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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Kang Z, Zhou XJ, Liu S, Guo S, Jin Q, Li T, Zhou L, Wu X, Wang YN, Lu L, He Y, Li F, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu H. Interleukin 4-driven reversal of self-reactive B cell anergy contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1444-1454. [PMID: 37567607 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactivation of anergic autoreactive B cells (BND cells) is a key aetiological process in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. This study aimed to investigate how BND cells participate in the pathogenesis of SLE and the underlying mechanism. METHODS A combination of phenotypical, large-scale transcriptome and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire profiling were employed at molecular and single cell level on samples from healthy donors and patients with SLE. Isolated naïve B cells from human periphery blood were treated with anti-CD79b mAb in vitro to induce anergy. IgM internalisation was tracked by confocal microscopy and was qualified by flow cytometer. RESULTS We characterised the decrease and disruption of BND cells in SLE patients and demonstrated IL-4 as an important cytokine to drive such pathological changes. We then elucidated that IL-4 reversed B cell anergy by promoting BCR recycling to the cell surface via STAT6 signalling. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the significance of IL-4 in reversing B cell anergy and established the scientific rationale to treat SLE via blocking IL-4 signalling, also providing diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to identify patients who are most likely going to benefit from such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Kang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qianmei Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Na Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanran He
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fubin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital; Peking University Institute of Nephrology; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncai Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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2
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Darzentas F, Szczepanowski M, Kotrová M, Hartmann A, Beder T, Gökbuget N, Schwartz S, Bastian L, Baldus CD, Pál K, Darzentas N, Brüggemann M. Insights into IGH clonal evolution in BCP-ALL: frequency, mechanisms, associations, and diagnostic implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125017. [PMID: 37143651 PMCID: PMC10151743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The malignant transformation leading to a maturation arrest in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) occurs early in B-cell development, in a pro-B or pre-B cell, when somatic recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segment immunoglobulin (IG) genes and the B-cell rescue mechanism of VH replacement might be ongoing or fully active, driving clonal evolution. In this study of newly diagnosed BCP-ALL, we sought to understand the mechanistic details of oligoclonal composition of the leukemia at diagnosis, clonal evolution during follow-up, and clonal distribution in different hematopoietic compartments. Methods Utilizing high-throughput sequencing assays and bespoke bioinformatics we identified BCP-ALL-derived clonally-related IGH sequences by their shared 'DNJ-stem'. Results We introduce the concept of 'marker DNJ-stem' to cover the entirety of, even lowly abundant, clonally-related family members. In a cohort of 280 adult patients with BCP-ALL, IGH clonal evolution at diagnosis was identified in one-third of patients. The phenomenon was linked to contemporaneous recombinant and editing activity driven by aberrant ongoing DH/VH-DJH recombination and VH replacement, and we share insights and examples for both. Furthermore, in a subset of 167 patients with molecular subtype allocation, high prevalence and high degree of clonal evolution driven by ongoing DH/VH-DJH recombination were associated with the presence of KMT2A gene rearrangements, while VH replacements occurred more frequently in Ph-like and DUX4 BCP-ALL. Analysis of 46 matched diagnostic bone marrow and peripheral blood samples showed a comparable clonal and clonotypic distribution in both hematopoietic compartments, but the clonotypic composition markedly changed in longitudinal follow-up analysis in select cases. Thus, finally, we present cases where the specific dynamics of clonal evolution have implications for both the initial marker identification and the MRD monitoring in follow-up samples. Discussion Consequently, we suggest to follow the marker DNJ-stem (capturing all family members) rather than specific clonotypes as the MRD target, as well as to follow both VDJH and DJH family members since their respective kinetics are not always parallel. Our study further highlights the intricacy, importance, and present and future challenges of IGH clonal evolution in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Darzentas
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika Szczepanowski
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michaela Kotrová
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alina Hartmann
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Clinical Research Unit “CATCH-ALL” (KFO 5010/1), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beder
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicola Gökbuget
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bastian
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Clinical Research Unit “CATCH-ALL” (KFO 5010/1), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Dorothea Baldus
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Clinical Research Unit “CATCH-ALL” (KFO 5010/1), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Bonn, Germany
| | - Karol Pál
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikos Darzentas,
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Medical Department II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein (UCCSH), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Clinical Research Unit “CATCH-ALL” (KFO 5010/1), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Bonn, Germany
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Nicolò A, Amendt T, El Ayoubi O, Young M, Finzel S, Senel M, Voll RE, Jumaa H. Rheumatoid factor IgM autoantibodies control IgG homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016263. [PMID: 36341420 PMCID: PMC9634112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation due to autoantibodies targeting multiple self-proteins. Most patients with poor prognosis show elevated titers of IgM antibodies specifically binding to IgG. Such autoreactive antibodies are referred to as rheumatoid factor (RF). However, their biological function and contribution to disease progression remains elusive. We have recently shown that autoreactive antibodies are present in healthy individuals and play an important role in regulating physiological processes. This regulatory mechanism is determined by the class and affinity of the autoreactive antibody, as low-affinity autoreactive IgM neutralizes the recognized autoantigen while high-affinity IgM protects its autoantigen from degradation. Here, we show that RFs possessing a high affinity and mono-specificity to IgG have a stabilizing effect on IgG, whereas low-affinity polyreactive RFs neutralize IgG in vivo. These results suggest that autoreactive IgM antibodies recognizing IgG play a crucial role in regulating IgG homeostasis and that a disbalance between IgM-mediated IgG degradation and stabilization might affect the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, restoring this balance using low-affinity anti-IgG IgM might be a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases involving autoreactive IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Nicolò
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Omar El Ayoubi
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Young
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Finzel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reinhard E. Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Hassan Jumaa,
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4
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Amendt T, Jumaa H. Adaptive tolerance: Protection through self-recognition. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100236. [PMID: 34984705 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The random nature of immunoglobulin gene segment rearrangement inevitably leads to the generation of self-reactive B cells. Avoidance of destructive autoimmune reactions is necessary in order to maintain physiological homeostasis. However, current central and peripheral tolerance concepts fail to explain the massive number of autoantibody-borne autoimmune diseases. Moreover, recent studies have shown that in physiological mouse models autoreactive B cells were neither clonally deleted nor kept in an anergic state, but were instead able to mount autoantibody responses. We propose that activation of autoreactive B cells is induced by polyvalent autoantigen complexes that can occur under physiological conditions. Repeated encounter of autoantigen complexes leads to the production of affinity-matured autoreactive IgM that protects its respective self-targets from degradation. We refer to this novel mechanism as adaptive tolerance. This article discusses the discovery of adaptive tolerance and the unexpected role of high affinity IgM autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Amendt T, Jumaa H. Memory IgM protects endogenous insulin from autoimmune destruction. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107621. [PMID: 34369608 PMCID: PMC8408592 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous diversity of antibody specificities is generated by random rearrangement of immunoglobulin gene segments and is important for general protection against pathogens. Since random rearrangement harbors the risk of producing self-destructive antibodies, it is assumed that autoreactive antibody specificities are removed during early B-cell development leading to a peripheral compartment devoid of autoreactivity. Here, we immunized wild-type mice with insulin as a common self-antigen and monitored diabetes symptoms as a measure for autoimmune disease. Our results show that autoreactive anti-insulin IgM and IgG antibodies associated with autoimmune diabetes can readily be generated in wild-type animals. Surprisingly, recall immunizations induced increased titers of high-affinity insulin-specific IgM, which prevented autoimmune diabetes. We refer to this phenomenon as adaptive tolerance, in which high-affinity memory IgM prevents autoimmune destruction by competing with self-destructive antibodies. Together, this study suggests that B-cell tolerance is not defined by the absolute elimination of autoreactive specificities, as harmful autoantibody responses can be generated in wild-type animals. In contrast, inducible generation of autoantigen-specific affinity-matured IgM acts as a protective mechanism preventing self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Amendt
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
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6
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Ziegler CGK, Kim J, Piersanti K, Oyler-Yaniv A, Argyropoulos KV, van den Brink MRM, Palomba ML, Altan-Bonnet N, Altan-Bonnet G. Constitutive Activation of the B Cell Receptor Underlies Dysfunctional Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cell Rep 2019; 28:923-937.e3. [PMID: 31340154 PMCID: PMC8018719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer biology, the functional interpretation of genomic alterations is critical to achieve the promise of genomic profiling in the clinic. For chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a heterogeneous disease of B-lymphocytes maturing under constitutive B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation, the functional role of diverse clonal mutations remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that alterations in BCR signaling dynamics underlie the progression of B cells toward malignancy. We reveal emergent dynamic features—bimodality, hypersensitivity, and hysteresis—in the BCR signaling pathway of primary CLL B cells. These signaling abnormalities in CLL quantitatively derive from BCR clustering and constitutive signaling with positive feedback reinforcement, as demonstrated through single-cell analysis of phospho-responses, computational modeling, and super-resolution imaging. Such dysregulated signaling segregates CLL patients by disease severity and clinical presentation. These findings provide a quantitative framework and methodology to assess complex and heterogeneous leukemia pathology and to inform therapeutic strategies in parallel with genomic profiling. Using phospho-flow cytometry and computational modeling, Ziegler et al. find that B cell receptor clustering and positive feedback through SYK and LYN drive signaling hypersensitivity, bistability, and hysteresis in chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells. Super-resolution microscopy confirms membrane auto-aggregation in leukemic B cells, and variability in signaling dysfunction predicts disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly G K Ziegler
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Joel Kim
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly Piersanti
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alon Oyler-Yaniv
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Physics Department, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kimon V Argyropoulos
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Lia Palomba
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Vaccine Induction of Heterologous Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Animal Models. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3681-3690. [PMID: 29281818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The events required for the induction of broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) following HIV-1 envelope (Env) vaccination are unknown, and their induction in animal models as proof of concept would be critical. Here, we describe the induction of plasma antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary (tier 2) HIV-1 strains in one macaque and two rabbits. Env immunogens were designed to induce CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bnAbs, but surprisingly, the macaque developed V1V2-glycan bnAbs. Env immunization of CD4bs bnAb heavy chain rearrangement (VHDJH) knockin mice similarly induced V1V2-glycan neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), wherein the human CD4bs VH chains were replaced with mouse rearrangements bearing diversity region (D)-D fusions, creating antibodies with long, tyrosine-rich HCDR3s. Our results show that Env vaccination can elicit broad neutralization of tier 2 HIV-1, demonstrate that V1V2-glycan bnAbs are more readily induced than CD4bs bnAbs, and define VH replacement and diversity region fusion as potential mechanisms for generating V1V2-glycan bnAb site antibodies.
