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Gong X, Wani MY, Al-Bogami AS, Ahmad A, Robinson K, Khan A. The Road Ahead: Advancing Antifungal Vaccines and Addressing Fungal Infections in the Post-COVID World. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 39255073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In impoverished nations, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a widespread occurrence of deadly fungal diseases like mucormycosis. The limited availability of effective antifungal treatments and the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further exacerbate the situation. Factors such as systemic steroid use, intravenous drug misuse, and overutilization of broad-spectrum antimicrobials contribute to the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections caused by drug-resistant fungi. Fungal infections exploit compromised immune status and employ intricate mechanisms to evade immune surveillance. The immune response involves the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to phagocytic and complement-mediated elimination of fungi. However, resistance to antifungals poses a challenge, highlighting the importance of antifungal prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccination. Understanding the host-fungal immunological interactions and developing vaccines are vital in combating fungal infections. Further research is needed to address the high mortality and morbidity associated with multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens and to develop innovative treatment drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the global epidemiological burden of fungal infections, host-fungal immunological interactions, recent advancements in vaccine development and the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gong
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Keven Robinson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amber Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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García-Barbazán I, Torres-Cano A, García-Rodas R, Sachse M, Luque D, Megías D, Zaragoza O. Accumulation of endogenous free radicals is required to induce titan-like cell formation in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2024; 15:e0254923. [PMID: 38078728 PMCID: PMC10790760 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02549-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cryptococcus neoformans is an excellent model to investigate fungal pathogenesis. This yeast can produce "titan cells," which are cells of an abnormally larger size that contribute to the persistence of the yeast in the host. In this work, we have used a new approach to characterize them by identifying drugs that inhibit this process. We have used a repurposing off-patent drug library, combined with an automatic method to image and analyze fungal cell size. In this way, we have identified many compounds that inhibit this transition. Interestingly, several compounds were antioxidants, allowing us to confirm that endogenous ROS and mitochondrial changes are important for titan cell formation. This work provides new evidence of the mechanisms required for titanization. Furthermore, the future characterization of the inhibitory mechanisms of the identified compounds by the scientific community will contribute to better understand the role of titan cells in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene García-Barbazán
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Torres-Cano
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Rodas
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Sachse
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Central Core Facilities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Central Core Facilities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megías
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Unit, Central Core Facilities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC-CB21/13/00105), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Lafont E, Sturny-Leclère A, Coelho C, Lanternier F, Alanio A. Assessing Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans Cells in Human Monocytes or the J774 Murine Macrophage Cell Line. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2775:157-169. [PMID: 38758317 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3722-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage cells play a central role in innate immunity against C. neoformans and C. gattii, species known to cause human disease. Cryptococcus is the only fungal genus known to possess such a large extracellular polysaccharide capsule, which impacts interactions of innate cells with the yeast. This interaction results in different fates, such as phagocytosis and intracellular proliferation and, as the interaction progresses, vomocytosis, cell-to-cell transfer, lysis of macrophages, or yeast killing. Differentiating internalized versus external Cryptococcus cells is thus essential to evaluate monocyte-macrophage phagocytosis. We describe here a protocol that allows quantification of Cryptococcus spp. phagocytosis using quantitative flow cytometry in human monocytes and a murine macrophage cell line (J774).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Lafont
- Translational Mycology Research Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Aude Sturny-Leclère
- Department of Mycology, Translational Mycology Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Paris, France
| | - Carolina Coelho
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Translational Mycology Research Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Mycology Department, Paris, France
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Translational Mycology Research Group, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Mycology Department, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.
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4
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Liu J, Hu X. Fungal extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation: from virulence factor to clinical application. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205477. [PMID: 37779707 PMCID: PMC10540631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients and remains a global challenge due to limited treatment options, high mortality and morbidity rates, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Despite advancements in antifungal agents and diagnostic techniques, the lack of effective vaccines, standardized diagnostic tools, and efficient antifungal drugs contributes to the ongoing impact of invasive fungal infections (IFI). Recent studies have highlighted the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by fungi carrying various components such as enzymes, lipids, nucleic acids, and virulence proteins, which play roles in both physiological and pathological processes. These fungal EVs have been shown to interact with the host immune system during the development of fungal infections whereas their functional role and potential application in patients are not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the current understanding of the biologically relevant findings regarding EV in host-pathogen interaction, and aim to describe our knowledge of the roles of EV as diagnostic tools and vaccine vehicles, offering promising prospects for the treatment of IFI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Research Institute of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Yang C, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Zang X, Deng H, Liu Y, Shen D, Xue X. Cryptococcus escapes host immunity: What do we know? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1041036. [PMID: 36310879 PMCID: PMC9606624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is an invasive fungus that seriously endangers human life and health, with a complex and well-established immune-escaping mechanism that interferes with the function of the host immune system. Cryptococcus can attenuate the host’s correct recognition of the fungal antigen and escape the immune response mediated by host phagocytes, innate lymphoid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes with antibodies, and peripheral cytokines. In addition, the capsule, melanin, dormancy, Titan cells, biofilm, and other related structures of Cryptococcus are also involved in the process of escaping the host’s immunity, as well as enhancing the ability of Cryptococcus to infect the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyu Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dingxia Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
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6
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Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although C. neoformans affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, C. gattii causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, C. gattii has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only C. gattii, but the Cryptococcus species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of Cryptococccus to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. C. gattii causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species C. neoformans. C. gattii became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.
