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Ping K, Yang R, Chen H, Xie S, Li M, Xiang Y, Lu Y, Dong J. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates intestinal injury by inhibiting sepsis-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 397:111077. [PMID: 38810818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a significant complication induced by sepsis, yet therapeutic strategies targeting such dysfunction remain inadequate. This study investigates the protective effects of Gypenoside XLIX (Gyp XLIX) against intestinal damage induced by sepsis. Septic intestinal injury in mice was induced by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. The biological activity and potential mechanisms of Gyp XLIX were explored through intraperitoneal injection of Gyp XLIX (40 mg/kg). The study demonstrates that Gyp XLIX improves the pathological structural damage of the intestine and increases tight junction protein expression as well as the number of cup cells. Through activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 - Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) pathway, Gyp XLIX enhances antioxidant enzyme levels while reducing the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, Gyp XLIX effectively alleviates sepsis-induced intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, Gyp XLIX inhibits cell death through modifying phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, further enhancing its ability to shield the intestinal barrier. The combined action of these molecular mechanisms promotes the restoration of immune balance and reduces excessive autophagy activity induced under septic conditions. In summary, Gyp XLIX exhibits a significant preventive action against intestinal damage brought on by sepsis, with its mechanisms involving the improvement of intestinal barrier function, antioxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis. This research offers a potential strategy for addressing intestinal barrier impairment brought on by sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Ping
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Shaocheng Xie
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Mengxin Li
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Department, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yannan Xiang
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Marine Pharmaceutical Resources Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Yin Z, Sun X, Chai X, Zhou X, Wang Y, Liu M, Feng X. The Effects of Dietary Pterostilbene on the Immune Response, Antioxidant Function, and Jejunal Structure of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1851. [PMID: 38997964 PMCID: PMC11240711 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pterostilbene (PTE) supplementation in feed on Arbor Acres broilers in terms of serum biochemical parameters, immune and inflammatory responses, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphological structure. For a duration of 42 days, a total of 480 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups. Each group was assigned to receive either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg of PTE. Each treatment consisted of eight replicates, with 15 chicks per replicate. In comparison with the control group, three PTE treatments significantly increased the lymphocyte transformation rate in the spleen of broilers. The automated biochemical analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and RT-qPCR analysis kits found that 400 mg/kg of PTE significantly increased the serum levels of complement C3, IL-4, and iNOS; reduced the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and mRNA levels of the genes IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NLRP3, and IFN-γ; significantly improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, GSH-Px, and T-SOD in the jejunum; and significantly reduced the MDA contents in the serum and jejunum of broilers. Nikon microscope observations and ImagePro Plus 6.0 measure results found that 400 mg/kg of PTE supplementation significantly reduced the relative length and weight of the jejunum and improved the jejunal villi structure, resulting in increased intestinal villi, deepened crypt, and an enhanced ratio of villi height to crypt depth (VH/CD). RT-qPCR and Western blot found that dietary PTE also resulted in increased mRNA levels of the genes Claudin-2, Occludin, ZO-1, and Sirt1, and decreased NF-κB protein levels in the jejunum. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary PTE improved the immune function and intestinal health of broilers by reducing inflammation and increasing the antioxidant capacity of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xue Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xuehong Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yingjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China;
| | - Mengru Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xingjun Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Z.Y.); (X.S.); (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.L.)