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8
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) gene remodeling by V(D)J recombination plays a central role in the generation of normal B cells, and somatic hypermutation and class switching of IG genes are key processes during antigen-driven B cell differentiation. However, errors of these processes are involved in the development of B cell lymphomas. IG locus-associated translocations of proto-oncogenes are a hallmark of many B cell malignancies. Additional transforming events include inactivating mutations in various tumor suppressor genes and also latent infection of B cells with viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus. Many B cell lymphomas require B cell antigen receptor expression, and in several instances, chronic antigenic stimulation plays a role in lymphoma development and/or sustaining tumor growth. Often, survival and proliferation signals provided by other cells in the microenvironment are a further critical factor in lymphoma development and pathophysiology. Many B cell malignancies derive from germinal center B cells, most likely because of the high proliferation rate of these cells and the high activity of mutagenic processes.
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9
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Funck T, Barnkob MB, Holm N, Ohm-Laursen L, Mehlum CS, Möller S, Barington T. Nucleotide Composition of Human Ig Nontemplated Regions Depends on Trimming of the Flanking Gene Segments, and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Favors Adding Cytosine, Not Guanosine, in Most VDJ Rearrangements. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1765-1774. [PMID: 30097530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nontemplated (N) regions during Ig gene rearrangement is a major contributor to Ab diversity. To gain insights into the mechanisms behind this, we studied the nucleotide composition of N regions within 29,962 unique human VHDJH rearrangements and 8728 unique human DJH rearrangements containing exactly one identifiable D gene segment and thus two N regions, N1 and N2. We found a distinct decreasing content of cytosine (C) and increasing content of guanine (G) across each N region, suggesting that N regions are typically generated by concatenation of two 3' overhangs synthesized by addition of nucleoside triphosphates with a preference for dCTP. This challenges the general assumption that the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase favors dGTP in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the G and C gradients depended strongly on whether the germline gene segments were trimmed or not. Our data show that C-enriched N addition preferentially happens at trimmed 3' ends of VH, D, and JH gene segments, indicating a dependency of the transferase mechanism upon the nuclease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Funck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Mike Bogetofte Barnkob
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Nanna Holm
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Line Ohm-Laursen
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Slot Mehlum
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- OPEN, Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark; and.,Clinical Department, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Torben Barington
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark; .,Clinical Department, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
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10
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Liao H, Yu Y, Li S, Yue Y, Tao C, Su K, Zhang Z. Circulating Plasmablasts from Chronically Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals Predominantly Produce Polyreactive/Autoreactive Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1691. [PMID: 29270169 PMCID: PMC5723652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the B-cell response during chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is essential for eliciting broad and potent neutralizing antibodies (Abs). In this study, we analyzed the plasmablast repertoire of chronically HIV-infected individuals in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among the obtained 72 recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 27.8% weakly bound to HIV gp140 and were non-neutralizing. Remarkably, 56.9% were polyreactive and 55.6% were autoreactive. The prominent feature of being polyreactive/autoreactive is not limited to anti-gp140 Abs. Furthermore, these polyreactive/autoreactive Abs displayed striking cross-reactivity with DWEYS in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and this binding induced SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis. We also found higher frequencies of VH4-34 utilization and VH replacement in the plasmablast repertoire of chronically HIV-infected individuals, which may contribute to the generation of poly/autoreactive Abs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that circulating plasmablasts in chronically HIV-infected individuals experienced with ART predominantly produce poly/autoreactive Abs with minimal anti-HIV neutralizing capacity and potential cross-reactivity with autoantigens. This may represent another dysfunction of B cells during chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinshi Yue
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Eppley Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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McDonald G, Medina CO, Pilichowska M, Kearney JF, Shinkura R, Selsing E, Wortis HH, Honjo T, Imanishi-Kari T. Accelerated Systemic Autoimmunity in the Absence of Somatic Hypermutation in 564Igi: A Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus with Knocked-In Heavy and Light Chain Genes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1094. [PMID: 28955333 PMCID: PMC5601273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
564Igi mice have knocked-in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes that encode an autoantibody recognizing RNA. Previously, we showed that these mice produce pathogenic IgG autoantibodies when activation-induced deaminase (AID) is expressed in pre-B and immature B cells but not when it is expressed only in mature B cells. AID has two functions; it is necessary for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). To determine the role of each of these functions in the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies, we generated 564Igi mice that carry a mutant AID-encoding gene, Aicda (AicdaG23S), which is capable of promoting CSR but not SHM. We found that 564Igi AicdaG23S mice secreted class-switched antibodies (Abs) at levels approximately equal to 564Igi mice. However, compared to 564Igi mice, 564Igi AicdaG23S mice had increased pathogenic IgG Abs and severe systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease, including, glomerulonephritis, and early death. We suggest that in 564Igi mice SHM by AID changes Ig receptors away from self reactivity, thereby mitigating the production of autoantibody, providing a novel mechanism of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle McDonald
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monika Pilichowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Erik Selsing
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Henry H Wortis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thereza Imanishi-Kari
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Longo NS, Rogosch T, Zemlin M, Zouali M, Lipsky PE. Mechanisms That Shape Human Antibody Repertoire Development in Mice Transgenic for Human Ig H and L Chain Loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3963-3977. [PMID: 28438896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of the milieu on the development of the human B cell repertoire, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements from transgenic mice engineered to express single copies of the unrearranged human H chain and L chain Ig gene loci. By examining the nonproductive repertoire as an indication of the immediate product of the rearrangement machinery without an impact of selection, we discovered that the distribution of human rearrangements arising in the mouse was generally comparable to that seen in humans. However, differences between the distribution of nonproductive and productive rearrangements that reflect the impact of selection suggested species-specific selection played a role in shaping the respective repertoires. Although expression of some VH genes was similar in mouse and human (IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, and IGHV4-59), other genes behaved differently (IGHV3-33, IGHV3-48, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, and IGHV1-18). Gene selection differences were also noted in L chains. Notably, nonproductive human VH rearrangements in the transgenic mice expressed shorter CDRH3 with less N addition. Even the CDRH3s in the productive rearrangements were shorter in length than those of the normal human productive repertoire. Amino acids in the CDRH3s in both species showed positive selection of tyrosines and glycines, and negative selection of leucines. The data indicate that the environment in which B cells develop can affect the expressed Ig repertoire by exerting influences on the distribution of expressed VH and VL genes and by influencing the amino acid composition of the Ag binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Moncef Zouali
- INSERM & Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75475 Paris, France; and
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13