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7
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Rathore SS, Sathiyamoorthy J, Lalitha C, Ramakrishnan J. A holistic review on Cryptococcus neoformans. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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de Oliveira SAM, Reis JN, Catão E, Amaral AC, Souza ACO, Ribeiro AM, Faccioli LH, Carneiro FP, Marina CLF, Bürgel PH, Fernandes L, Tavares AH, Bocca AL. β2 Integrin-Mediated Susceptibility to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Experimental Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:622899. [PMID: 33796477 PMCID: PMC8007971 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest interaction between macrophages and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is particularly important in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) progression, and surface proteins play a central role in this process. The present study investigated the contribution of β2 integrin in P. brasiliensis-macrophage interaction and PCM progression. We infected β2-low expression (CD18low) and wild type (WT) mice with P. brasiliensis 18. Disease progression was evaluated for fungal burden, lung granulomatous lesions, nitrate levels, and serum antibody production. Besides, the in vitro capacity of macrophages to internalize and kill fungal yeasts was investigated. Our results revealed that CD18low mice infected with Pb18 survived during the time analyzed; their lungs showed fewer granulomas, a lower fungal load, lower levels of nitrate, and production of high levels of IgG1 in comparison to WT animals. Our results revealed that in vitro macrophages from CD18low mice slowly internalized yeast cells, showing a lower fungal burden compared to WT cells. The migration capacity of macrophages was compromised and showed a higher intensity in the lysosome signal when compared with WT mice. Our data suggest that β2 integrins play an important role in fungal survival inside macrophages, and once phagocytosed, the macrophage may serve as a protective environment for P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Alberto Machado de Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Janayna Nunes Reis
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elisa Catão
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Souza
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alice Melo Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Luna Freitas Marina
- Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anamelia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Course, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Molecular Biology Graduation Course, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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9
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Ding S, Yang J, Feng X, Pandey A, Barhoumi R, Zhang D, Bell SL, Liu Y, da Costa LF, Rice-Ficht A, Watson RO, Patrick KL, Qin QM, Ficht TA, de Figueiredo P. Interactions between fungal hyaluronic acid and host CD44 promote internalization by recruiting host autophagy proteins to forming phagosomes. iScience 2021; 24:102192. [PMID: 33718841 PMCID: PMC7920835 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy play critical roles in immune defense. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) subverts host autophagy-initiation complex (AIC)-related proteins, to promote its phagocytosis and intracellular parasitism of host cells. The mechanisms by which the pathogen engages host AIC-related proteins remain obscure. Here, we show that the recruitment of host AIC proteins to forming phagosomes is dependent upon the activity of CD44, a host cell surface receptor that engages fungal hyaluronic acid (HA). This interaction elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and activates CaMKKβ and its downstream target AMPKα, which results in activation of ULK1 and the recruitment of AIC components. Moreover, we demonstrate that HA-coated beads efficiently recruit AIC components to phagosomes and CD44 interacts with AIC components. Taken together, these findings show that fungal HA plays a critical role in directing the internalization and productive intracellular membrane trafficking of a fungal pathogen of global importance. Fungal HA drives non-canonical and ligand-induced autophagy in phagocytic cells Cn recruits host CD44 to forming phagocytic cups to initiate fungal internalization Fungal HA-CD44 interactions elevate intracellular Ca2+ levels and activate CaMKKβ A Ca2+-CaMKKβ-AMPK-ULK1 signaling axis is involved in HA-CD44 induced autophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xuehuan Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Aseem Pandey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Luciana Fachini da Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Allison Rice-Ficht
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- College of Plant Sciences & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul de Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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10
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Ueno K, Yanagihara N, Shimizu K, Miyazaki Y. Vaccines and Protective Immune Memory against Cryptococcosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:230-239. [PMID: 32009111 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease caused by fungal pathogens including Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex. These fungal pathogens live in the environment and are associated with certain tree species and bird droppings. This infectious disease is not contagious, and healthy individuals may contract cryptococcal infections by inhaling the airborne pathogens from the environment. Although cleaning a contaminated environment is a feasible approach to control environmental fungal pathogens, prophylactic immunization is also considered a promising method to regulate cryptococcal infections. We review the history of the development of cryptococcal vaccines, vaccine components, and the various forms of immune memory induced by cryptococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Nao Yanagihara
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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12
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Jones K, Savulescu AF, Brombacher F, Hadebe S. Immunoglobulin M in Health and Diseases: How Far Have We Come and What Next? Front Immunol 2020; 11:595535. [PMID: 33193450 PMCID: PMC7662119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are important in secreting antibodies that protect against invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also in mediating pathogenesis of allergic diseases and autoimmunity. B lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and contain heavy and light chains, which upon ligation form an immunoglobulin M (IgM) B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the surface of naïve immature B cells. Naïve B cells expressing either IgM or IgD isotypes are thought to play interchangeable functions in antibody responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. IgM short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) and antigen-specific IgM memory B cells (MBCs-M) are critical in the first few days of infection, as well as long-term memory induced by vaccination, respectively. At mucosal surfaces, IgM is thought to play a critical part in promoting mucosal tolerance and shaping microbiota together with IgA. In this review, we explore how IgM structure and BCR signaling shapes B cell development, self and non-self-antigen-specific antibody responses, responses to infectious (such as viruses, parasites, and fungal) and non-communicable diseases (such as autoimmunity and allergic asthma). We also explore how metabolism could influence other B cell functions such as mucosal tolerance and class switching. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding critical research questions in both experimental and clinical settings targeting IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anca F. Savulescu
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Sen P, Wilkie AR, Ji F, Yang Y, Taylor IJ, Velazquez-Palafox M, Vanni EAH, Pesola JM, Fernandez R, Chen H, Morsett LM, Abels ER, Piper M, Lane RJ, Hickman SE, Means TK, Rosenberg ES, Sadreyev RI, Li B, Coen DM, Fishman JA, El Khoury J. Linking indirect effects of cytomegalovirus in transplantation to modulation of monocyte innate immune function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9856. [PMID: 32494628 PMCID: PMC7176434 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host. In transplant recipients, a variety of clinically important "indirect effects" are attributed to immune modulation by CMV, including increased mortality from fungal disease, allograft dysfunction and rejection in solid organ transplantation, and graft-versus-host-disease in stem cell transplantation. Monocytes, key cellular targets of CMV, are permissive to primary, latent and reactivated CMV infection. Here, pairing unbiased bulk and single cell transcriptomics with functional analyses we demonstrate that human monocytes infected with CMV do not effectively phagocytose fungal pathogens, a functional deficit which occurs with decreased expression of fungal recognition receptors. Simultaneously, CMV-infected monocytes upregulate antiviral, pro-inflammatory chemokine, and inflammasome responses associated with allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Our study demonstrates that CMV modulates both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory monocyte phenotypes, explaining in part, its paradoxical "indirect effects" in transplantation. These data could provide innate immune targets for the stratification and treatment of CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Sen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian R. Wilkie