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Zhou K, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu M, Yu S. Production of Gypenoside XVII from Ginsenoside Rb1 by Enzymatic Transformation and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:7001. [PMID: 37836844 PMCID: PMC10574100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28197001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic transformation of the sugar moiety of the gypenosides provides a new way to obtain more pharmacologically active components. A gene encoding a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase from Bifidobacterium dentium was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified, and its molecular weight was approximately 44 kDa. The recombinant BdbglB exhibited an optimal activity at 35 °C and pH 5.4. The purified recombinant enzyme, exhibiting β-glucosidase activity, was used to produce gypenoside XVII (Gyp XVII) via highly selective and efficient hydrolysis of the outer glucose moiety linked to the C-3 position in ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1). Under the optimal reaction conditions for large scale production of gypenoside XVII, 40 g ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed by using 45 g crude enzyme at pH 5.4 and 35 °C for 10 h with a molar yield of 100%. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of the product gypenoside XVII and its conversion precursor ginsenoside Rb1 were evaluated by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and the xylene-induced acute inflammation model of mouse ear edema, respectively. Gypenoside XVII showed improved anti-inflammatory activity, which significantly inhibited the generation of TNF-α and IL-6 more effectively than its precursor ginsenoside Rb1. In addition, the swelling inhibition rate of gypenoside XVII was 80.55%, while the rate of its precursor was 40.47%, the results also indicated that gypenoside XVII had better anti-inflammatory activity than ginsenoside Rb1. Hence, this enzymatic method would be useful in the large-scale production of gypenoside XVII, which may become a new potent anti-inflammatory candidate drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shanshan Yu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
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Wang F, Lu Y, Cao J. Dynamics impacts of oxytetracycline on growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue of grouper in exposure and withdrawal treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114203. [PMID: 36279634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on marine fish. Using juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂), we investigated the effects of 56 days dietary oxytetracycline (OTC; OTCD) exposure (80 mg/kg body weight/day) on fish growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue. Meanwhile, the alteration of intestinal health status and antibiotic residue after 7 (O7) or 14 days (O14) OTC withdrawal treatment were explored. We also assessed the potential human health risks based on target hazard quotient (THQ). The results showed that OTC exposure had no effects on growth rate parameters but caused liver and intestine atrophy. OTC exposure impaired the intestinal health by distorting intestinal morphological features, inducing oxidative stress, repressing immune function, triggering NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and apoptosis, while 7 days OTC withdrawal treatment improved intestinal health status and 14 days OTC withdrawal treatment further improved it. In addition, the order of OTC residue in tested tissues after OTC exposure was: liver > kidney > spleen > muscle > intestine. OTC residue was significantly decreased in all tissues along with the increasing of withdrawal treatment period. Adults and children consuming the edible tissues (muscle) of OTC-treated or withdrawal-treated pearl gentian grouper would not experience any previous health risk as the THQ < 1 in all group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen 518210, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen 518210, China.
| | - Junming Cao
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Advances in the Bioactivities of Phytochemical Saponins in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234998. [PMID: 36501028 PMCID: PMC9735883 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hardening and narrowing of arteries. AS leads to a number of arteriosclerotic vascular diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease, which pose a big threat to human health. Phytochemicals are a variety of intermediate or terminal low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced during plant energy metabolism. Phytochemicals from plant foods (vegetables, fruits, whole grains) and traditional herb plants have been shown to exhibit multiple bioactivities which are beneficial for prevention and treatment against AS. Many types of phytochemicals including polyphenols, saponins, carotenoids, terpenoids, organic sulfur compounds, phytoestrogens, phytic acids and plant sterols have already been identified, among which saponins are a family of glycosidic compounds consisting of a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) linked to hydrophilic sugar moieties. In recent years, studies have shown that saponins exhibit a number of biological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, cholesterol-lowering, immunomodulation, anti-platelet aggregation, etc., which are helpful in the prevention and treatment of AS. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the anti-atherosclerotic bioactivities of saponins such as ginsenoside, soyasaponin, astra-galoside, glycyrrhizin, gypenoside, dioscin, saikosaponin, etc.
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Abdel-Baki PM, El-Sherei MM, Khaleel AE, Abdel-Aziz MM, Okba MM. Irigenin, a novel lead from Iris confusa for management of Helicobacter pylori infection with selective COX-2 and HpIMPDH inhibitory potential. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11457. [PMID: 35794127 PMCID: PMC9259591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new natural drugs for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) management has recently received significant attention. Iris confusa (I. confusa) was long used for the treatment of bacterial infections and gastritis. This study aimed at evaluating its effect on management of H. pylori infection and exploring its bioactive metabolites. The inhibitory potential of the polar (PF), non-polar (NPF) fractions and the isolated compounds against H. pylori using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in addition to their cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities were assessed. The most biologically active compound was tested for its selective H. pylori inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (HpIMPDH) inhibitory potential. Chromatographic purification of PF and NPF allowed isolation of tectoridin, orientin, irigenin, tectorigenin, isoarborinol and stigmasterol. The PF exhibited significant anti-H. pylori (MIC 62.50 µg/mL), COX-1, COX-2 (IC50 of 112.08 ± 0.60 and 47.90 ± 1.50 µg/mL respectively, selectivity index SI of 2.34), and NO (IC50 47.80 ± 0.89 µg/mL) inhibitory activities, while irigenin was the most potent isolated compound. Irigenin was found to have a promising activity against HpIMPDH enzyme (IC50 of 2.07 ± 1.90 μM) with low activity against human hIMPDH2 (IC50 > 10 μM) than clarithromycin, assuring its selectivity. Overall, I. confusa and its isolated compounds may serve as a potential source of plant-based drugs for H. pylori control. This study scientifically validated the claimed anti-bacterial activity of I. confusa and revealed irigenin potential as a novel lead exhibiting anti H. pylori activity in a first record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passent M Abdel-Baki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Moshera M El-Sherei