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Easterhoff D, Moody MA, Fera D, Cheng H, Ackerman M, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Pollara J, Vandergrift N, Parks R, Kim J, Michael NL, O’Connell RJ, Excler JL, Robb ML, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Liao HX, Ferrari G, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Harrison SC, Haynes BF. Boosting of HIV envelope CD4 binding site antibodies with long variable heavy third complementarity determining region in the randomized double blind RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006182. [PMID: 28235027 PMCID: PMC5342261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canary pox vector and gp120 vaccine (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120) in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial conferred an estimated 31% vaccine efficacy. Although the vaccine Env AE.A244 gp120 is antigenic for the unmutated common ancestor of V1V2 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAbs), no plasma bnAb activity was induced. The RV305 (NCT01435135) HIV-1 clinical trial was a placebo-controlled randomized double-blinded study that assessed the safety and efficacy of vaccine boosting on B cell repertoires. HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients were reimmunized 6–8 years later with AIDSVAX B/E gp120 alone, ALVAC-HIV alone, or a combination of ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120 in the RV305 trial. Env-specific post-RV144 and RV305 boost memory B cell VH mutation frequencies increased from 2.9% post-RV144 to 6.7% post-RV305. The vaccine was well tolerated with no adverse events reports. While post-boost plasma did not have bnAb activity, the vaccine boosts expanded a pool of envelope CD4 binding site (bs)-reactive memory B cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR3) whose germline precursors and affinity matured B cell clonal lineage members neutralized the HIV-1 CRF01 AE tier 2 (difficult to neutralize) primary isolate, CNE8. Electron microscopy of two of these antibodies bound with near-native gp140 trimers showed that they recognized an open conformation of the Env trimer. Although late boosting of RV144 vaccinees expanded a novel pool of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages, we hypothesize that boosts with stably closed trimers would be necessary to elicit antibodies with greater breadth of tier 2 HIV-1 strains. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01435135 Developing a successful HIV-1 vaccine remains a high global health priority. Several HIV-1 vaccine trials have been performed with only the RV144 vaccine trial showing vaccine efficacy, albeit modest. No broadly neutralizing antibody activity was identified in RV144 and inducing sterilizing immunity against a complex pathogen like HIV-1 remains a major challenge. Here we characterize the B cell responses after RV144 vaccine-recipients received two additional boosts severals years after the conclusion of the RV144 vaccine trial. Delayed and repetitive boosting of RV144 vaccine-recipients was capable of increasing somatic hypermutation of the Env-reactive antibodies and expanding subdominant pools of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages. These data are pertinent to HIV-1 vaccine-regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Fera
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hao Cheng
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Rob Parks
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jerome Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Army Medical Directorate, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- GSID, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
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14
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Roskin KM, Simchoni N, Liu Y, Lee JY, Seo K, Hoh RA, Pham T, Park JH, Furman D, Dekker CL, Davis MM, James JA, Nadeau KC, Cunningham-Rundles C, Boyd SD. IgH sequences in common variable immune deficiency reveal altered B cell development and selection. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:302ra135. [PMID: 26311730 PMCID: PMC4584259 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immune deficiency, affecting ~1 in 25,000 persons. These patients suffer from impaired antibody responses, autoimmunity, and susceptibility to lymphoid cancers. To explore the cellular basis for these clinical phenotypes, we conducted high-throughput DNA sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements from 93 CVID patients and 105 control subjects and sorted naïve and memory B cells from 13 of the CVID patients and 10 of the control subjects. The CVID patients showed abnormal VDJ rearrangement and abnormal formation of complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3). We observed a decreased selection against antibodies with long CDR3s in memory repertoires and decreased variable gene replacement, offering possible mechanisms for increased patient autoreactivity. Our data indicate that patient immunodeficiency might derive from both decreased diversity of the naïve B cell pool and decreased somatic hypermutation in memory repertoires. The CVID patients also exhibited an abnormal clonal expansion of unmutated B cells relative to the controls. Although impaired B cell germinal center activation is commonly viewed as causative in CVID, these data indicate that CVID B cells diverge from controls as early as the pro-B stage, cell and suggest possible explanations for the increased incidence of autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and lymphoma CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M. Roskin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Noa Simchoni
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Katie Seo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Ramona A. Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Tho Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Joon H. Park
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A
| | - David Furman
- Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Cornelia L. Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Oklahoma Clinical & Translational Science Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, U.S.A
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | | | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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15
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Swaminathan S, Klemm L, Park E, Papaemmanuil E, Ford A, Kweon SM, Trageser D, Hasselfeld B, Henke N, Mooster J, Geng H, Schwarz K, Kogan SC, Casellas R, Schatz DG, Lieber MR, Greaves MF, Müschen M. Mechanisms of clonal evolution in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:766-774. [PMID: 25985233 PMCID: PMC4475638 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can often be traced to a pre-leukemic clone carrying a prenatal genetic lesion. Postnatally acquired mutations then drive clonal evolution toward overt leukemia. The enzymes RAG1-RAG2 and AID, which diversify immunoglobulin-encoding genes, are strictly segregated in developing cells during B lymphopoiesis and peripheral mature B cells, respectively. Here we identified small pre-BII cells as a natural subset with increased genetic vulnerability owing to concurrent activation of these enzymes. Consistent with epidemiological findings on childhood ALL etiology, susceptibility to genetic lesions during B lymphopoiesis at the transition from the large pre-BII cell stage to the small pre-BII cell stage was exacerbated by abnormal cytokine signaling and repetitive inflammatory stimuli. We demonstrated that AID and RAG1-RAG2 drove leukemic clonal evolution with repeated exposure to inflammatory stimuli, paralleling chronic infections in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Swaminathan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Lars Klemm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eugene Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | | | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London UK
| | - Soo-Mi Kweon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | | | | | | | - Mel F Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London UK
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
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16
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17
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Abstract
The genes encoding the variable (V) region of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) are assembled from V, D (diversity), and J (joining) elements through a RAG-mediated recombination process that relies on the recognition of recombination signal sequences (RSSs) flanking the individual elements. Secondary V(D)J rearrangement modifies the original Ig rearrangement if a nonproductive original joint is formed, as a response to inappropriate signaling from a self-reactive BCR, or as part of a stochastic mechanism to further diversify the Ig repertoire. VH replacement represents a RAG-mediated secondary rearrangement in which an upstream VH element recombines with a rearranged VHDHJH joint to generate a new BCR specificity. The rearrangement occurs between the cryptic RSS of the original VH element and the conventional RSS of the invading VH gene, leaving behind a footprint of up to five base pairs (bps) of the original VH gene that is often further obscured by exonuclease activity and N-nucleotide addition. We have previously demonstrated that VH replacement can efficiently rescue the development of B cells that have acquired two nonproductive heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements. Here we describe a novel knock-in mouse model in which the prerearranged IgH locus resembles an endogenously rearranged productive VHDHJH allele. Using this mouse model, we characterized the role of VH replacement in the diversification of the primary Ig repertoire through the modification of productive VHDHJH rearrangements. Our results indicate that VH replacement occurs before Ig light chain rearrangement and thus is not involved in the editing of self-reactive antibodies.
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18
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Antibody repertoire diversification through VH gene replacement in mice cloned from an IgA plasma cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E450-7. [PMID: 25609671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417988112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, VDJ recombination is responsible for the establishment of a highly diversified preimmune antibody repertoire. Acquisition of a functional Ig heavy (H) chain variable (V) gene rearrangement is thought to prevent further recombination at the IgH locus. Here, we describe VHQ52(NT); Vκgr32(NT) Ig monoclonal mice reprogrammed from the nucleus of an intestinal IgA(+) plasma cell. In VHQ52(NT) mice, IgA replaced IgM to drive early B-cell development and peripheral B-cell maturation. In VHQ52(NT) animals, over 20% of mature B cells disrupted the single productive, nonautoimmune IgH rearrangement through VH replacement and exchanged it with a highly diversified pool of IgH specificities. VH replacement occurred in early pro-B cells, was independent of pre-B-cell receptor signaling, and involved predominantly one adjacent VH germ-line gene. VH replacement was also identified in 5% of peripheral B cells of mice inheriting a different productive VH rearrangement expressed in the form of an IgM H chain. In summary, editing of a productive IgH rearrangement through VH replacement can account for up to 20% of the IgH repertoire expressed by mature B cells.
