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Tulve NS, Croghan CW, Plewe BL, Thompson Duffy H, Adams K, McBride T, Pace C, Wood D, Fish C. Pesticide, allergen, PCB, and lead measurements in childcare centers located on tribal lands in the Pacific Northwest, United States. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:217-228. [PMID: 37696976 PMCID: PMC11142913 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's potential exposures to chemical and biological agents in tribal childcare centers are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES (1) The environmental health of childcare centers in Portland Area Indian Country was characterized by measuring selected pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), allergens, and lead (Pb) in outdoor soil and indoor dust. (2) We compared our results to other studies of childcare centers in both the United States and globally. METHODS At 31 tribal childcare centers in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, we collected indoor dust and outdoor soil samples from at least one classroom, multipurpose room, and outdoor play area. Number of rooms sampled depended on facility size. Surface wipes were collected from the floor, play/work surface, and windowsill and analyzed for selected pesticides and PCBs. Vacuum samples were collected from the floor and analyzed for selected allergens. Lead was measured in surface wipes and outdoor soil collected at 11 centers. A questionnaire collected information on demographics, cleaning habits, and pesticide usage. RESULTS At least one pesticide was measured at all childcare centers. cis-Permethrin (surface wipes: 0.003-180 ng/cm2), trans-permethrin (surface wipes: 0.002-200 ng/cm2) and piperonyl butoxide (surface wipes: 0.001-120 ng/cm2) were measured in all centers. Lead was measured in most surface wipes (<0.25-14 ng/cm2) and all outdoor soil samples (8.4-50 mg/kg). Aroclors 1242 and 1254 were detected on indoor surfaces in three centers at very low loadings. Allergen residues were measured at very low concentrations in vacuum dust samples (Der p 1: <0.012-0.12 µg/g; Der f 1: <0.012-0.09 µg/g; Mus m 1: <0.002-10.055 µg/g). In general, we observed lower levels of chemical and biological agents than what has been reported previously. SIGNIFICANCE By understanding the environmental health of childcare centers, we can better understand the role of child-specific environments in promoting children's health and well-being. IMPACT STATEMENT To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the environmental health of tribal childcare centers in the Pacific Northwest. Combined with the information we have on childcare centers from around the world, this study expands our knowledge on young children's potential exposures to chemical and biological agents in locations where they spend significant amounts of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle S Tulve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Carry W Croghan
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bethany L Plewe
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Katie Adams
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa McBride
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Pace
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Doug Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA, USA
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Mortelliti CL, Banzon TM, Phipatanakul W, Vieira CZ. Environmental Exposures Impact Pediatric Asthma Within the School Environment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2022; 42:743-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sensitization and exposure to triggers in the indoor environment, including aeroallergens, indoor air pollution, and environmental tobacco smoke, have a significant role in asthma development and morbidity. This review discusses indoor environmental exposures and their effect on children with asthma as well as environmental interventions and their role in improving asthma morbidity. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has emphasized the role of aeroallergen sensitization and exposure in asthma morbidity and the importance of the school indoor environment. There is an established association between indoor exposures and asthma development and morbidity. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of the indoor environment in childhood asthma, particularly the role of the school indoor environment. While home environmental interventions have had mixed results, interventions in the school environment have the potential to significantly impact the health of children, and ongoing research is needed to determine their effectiveness.
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Abstract
The school is a complex microenvironment of indoor allergens, pollutants, and other exposures. The school represents an occupational model for children and exposures in this environment have a significant health effect. Current research establishes an association between school exposure and asthma morbidity in children. This review will focus on common school environmental exposures (cockroach, rodents, cat, dog, classroom pets, dust mite, fungus, and pollution) and their impact on children with allergies and asthma. Understanding and evaluation of school-based environments is needed to help guide school-based interventions. School-based interventions have the potential for substantial benefit to the individual, school, community, and public health. However, there is a paucity data on school-based environmental interventions and health outcomes. The studies performed to date are small and cross-sectional with no control for home exposures. Randomized controlled school-based environmental intervention trials are needed to assess health outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. The School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study (SICAS 2), a NIH/NIAID randomized controlled clinical trial using environmental interventions modeled from successful home-based interventions, is currently underway with health outcome results pending. If efficacious, these interventions could potentially help further guide school-based interventions potentially with policy implications. In the meanwhile, the allergist/immunologist can continue to play a vital role in improving the quality of life in children with allergies and asthma at school through the use of the ADA policy and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act as well as encouraging adoption of toolkits to build successful school-based asthma programs and asthma-friendly schools.
