on immunologically relevant proteins such as immunoreceptors and major histocompatibility complexes. Information is also provided regarding protein structure data banks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Sun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cobb BA, Kasper DL. Characteristics of carbohydrate antigen binding to the presentation protein HLA-DR. Glycobiology 2008; 18:707-18. [PMID: 18525076 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic polysaccharide antigens (ZPSs) were recently shown to activate T cells in a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII)-dependent fashion requiring antigen presenting cell (APC)-mediated oxidative processing although little is known about the mechanism or affinity of carbohydrate presentation (Cobb BA, Wang Q, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. 2004. Polysaccharide processing and presentation by the MHCII pathway. Cell. 117:677-687). A recent study showed that the helical conformation of ZPSs (Wang Y, Kalka-Moll WM, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL. 2000. Structural basis of the abscess-modulating polysaccharide A2 from Bacteroides fragilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:13478-13483; Choi YH, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL, Wang JY. 2002. A unique structural pattern shared by T-cell-activating and abscess-regulating zwitterionic polysaccharides. Biochemistry. 41:15144-15151) is closely linked with immunogenic activity (Tzianabos AO, Onderdonk AB, Rosner B, Cisneros RL, Kasper DL. 1993. Structural features of polysaccharides that induce intra-abdominal abscesses. Science. 262:416-419) and is stabilized by a zwitterionic charge motif (Kreisman LS, Friedman JH, Neaga A, Cobb BA. 2007. Structure and function relations with a T-cell-activating polysaccharide antigen using circular dichroism. Glycobiology. 17:46-55), suggesting a strong carbohydrate structure-function relationship. In this study, we show that PSA, the ZPS from Bacteroides fragilis, associates with MHCII at high affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry through a mechanism mirroring peptide presentation. Interestingly, PSA binding was mutually exclusive with common MHCII antigens and showed significant allelic differences in binding affinity. The antigen exchange factor HLA-DM that catalyzes peptide antigen association with MHCII also increased the rate of ZPS association and was required for APC presentation and ZPS-mediated T cell activation. Finally, the zwitterionic nature of these antigens was required only for MHCII binding, and not endocytosis, processing, or vesicular trafficking to MHCII-containing vesicles. This report is the first quantitative analysis of the binding mechanism of carbohydrate antigens with MHCII and leads to a novel model for nontraditional MHCII antigen presentation during bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sadegh-Nasseri S, Chen M, Narayan K, Bouvier M. The convergent roles of tapasin and HLA-DM in antigen presentation. Trends Immunol 2008. [PMID: 18261958 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.01.001.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic and helper T cells respond to peptides derived from endogenous and exogenous sources that bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules and are presented on antigen-presenting cells. MHC class I and class II structures and maturation pathways have evolved to optimize antigen presentation to their respective T cells. The accessory proteins tapasin and HLA-DM (DM) crucially influence the selection of peptides that bind to the MHC molecules. We discuss here the dynamic interactions of tapasin and DM with their corresponding MHC molecules that indicate striking parallels. Utilization of a common mode of peptide selection by two different, but related, biological systems argue for its mechanistic validity.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sadegh-Nasseri S, Chen M, Narayan K, Bouvier M. The convergent roles of tapasin and HLA-DM in antigen presentation. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:141-7. [PMID: 18261958 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic and helper T cells respond to peptides derived from endogenous and exogenous sources that bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules and are presented on antigen-presenting cells. MHC class I and class II structures and maturation pathways have evolved to optimize antigen presentation to their respective T cells. The accessory proteins tapasin and HLA-DM (DM) crucially influence the selection of peptides that bind to the MHC molecules. We discuss here the dynamic interactions of tapasin and DM with their corresponding MHC molecules that indicate striking parallels. Utilization of a common mode of peptide selection by two different, but related, biological systems argue for its mechanistic validity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Davies MN, Lamikanra A, Sansom CE, Flower DR, Moss DS, Travers PJ. Identification of the HLA-DM/HLA-DR interface. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1063-70. [PMID: 17870168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM is a critical participant in antigen presentation that catalyzes the dissociation of the Class II-associated Invariant chain-derived Peptide (CLIP) from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II molecules. There is competition amongst peptides for access to an MHC Class II groove and it has been hypothesised that DM functions as a 'peptide editor' that catalyzes the replacement of one peptide for another within the groove. It is established that the DM catalyst interacts directly with the MHC Class II but the precise location of the interface is unknown. Here, we combine previously described mutational data with molecular docking and energy minimisation simulations to identify a putative interaction site of >4000A2 which agrees with known point mutational data for both the DR and DM molecule. The docked structure is validated by comparison with experimental data and previously determined properties of protein-protein interfaces. A possible dissociation mechanism is suggested by the presence of an acidic cluster near the N terminus of the bound peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Davies
- Edward Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rocha N, Neefjes J. MHC class II molecules on the move for successful antigen presentation. EMBO J 2007; 27:1-5. [PMID: 18046453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules are targeted to endocytic compartments, known as MIIC, by the invariant chain (Ii) that is degraded upon arrival in these compartments. MHC II acquire antigenic fragments from endocytosed proteins for presentation at the cell surface. In a unique and complex series of reactions, MHC II succeed in exchanging a remaining fragment of Ii for other protein fragments in subdomains of MIIC before transport to the cell surface. Here, the mechanisms regulating loading and intracellular trafficking of MHC II are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rocha
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|