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19
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Brüggemann M, Osborn MJ, Ma B, Hayre J, Avis S, Lundstrom B, Buelow R. Human antibody production in transgenic animals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:101-8. [PMID: 25467949 PMCID: PMC4359279 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fully human antibodies from transgenic animals account for an increasing number of new therapeutics. After immunization, diverse human monoclonal antibodies of high affinity can be obtained from transgenic rodents, while large animals, such as transchromosomic cattle, have produced respectable amounts of specific human immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum. Several strategies to derive animals expressing human antibody repertoires have been successful. In rodents, gene loci on bacterial artificial chromosomes or yeast artificial chromosomes were integrated by oocyte microinjection or transfection of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while ruminants were derived from manipulated fibroblasts with integrated human chromosome fragments or human artificial chromosomes. In all strains, the endogenous Ig loci have been silenced by gene targeting, either in ES or fibroblast cells, or by zinc finger technology via DNA microinjection; this was essential for optimal production. However, comparisons showed that fully human antibodies were not as efficiently produced as wild-type Ig. This suboptimal performance, with respect to immune response and antibody yield, was attributed to imperfect interaction of the human constant region with endogenous signaling components such as the Igα/β in mouse, rat or cattle. Significant improvements were obtained when the human V-region genes were linked to the endogenous CH-region, either on large constructs or, separately, by site-specific integration, which could also silence the endogenous Ig locus by gene replacement or inversion. In animals with knocked-out endogenous Ig loci and integrated large IgH loci, containing many human Vs, all D and all J segments linked to endogenous C genes, highly diverse human antibody production similar to normal animals was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Brüggemann
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Michael J. Osborn
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Biao Ma
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Jasvinder Hayre
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Suzanne Avis
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | | | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
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20
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Umiker BR, McDonald G, Larbi A, Medina CO, Hobeika E, Reth M, Imanishi-Kari T. Production of IgG autoantibody requires expression of activation-induced deaminase in early-developing B cells in a mouse model of SLE. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3093-108. [PMID: 25044405 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of pathogenic IgG antinuclear antibodies. Pathogenic IgG autoantibody production requires B-cell activation, leading to the production of activation-induced deaminase (AID) and class switching of IgM genes to IgG. To understand how and when B cells are activated to produce these IgG autoantibodies, we studied cells from 564Igi, a mouse model of SLE. 564Igi mice develop a disease profile closely resembling that found in human SLE patients, including the presence of IgG antinucleic acid Abs. We have generated 564Igi mice that conditionally express an activation-induced cytidine deaminase transgene (Aicda(tg) ), either in all B cells or only in mature B cells. Here, we show that class-switched pathogenic IgG autoantibodies were produced only in 564Igi mice in which AID was functional in early-developing B cells, resulting in loss of tolerance. Furthermore, we show that the absence of AID in early-developing B cells also results in increased production of self-reactive IgM, indicating that AID, through somatic hypermutation, contributes to tolerance. Our results suggest that the pathophysiology of clinical SLE might also be dependent on AID expression in early-developing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Umiker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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García-Muñoz R, Llorente L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: could immunological tolerance mechanisms be the origin of lymphoid neoplasms? Immunology 2014; 142:536-50. [PMID: 24645778 PMCID: PMC4107664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance theory in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): we suggest that B cells that express B-cell receptors (BCR) that recognize their own BCR epitopes are viewed by immune system as 'dangerous cells'. BCR autonomous signalling may induce constant receptor editing and mistakes in allelic exclusion. The fact that whole BCR recognizes a self-antigen or foreing antigen may be irrelevant in early B cell development. In early B cells, autonomous signalling induced by recognition of the BCR's own epitopes simulates an antigen-antibody engagement. In the bone marrow this interaction is viewed as recognition of self-molecules and induces receptor editing. In mature B cells autonomous signalling by the BCR may promote 'reversible anergy' and also may correct self-reactivity induced by the somatic hypermutation mechanisms in mutated CLL B cells. However, in unmutated CLL B cells, BCR autonomous signalling in addition to self-antigen recognition augments B cell activation, proliferation and genomic instability. We suggest that CLL originates from a coordinated normal immunologic tolerance mechanism to destroy self-reactive B cells. Additional genetic damage induced by tolerance mechanisms may immortalize self-reactive B cells and transform them into a leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City, México
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22
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Lange MD, Huang L, Yu Y, Li S, Liao H, Zemlin M, Su K, Zhang Z. Accumulation of VH Replacement Products in IgH Genes Derived from Autoimmune Diseases and Anti-Viral Responses in Human. Front Immunol 2014; 5:345. [PMID: 25101087 PMCID: PMC4105631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
VH replacement refers to RAG-mediated secondary recombination of the IgH genes, which renews almost the entire VH gene coding region but retains a short stretch of nucleotides as a VH replacement footprint at the newly generated VH–DH junction. To explore the biological significance of VH replacement to the antibody repertoire, we developed a Java-based VH replacement footprint analyzer program and analyzed the distribution of VH replacement products in 61,851 human IgH gene sequences downloaded from the NCBI database. The initial assignment of the VH, DH, and JH gene segments provided a comprehensive view of the human IgH repertoire. To our interest, the overall frequency of VH replacement products is 12.1%; the frequencies of VH replacement products in IgH genes using different VH germline genes vary significantly. Importantly, the frequencies of VH replacement products are significantly elevated in IgH genes derived from different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergic rhinitis, and in IgH genes encoding various autoantibodies or anti-viral antibodies. The identified VH replacement footprints preferentially encoded charged amino acids to elongate IgH CDR3 regions, which may contribute to their autoreactivities or anti-viral functions. Analyses of the mutation status of the identified VH replacement products suggested that they had been actively involved in immune responses. These results provide a global view of the distribution of VH replacement products in human IgH genes, especially in IgH genes derived from autoimmune diseases and anti-viral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Hongyan Liao
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
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Yu L, Guan Y. Immunologic Basis for Long HCDR3s in Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2014; 5:250. [PMID: 24917864 PMCID: PMC4040451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 have been reported in recent years, raising hope for the possibility of an effective vaccine based on epitopes recognized by these protective antibodies. However, many of these bnAbs contain the long heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3), which is viewed as an obstacle to the development of an HIV-1 vaccine targeting the bnAb responses. This mini-review summarizes the current literature and discusses the different potential immunologic mechanisms for generating long HCDR3, including D–D fusion, VH replacement, long N region addition, and skewed D–J gene usage, among which potential VH replacement products appear to be significant contributors. VH replacement occurs through recombinase activated gene-mediated secondary recombination and contributes to the diversified naïve B cell repertoire. During VH replacement, a short stretch of nucleotides from previously rearranged VH genes remains within the newly formed HCDR3, thus elongating its length. Accumulating evidence suggests that long HCDR3s are present in significant numbers in the human mature naïve B cell repertoire and are primarily generated by recombination during B cell development. These new observations indicate that long HCDR3s, though low in frequency, are a normal feature of the human antibody naïve repertoire and they appear to be selected to target conserved epitopes located in deep, partially obscured regions of the HIV-1 envelope trimer. Therefore, the presence of long HCDR3 sequences should not necessarily be viewed as an obstacle to the development of an HIV-1 vaccine based upon bnAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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24