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Sander I, Lotz A, Neumann HD, Czibor C, Zahradnik E, Raulf M. Reliability and Correlation Between Indoor Allergen Concentrations from Vacuumed Surface Samples and Electrostatic Dust Collectors. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:165-174. [PMID: 31773159 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most studies on indoor allergen exposure used vacuumed surface samples for quantification. One alternative is electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs), which sample previously airborne settled dust. The aim of this study was to compare allergen quantification using two different sampling methods, with respect to repeatability, and to determine how well the results agree with one another. METHODS Four times a year, measurements were made from samples that were either collected from the vacuuming of surfaces, or from EDCs, from 20 German day-care centers totaling 167 rooms. Overall, 504 vacuumed samples collected from smooth floors, 435 samples from carpets, 291 samples from upholstered furniture and beds, and 605 EDC samples were analyzed using six fluorescence enzyme immunoassays recognizing Fel d 1, Can f 1, Mus m 1, domestic mite (DM), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp) antigens. Variances and correlations among the repeat measurements over the course of the year within each sample type, and the correlations between surface samples and the corresponding EDC samples were calculated. RESULTS Repeat measurements over the year correlated significantly with one another. However, only Fel d 1, Can f 1, and DM in the EDC samples; DM, Dp, Tp, and Fel d 1 in the upholstered furniture samples; and DM in the carpet samples show representative results of single measurements according to their variance ratios (within-room/between-room variance <1). The highest correlation between surface and EDC samples was found for Fel d 1 on the upholstered furniture (r 0.52), followed by Can f 1 on the upholstered furniture and Can f 1 on carpets (r 0.47 and 0.45, respectively). The maximum correlation for mite antigens was between carpet samples and EDC (DM r 0.27, Dp r 0.33). Mus m 1 and Tp antigens for the most part did not correlate to the EDC results. CONCLUSIONS Both vacuumed dust from upholstered furniture and EDC samples were suitable for repeatable quantification of several allergens in day-care centers within a year. However, there was little agreement among the different collection methods, especially for Mus m 1 and certain mite antigens. Therefore, the method and location used for collection may greatly influence allergen exposure assessment and study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Sander
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Kompetenz-Zentrum für Allergologie/Immunologie, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anne Lotz
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Kompetenz-Zentrum für Epidemiologie, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heinz-Dieter Neumann
- Unfallkasse Nordrhein-Westfalen der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Dezernat Prävention, Biologische, chemische und physikalische Einwirkungen, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Czibor
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Kompetenz-Zentrum für Allergologie/Immunologie, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eva Zahradnik
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Kompetenz-Zentrum für Allergologie/Immunologie, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Kompetenz-Zentrum für Allergologie/Immunologie, Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Moghtaderi M, Ashraf MA, Teshnizi SH, Nabavizadeh H, Farjadian S, Fereidouni M. The level of allergens in dust samples collected from selected schools in Shiraz, Iran and its asthma-risk implications. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:90-94. [PMID: 31477397 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both home and school are important places where children are exposed to various indoor allergens. This study aimed to identify the profile of indoor allergens in schools and its impact on asthma development. METHODS A total of 104 classrooms from 52 schools were selected for dust collection during the fall of 2017. The levels of indoor allergens including dust mite (Der f1, Der p1), cat (Fel d1), cockroach (Bla g1) and mouse (Mus m1) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnosis of asthma was made in all students of the selected classes by the allergist. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS Out of 2816 students in the selected classes, 180 students were involved with asthma. Students were mostly exposed to Bla g1 (83.1%), followed by Der f1 (51.5%), Mus m 1 (45.5%), Der p1 (8.9%) and Fel d1 (7.9%) in the dust collected from 101 classrooms. Although levels of all studied allergens in the settled dust of the classrooms were low, there was a relationship between Fel d1 in the classroom dust and development of asthma. CONCLUSION This study showed considerable levels of cockroach allergens in schools. Exposure to cat allergen in our schools played an important role in asthma development; further school-based investigations require evaluating the role of classroom allergen on asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moghtaderi
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M A Ashraf
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - S H Teshnizi
- Clinical Research Development Center of Children Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - H Nabavizadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Farjadian
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Fereidouni
- Allergy and Immunology Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Sultan Z, Koh GCH, Chew FT, Ng V, Koh DSQ, Tham KW. Home and day-care microenvironment exposure to Blomia tropicalis allergens and their associations with salivary eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) among preschool children in Singapore. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:727-734. [PMID: 31242334 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, exposure studies linking dust-mite allergens with asthma and allergic morbidities have typically relied on sampling from representative locations in the home for exposure assessment. We determine the effects of differing microenvironments allergen exposures on asthma and asthma severity among 25 case and 31 control preschool children in Singapore. Blo t 5 allergen levels in various niches from the children's home and day-care microenvironments as well as their Blo t 5 time-weighted concentrations were determined. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels from the children's saliva as markers for airway inflammation were obtained. Salivary ECP levels were higher in children with asthma than those without and the strength of association increased with higher salivary ECP levels. Although there was no relationship between time-weighted Blo t 5 concentrations with salivary ECP levels among the controls, a positive statistically significant relationship was noted among cases, demonstrating the effects of cumulative exposure on asthma severity. Avoidance measures to reduce Blo t 5 allergen exposure should include all microenvironments that asthmatic children are exposed throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuraimi Sultan
- Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) Limited, Singapore
| | | | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian Ng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Soo Quee Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Wai Tham
- Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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School exposure and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:482-487. [PMID: 29407419 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview of common school exposures and the association between school exposures and pediatric asthma morbidity. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed. STUDY SELECTIONS Full-length, peer-reviewed studies published in English were considered for review. In vivo, in vitro, and animal studies were excluded. Studies of school exposure to cockroach, mouse, dust mite, dog, cat, molds, pollution, and endotoxin associated with asthma and asthma morbidity were considered. RESULTS The current literature establishes an association between school exposure and pediatric asthma morbidity. There is a need for ongoing research to evaluate the effects of school-based environmental interventions on asthma morbidity. CONCLUSION It is evident that the indoor school environment is a significant reservoir of allergens, molds, pollutants, and endotoxin and that there is an association between school exposure and pediatric asthma morbidity. School-based interventions have the potential for substantial individual, community, and public health benefit. It is important that researchers continue to study the health effects associated with school exposures and assess cost-effectiveness of multifaceted school-based interventions.