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Yang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Emilia A. H. Vanni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean M. Pesola
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosio Fernandez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liza M. Morsett
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik R. Abels
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Piper
- Harvard Bioinformatics Core, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebekah J. Lane
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Hickman
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terry K. Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Autoimmunity Cluster, Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Donald M. Coen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jay A. Fishman
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Brioschi S, Zhou Y, Colonna M. Brain Parenchymal and Extraparenchymal Macrophages in Development, Homeostasis, and Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:294-305. [PMID: 31907272 PMCID: PMC7034672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are parenchymal macrophages of the CNS; as professional phagocytes they are important for maintenance of the brain's physiology. These cells are generated through primitive hematopoiesis in the yolk sac and migrate into the brain rudiment after establishment of embryonic circulation. Thereafter, microglia develop in a stepwise fashion, reaching complete maturity after birth. In the CNS, microglia self-renew without input from blood monocytes. Recent RNA-sequencing studies have defined a molecular signature for microglia under homeostasis. However, during disease, microglia undergo remarkable phenotypic changes, which reflect the acquisition of specialized functions tailored to the pathological context. In addition to microglia, the brain-border regions host populations of extraparenchymal macrophages with disparate origins and phenotypes that have recently been delineated. In this review we outline recent findings that provide a deeper understanding of both parenchymal microglia and extraparenchymal brain macrophages in homeostasis and during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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15
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Arthur CM, Chonat S, Fasano R, Yee MEM, Josephson CD, Roback JD, Stowell SR. Examining the Role of Complement in Predicting, Preventing, and Treating Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions. Transfus Med Rev 2019; 33:217-224. [PMID: 31679762 PMCID: PMC7147990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a critical component of optimal management for a broad range of conditions. Regardless of the indication, pretransfusion testing is required to appropriately match RBC donors and recipients to provide immunologically compatible blood. Although this approach is effective in the vast majority of situations, occasionally, patients will inadvertently receive an incompatible RBC transfusion, which can result in a hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR). In addition, patients with life-threatening anemia and a complex alloantibody profile, which precludes rapid procurement of compatible RBCs, may also receive incompatible RBCs, placing them at risk for an HTR. Despite the rarity of these clinical situations, when incompatible blood transfusion results in an HTR, the consequences can be devastating. In this review, we will explore the challenges associated with actively preventing and treating acute HTRs following incompatible RBC transfusion. In doing so, we will focus primarily on the role of complement, not only as a key player in HTRs, but also as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of HTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Arthur
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ross Fasano
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marianne E M Yee
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D Roback
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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16
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Hawk CS, Coelho C, Oliveira DSLD, Paredes V, Albuquerque P, Bocca AL, Correa Dos Santos A, Rusakova V, Holemon H, Silva-Pereira I, Felipe MSS, Yagita H, Nicola AM, Casadevall A. Integrin β1 Promotes the Interaction of Murine IgG3 with Effector Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:2782-2794. [PMID: 30894426 PMCID: PMC6759214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abs exert several of their effector functions by binding to cell surface receptors. For murine IgG3 (mIgG3), the identity of its receptors (and the very existence of a receptor) is still under debate, as not all mIgG3 functions can be explained by interaction with FcγRI. This implies the existence of an alternate receptor, whose identity we sought to pinpoint. We found that blockage of integrin β1 selectively hampered binding of mIgG3 to macrophages and mIgG3-mediated phagocytosis. Manganese, an integrin activator, increased mIgG3 binding to macrophages. Blockage of FcγRI or Itgb1 inhibited binding of different mIgG3 Abs to variable extents. Our results are consistent with the notion that Itgb1 functions as part of an IgG receptor complex. Given the more ancient origin of integrins in comparison with FcγR, this observation could have far-ranging implications for our understanding of the evolution of Ab-mediated immunity as well as in immunity to microorganisms, pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and Ab engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Saylor Hawk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Verenice Paredes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Karan Technologies Research and Development, Brasília, DF 70632-200, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil; and
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - André Moraes Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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17
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Dragotakes Q, Fu MS, Casadevall A. Dragotcytosis: Elucidation of the Mechanism for Cryptococcus neoformans Macrophage-to-Macrophage Transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2661-2670. [PMID: 30877168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast capable of a unique and intriguing form of cell-to-cell transfer between macrophage cells. The mechanism for cell-to-cell transfer is not understood. In this study, we imaged mouse macrophages with CellTracker Green 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate-labeled cytosol to ascertain whether cytosol was shared between donor and acceptor macrophages. Analysis of several transfer events detected no transfer of cytosol from donor-to-acceptor mouse macrophages. However, blocking Fc and complement receptors resulted in a major diminution of cell-to-cell transfer events. The timing of cell-to-cell transfer (11.17 min) closely approximated the sum of phagocytosis (4.18 min) and exocytosis (6.71 min) times. We propose that macrophage cell-to-cell transfer represents a nonlytic exocytosis event, followed by phagocytosis into a macrophage that is in close proximity, and name this process Dragotcytosis ("Dragot" is a Greek surname meaning "sentinel"), as it represents sharing of a microbe between two sentinel cells of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quigly Dragotakes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Man Shun Fu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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18
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Methamphetamine Impairs IgG1-Mediated Phagocytosis and Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by J774.16 Macrophage- and NR-9640 Microglia-Like Cells. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00113-18. [PMID: 30510106 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00113-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of methamphetamine (METH) use is estimated at ∼35 million people worldwide, with over 10 million users in the United States. Chronic METH abuse and dependence predispose the users to participate in risky behaviors that may result in the acquisition of HIV and AIDS-related infections. Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungus that causes cryptococcosis, an opportunistic infection that has recently been associated with drug users. METH enhances C. neoformans pulmonary infection, facilitating its dissemination and penetration into the central nervous system in mice. C. neoformans is a facultative intracellular microorganism and an excellent model to study host-pathogen interactions. METH compromises phagocyte effector functions, which might have deleterious consequences on infection control. In this study, we investigated the role of METH in phagocytosis and antigen processing by J774.16 macrophage- and NR-9460 microglia-like cells in the presence of a specific IgG1 to C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide. METH inhibits antibody-mediated phagocytosis of cryptococci by macrophages and microglia, likely due to reduced expression of membrane-bound Fcγ receptors. METH interferes with phagocytic cells' phagosomal maturation, resulting in impaired fungal control. Phagocytic cell reduction in nitric oxide production during interactions with cryptococci was associated with decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lowered expression of Fcγ receptors. Importantly, pharmacological levels of METH in human blood and organs are cytotoxic to ∼20% of the phagocytes. Our findings suggest that METH abrogates immune cellular and molecular functions and may be deadly to phagocytic cells, which may result in increased susceptibility of users to acquire infectious diseases.