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Ouled-Haddou H, Ghamlouch H, Regnier A, Trudel S, Herent D, Lefranc MP, Marolleau JP, Gubler B. Characterization of a new V gene replacement in the absence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and its contribution to human B-cell receptor diversity. Immunology 2014; 141:268-75. [PMID: 24134819 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In B cells, B-cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulin revision is a common route for modifying unwanted antibody specificities via a mechanism called VH replacement. This in vivo process, mostly affecting heavy-chain rearrangement, involves the replacement of all or part of a previously rearranged IGHV gene with another germline IGHV gene located upstream. Two different mechanisms of IGHV replacement have been reported: type 1, involving the recombination activating genes complex and requiring a framework region 3 internal recombination signal; and type 2, involving an unidentified mechanism different from that of type 1. In the case of light-chain loci, BCR immunoglobulin editing ensures that a second V-J rearrangement occurs. This helps to maintain tolerance, by generating a novel BCR with a new antigenic specificity. We report that human B cells can, surprisingly, undergo type 2 replacement associated with κ light-chain rearrangements. The de novo IGKV-IGKJ products result from the partial replacement of a previously rearranged IGKV gene by a new germline IGKV gene, in-frame and without deletion or addition of nucleotides. There are wrcy/rgyw motifs at the 'IGKV donor-IGKV recipient chimera junction' as described for type 2 IGHV replacement, but activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression was not detected. This unusual mechanism of homologous recombination seems to be a variant of gene conversion-like recombination, which does not require AID. The recombination phenomenon described here provides new insight into immunoglobulin locus recombination and BCR immunoglobulin repertoire diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- Unité EA4666, SFR CAP Santé, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Unité Inserm U925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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25
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Huang L, Lange MD, Zhang Z. VH Replacement Footprint Analyzer-I, a Java-Based Computer Program for Analyses of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes and Potential VH Replacement Products in Human and Mouse. Front Immunol 2014; 5:40. [PMID: 24575092 PMCID: PMC3918983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VH replacement occurs through RAG-mediated secondary recombination between a rearranged VH gene and an upstream unrearranged VH gene. Due to the location of the cryptic recombination signal sequence (cRSS, TACTGTG) at the 3′ end of VH gene coding region, a short stretch of nucleotides from the previous rearranged VH gene can be retained in the newly formed VH–DH junction as a “footprint” of VH replacement. Such footprints can be used as markers to identify Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes potentially generated through VH replacement. To explore the contribution of VH replacement products to the antibody repertoire, we developed a Java-based computer program, VH replacement footprint analyzer-I (VHRFA-I), to analyze published or newly obtained IgH genes from human or mouse. The VHRFA-1 program has multiple functional modules: it first uses service provided by the IMGT/V-QUEST program to assign potential VH, DH, and JH germline genes; then, it searches for VH replacement footprint motifs within the VH–DH junction (N1) regions of IgH gene sequences to identify potential VH replacement products; it can also analyze the frequencies of VH replacement products in correlation with publications, keywords, or VH, DH, and JH gene usages, and mutation status; it can further analyze the amino acid usages encoded by the identified VH replacement footprints. In summary, this program provides a useful computation tool for exploring the biological significance of VH replacement products in human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA ; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE , USA
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26
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Meng W, Jayaraman S, Zhang B, Schwartz GW, Daber RD, Hershberg U, Garfall AL, Carlson CS, Luning Prak ET. Trials and Tribulations with VH Replacement. Front Immunol 2014; 5:10. [PMID: 24523721 PMCID: PMC3906580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VH replacement (VHR) is a type of antibody gene rearrangement in which an upstream heavy chain variable gene segment (VH) invades a pre-existing rearrangement (VDJ). In this Hypothesis and Theory article, we begin by reviewing the mechanism of VHR, its developmental timing and its potential biological consequences. Then we explore the hypothesis that specific sequence motifs called footprints reflect VHR versus other processes. We provide a compilation of footprint sequences from different regions of the antibody heavy chain, and include data from the literature and from a high throughput sequencing experiment to evaluate the significance of footprint sequences. We conclude by discussing the difficulties of attributing footprints to VHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Bochao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gregory W Schwartz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Robert D Daber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA ; Center for Personalized Diagnostics, University of Pennsylvania Health System , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Alfred L Garfall
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christopher S Carlson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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27
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Internalization of B cell receptors in human EU12 μHC⁺ immature B cells specifically alters downstream signaling events. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:807240. [PMID: 24222917 PMCID: PMC3809603 DOI: 10.1155/2013/807240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized for a long time that engagement of B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) on immature B cells or mature B cells leads to completely opposite cell fate decisions. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that crosslinking of BCRs on human EU12 μHC+ immature B cells resulted in complete internalization of cell surface BCRs. After loss of cell surface BCRs, restimulation of EU12 μHC+ cells showed impaired Ca2+ flux, delayed SYK phosphorylation, and decreased CD19 and FOXO1 phosphorylation, which differ from those in mature Daudi or Ramos B cells with partial internalization of BCRs. In contrast, sustained phosphorylation and reactivation of ERK upon restimulation were observed in the EU12 μHC+ cells after BCR internalization. Taken together, these results show that complete internalization of cell surface BCRs in EU12 μHC+ cells specifically alters the downstream signaling events, which may favor receptor editing versus cell activation.
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28
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Hwang KK, Bouton-Verville H, Xia SM, Newman A, Ouyang YB, Haynes BF, Verkoczy L. Common tolerance mechanisms, but distinct cross-reactivities associated with gp41 and lipids, limit production of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1260-75. [PMID: 23825311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing an HIV-1 vaccine has been hampered by the inability of immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) that protect against infection. Previously, we used knockin (KI) mice expressing a prototypical gp41-specific BnAb, 2F5, to demonstrate that immunological tolerance triggered by self-reactivity of the 2F5 H chain impedes BnAb induction. In this study, we generate KI models expressing H chains from two other HIV-1 Abs, 4E10 (another self-/polyreactive, anti-gp41 BnAb) and 48d (an anti-CD4 inducible, nonpolyreactive Ab), and find a similar developmental blockade consistent with central B cell deletion in 4E10, but not in 48d VH KI mice. Furthermore, in KI strains expressing the complete 2F5 and 4E10 Abs as BCRs, we find that residual splenic B cells arrest at distinct developmental stages, yet exhibit uniformly low BCR densities, elevated basal activation, and profoundly muted responses to BCR ligation and, when captured as hybridoma mAb lines, maintain their dual (gp41/lipid) affinities and capacities to neutralize HIV-1, establishing a key role for anergy in suppressing residual 2F5- or 4E10-expressing B cells. Importantly, serum IgGs from naive 2F5 and 4E10 KI strains selectively eliminate gp41 and lipid binding, respectively, suggesting B cells expressing 2F5 or 4E10 as BCRs exhibit specificity for a distinct spectrum of host Ags, including selective interactions by 2F5 BCR(+) B cells (i.e., and not 4E10 BCR(+) B cells) with those mimicked by its gp41 neutralization epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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29
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Liu J, Lange MD, Hong SY, Xie W, Xu K, Huang L, Yu Y, Ehrhardt GRA, Zemlin M, Burrows PD, Su K, Carter RH, Zhang Z. Regulation of VH replacement by B cell receptor-mediated signaling in human immature B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5559-66. [PMID: 23630348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
VH replacement provides a unique RAG-mediated recombination mechanism to edit nonfunctional IgH genes or IgH genes encoding self-reactive BCRs and contributes to the diversification of Ab repertoire in the mouse and human. Currently, it is not clear how VH replacement is regulated during early B lineage cell development. In this article, we show that cross-linking BCRs induces VH replacement in human EU12 μHC(+) cells and in the newly emigrated immature B cells purified from peripheral blood of healthy donors or tonsillar samples. BCR signaling-induced VH replacement is dependent on the activation of Syk and Src kinases but is inhibited by CD19 costimulation, presumably through activation of the PI3K pathway. These results show that VH replacement is regulated by BCR-mediated signaling in human immature B cells, which can be modulated by physiological and pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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30
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Expansion of CD27high plasmablasts in transverse myelitis patients that utilize VH4 and JH6 genes and undergo extensive somatic hypermutation. Genes Immun 2013; 14:291-301. [PMID: 23594958 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) typically present with the clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) transverse myelitis (TM) or optic neuritis (ON). B-cell disturbances have been well documented in patients with MS and CIS patients with ON, but not in CIS patients with TM, despite the fact that these patients have the worst clinical outcome of all CIS types. The goal of this study was to characterize the B-cell populations and immunoglobulin genetics in TM patients. We found a unique expansion of CD27(high) plasmablasts in both the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery of TM patients that is not present in ON patients. Additionally, plasmablasts from TM patients show evidence for positive selection with increased somatic hypermutation accumulation in VH4(+) B cells and receptor editing that is not observed in ON patients. These characteristics unique to TM patients may impact disease severity and progression.