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Lanz MJ, Gonzalez MM, Efaw BJ, Harbeck RJ. Higher fractional exhaled nitric oxide and Der p 1 exposure in children with asthma living in tropical environments. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118:731-732. [PMID: 28456485 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Lanz
- AAADRS Clinical Research Center, Coral Gables, Florida.
| | | | - Benjamin J Efaw
- National Jewish Health Immunology Laboratory, Denver, Colorado
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Sander I, Neumann HD, Lotz A, Czibor C, Zahradnik E, Flagge A, Faller I, Buxtrup M, Brüning T, Raulf M. Allergen quantification in surface dust samples from German day care centers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:1094-1105. [PMID: 27924716 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1219597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoor allergens are among the main causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergen exposure is not limited to private homes. Mite, cat, and dog allergens were measured in day care centers to determine whether these concentrations detected might exert significant influence on human health. In 20 day care centers across North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the surfaces of 171 rooms were vacuumed 4 times a year to collect dust (1340 samples in total). In all samples, domestic mite antigens (DM) and the main allergens of cats (Fel d 1) and dogs (Can f 1) were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. Provisional threshold limits (PTL) for increased risks of sensitization and allergic symptoms were estimated according to published values and conversion factors. The influence of room characteristics on allergen concentrations was analyzed in mixed linear models, also considering values below the limit of detection (LOD). Nearly all samples contained allergens (99% DM, 96% Fel d 1, and 96% Can f 1). The concentrations rarely exceeded levels that were previously found to induce symptoms in home environments, but were frequently higher than estimates for enhanced sensitization risk (13% DM, 43% Fel d 1, and 27% Can f 1). Upholstered furnishings had the highest dust and allergen loads, followed by carpets and smooth floors. Allergen concentrations on different surface types that were sampled in the same room at the same time were significantly correlated and analyzed in separate models. The highest DM concentrations were present in bedrooms and in autumn. Further, DM loads on floors decreased significantly in rooms that were renovated within the last 5 years. If there were no records that furnishings were vacuumed, there were then significantly higher Can f 1 loads. Sweeping floors elevated DM and cat allergen concentrations. In addition to mite allergens, cat and dog allergens were detected in nearly all samples from day care centers. Overall, the present results indicate that allergen concentrations may be reduced by renovation and appropriate cleaning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Sander
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | | | - Anne Lotz
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Christina Czibor
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Eva Zahradnik
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Angelika Flagge
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Inga Faller
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Martin Buxtrup
- b Unfallkasse Nordrhein-Westfalen , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Monika Raulf
- a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
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Kim J, Jeong KY, Kwon HJ, Yang H, Yum HY, Lee SA, Kim CB, Kim H, Lim WR, Hong S, Kim K. The effects of a newsletter on bedding control on house dust mite allergen concentrations in childcare centers in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:e2015008. [PMID: 26602559 PMCID: PMC4590575 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bedding in childcare centers (CCCs) can hold house dust mite (HDM) allergens. This study examined whether HDM allergen levels can be reduced through the distribution of an educational newsletter on bedding control to parents of CCC children in Korea. METHODS All 38 CCCs were measured for Der 1 (sum of Der f 1 and Der p 1) concentrations on classroom floors and bedding before the intervention. Educational newsletters on children's bedding control were sent to 21 CCCs by mail, and teachers were asked to distribute the newsletters to the parents of the children (intervention group). The remaining 17 CCCs were not sent newsletters (control group). The measurement of Der 1 concentrations in 38 CCCs was repeated after the intervention. Dust samples were collected with a vacuum cleaner and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. RESULTS The Der 1 concentrations on the bedding were significantly higher than those on the floors in 38 CCCs at baseline (p<0.05). Although changes of the Der 1 concentrations for the control group (n=17) were not significant, Der 1 concentrations for the intervention group (n=21) decreased significantly from 2077.9 ng/g dust to 963.5 ng/g dust on the floors and from 3683.9 ng/g dust to 610.4 ng/g dust on bedding (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The distribution of educational newsletters on bedding control to parents may be an effective means of controlling HDMs in CCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Heasuk Yang
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Yung Yum
- Atopy Asthma Center, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Bong Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Atopy Asthma Center, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Ryung Lim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Hong