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Amal E Khaleel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abdel-Aziz
- Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Mona M Okba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Huang G, Yasir M, Zheng Y, Khan I. Prebiotic properties of jiaogulan in the context of gut microbiome. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:731-739. [PMID: 35282005 PMCID: PMC8907712 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used in food and supplemental products. In the last 20 years, extensive research has been conducted to investigate the medicinal prospects of jiaogulan, and in this regard, more than 200 compounds have been isolated with various medicinal properties such as anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation. In respect of potential benefits, jiaogulan market is likely growing, and various food items comprised of jiaogulan (beverage, sport drinks, cola, beer, tea, bread, and noodles) have been commercialized in the United States of America, China, and other Asian countries. More recently, there has been growing interest in the prebiotic potential of jiaogulan, especially at the interface of the gut microbiota. This review focuses on the prebiotic and therapeutic aspects of saponins and polysaccharides of jiaogulan tea by summarizing the literature on cancer, obesity, antioxidant activity, and immune-modulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouxin Huang
- Clinical Research CenterShantou Central HospitalShantouChina
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents UnitKing Fahd Medical Research CenterKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Yilin Zheng
- Clinical Research CenterShantou Central HospitalShantouChina
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaChina
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Keilhoff G, Ludwig C, Pinkernelle J, Lucas B. Effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on spinal cord motor neurons and microglial cells in vitro. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151759. [PMID: 34425524 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capability of spinal cord neurons is limited to impossible. Thus, experimental approaches supporting reconstruction/regeneration are in process. This study focused on the evaluation of the protective potency of an extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), a plant used in traditional medicine with anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activities, in vitro on organotypic spinal cord cultures, the motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cell line and the microglial cell line BV-2. Organotypic cultures were mechanically stressed by the slicing procedure and the effect of GP on motor neuron survival and neurite sprouting was tested by immunohistochemistry. NSC-34 cells were neuronal differentiated by using special medium. Afterwards, cell survival (propidium iodide/fluorescein diacetate labeling), proliferation (BrdU-incorporation), and neurite sprouting were evaluated. BV-2 cells were stimulated with LPS/interferon γ and subjected to migration assay and nanoparticle uptake. Cell survival, proliferation and the expression pattern of different microglial activation markers (cFOS, iNOS) as well as transcription factors (PPARγ, YB1) were analyzed. In organotypic cultures, high-dose GP supported survival of motor neurons and especially of the neuronal fiber network. Despite reduced neurodegeneration, however, there was a GP-mediated activation of astro- and microglia. In NSC-34 cells, high-dosed GP had degenerative and anti-proliferative effects, but only in normal medium. Moreover, GP supported the neuro-differentiation ability. In BV-2 cells, high-dosed GP was toxic. In lower dosages, GP affected cell survival and proliferation when combined with LPS/interferon γ. Nanoparticle uptake, migration ability, and the transcription factor PPARγ, however, GP affected directly. The data suggest positive effects of GP on injured spinal motor neurons. Moreover, GP activated microglial cells. The dual role of microglia (protective/detrimental) in neurodegenerative processes required further experiments to enhance the knowledge about GP effects. Therefore, a possible clinical use of GP in spinal cord injuries is still a long way off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Pinkernelle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lucas
- Dept. of Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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Nguyen NH, Ha TKQ, Yang JL, Pham HTT, Oh WK. Triterpenoids from the genus Gynostemma: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113574. [PMID: 33186700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE G. pentaphyllum, also known as Jiao-Gu-Lan, has been used traditionally as folk remedies for many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases in China and some countries in East and Southeast Asia. It is considered as an "immortality herb" in Guizhou Province, because it was consumed regularly by the elderly native inhabitants. Other species of the same genus Gynostemma such as G. longipes and G. laxum have been used as alternatives to G. pentaphyllum in ethno-medicine in Vietnam and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to summarize up-to-date study results on Gynostemma species, including traditional usage, phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicological studies, in order to suggest future research orientation and therapeutic applications on acute and chronic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant literature on the genus Gynostemma was gathered from secondary databases (Web of Science and PubMed), books, and official websites. The latest literature cited in this review was published in February 2020. RESULTS The genus Gynostemma has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for treatment of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hepatosteatosis. To date, 328 dammarane-type saponins were isolated and structurally elucidated from Gynostemma species. Crude extracts, saponin-rich fractions (gypenosides), and pure compounds were reported to show a wide range of pharmacological activities in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The most notable pharmacological effects were anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities. Toxicological studies were conducted only on G. pentaphyllum, showing that the plant extracts were relatively safe in both acute and long-term toxicity experiments at the given dosage while no toxicological studies were reported for the other species. CONCLUSIONS The review summarizes current studies on traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicology of medicinal Gynostemma species. Till now, the majority of publications still focused only on G. pentaphyllum. However, the promising preliminary data of other Gynostemma species indicated the research potential of this genus, both in phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. Furthermore, clinical data are required to evaluate the efficacy and undesired effects of crude extracts, standard saponin fractions, and pure compounds prepared from Gynostemma medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No. 167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- College of Natural Sciences, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ha Thanh Tung Pham