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19
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Zeng Z, Surewaard BGJ, Wong CHY, Guettler C, Petri B, Burkhard R, Wyss M, Le Moual H, Devinney R, Thompson GC, Blackwood J, Joffe AR, McCoy KD, Jenne CN, Kubes P. Sex-hormone-driven innate antibodies protect females and infants against EPEC infection. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1100-1111. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Mener A, Arthur CM, Patel SR, Liu J, Hendrickson JE, Stowell SR. Complement Component 3 Negatively Regulates Antibody Response by Modulation of Red Blood Cell Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 29942300 PMCID: PMC6004516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization can make it difficult to procure compatible RBCs for future transfusion, directly leading to increased morbidity and mortality in transfusion-dependent patients. However, the factors that regulate RBC alloimmunization remain incompletely understood. As complement has been shown to serve as a key adjuvant in the development of antibody (Ab) responses against microbes, we examined the impact of complement on RBC alloimmunization. In contrast to the impact of complement component 3 (C3) in the development of an immune response following microbial exposure, transfusion of C3 knockout (C3 KO) recipients with RBCs expressing KEL (KEL RBCs) actually resulted in an enhanced anti-KEL Ab response. The impact of C3 appeared to be specific to KEL, as transfusion of RBCs bearing another model antigen, the chimeric HOD antigen (hen egg lysozyme, ovalbumin and Duffy), into C3 KO recipients failed to result in a similar increase in Ab formation. KEL RBCs experienced enhanced C3 deposition and loss of detectable target antigen over time when compared to HOD RBCs, suggesting that C3 may inhibit Ab formation by impacting the accessibility of the target KEL antigen. Loss of detectable KEL on the RBC surface did not reflect antigen masking by C3, but instead appeared to result from actual removal of the KEL antigen, as western blot analysis demonstrated complete loss of detectable KEL protein. Consistent with this, exposure of wild-type B6 or C3 KO recipients to KEL RBCs with reduced levels of detectable KEL antigen resulted in a significantly reduced anti-KEL Ab response. These results suggest that C3 possesses a unique ability to actually suppress Ab formation following transfusion by reducing the availability of the target antigen on the RBC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mener
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Seema R Patel
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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21
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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22
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Esher SK, Zaragoza O, Alspaugh JA. Cryptococcal pathogenic mechanisms: a dangerous trip from the environment to the brain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180057. [PMID: 29668825 PMCID: PMC5909089 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that causes serious infections, most commonly of the central nervous system (CNS). C. neoformans is mainly found in the environment and acquired by inhalation. It could be metaphorically imagined that cryptococcal disease is a "journey" for the microorganism that starts in the environment, where this yeast loads its suitcase with virulence traits. C. neoformans first encounters the infected mammalian host in the lungs, a site in which it must choose the right elements from its "virulence suitcase" to survive the pulmonary immune response. However, the lung is often only the first stop in this journey, and in some individuals the fungal trip continues to the brain. To enter the brain, C. neoformans must "open" the main barrier that protects this organ, the blood brain barrier (BBB). Once in the brain, C. neoformans expresses a distinct set of protective attributes that confers a strong neurotropism and the ability to cause brain colonisation. In summary, C. neoformans is a unique fungal pathogen as shown in its ability to survive in the face of multiple stress factors and to express virulence factors that contribute to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Esher
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Microbiology, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Andrew Alspaugh
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Durham, USA
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23
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Lu LL, Suscovich TJ, Fortune SM, Alter G. Beyond binding: antibody effector functions in infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:46-61. [PMID: 29063907 PMCID: PMC6369690 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an essential role in host defence against pathogens by recognizing microorganisms or infected cells. Although preventing pathogen entry is one potential mechanism of protection, antibodies can control and eradicate infections through a variety of other mechanisms. In addition to binding and directly neutralizing pathogens, antibodies drive the clearance of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites via their interaction with the innate and adaptive immune systems, leveraging a remarkable diversity of antimicrobial processes locked within our immune system. Specifically, antibodies collaboratively form immune complexes that drive sequestration and uptake of pathogens, clear toxins, eliminate infected cells, increase antigen presentation and regulate inflammation. The diverse effector functions that are deployed by antibodies are dynamically regulated via differential modification of the antibody constant domain, which provides specific instructions to the immune system. Here, we review mechanisms by which antibody effector functions contribute to the balance between microbial clearance and pathology and discuss tractable lessons that may guide rational vaccine and therapeutic design to target gaps in our infectious disease armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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24
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Abstract
The Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex is a group of fungal pathogens with different phenotypic and genotypic diversity that cause disease in immunocompromised patients as well as in healthy individuals. The immune response resulting from the interaction between Cryptococcus and the host immune system is a key determinant of the disease outcome. The species C. neoformans causes the majority of human infections, and therefore almost all immunological studies focused on C. neoformans infections. Thus, this review presents current understanding on the role of adaptive immunity during C. neoformans infections both in humans and in animal models of disease.
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25
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CD11c+ T-bet+ memory B cells: Immune maintenance during chronic infection and inflammation? Cell Immunol 2017; 321:8-17. [PMID: 28838763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells have now been detected and characterized in different experimental and clinical settings, in both mice and humans. Whether such cells are monolithic, or define subsets of B cells with different functions is not yet known. Our studies have identified CD11c+ IgM+ CD19hi splenic IgM memory B cells that appear at approximately three weeks post-ehrlichial infection, and persist indefinitely, during low-level chronic infection. Although the CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells we have described are distinct, they appear to share many features with similar cells detected under diverse conditions, including viral infections, aging, and autoimmunity. We propose that CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells as a group share characteristics of memory B cells that are maintained under conditions of inflammation and/or low-level chronic antigen stimulation. In some cases, these cells may be advantageous, by providing immunity to re-infection, but in others may be deleterious, by contributing to aged-associated autoimmune responses.
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26
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Abstract
Cryptococcus species are encapsulated fungi found in the environment that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised hosts after inhalation into the lungs. Even with contemporary antifungal regimens, patients with cryptococcosis continue to have high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of more effective therapies may depend on our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the host promotes sterilizing immunity against the fungus. This review will highlight our current knowledge of how Cryptococcus, primarily the species C. neoformans, is sensed by the mammalian host and how subsequent signaling pathways direct the anti-cryptococcal response by effector cells of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Heung
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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27
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Antifungal Resistance, Metabolic Routes as Drug Targets, and New Antifungal Agents: An Overview about Endemic Dimorphic Fungi. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9870679. [PMID: 28694566 PMCID: PMC5485324 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9870679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by fungi can occur in healthy people, but immunocompromised patients are the major risk group for invasive fungal infections. Cases of fungal resistance and the difficulty of treatment make fungal infections a public health problem. This review explores mechanisms used by fungi to promote fungal resistance, such as the mutation or overexpression of drug targets, efflux and degradation systems, and pleiotropic drug responses. Alternative novel drug targets have been investigated; these include metabolic routes used by fungi during infection, such as trehalose and amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial proteins. An overview of new antifungal agents, including nanostructured antifungals, as well as of repositioning approaches is discussed. Studies focusing on the development of vaccines against antifungal diseases have increased in recent years, as these strategies can be applied in combination with antifungal therapy to prevent posttreatment sequelae. Studies focused on the development of a pan-fungal vaccine and antifungal drugs can improve the treatment of immunocompromised patients and reduce treatment costs.