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoosang Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Indoor allergens in settled dust from kindergartens in city of Łódź, Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015; 26:890-9. [PMID: 24464567 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of the study was to determine the levels of house dust mite (Der p1), dog (Can f1), cat (Fel d1) and cockroach (Bla g2) allergens in kindergartens localized in an urban agglomeration. MATERIAL AND METHODS A quantitative analysis of allergens was carried out in settled dust samples collected by vacuuming the floor surface in three kindergartens (N = 84) and children's clothing (N = 36). The samples were collected in spring-summer and autumn-winter periods as well as at the beginning and end of the week. The allergen dust concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). RESULTS The mean geometric concentrations (±geometric standard deviations) of allergens Der p1, Can f1, Fel d1 and Bla g2 determined in kindergartens were: 0.02 ± 3.21 μg/g of dust; 0.97 ± 4.49 μg/g of dust; 0.30 ± 4.43 μg/g of dust and 0.01 ± 3.08 μg/g of dust, respectively. Younger classrooms (children aged from 3 to 4 years) were characterized by almost twice higher mean concentration of allergen Fel d1, as compared to older classrooms (children aged from 5 to 6 years) (p < 0.05). A significant impact of seasonality on the level of dog allergen Can f1 was found (p < 0.05). No significant weekly variation was found in average concentrations of the allergens. Children who had a dog and/or cat at home were characterized by high concentrations of allergens Can f1 and Fel d1 on their clothes (59.2 ± 5.39 μg Can f1/g of dust; 3.63 ± 1.47 μg Fel d1/g of dust), significantly higher than concentrations of allergens in children who did not have any pets (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Special attention should be paid to keeping the kindergarten rooms tidy and clean and to an appropriate choice of furnishings and fittings which would prevent the proliferation of the house dust mite and accumulation of allergens.
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Roda C, Barral S, Ravelomanantsoa H, Dusséaux M, Tribout M, Le Moullec Y, Momas I. Assessment of indoor environment in Paris child day care centers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1010-1017. [PMID: 21783190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are sensitive to indoor environmental pollution. Up until now there has been a lack of data on air quality in child day care centers. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to document the indoor environment quality of Paris child day care centers by repeated measurements, and to compare pollutant levels in child day care centers with levels in Paris dwellings. METHODS We selected 28 child day care centers frequented by a random sample of babies who participated in the PARIS birth cohort environmental investigation, and visited the child day care centers for one week twice in one year. Biological contaminants assessed were fungi, endotoxin, dust mite allergens, and chemical pollutants: aldehydes, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Relative humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels were measured simultaneously. A standardized questionnaire was used to gather information about the buildings and their inhabitants. RESULTS Airborne endotoxin levels in child day care centers were higher than those found in Paris dwellings. Dust mite allergens in child day care centers were below the threshold level for sensitization in the majority of samples, and in common with dwelling samples. Penicillium and Cladosporium were the most commonly identified genera fungi. The child day care center indoor/outdoor ratio for most chemical pollutants was above unity except for NO2, the levels for NO2 being significantly higher than those measured in homes. CONCLUSION Chemical and biological contamination in child day care centers appears to be low, apart from endotoxin and NO2. Failure to take child exposure in child day care centers into account could result in an overestimation of children's exposure to other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célina Roda
- Université Paris Descartes, EA 4064-Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France
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Tranter DC, Wobbema AT, Norlien K, Dorschner DF. Indoor allergens in Minnesota schools and child care centers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:582-591. [PMID: 19585331 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of allergens in the indoor environment may cause allergic sensitization and symptoms. Occupant exposure to indoor allergens in educational facilities should and can be controlled. This study (1) assessed the presence of indoor allergens in Minnesota schools and child care centers, (2) characterized the distribution of allergens in different materials, and (3) evaluated the effect of building and maintenance interventions on allergen concentrations. Settled dust samples were collected from carpet, vinyl tile floors, and upholstered furniture in six schools and seven child care centers before and after interventions. Interventions included changes to cleaning, ventilation, entry mats, furnishings, flooring, and classroom items. The amount of total dust, culturable fungi, and indoor allergens--cockroach, dust mite, cat, and dog--were quantified in the dust samples. Cockroach and dust mite allergens were generally low and below the detection limit, but one dust mite allergen was detected in some areas. Cat and dog allergens were frequently detected at elevated levels, with half the samples above the provisional sensitization risk thresholds and a few samples above the symptom thresholds. Allergen concentrations were highest in upholstered furniture, followed by carpeting and then vinyl floor tile. Cat and dog allergens were lower after the interventions. Cat and dog allergens, but not dust mite and cockroach allergens, seem to be ubiquitous in child care and elementary schools of the U.S. Midwest. These allergens may contribute to sensitization in atopic individuals and occasionally cause symptoms in sensitized allergic individuals. Fleecy materials that are not adequately cleaned, such as upholstered furniture, appear to be the most significant allergen reservoirs. Modest environmental interventions can be implemented by building staff, which should result in lower allergen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Tranter
- Minnesota Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-0975, USA.