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31
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Briney BS, Jr. JEC. Secondary mechanisms of diversification in the human antibody repertoire. Front Immunol 2013; 4:42. [PMID: 23483107 PMCID: PMC3593266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM) are the primary mechanisms for diversification of the human antibody repertoire. These mechanisms allow for rapid humoral immune responses to a wide range of pathogenic challenges. V(D)J recombination efficiently generate a virtually limitless diversity through random recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes with diverse non-templated junctions between the selected gene segments. Following antigen stimulation, affinity maturation by SHM produces antibodies with refined specificity mediated by mutations typically focused in complementarity determining regions (CDRs), which form the bulk of the antigen recognition site. While V(D)J recombination and SHM are responsible for much of the diversity of the antibody repertoire, there are several secondary mechanisms that, while less frequent, make substantial contributions to antibody diversity including V(DD)J recombination (or D-D fusion), SHM-associated insertions and deletions, and affinity maturation and antigen contact by non-CDR regions of the antibody. In addition to enhanced diversity, these mechanisms allow the production of antibodies that are critical to response to a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens but that would be difficult to generate using only the primary mechanisms of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Briney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
| | - James E. Crowe Jr.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, USA
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32
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Huang L, Lange MD, Yu Y, Li S, Su K, Zhang Z. Contribution of V(H) replacement products in mouse antibody repertoire. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57877. [PMID: 23469094 PMCID: PMC3585286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
VH replacement occurs through RAG-mediated recombination between the cryptic recombination signal sequence (cRSS) near the 3′ end of a rearranged VH gene and the 23-bp RSS from an upstream unrearranged VH gene. Due to the location of the cRSS, VH replacement leaves a short stretch of nucleotides from the previously rearranged VH gene at the newly formed V-D junction, which can be used as a marker to identify VH replacement products. To determine the contribution of VH replacement products to mouse antibody repertoire, we developed a Java-based VH Replacement Footprint Analyzer (VHRFA) program and analyzed 17,179 mouse IgH gene sequences from the NCBI database to identify VH replacement products. The overall frequency of VH replacement products in these IgH genes is 5.29% based on the identification of pentameric VH replacement footprints at their V-D junctions. The identified VH replacement products are distributed similarly in IgH genes using most families of VH genes, although different families of VH genes are used differentially. The frequencies of VH replacement products are significantly elevated in IgH genes derived from several strains of autoimmune prone mice and in IgH genes encoding autoantibodies. Moreover, the identified VH replacement footprints in IgH genes from autoimmune prone mice or IgH genes encoding autoantibodies preferentially encode positively charged amino acids. These results revealed a significant contribution of VH replacement products to the diversification of antibody repertoire and potentially, to the generation of autoantibodies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Miles D. Lange
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) gene remodeling by V(D)J recombination plays a central role in the generation of normal B cells, and somatic hypermutation and class switching of Ig genes are key processes during antigen-driven B cell differentiation. However, errors of these processes are involved in the development of B cell lymphomas. Ig locus-associated translocations of proto-oncogenes are a hallmark of many B cell malignancies. Additional transforming events include inactivating mutations in various tumor suppressor genes, and also latent infection of B cells with viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus. Many B cell lymphomas require B cell antigen receptor expression, and in several instances chronic antigenic stimulation plays a role in sustaining tumor growth. Often, survival and proliferation signals provided by other cells in the microenvironment are a further critical factor in lymphoma development and pathophysiology. Many B cell malignancies derive from germinal center B cells, most likely because of the high proliferation rate of these cells and the high activity of mutagenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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34
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Li Z, Lian Z, Zhao Y. Phylogenetic conservation of the 3' cryptic recombination signal sequence (3'cRSS) in the VH genes of jawed vertebrates. Front Immunol 2012; 3:392. [PMID: 23267360 PMCID: PMC3526766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The VH replacement process is a RAG-mediated secondary recombination in which the variable region of a rearranged VHDJH is replaced by a different germline VH gene. In almost all human and mouse VH genes, two sequence features appear to be crucial for VH replacement. First, an embedded heptamer, which is located near the 3' end of the rearranged VH gene, serves as a cryptic recombination signal sequence (3'cRSS) for the VH replacement process. Second, a short stretch of nucleotides located downstream of the 3'cRSS serve as a footprint of the original VH region, frequently encoding charged amino acids. In this review, we show that both of these two features are conserved in the VH genes of all jawed vertebrates, which suggests that the VH replacement process may be a conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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35
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Liao H, Guo JT, Lange MD, Fan R, Zemlin M, Su K, Guan Y, Zhang Z. Contribution of V(H) replacement products to the generation of anti-HIV antibodies. Clin Immunol 2012; 146:46-55. [PMID: 23220404 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
V(H) replacement occurs through RAG-mediated secondary recombination to change unwanted IgH genes and diversify antibody repertoire. The biological significance of V(H) replacement remains to be explored. Here, we show that V(H) replacement products are highly enriched in IgH genes encoding anti-HIV antibodies, including anti-gp41, anti-V3 loop, anti-gp120, CD4i, and PGT antibodies. In particular, 73% of the CD4i antibodies and 100% of the PGT antibodies are encoded by potential VH replacement products. Such frequencies are significantly higher than those in IgH genes derived from HIV infected individuals or autoimmune patients. The identified V(H) replacement products encoding anti-HIV antibodies are highly mutated; the V(H) replacement "footprints" within CD4i antibodies preferentially encode negatively charged amino acids within the IgH CDR3; many IgH encoding PGT antibodies are likely generated from multiple rounds of V(H) replacement. Taken together, these findings uncovered a potentially significant contribution of V(H) replacement products to the generation of anti-HIV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liao
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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36
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Hoi KH, Zhang Z, Maier RF, Ippolito GC, Zemlin M. Immunoglobulin analysis tool: a novel tool for the analysis of human and mouse heavy and light chain transcripts. Front Immunol 2012; 3:176. [PMID: 22754554 PMCID: PMC3384897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain transcripts can refine categorization of B cell subpopulations and can shed light on the selective forces that act during immune responses or immune dysregulation, such as autoimmunity, allergy, and B cell malignancy. High-throughput sequencing yields Ig transcript collections of unprecedented size. The authoritative web-based IMGT/HighV-QUEST program is capable of analyzing large collections of transcripts and provides annotated output files to describe many key properties of Ig transcripts. However, additional processing of these flat files is required to create figures, or to facilitate analysis of additional features and comparisons between sequence sets. We present an easy-to-use Microsoft® Excel® based software, named Immunoglobulin Analysis Tool (IgAT), for the summary, interrogation, and further processing of IMGT/HighV-QUEST output files. IgAT generates descriptive statistics and high-quality figures for collections of murine or human Ig heavy or light chain transcripts ranging from 1 to 150,000 sequences. In addition to traditionally studied properties of Ig transcripts – such as the usage of germline gene segments, or the length and composition of the CDR-3 region – IgAT also uses published algorithms to calculate the probability of antigen selection based on somatic mutational patterns, the average hydrophobicity of the antigen-binding sites, and predictable structural properties of the CDR-H3 loop according to Shirai’s H3-rules. These refined analyses provide in-depth information about the selective