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Aslanyan L, Ekhar VV, DeLeon-Rodriguez CM, Martinez LR. Capsular specific IgM enhances complement-mediated phagocytosis and killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by methamphetamine-treated J774.16 macrophage-like cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:77-84. [PMID: 28551495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful and highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system of users in the United States and worldwide, and its consumption is associated to the acquisition of HIV and AIDS-related infections. METH enhances cryptococcosis in mice, an opportunistic infection caused by the encapsulated fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Due to its ability to survive within macrophages, C. neoformans is an ideal model to study pathogen-macrophage interactions. METH abrogates normal macrophage function, which might contribute to the higher rate and more rapid progression of infections in drug abusers. Hence, we investigated the role of complement and specific IgM to C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide on the function of J774.16 macrophage-like cells after exposure to METH. We found that complement and IgM significantly promotes complement-mediated phagocytosis of C. neoformans by J774.16 cells in comparison to co-incubation with complement alone. IgM enhances the expression of complement receptor 3 on the surface macrophages treated with the drug. Also, IgM-increased macrophage phagocytosis of C. neoformans may be associated with upregulation of GTPase-RhoA, a key regulator of the actin polymerization signaling cascade. Fungal cells incubated with complement and IgM in the presence of METH demonstrated higher number of cells per aggregate, a possible explanation for their enhanced ingestion by phagocytes. IgM increased killing of yeast cells by macrophages by inhibiting the alkalization of the phagosome and stimulating the intracellular production of nitric oxide. Together, our findings suggest that IgM stimulates the effector functions of macrophages against opportunistic pathogens in the setting of drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Aslanyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Vaibhav V Ekhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, United States
| | - Carlos M DeLeon-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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29
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A novel real time imaging platform to quantify macrophage phagocytosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:107-19. [PMID: 27475716 PMCID: PMC5012892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of pathogens, apoptotic cells and debris is a key feature of macrophage function in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Quantification of macrophage phagocytosis in vitro has traditionally been technically challenging. Here we report the optimization and validation of the IncuCyte ZOOM® real time imaging platform for macrophage phagocytosis based on pHrodo® pathogen bioparticles, which only fluoresce when localized in the acidic environment of the phagolysosome. Image analysis and fluorescence quantification were performed with the automated IncuCyte™ Basic Software. Titration of the bioparticle number showed that the system is more sensitive than a spectrofluorometer, as it can detect phagocytosis when using 20× less E. coli bioparticles. We exemplified the power of this real time imaging platform by studying phagocytosis of murine alveolar, bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages. We further demonstrate the ability of this platform to study modulation of the phagocytic process, as pharmacological inhibitors of phagocytosis suppressed bioparticle uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas opsonins augmented phagocytosis. We also investigated the effects of macrophage polarization on E. coli phagocytosis. Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) priming with M2 stimuli, such as IL-4 and IL-10 resulted in higher engulfment of bioparticles in comparison with M1 polarization. Moreover, we demonstrated that tolerization of BMDMs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in impaired E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis. This novel real time assay will enable researchers to quantify macrophage phagocytosis with a higher degree of accuracy and sensitivity and will allow investigation of limited populations of primary phagocytes in vitro.
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30
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Rathore SS, Raman T, Ramakrishnan J. Magnesium Ion Acts as a Signal for Capsule Induction in Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:325. [PMID: 27014245 PMCID: PMC4791529 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is a common opportunistic neural infection in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcus meningitis is associated with fungal burden with larger capsule size in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To understand the role of CSF constituents in capsule enlargement, we have evaluated the effect of artificial CSF on capsule induction in comparison with various other capsule inducing media. Two different strains of C. neoformans, an environmental and a clinical isolates were used in the present study. While comparing the various capsule inducing media for the two different strains of C. neoformans, it was observed that the capsule growth was significantly increased when grown in artificial CSF at pH 5.5, temperature 34°C for ATCC C. neoformans and 37°C for Clinical C. neoformans and with an incubation period of 72 h. In addition, artificial CSF supports biofilm formation in C. neoformans. While investigating the individual components of artificial CSF, we found that Mg2+ ions influence the capsule growth in both environmental and clinical strains of C. neoformans. To confirm our results we studied the expression of four major CAP genes namely, CAP10, CAP59, CAP60, and CAP64 in various capsule inducing media and in different concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Our results on gene expression suggest that, Mg2+ does have an effect on CAP gene expression, which are important for capsule biosynthesis and virulence. Our findings on the role of Mg2+ ion as a signal for capsule induction will promote a way to elucidate the control mechanisms for capsule biosynthesis in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan S Rathore
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy University Thanjavur, India
| | - Thiagarajan Raman
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy University Thanjavur, India
| | - Jayapradha Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy University Thanjavur, India
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31
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Bueno RA, Thomaz L, Muñoz JE, da Silva CJ, Nosanchuk JD, Pinto MR, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Antibodies Against Glycolipids Enhance Antifungal Activity of Macrophages and Reduce Fungal Burden After Infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 26870028 PMCID: PMC4737878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease endemic in Latin America. Polyclonal antibodies to acidic glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis opsonized yeast forms in vitro increasing phagocytosis and reduced the fungal burden of infected animals. Antibodies to GSL were active in both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols using a murine intratracheal infection model. Pathological examination of the lungs of animals treated with antibodies to GSL showed well-organized granulomas and minimally damaged parenchyma compared to the untreated control. Murine peritoneal macrophages activated by IFN-γ and incubated with antibodies against acidic GSLs more effectively phagocytosed and killed P. brasiliensis yeast cells as well as produced more nitric oxide compared to controls. The present work discloses a novel target of protective antibodies against P. brasiliensis adding to other well-studied mediators of the immune response to this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP- LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Thomaz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian E Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia J da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
| | | | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP- LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Rathore SS, Ramamurthy V, Allen S, Selva Ganesan S, Ramakrishnan J. Novel approach of adaptive laboratory evolution: triggers defense molecules in Streptomyces sp. against targeted pathogen. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution by competition-based co-culture: triggers and enhance specific bioactive molecules against targeted pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Singh Rathore
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India – 613401
| | - Vigneshwari Ramamurthy
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India – 613401
| | - Sally Allen
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India – 613401
| | - S. Selva Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
| | - Jayapradha Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur
- India – 613401
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33
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Pleass RJ, Moore SC, Stevenson L, Hviid L. Immunoglobulin M: Restrainer of Inflammation and Mediator of Immune Evasion by Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:108-119. [PMID: 26597020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an ancient antibody class that is found in all vertebrates, with the exception of coelacanths, and is indispensable in both innate and adaptive immunity. The equally ancient human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, formed an intimate relationship with IgM with which it co-evolved. In this article, we discuss the association between IgM and human malaria parasites, building on several recent publications that implicate IgM as a crucial molecule that determines both host and parasite survival. Consequently, a better understanding of this association may lead to the development of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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Real-Time Imaging of Interactions of Neutrophils with Cryptococcus neoformans Demonstrates a Crucial Role of Complement C5a-C5aR Signaling. Infect Immun 2015; 84:216-29. [PMID: 26502909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have been shown to efficiently kill Cryptococcus neoformans, a causative agent of meningoencephalitis. Here, using live-cell imaging, we characterize the dynamic interactions of neutrophils with C. neoformans and the underlying mechanisms in real time. Neutrophils were directly seen to chase C. neoformans cells and then rapidly internalize them. Complement C5a-C5aR signaling guided neutrophils to migrate to the yeast cells, resulting in optimal phagocytosis and subsequent killing of the organisms. The addition of recombinant complement C5a enhanced neutrophil movement but did not induce chemotaxis, suggesting that the C5a gradient is crucial. Incubation with C. neoformans resulted in enhanced activation of Erk and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPKs) in neutrophils. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, but not the Erk pathway, significantly impaired neutrophil migration and its subsequent killing of C. neoformans. Deficiency of CD11b or blocking of CD11b did not affect the migration of neutrophils toward C. neoformans but almost completely abolished phagocytosis and killing of the organisms by neutrophils. C5a-C5aR signaling induced enhanced surface expression of CD11b. Interestingly, the original surface expression of CD11b was essential and sufficient for neutrophils to attach to C. neoformans but was unable to mediate phagocytosis. In contrast, the enhanced surface expression of CD11b induced by C5a-C5aR signaling was essential for neutrophil phagocytosis and subsequent killing of yeast cells. Collectively, this is the first report of the dynamic interactions of neutrophils with C. neoformans, demonstrating a crucial role of C5a-C5aR signaling in neutrophil killing of C. neoformans in real time.