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Salo PM, Sever ML, Zeldin DC. Indoor allergens in school and day care environments. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:185-92, 192.e1-9; quiz 193-4. [PMID: 19577284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most studies that have examined exposure to indoor allergens have focused on home environments. However, allergen exposures can be encountered in environments other than the home. For example, many children spend a large part of their time in schools and day care facilities. Over the past 2 decades, a large number of studies have been conducted in school and day care environments. However, the role of indoor exposures in allergy and asthma development or morbidity in these settings is not well characterized. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the importance of indoor allergen exposures in school and day care settings. We summarize the key findings from recent scientific literature, describe exposure characteristics, discuss the role of these exposures in relation to asthma and allergy symptoms, and provide information on the effectiveness of published interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi M Salo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Nalyanya G, Gore JC, Linker HM, Schal C. German cockroach allergen levels in North Carolina schools: comparison of integrated pest management and conventional cockroach control. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:420-427. [PMID: 19496408 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cockroach suppression is fundamental to cockroach allergen mitigation in infested homes. The effects of various cockroach control strategies on cockroach populations and allergen concentration have not been examined in schools. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) and conventional pest control in controlling German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) infestations and concentrations of the cockroach allergen Bla g 1 in public school buildings. Two school districts included six schools that used conventional pest control and one district included seven schools that used IPM to control pests. Cockroach traps were deployed to assess the level of infestation, settled dust samples were collected in food service areas, classrooms, and other school areas, and the Bla g 1 allergen was quantified by ELISA. Both cockroach counts and Bla g 1 concentrations were dependent on the pest control approach, with highly significant differences between IPM-treated schools and conventionally treated schools in both the cockroach mean trap counts (0 versus 82.6 +/- 17.3 cockroaches/trap/wk, respectively) and in the amount of Bla g 1 in dust samples (2.8 +/- 0.3 versus 30.6 +/- 3.4 U/g dust). Cockroaches and Bla g 1 were primarily associated with food preparation and food service areas and much less with classrooms and offices. Our data extend recent findings from studies in homes, showing that cockroach allergens can be reduced by cockroach elimination alone or by integrating several tactics including education, cleaning, and pest control. IPM is not only effective at controlling cockroaches but also can lead to long-term reductions in cockroach allergen concentrations, resulting in a healthier environment for students and school personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Nalyanya
- Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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Zuraimi MS, Ong TC, Tham KW, Chew FT. Determinants of indoor allergens in tropical child care centers. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2008; 19:746-55. [PMID: 18208465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available about indoor allergen determinants in child care centers (CCCs) especially in the tropics. This information is important epidemiologically and clinically considering many children attend CCCs. The purpose of this study was to determine the allergen concentrations in CCCs and their associations with CCC characteristics and indoor air quality (IAQ). A panel of indoor allergens including Der p 1, Blo t 5, Fel d 1, Can f 1, Mus m 1, Bla g 1 and Asp f 1 were evaluated from dusts vacuumed from classroom floors of CCCs. Allergen levels were assayed with antibody-based bioplex array or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Indoor temperature, relative humidity and air exchange rates were measured and CCC characteristics inspected. Allergen levels were linearly regressed with CCC characteristics and IAQ. The dominant allergens found in classroom floors were Der p 1, Blo t 5 and Fel d 1. Lower indoor temperatures were associated with higher Der p 1 while lower ventilation rates were associated with higher Blo t 5 concentrations. Prevalence of cat owners was found to be a predictor for Fel d 1 concentrations. Full or partial carpeting is associated with higher dust mite allergen levels. These findings provide information for future indoor allergen exposure assessment studies in CCCs and can be used for intervention with regard to allergen avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sultan Zuraimi
- Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of preschool environmental conditions on classroom aeroallergen concentrations is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between school environmental conditions and classroom aeroallergen concentrations in the Pulaski County Head Start (HS) Program. METHODS Thirty-three HS centers in Pulaski County, Arkansas, underwent a detailed environmental evaluation. Classroom settled dust samples were analyzed for the presence of common indoor allergens. RESULTS Classroom eating (70%), wall-to-wall carpeting (58%), and water damage (33%) were common. Median classroom allergen levels were as follows: dust mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1), 0.6 microg/g; Fel d 1, 0.4 microg/g; Can f 1, 1.7 microg/g; cockroach, below detection; Mus m 1, 0.18 microg/g; and mold spores, 17,800 CFU/g. Can f 1 and Mus m 1 allergens were detected in 100% of HS centers. Facilities with carpeting, increased humidity, and single-use facilities showed trends toward increased dust mite concentrations. Detectable cockroach allergen was more common in classrooms cleaned by teachers than by professional housekeepers. CONCLUSIONS Aeroallergens were commonly detected in Pulaski County HS center classrooms, with dog and mouse allergens detected in 100% of centers. Median classroom allergen concentrations were low, and classroom characteristics were not strongly predictive of increased allergen exposure.