forces acting upon Ig repertoires and allow the statistical and graphical comparison of two or more sequence sets. IgAT is easy to use on any computer running Excel® 2003 or higher. Thus, IgAT is a useful tool to gain insights into the selective forces and functional properties of small to extremely large collections of Ig transcripts, thereby assisting a researcher to mine a data set to its fullest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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Chang H, Biswas S, Tallarico AS, Sarkis PTN, Geng S, Panditrao MM, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Human B-cell ontogeny in humanized NOD/SCID γc(null) mice generates a diverse yet auto/poly- and HIV-1-reactive antibody repertoire. Genes Immun 2012; 13:399-410. [PMID: 22592523 PMCID: PMC3411862 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the human antibody (Ab) repertoire in mouse models of the human immune system is essential to establish their relevance in translational studies. Single human B-cells were sorted from bone marrow and periphery of humanized NOD/SCID γcnull mice at 8–10 months post-engraftment with human cord blood-derived CD34+ stem cells. Human immunoglobulin variable heavy (VH) and kappa (Vκ) genes were amplified, cognate VH-Vκ gene-pairs assembled as single-chain variable fragment-Fc antibodies (scFvFcs) and functional studies performed. Although overall distribution of VH genes approximated the normal human Ab repertoire, analysis of the VH-third complementarity determining regions (H-CDR3) in the mature B-cell subset demonstrated an increase in length and positive charges suggesting autoimmune characteristics. Additionally, >70% of Vκ sequences utilized Vκ4-1, a germline gene associated with autoimmunity. The mature B-cell subset-derived scFvFcs displayed the highest frequency of autoreactivity and polyspecificity, suggesting defects in checkpoint control mechanisms. Furthermore, these scFvFcs demonstrated binding to recombinant HIV envelope corroborating previous observations of poly/autoreactivity in anti-HIVgp140 antibodies. These data lend support to the hypothesis that anti-HIV BnAbs may be derived from auto/polyspecific Abs that escaped immune elimination and that the hNSG mouse could provide a new experimental platform for studying the origin of anti-HIV neutralizing Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The development of an adaptive immune system based on the random generation of antigen receptors requires a stringent selection process that sifts through receptor specificities to remove those reacting with self-antigens. In the B-cell lineage, this selection process is first applied to IgM(+) immature B cells. By using increasingly sophisticated mouse models, investigators have identified the central tolerance mechanisms that negatively select autoreactive immature B cells and prevent inclusion of their antigen receptors into the peripheral B-cell pool. Additional studies have uncovered mechanisms that promote the differentiation of nonautoreactive immature B cells and their positive selection into the peripheral B-cell population. These mechanisms of central selection are fundamental to the generation of a naïve B-cell repertoire that is largely devoid of self-reactivity while capable of reacting with any foreign insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Verkoczy L, Chen Y, Bouton-Verville H, Zhang J, Diaz M, Hutchinson J, Ouyang YB, Alam SM, Holl TM, Hwang KK, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. Rescue of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibody-expressing B cells in 2F5 VH x VL knockin mice reveals multiple tolerance controls. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:3785-97. [PMID: 21908739 PMCID: PMC3192533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5 has been shown to be poly-/self-reactive in vitro, and we previously demonstrated that targeted expression of its VDJ rearrangement alone was sufficient to trigger a profound B cell developmental blockade in 2F5 V(H) knockin (KI) mice, consistent with central deletion of 2F5 H chain-expressing B cells. In this study, we generate a strain expressing the entire 2F5 bnAb specificity, 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI mice, and find an even higher degree of tolerance control than observed in the 2F5 V(H) KI strain. Although B cell development was severely impaired in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI animals, we demonstrate rescue of their B cells when cultured in IL-7/BAFF. Intriguingly, even under these conditions, most rescued B cell hybridomas produced mAbs that lacked HIV-1 Envelope (Env) reactivity due to editing of the 2F5 L chain, and the majority of rescued B cells retained an anergic phenotype. Thus, when clonal deletion is circumvented, κ editing and anergy are additional safeguards preventing 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression by immature/transitional B cells. Importantly, 7% of rescued B cells retained 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression and secreted Env-specific mAbs with HIV-1-neutralizing activity. This partial rescue was further corroborated in vivo, as reflected by the anergic phenotype of most rescued B cells in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI × Eμ-Bcl-2 transgenic mice and significant (yet modest) enrichment of Env-specific B cells and serum Igs. The rescued 2F5 mAb-producing B cell clones in this study are the first examples, to our knowledge, of in vivo-derived bone marrow precursors specifying HIV-1 bnAbs and provide a starting point for design of strategies aimed at rescuing such B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Alternative mechanisms of receptor editing in autoreactive B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7125-30. [PMID: 21471456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019389108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies expressed in systemic lupus erythematosis bind DNA mainly through electrostatic interactions between the positively charged Arg residues of the antibody complementarity determining region (CDR) and the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. The importance of Arg in CDR3 for DNA binding has been shown in mice with transgenes coding for anti-DNA V(H) regions; there is also a close correlation between arginines in CDR3 of antibodies and DNA binding. Codons for Arg can readily be formed by V(D)J rearrangement; thereby, antibodies that bind DNA are part of the preimmune repertoire. Anti-DNAs in healthy mice are regulated by receptor editing, a mechanism that replaces κ light (L) chains compatible with DNA binding with κ L chains that harbor aspartic residues. This negatively charged amino acid is thought to neutralize Arg sites in the V(H). Editing by replacement is allowed at the κ locus, because the rearranged VJ is nested between unrearranged Vs and Js. However, neither λ nor heavy (H) chain loci are organized so as to allow such second rearrangements. In this study, we analyze regulation of anti-DNA H chains in mice that lack the κ locus, κ-/κ- mice. These mice show that the endogenous preimmune repertoire does indeed include a high frequency of antibodies with Arg in their CDR3s (putative anti-DNAs) and they are associated mainly with the editor L chain λx. The editing mechanisms in the case of λ-expressing B cells include L chain allelic inclusion and V(H) replacement.
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Luning Prak ET, Monestier M, Eisenberg RA. B cell receptor editing in tolerance and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:96-121. [PMID: 21251012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor editing is the process of ongoing antibody gene rearrangement in a lymphocyte that already has a functional antigen receptor. The expression of a functional antigen receptor will normally terminate further rearrangement (allelic exclusion). However, lymphocytes with autoreactive receptors have a chance at escaping negative regulation by "editing" the specificities of their receptors with additional antibody gene rearrangements. As such, editing complicates the Clonal Selection Hypothesis because edited cells are not simply endowed for life with a single, invariant antigen receptor. Furthermore, if the initial immunoglobulin gene is not inactivated during the editing process, allelic exclusion is violated and the B cell can exhibit two specificities. Here, we describe the discovery of editing, the pathways of receptor editing at the heavy (H) and light (L) chain loci, and current evidence regarding how and where editing happens and what effects it has on the antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Antigen receptor-controlled checkpoints in B lymphocyte development are crucial for the prevention of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Checkpoints at the stage of pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) and BCR expression can eliminate certain autoreactive BCRs either by deletion of or anergy induction in cells expressing autoreactive BCRs or by receptor editing. For T cells, the picture is more complex because there are regulatory T (T(reg)) cells that mediate dominant tolerance, which differs from the recessive tolerance mediated by deletion and anergy. Negative selection of thymocytes may be as essential as T(reg) cell generation in preventing autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but supporting evidence is scarce. Here we discuss several scenarios in which failures at developmental checkpoints result in autoimmunity.