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35
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Weinstein JR, Quan Y, Hanson JF, Colonna L, Iorga M, Honda SI, Shibuya K, Shibuya A, Elkon KB, Möller T. IgM-Dependent Phagocytosis in Microglia Is Mediated by Complement Receptor 3, Not Fcα/μ Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5309-17. [PMID: 26500348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in receptor-mediated phagocytosis in the CNS. In brain abscess and other CNS infections, invading bacteria undergo opsonization with Igs or complement. Microglia recognize these opsonized pathogens by Fc or complement receptors triggering phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Fcα/μR, the less-studied receptor for IgM and IgA, in microglial phagocytosis. We showed that primary microglia, as well as N9 microglial cells, express Fcα/μR. We also showed that anti-Staphylococcus aureus IgM markedly increased the rate of microglial S. aureus phagocytosis. To unequivocally test the role of Fcα/μR in IgM-mediated phagocytosis, we performed experiments in microglia from Fcα/μR(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, we found that IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was similar in microglia derived from wild-type or Fcα/μR(-/-) mice. We hypothesized that IgM-dependent activation of complement receptors might contribute to the IgM-mediated increase in phagocytosis. To test this, we used immunologic and genetic inactivation of complement receptor 3 components (CD11b and CD18) as well as C3. IgM-, but not IgG-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus was reduced in wild-type microglia and macrophages following preincubation with an anti-CD11b blocking Ab. IgM-dependent phagocytosis of S. aureus was also reduced in microglia derived from CD18(-/-) and C3(-/-) mice. Taken together, our findings implicate complement receptor 3 and C3, but not Fcα/μR, in IgM-mediated phagocytosis of S. aureus by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
| | - Yi Quan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Josiah F Hanson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lucrezia Colonna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Michael Iorga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shin-ichiro Honda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Thomas Möller
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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36
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Zhang M, Sun D, Liu G, Wu H, Zhou H, Shi M. Real-time in vivo imaging reveals the ability of neutrophils to remove Cryptococcus neoformans directly from the brain vasculature. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:467-73. [PMID: 26428677 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ab0715-281r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neutrophils are typically the first immune cells attracted to an infection site, little is known about how neutrophils dynamically interact with invading pathogens in vivo. Here, with the use of intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that neutrophils migrate to the arrested Cryptococcus neoformans, a leading agent to cause meningoencephalitis, in the brain microvasculature. Following interactions with C. neoformans, neutrophils were seen to internalize the organism and then circulate back into the bloodstream, resulting in a direct removal of the organism from the endothelial surface before its transmigration into the brain parenchyma. C. neoformans infection led to enhanced expression of adhesion molecules macrophage 1 antigen on neutrophils and ICAM-1 on brain endothelial cells. Depletion of neutrophils enhanced the brain fungal burden. Complement C3 was critically involved in the recognition of C. neoformans by neutrophils and subsequent clearance of the organism from the brain. Together, our finding of the direct removal of C. neoformans by neutrophils from its arrested site may represent a novel mechanism of host defense in the brain, in addition to the known, direct killing of microorganisms at the infection sites. These data are the first to characterize directly the dynamic interactions of leukocytes with a microbe in the brain of a living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshun Zhang
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gongguan Liu
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Wu
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqing Shi
- *Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; and Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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37
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Zhang M, Sun D, Shi M. Dancing cheek to cheek: Cryptococcus neoformans and phagocytes. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:410. [PMID: 26266081 PMCID: PMC4531118 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) has become one of the leading causes of mortality in AIDS patients. Understanding the interactions between Cn and phagocytes is fundamental in exploring the pathogenicity of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cn may be extracellular or contained in the monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and even endothelial cells. The internalized Cn may proliferate inside the host cells, or cause the lysis of host cells, or leave the host cells via non-lytic exocytosis, or even hijack the host cells (Trojan horse) for the brain dissemination, which are regulated by microbe factors and also immune molecules. Coexistence of protective and deleterious roles of phagocytes in the progression of cryptococcosis warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshun Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ; Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
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38
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Freeman SA, Grinstein S. Phagocytosis: receptors, signal integration, and the cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:193-215. [PMID: 25319336 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a remarkably complex and versatile process: it contributes to innate immunity through the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, while also being central to tissue homeostasis and remodeling by clearing effete cells. The ability of phagocytes to perform such diverse functions rests, in large part, on their vast repertoire of receptors. In this review, we address the various receptor types, their mobility in the plane of the membrane, and two modes of receptor crosstalk: priming and synergy. A major section is devoted to the actin cytoskeleton, which not only governs receptor mobility and clustering but also is instrumental in particle engulfment. Four stages of the actin remodeling process are identified and discussed: (i) the 'resting' stage that precedes receptor engagement, (ii) the disruption of the cortical actin prior to formation of the phagocytic cup, (iii) the actin polymerization that propels pseudopod extension, and (iv) the termination of polymerization and removal of preassembled actin that are required for focal delivery of endomembranes and phagosomal sealing. These topics are viewed in the larger context of the differentiation and polarization of the phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Kläning E, Christensen B, Bajic G, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Callesen MM, Andersen GR, Sørensen ES, Vorup-Jensen T. Multiple low-affinity interactions support binding of human osteopontin to integrin αXβ2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:930-8. [PMID: 25839998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α(X)β(2) (also known as complement receptor 4, p150,95, or CD11c/CD18) is expressed in the cell membrane of myeloid leukocytes. α(X)β(2) has been reported to bind a