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Bröms K, Svärdsudd K, Sundelin C, Norbäck D. A nationwide study of indoor and outdoor environments in allergen avoidance and conventional daycare centers in Sweden. INDOOR AIR 2006; 16:227-35. [PMID: 16683941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sweden has had specialized 'allergen avoidance daycare centers' (AADC) since 1979. The aim was to compare AADC with ordinary daycare centers (ODC). Through contacts with municipalities and hospitals, 72 AADC were identified. For each AADC, the two nearest ODCs served as controls. A questionnaire was sent to the local directors of the 216 daycare centers (531 sections), 83% responded. A total of 39% of the ODCs had ever had dampness/molds, 12% were near (<500 m) stables/farms, 23% were closer than 50 m to a heavy trafficked road, and 13% were exposed to wood smoke in winter. Only 11% of the AADCs had any child with furred pets at home, while 97% of the ODCs had children with furred pets. Bans on smoking at home and on perfumes were more common at the AADCs (P = 0.001). Fewer AADCs had PVC floors (OR = 0.53; P = 0.01), dampness/molds (OR = 0.55; P = 0.04), shelves (OR 3.03; P = 0.001), curtains (OR = 1.67; P = 0.047), and flowers (OR = 0.03; P < 0.001), while more had daily floor cleaning (OR = 19.9; P = 0.004), weekly wiping of furniture (OR = 11.0; P = 0.001), and washing of pillows/mattresses (OR = 2.74; P = 0.005) and curtains (OR = 9.07; P = 0.001). In conclusion, allergy avoidance daycare centers differ from other daycare centers, and may have better indoor environments. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS There is a need to improve the indoor environments of daycare centers, including reduction of building dampness and molds. Allergen avoidance daycare centers (AADC) in Sweden differ from ordinary daycare centers in many respects, with fewer indoor and building factors related to dust, allergens and irritants. This shows that the indoor environments of daycare centers can be improved. Data suggest that AADC may have lower levels of pet allergens, and this is beneficial for children with pet allergy. The effects of these improvements on indoor exposures and health of the children need to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bröms
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Romei I, Boner AL. Possible reasons for lack of effect of allergen avoidance in atopy-prone infants and sensitive asthmatic patients. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005; 28:59-71. [PMID: 15834169 DOI: 10.1385/criai:28:1:059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The basic paradigm that allergen exposure produces atopic sensitization, and that continued exposure leads to clinical asthma throughout the development of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity has been challenged. However, because it was observed that epidemiological evidence suggests that around 40% of asthma cases are attributable to atopy (even using restrictive criteria), the obvious corollary is that if allergen avoidance begins before the onset of sensitization (primary prevention), then it should be associated with a reduced number of new cases of the disease. However, there are conflicting results regarding the effect of allergen avoidance on primary prevention of atopic sensitization and asthma onset. Instead, more uniform and positive results are available from secondary prevention studies. Secondary prevention obviously is an attractive opportunity for pediatricians who may recognize the patients who might benefit from these interventions simply by screening for food allergy in young children with atopic dermatitis. The conflicting results of tertiary prevention are most frequently observed in adult patients and sometimes result from incomplete avoidance of allergens responsible for the sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Romei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona Italy, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L. Scuro, 1 Verona, Italy
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Chang C, Gershwin ME. Indoor air quality and human health: truth vs mass hysteria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005; 27:219-39. [PMID: 15630158 PMCID: PMC7091175 DOI: 10.1385/criai:27:3:219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is an important issue, because anything we breathe can potentially affect our health. To determine if there is a real health risk, well-designed scientifically valid studies must be performed. Although much attention has focused on sick building syndrome, chemical sensitivities, and mycotoxicosis, there actually is very little evidence that these conditions have an adverse effect on human health. In contrast, real health issues have been shown to exist regarding indoor air triggers of allergies and asthma. Outdoor allergens are difficult to avoid because the pollen grains we encounter outdoors, which are the size that can cause allergies, are windborne and can travel for miles. However, indoor allergens can cause severe allergic symptoms and may also have a priming effect on an individual’s susceptibility to simultaneous or subsequent exposure of other outdoor allergens. Therefore, it is important to minimize exposure to indoor allergens. Determination of individual susceptibility can be paired with knowledge of the patient’s indoor exposure pattern to produce a customized management plan of avoidance, which can be used in conjunction with pharmacological treatment of allergies and asthma, as well as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, TB 192, Davis, CA and Air MD, Sacramento, CA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, TB 192, Davis, CA and Air MD, Sacramento, CA