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Yunk L, Meng W, Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA, Luning Prak ET. Antibodies in a heavy chain knock-in mouse exhibit characteristics of early heavy chain rearrangement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:452-61. [PMID: 19542457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in autoantibody transgenic mice have demonstrated receptor editing rearrangements at Ab H and L chain loci. However, the physiologic role of H chain editing (V(H) replacement and rearrangement on the second allele) has been called into question. It is unclear if additional rounds of H chain rearrangement are driven by BCR specificity. In this study, we analyze the manner in which B cells undergo additional H chain rearrangements in an anti-DNA H chain knock-in mouse, B6.56R. We find that rearrangements in 56R(+) B cells tend to involve the D gene locus on both alleles and the most J(H)-proximal V(H) gene segments on the endogenous allele. As a result, some B cells exhibit V(D)J rearrangements on both H chain alleles, yet allelic exclusion is tightly maintained in mature 56R B cells. As B cells mature, a higher proportion expresses the nontransgenic H chain allele. Rearrangements on both H chain alleles exhibit junctional diversity consistent with TdT-mediated N-addition, and TdT RNA is expressed exclusively at the pro-B cell stage in B6.56R. Collectively, these findings favor a single, early window of H chain rearrangement in B6.56R that precedes the expression of a functional BCR. B cells that happen to successfully rearrange another H chain may be favored in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Yunk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Lange MD, Waldbieser GC, Lobb CJ. Patterns of receptor revision in the immunoglobulin heavy chains of a teleost fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5605-22. [PMID: 19380808 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H chain cDNA libraries were constructed from the RNA derived from seven different organs and tissues from the same individual catfish. Sequence analysis of >300 randomly selected clones identified clonal set members within the same or different tissues, and some of these represented mosaic or hybrid sequences. These hybrids expressed V(H) members of the same or different V(H) families within different regions of the same clone. Within some clonal sets multiple hybrids were identified, and some of these represented the products of sequential V(H) replacement events. Different experimental methods confirmed that hybrid clones identified in the cDNA library from one tissue could be reisolated in the cDNA pool or from the total RNA derived from the same or a different tissue, indicating that these hybrids likely represented the products of in vivo receptor revision events. Murine statistical recombination models were used to evaluate cryptic recombination signal sequences (cRSS), and significant cRSS pairs in the predicted V(H) donor and recipient were identified. These models supported the hypothesis that seamless revisions may have occurred via hybrid joint formation. The heptamers of the cRSS pairs were located at different locations within the coding region, and different events resulted in the replacement of one or both CDR as well as events that replaced the upstream untranslated region and the leader region. These studies provide phylogenetic evidence that receptor revision may occur in clonally expanded B cell lineages, which supports the hypothesis that additional levels of somatic H chain diversification may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Nakajima PB, Kiefer K, Price A, Bosma GC, Bosma MJ. Two distinct populations of H chain-edited B cells show differential surrogate L chain dependence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3583-96. [PMID: 19265137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing autoreactive B cells may edit (change) their specificity by secondary H or L chain gene rearrangement. Recently, using mice hemizygous for a site-directed VDJH and VJkappa transgene (tg) encoding an autoreactive Ab, we reported ongoing L chain editing not only in bone marrow cells with a pre-B/immature B cell phenotype but also in immature/transitional splenic B cells. Using the same transgenic model, we report here that editing at the H chain locus appears to occur exclusively in bone marrow cells with a pro-B phenotype. H chain editing is shown to involve VH replacement at the tg allele or VH rearrangement at the wild-type (wt) allele when the tg is inactivated by nonproductive VH replacement. VH replacement/rearrangement at the tg/wt alleles was found to entail diverse usage of VH genes. Whereas the development of edited B cells expressing the wt allele was dependent on the lambda5 component of the surrogate L chain, the development of B cells expressing the tg allele, including those with VH replacement, appeared to be lambda5 independent. We suggest that the unique CDR3 region of the tg-encoded muH chain is responsible for the lambda5 independence of tg-expressing B cells.
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Longo NS, Grundy GJ, Lee J, Gellert M, Lipsky PE. An activation-induced cytidine deaminase-independent mechanism of secondary VH gene rearrangement in preimmune human B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7825-34. [PMID: 19017972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
V(H) replacement is a form of IgH chain receptor editing that is believed to be mediated by recombinase cleavage at cryptic recombination signal sequences (cRSS) embedded in V(H) genes. Whereas there are several reports of V(H) replacement in primary and transformed human B cells and murine models, it remains unclear whether V(H) replacement contributes to the normal human B cell repertoire. We identified V(H)-->V(H)(D)J(H) compound rearrangements from fetal liver, fetal bone marrow, and naive peripheral blood, all of which involved invading and recipient V(H)4 genes that contain a cryptic heptamer, a 13-bp spacer, and nonamer in the 5' portion of framework region 3. Surprisingly, all pseudohybrid joins lacked the molecular processing associated with typical V(H)(D)J(H) recombination or nonhomologous end joining. Although inefficient compared with a canonical recombination signal sequences, the V(H)4 cRSS was a significantly better substrate for in vitro RAG-mediated cleavage than the V(H)3 cRSS. It has been suggested that activation-induced cytidine deamination (AICDA) may contribute to V(H) replacement. However, we found similar secondary rearrangements using V(H)4 genes in AICDA-deficient human B cells. The data suggest that V(H)4 replacement in preimmune human B cells is mediated by an AICDA-independent mechanism resulting from inefficient but selective RAG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Longo
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes andDigestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1560, USA
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Köhler F, Hug E, Eschbach C, Meixlsperger S, Hobeika E, Kofer J, Wardemann H, Jumaa H. Autoreactive B cell receptors mimic autonomous pre-B cell receptor signaling and induce proliferation of early B cells. Immunity 2008; 29:912-21. [PMID: 19084434 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of early immature B cells express autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that are, according to the current view, negatively selected to avoid the production of self-reactive antibodies. Here, we show that polyreactive BCRs, which recognize multiple self-antigens, induced autonomous signaling and selective expansion of B cell precursors in a manner comparable to the pre-BCR. We found that the pre-BCR was capable of recognizing multiple self-antigens and that a signaling-deficient pre-BCR lacking the non-Ig region of the surrogate-light-chain component lambda5 was rescued by the complementarity-determining region 3 derived from heavy chains of polyreactive receptors. Importantly, bone marrow B cells from mice carrying Ig transgenes for an autoreactive BCR showed increased cell-cycle activity, which could not be detected in cells lacking the transgenic BCR. Together, the pre-BCR has evolved to ensure self-recognition because autoreactivity is required for positive selection of B cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Köhler
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (bioss), Albert-Ludwigs-University and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Carrillo J, Puertas MC, Planas R, Pastor X, Alba A, Stratmann T, Pujol-Borrell R, Ampudia RM, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected during diabetogenesis. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3152-62. [PMID: 18433871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement analysis of immunoglobulin genes is an exceptional opportunity to look back at the B lymphocyte differentiation during ontogeny and the subsequent immune response, and thus to study the selective pressures involved in autoimmune disorders. In a recent study to characterize the antigenic specificity of B lymphocytes during T1D progression, we generated hybridomas of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes from NOD mice and other related strains developing insulitis, but with different degrees of susceptibility to T1D. We found that a sizable proportion of hybridomas produced monoclonal antibodies reactive to peripherin, an intermediate filament protein mainly found in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, we found that anti-peripherin antibody-producing hybridomas originated from B lymphocytes that had undergone immunoglobulin class switch recombination, a characteristic of secondary immune response. Therefore, in the present study we performed immunoglobulin VL and VH analysis of these hybridomas to ascertain whether they were derived from B lymphocytes that had undergone antigen-driven selection. The results indicated that whereas some anti-peripherin hybridomas showed signs of oligoclonality, somatic hypermutation and/or secondary rearrangements (receptor edition and receptor revision), others seemed to directly derive from the preimmune repertoire. In view of these results, we conclude that anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected and primed in the course of T1D development in NOD mice, and reinforce the idea that peripherin is a relevant autoantigen targeted during T1D development in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis & Center for Transfusion and Tissue Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigacio Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Davila M, Liu F, Cowell LG, Lieberman AE, Heikamp E, Patel A, Kelsoe G. Multiple, conserved cryptic recombination signals in VH gene segments: detection of cleavage products only in pro B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:3195-208. [PMID: 18056287 PMCID: PMC2150985 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor editing is believed to play the major role in purging newly formed B cell compartments of autoreactivity by the induction of secondary V(D)J rearrangements. In the process of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain editing, these secondary rearrangements are mediated by direct VH-to-JH joining or cryptic recombination signals (cRSs) within VH gene segments. Using a statistical model of RS, we have identified potential cRSs within VH gene segments at conserved sites flanking complementarity-determining regions 1 and 2. These cRSs are active in extrachromosomal recombination assays and cleaved during normal B cell development. Cleavage of multiple VH cRSs was observed in the bone marrow of C57BL/6 and RAG2:GFP and μMT congenic animals, and we determined that cRS cleavage efficiencies are 30–50-fold lower than a physiological RS. cRS signal ends are abundant in pro–B cells, including those recovered from μMT mice, but undetectable in pre– or immature B cells. Thus, VH cRS cleavage regularly occurs before the generation of functional preBCR and BCR. Conservation of cRSs distal from the 3′ end of VH gene segments suggests a function for these cryptic signals other than VH gene replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Davila
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant progress has been made over recent years in uncovering the B-cell tolerance mechanisms that control development of autoreactive antibodies. This review examines current knowledge on the regulation and selection of autoreactive B cells in mouse models, and in healthy humans and patients with autoimmune disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Autoreactive B cells undergo stringent selection either in the bone marrow or peripheral circulation by deletion, induction of anergy, or receptor editing. There is growing evidence that receptor editing represents the primary physiologic B-cell tolerance mechanism. Several checkpoints against autoreactive B cells have been established in bone marrow and peripheral blood of healthy humans. Recent studies demonstrate that some autoimmune disorders are associated with several alterations in B-cell tolerance checkpoints and often lead to a greater number of autoreactive B cells in the circulation. SUMMARY Discovering the precise nature of B-cell tolerance alterations in patients with autoimmune diseases will lead to the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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