large number of structurally unrelated ligands, often with a shared molecular character in the presence of polyanionic stretches in poorly folded proteins or glucosaminoglycans. Nevertheless, it is unclear what chemical sources of polyanionicity enable the binding by α(X)β(2). Osteopontin (OPN) is an intrinsically disordered protein, which facilitates phagocytosis via the integrin α(X)β(2). Unlike for other integrins, neither the RGD nor the SVVYGLR motifs account for this binding, and the molecular basis of OPN binding by α(X)β(2) remains uncharacterized. Here, we show that the monovalent interactions between the ligand-binding domain of α(X)β(2) and OPN, its fragments, or caseins are weak, with dissociation constants higher than 10(-5)M but with high apparent stoichiometries. From comparison with cell adhesion studies, the discrimination between α(X)β(2) ligands and non-ligands appears to rely on these apparent stoichiometries in a way, which involves glutamate rather than aspartate side chains. Surprisingly, the extensive, negatively charged phosphorylation of OPN is not contributing to α(X)β(2) binding. Furthermore, synchrotron radiation circular spectroscopy excludes that the phosphorylation affects the general folding of OPN. Taken together, our quantitative analyses reveal a mode of ligand recognition by integrin α(X)β(2), which seem to differ in principles considerably from other OPN receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kläning
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Dept. of Biomedicine, Denmark
| | - Brian Christensen
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Goran Bajic
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren V Hoffmann
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities Aarhus (ISA), Dept. of Physics and Astronomy & Center for Storage Ring Facilities Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nykola C Jones
- Institute for Storage Ring Facilities Aarhus (ISA), Dept. of Physics and Astronomy & Center for Storage Ring Facilities Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten M Callesen
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus Denmark; MEMBRANES Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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40
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Janda A, Eryilmaz E, Nakouzi A, Pohl MA, Bowen A, Casadevall A. Variable Region Identical IgA and IgE to Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Polysaccharide Manifest Specificity Differences. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12090-100. [PMID: 25778397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years several groups have shown that isotype switching from IgM to IgG to IgA can affect the affinity and specificity of antibodies sharing identical variable (V) regions. However, whether the same applies to IgE is unknown. In this study we compared the fine specificity of V region-identical IgE and IgA to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide and found that these differed in specificity from each other. The IgE and IgA paratopes were probed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with (15)N-labeled peptide mimetics of cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen (Ag). IgE was found to cleave the peptide at a much faster rate than V region-identical IgG subclasses and IgA, consistent with an altered paratope. Both IgE and IgA were opsonic for C. neoformans and protected against infection in mice. In summary, V-region expression in the context of the ϵ constant (C) region results in specificity changes that are greater than observed for comparable IgG subclasses. These results raise the possibility that expression of certain V regions in the context of α and ϵ C regions affects their function and contributes to the special properties of those isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Janda
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Ertan Eryilmaz
- Biotherapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Mary Ann Pohl
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Anthony Bowen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and
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Drummond RA, Gaffen SL, Hise AG, Brown GD. Innate Defense against Fungal Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a019620. [PMID: 25384766 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human fungal infections have been on the rise in recent years and proved increasingly difficult to treat as a result of the lack of diagnostics, effective antifungal therapies, and vaccines. Most pathogenic fungi do not cause disease unless there is a disturbance in immune homeostasis, which can be caused by modern medical interventions, disease-induced immunosuppression, and naturally occurring human mutations. The innate immune system is well equipped to recognize and destroy pathogenic fungi through specialized cells expressing a broad range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This review will outline the cells and PRRs required for effective antifungal immunity, with a special focus on the major antifungal cytokine IL-17 and recently characterized antifungal inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Zhan L, Ding H, Lin S, Tang J, Deng W, Xu Y, Xu Y, Qin C. Experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the Chinese tree shrew. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:23-32. [PMID: 25296288 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the Chinese tree shrew has been considered to be a promising experimental animal for numerous diseases. Yet the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Chinese tree shrew is still unknown. We infected Chinese tree shrews with a high dose (2.5 × 10(6) CFU) or a low dose (2.5 × 10(3) CFU) of the H37Rv strain via the femoral vein to cause severe or mild disease. Disease severity was determined by clinical signs, pathologic changes and bacteria distribution in organs. Furthermore, among lung samples of the uninfected, mildly and seriously ill Chinese tree shrews, differentially expressed protein profiles were analyzed through iTRAQ and validated by qPCR. Tuberculous nodules, skin ulceration, pleural effusion and cerebellum necrosis could be observed in seriously ill animals. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton was newly defined as a possible MTB-related pathway correlated with disease progression. This comprehensive analysis of the experimental infection and the depiction of the proteomics profiles in the Chinese tree shrew provide a foundation for the establishment of a new animal model of tuberculosis and provide a better understanding of the mechanism of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antibodies can impact pathogens in the presence or in the absence of effector cells or effector molecules such as complement, and experiments can often sort out with precision the mechanisms by which an antibody inhibits a pathogen
in vitro
. In addition,
in vivo
models, particularly those engineered to knock in or knock out effector cells or effector molecules, are excellent tools for understanding antibody functions. However, it is highly likely that multiple antibody functions occur simultaneously or sequentially in the presence of an infecting organism
in vivo
. The most critical incentive for measuring antibody functions is to provide a basis for vaccine development and for the development of therapeutic antibodies. In this respect, some functions, such as virus neutralization, serve to inhibit the acquisition of a pathogen or limit its pathogenesis. However, antibodies can also enhance replication or contribute to pathogenesis. This review emphasizes those antibody functions that are potentially beneficial to the host. In addition, this review will focus on the effects of antibodies on organisms themselves, rather than on the toxins the organisms may produce.