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Goveia MG, Shaikh N, Windham G, Bembom O, Feldman K, Kreutzer R. Asthma-Related Environmental Practices and Asthma Awareness in California Child Care Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/pai.2005.18.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Montealegre F, Fernández B, Delgado A, Fernández L, Román A, Chardón D, Rodríguez-Santana J, Medina V, Zavala D, Bayona M. Exposure levels of asthmatic children to allergens, endotoxins, and serine proteases in a tropical environment. J Asthma 2004; 41:485-96. [PMID: 15281335 DOI: 10.1081/jas-120033993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, to identify and quantify indoor allergens, serine proteases, and bacterial endotoxin present in homes of asthmatic children. A total of 126 dust samples from houses were obtained from the entire mattress and bedside floor. Most of the patients had detectable levels of mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergens. Mold allergens were found only in bedside floor dust samples. Mouse allergens were not detected. Forty-two percent, 36.5%, and 1.8% of the patients demonstrated exposures to sensitizing levels of mite, Bla g 1 and cat allergens, respectively. The percentage of patients exposed to high levels of allergens capable of triggering asthma symptoms was 33.3% and 26.4% for mite and Bla g 1 allergens. Only dog allergen, bacterial endotoxin, elastase, and trypsin were associated with asthma symptoms. Eighty-nine percent of the asthmatic children were exposed to endotoxin concentrations greater than 100 EU/mg dust, and more than half of the patients were exposed to high levels of serine proteases. Our study indicates that indoor concentrations of allergens traditionally associated with asthma symptoms and severity may not be applicable in tropical environments and highly ventilated households. In fact, in the study population, endotoxins, dog allergen, and serine proteases may play a dominant role in the induction of asthma symptoms.
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Capristo C, Romei I, Boner AL. Environmental prevention in atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) and asthma: avoidance of indoor allergens. Allergy 2004; 59 Suppl 78:53-60. [PMID: 15245359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Indoor allergens represent an important precipitating factor for both asthma and atopic eczema dermatitis syndromes (AEDS). There is also accumulating evidence that sensitization to those allergens is associated with the onset of atopic disorders. Patients with AEDS present aeroallergen-specific T-cell responses associated with worsening of symptoms when exposed to specific aeroallergens. Furthermore, application of indoor allergens to the skin of patient with AEDS induces a local eczematous response in one-third of these patients. Exposure to high concentrations of mite allergens in early infancy have been demonstrated to be a risk factor for developing atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life. Moreover, a clear dose-response relationship has been documented between mite exposure and disease activity. Primary prevention of AEDS by avoiding indoor allergen exposure has been proved to be effective only when allergenic foods have also been avoided. Mite allergen avoidance in infants with AEDS and food allergy may however, prevent mite sensitization and the onset of asthma. Indoor allergen avoidance has been demonstrated to be effective in the majority of studies performed in patients with established AEDS. Negative results may be explained either by individual susceptibility variation, by long duration of disease with the consequent irreversible pathological changes in the target tissue or by exposure to allergens outside the house. Education of the patients and public consciousness of the problems are crucial for the efficacy of indoor allergen avoidance in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capristo
- Department of Pediatris Second University of Naples, Italy
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Rullo VEV, Rizzo MC, Arruda LK, Solé D, Naspitz CK. Daycare centers and schools as sources of exposure to mites, cockroach, and endotoxin in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:582-8. [PMID: 12373265 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.127511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public places, including schools, have been identified as sources of exposure to allergens derived from mites, cockroach, cat, and dog and to endotoxin. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to assess and compare exposure to allergens and endotoxin in 4 types of public child-care facilities in Brazil and to investigate whether the presence of children and the performance of cleaning procedures could have an influence on allergen and endotoxin levels. METHODS We have analyzed dust from bedding, floors, chairs, and tables of daycare centers (DCs), preschools, kindergartens, and elementary schools (ESs). Major allergens from mites, cockroach, cat, and dog were quantitated by means of ELISA, and endotoxin content was determined by using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay. RESULTS Group 1 mite allergens were greater than 2 microg/g in 67% of DC and preschool samples and in 8.9% and 2.2% of kindergarten and ES samples, respectively. The presence of bedding in DCs and preschools accounted for increased levels of mite allergens in these settings. Levels of Bla g 1 were higher in ES floors compared with those found in DC and preschool floors. Low levels (<1 microg/g) of Fel d 1 e Can f 1 were found in most samples. Levels of endotoxin in DCs and preschools were 3 times higher than in ESs. CONCLUSIONS DCs and schools in Brazil should be considered as important sources of exposure to dust mites and cockroach allergens and to endotoxin. Recommendations for mite allergen avoidance should include appropriate care of bedding in DCs and preschools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera E V Rullo