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Park YD, Shin S, Panepinto J, Ramos J, Qiu J, Frases S, Albuquerque P, Cordero RJB, Zhang N, Himmelreich U, Beenhouwer D, Bennett JE, Casadevall A, Williamson PR. A role for LHC1 in higher order structure and complement binding of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004037. [PMID: 24789368 PMCID: PMC4006888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide capsules are important virulence factors for many microbial pathogens including the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. In the present study, we demonstrate an unusual role for a secreted lactonohydrolase of C. neoformans, LHC1 in capsular higher order structure. Analysis of extracted capsular polysaccharide from wild-type and lhc1Δ strains by dynamic and static light scattering suggested a role for the LHC1 locus in altering the capsular polysaccharide, both reducing dimensions and altering its branching, density and solvation. These changes in the capsular structure resulted in LHC1-dependent alterations of antibody binding patterns, reductions in human and mouse complement binding and phagocytosis by the macrophage-like cell line J774, as well as increased virulence in mice. These findings identify a unique molecular mechanism for tertiary structural changes in a microbial capsule, facilitating immune evasion and virulence of a fungal pathogen. Polysaccharide capsules are important virulence factors in pathogenic microbes that provide a protective coat against host immunity. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic encapsulated yeast that is a major opportunistic infection, causing approximately 600,000 cases of meningitis per year in AIDS patients globally, and whose polysaccharide capsule is a major virulence factor. While extensive work has detailed the chemical components forming the cryptococcal capsule, the molecular events leading to the higher order assembly of the capsule, and its consequences on immune subterfuge remain unknown. In the present studies we used a proteomics method to identify a novel hydrolytic enzyme, lactonohydrolase (Lhc1) and used a variety of biophysical methods including dynamic and static light scattering as well as motility studies to show that extracted capsular polysaccharide undergoes remodeling in a LHC1-dependent fashion. This results in a more tightly compacted capsular structure that alters binding of anti-capsular antibodies and reduces binding by both human as well as mouse serum complement. Furthermore, LHC1-dependent capsular alterations serve to increase the virulence of the fungus in a mouse model, suggesting a novel role for this class of enzyme in capsular remodeling and immune evasion in microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Dong Park
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Soowan Shin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanie Ramos
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jin Qiu
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susana Frases
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Cellular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Albuquerque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radames J. B. Cordero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical NMR Unit, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Beenhouwer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John E. Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Seo BS, Lee SH, Lee JE, Yoo YC, Lee J, Park SR. Dectin-1 Stimulation Selectively Reinforces LPS-driven IgG1 Production by Mouse B Cells. Immune Netw 2013; 13:205-12. [PMID: 24198746 PMCID: PMC3817302 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.5.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1, which specifically recognizes β-glucan of fungal cell walls, is a non-Toll-like receptor (TLR) pattern recognition receptor and a representative of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The importance of Dectin-1 in innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, has previously been well studied. However, the function of Dectin-1 in B cells is very poorly understood. To determine the role of Dectin-1 in B cell activation, we first investigated whether mouse B cells express Dectin-1 and then assessed the effect of Dectin-1 stimulation on B cell proliferation and antibody production. Mouse B cells express mRNAs encoding CLRs, including Dectin-1, and surface Dectin-1 was expressed in B cells of C57BL/6 rather than BALB/c strain. Dectin-1 agonists, heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA) and heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HKSC), alone induced B cell proliferation but not antibody production. Interestingly, HKSC, HKCA, and depleted zymosan (a selective Dectin-1 agonist) selectively enhanced LPS-driven IgG1 production. Taken together, these results suggest that, during fungal infection, β-glucan-stimulated Dectin-1 may cooperate with TLR4 to specifically enhance IgG1 production by mouse B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Seok Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Korea
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Coelho C, Bocca AL, Casadevall A. The intracellular life of Cryptococcus neoformans. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:219-38. [PMID: 24050625 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with worldwide distribution. Serological studies of human populations show a high prevalence of human infection, which rarely progresses to disease in immunocompetent hosts. However, decreased host immunity places individuals at high risk for cryptococcal disease. The disease can result from acute infection or reactivation of latent infection, in which yeasts within granulomas and host macrophages emerge to cause disease. In this review, we summarize what is known about the cellular recognition, ingestion, and killing of C. neoformans and discuss the unique and remarkable features of its intracellular life, including the proposed mechanisms for fungal persistence and killing in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461;
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47
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Adiponectin inhibits neutrophil phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by inhibition of PKB and ERK 1/2 MAPK signalling and Mac-1 activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69108. [PMID: 23935932 PMCID: PMC3723777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Full length adiponectin is a potent immune modulatory adipokine, impacting upon the actions of several immune cells. Neutrophil oxidative burst has been shown to decrease in response to adiponectin, and we speculated that it could have other effects on neutrophil function. Here we report that adiponectin reduces the phagocytic ability of human neutrophils, decreasing significantly the ingestion of opsonised E. coli by these cells in whole blood (p<0.05) and as isolated neutrophils (p<0.05). We then determined the mechanisms involved. We observed that the activation of Mac-1, the receptor engaged in complement-mediated phagocytosis, was decreased by adiponectin in response to E. coli stimulation. Moreover, treatment of neutrophils with adiponectin prior to incubation with E. coli significantly inhibited signalling through the PI3K/PKB and ERK 1/2 pathways, with a parallel reduction of F-actin content. Studies with pharmacological inhibitors showed that inhibition of PI3K/PKB, but not ERK 1/2 signalling was able to prevent the activation of Mac-1. In conclusion, we propose that adiponectin negatively affects neutrophil phagocytosis, reducing the uptake of E. coli and inhibiting Mac-1 activation, the latter by blockade of the PI3K/PKB signal pathway.
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48
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Tian R, Fu M, Zhang Z, Ren J, An J, Liu Y, Li W. In situ IgM production and clonal expansion of B-1 cells in peritoneal cavity promote elimination of C. albicans infection in IgH transgenic mice with VH derived from a natural antibody. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60779. [PMID: 23565274 PMCID: PMC3614557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are innate-like cells that play important roles in host defense against infection. However, the function of B-1 cells in fungi infection remains unclear. Previously we produced IgH transgenic mice TgVH3B4 with VH derived from a natural antibody 3B4 that can identify C. albicans, and found that TgVH3B4 mice were resistant to intraperitoneal (i. p.) and intravenous C. albicans infection. Most of the peritoneal cavity (PEC) B-1 cells in TgVH3B4 mice express transgenic BCR that binds C. albicans. In the present study, we explored the response of B-1 cells to C. albicans infection by applying i. p. inoculation of fungi in TgVH3B4 mice. We found that C. albicans was cleared more efficiently in TgVH3B4 mice after i. p. inoculation than that of littermate control. The level of C. albicans-reactive IgM in PEC of TgVH3B4 mice was much higher than that of control, and the number of B-1a B cells was also elevated in TgVH3B4 mice, which was mainly due to enhanced proliferation of B-1 cells. Additionally, numbers of C. albicans-specific B cells increased greatly in TgVH3B4 mice after C. albicans inoculation. Our data suggested that in situ IgM production and clonal expansion of B-1 cells in PEC participate in host defense against C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Jingang An
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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49
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Johnston SA, May RC. Cryptococcusinteractions with macrophages: evasion and manipulation of the phagosome by a fungal pathogen. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:403-11. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin C. May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection; School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; B15 2TT; UK
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50
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Initiation and regulation of complement during hemolytic transfusion reactions. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:307093. [PMID: 23118779 PMCID: PMC3479954 DOI: 10.1155/2012/307093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic transfusion reactions represent one of the most common causes of transfusion-related mortality. Although many factors influence hemolytic transfusion reactions, complement activation represents one of the most common features associated with fatality. In this paper we will focus on the role of complement in initiating and regulating hemolytic transfusion reactions and will discuss potential strategies aimed at mitigating or favorably modulating complement during incompatible red blood cell transfusions.
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