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14049-900, Brazil
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Antony AB, Tepper RS, Mohammed KA. Cockroach extract antigen increases bronchial airway epithelial permeability. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:589-95. [PMID: 12373266 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.127798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bronchial epithelial cells of airways are subject to recurrent environmental injury throughout the life of an individual. Recently, a high incidence of asthma has been reported in inner-city children. The increased incidence of asthma in inner-city children is thought to be caused, in part, by frequent exposure to allergens of the common household pest the cockroach. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether cockroach extract antigen (CrAg) induces vascular permeability factor, also known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and whether it increases permeability in bronchial airway epithelial cells (BAECs). METHODS We estimated CrAg-induced VEGF release in BAECs by using an ELISA and VEGF mRNA expression by using an RT-PCR reaction. The influence of CrAg on BAEC barrier function was estimated by measuring electrical resistance with an electric cell substrate impedance-sensing system. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that CrAg induces VEGF release in BAECs in a time-dependent manner. The VEGF induction was also confirmed by means of VEGF mRNA expression in CrAg-stimulated BAECs. CrAg decreased electrical resistance across BAEC monolayers. The maximum decrease in electrical resistance was noticed 6 hours after activation and reached a plateau thereafter. Neutralizing antibodies to VEGF significantly inhibited the decrease in BAEC electrical resistance caused by CrAg. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CrAg induces VEGF release in BAECs and alters bronchial airway permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1481 West 10th Street, 111P, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Engelhart S, Bieber T, Exner M. House dust mite allergen levels in German day-care centers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002; 205:453-7. [PMID: 12455267 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the levels of the major house dust mite allergens, Der p 1 and Der f 1, in dust collected from various locations in 41 day-care centers from two German cities (Düsseldorf and Bonn). One hundred and thirty-seven (96%) of 143 samples yielded detectable amounts of house dust mite allergen (range, < 15-85,000 ng/g; interquartile range, 210-1,480 ng group I allergen [sum of Der p 1 and Der f 1]/g dust), and 24 (17%) of the samples (8/34 mattresses; 11/46 cushions/soft toys; 5/43 carpeted floors, 0/20 smooth floors) exceeded the proposed "threshold" level of 2,000 ng/g dust in 18 (44%) of 41 day-care centers. Der p 1 and Der f 1 could be detected in nearly an equal number of samples. The highest concentrations of house dust mite allergens were found in dust from mattresses (geometric mean, 1,103 ng/g dust) and cushions/soft toys (geometric mean, 1,004 ng/g dust). The allergen load per unit area from carpeted floors exceeded that from smooth floors by more than two orders of magnitude. In comparison with dust samples from private homes within the same geographical area, the mite allergen levels in mattress dust (RR, 0.34; CI95, 0.18-0.64) and floor dust (RR, 0.21; CI95, 0.09-0.49) from day-care centers were significantly lower (p < 0.001). We conclude that day-care centers should be included as potential places of additional exposure to house dust mite allergens if avoidance measures are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Engelhart
- Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
In recent years, greater attention has been given to the role of indoor allergens as a cause of sensitization and allergic respiratory diseases. Although indoor allergen control measures to reduce symptoms in individuals allergic to mites have produced controversial results, environmental allergen avoidance is today one of the four primary goals of asthma management recommended in several guidelines of asthma treatment. Exposure to high indoor aeroallergen levels, especially to house dust mite allergens, is an important environmental risk factor for allergic sensitization and the subsequent development and exacerbation of asthma. Therefore, effective aeroallergen avoidance is of use to prevent and treat allergic diseases. Although endotoxin exposure may be protective in early life, it has been demonstrated that the inhalation of endotoxin may exacerbate asthma in house dust mite sensitized patients. Mite-allergic asthmatic patients should be aware of the dangerous combination of mite allergen exposure associated with high endotoxin levels in house dust. These two immunologically active substances have been associated with severe asthma and seasonal exacerbation of symptoms. Effective house dust mite allergen avoidance will never be achieved using a single control measure; various methods are required to affect the multiple factors that facilitate high indoor allergen levels. Education of the patients and their families is also an important component of environmental control strategies.
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Wild LG, Lopez M. Daycare centers: are indoor allergen levels important? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 87:175-6. [PMID: 11570611 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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