- Department of Botany, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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I S A, Krishnan S, Peter J, Sabu V, Helen A. Scientific validation of anti-arthritic effect of Kashayams - A polyherbal formulation in collagen induced arthritic rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:20-27. [PMID: 30660454 PMCID: PMC8039352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2018.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mediates activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) resulting in induction of proinflammatory genes such as that encoding tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) which played a significant role in cartilage destruction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low risk and better efficacy made herbal drugs more reliable than nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in RA treatment. Gugguluthiktam Kashayam (GuK), Punarnavadi Kashayam (PuK) and Balaguluchiadi Kashayam (BgK) are ayurvedic polyherbal formulations prescribed in classical ayurvedic texts Sahasrayogam and Ashtangahridayam as medicines for the treatment of RA. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of anti-arthritic effect of these Kashayams on TLR-4 signal transduction pathway in collagen induced arthritic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The wistar rats grouped into group I - Normal, group II- Collagen induced arthritis (CIA), group III- CIA + BgK, group IV- CIA + PuK, group V- CIA + GuK, group VI - CIA + Indomethacin (3 mg/kg b.wt.). Treatment with Kashayam (2 ml/kg b.wt) started after 14 days of primary immunization with type II collagen and continued for a period of 45 days. RESULTS Arthritis index, C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in serum and protein level of TLR-4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2) in cartilage were significantly elevated in CIA rats. Further, treatment with Kashayams downregulated all these inflammatory mediators hitherto TLR-4-NF-kB signal transduction pathway except IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine which showed a reverse effect. CONCLUSION This molecular mechanism of the investigation confirmed the clinical efficacy of Kashayams in preventing the progression of RA and gave an intuition of the scientific validation of Kashayams, an Ayurvedic classical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy I S
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Santhi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Jasmine Peter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Vidya Sabu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - A Helen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India.
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11
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Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Yao L, Yang P, Luo W, Li S, Wu Y, Cai N, Bi D, Li H, Han Q, Xu X. Macrophage-stimulating activity of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) peptides in RAW264.7 cells mediated via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Food Funct 2020; 11:10968-10978. [PMID: 33283791 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is considered to be a vital commercial fish species. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanism of bioactive peptides from European eel on macrophage-stimulating activity in RAW264.7 cells were investigated. Eel peptide (EP) markedly induced NO and iNOS production and promoted TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, EP dose-dependently activated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, EP was purified using a Sephadex A-25 column and a Bio-Gel P-6 column, and the fraction (Fr-1-1) showing the strongest NO-inducing activity was obtained. Then, the molecular weights of the components in Fr-1-1 were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and found to range from 700 to 1900 Da for the majority of components, which suggested that Fr-1-1 mainly consisted of peptides containing 8-20 amino acid residues. Overall, our results indicated that EP from Anguilla anguilla activated macrophages and could be used as a potential nutraceutical or pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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13
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Li H, Ma C, Liu W, He J, Li K. Gypenosides Protect Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves Ophthalmopathy via Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Fibrosis Effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:64. [PMID: 32462203 PMCID: PMC7405800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of Gypenosides (Gyps) on the inflammation and fibrosis in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in Graves ophthalmopathy (GO). Methods Bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the enriched genes and signaling pathways related to Gyps function. For ex vivo experiments, OFs were cultured from orbital connective tissues from patients with GO. OF proliferation was estimated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Effects of Gyps treatment on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced inflammation and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced fibrosis were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. OFs were treated with IL-1β or TGF-β1 in the absence or presence of Gyps pretreatment, and the levels of related mRNA or proteins were evaluated by RT-qPCR or ELISA. Results Eight inflammation-related target genes and nine fibrosis-related target genes were screened out. These genes were mainly enriched in pathways corresponding to inflammation and fibrosis, respectively. IL-1β-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and TGF-β-induced upregulation of fibrotic mediators in OFs were downregulated by Gyps. Moreover, Gyps reduced the activation of Toll like receptors 4/nuclear factor-κ B signaling and TGF-β1/SMAD2/SMAD4 signaling in GO OFs. Conclusions Gyps could protect GO-derived OFs against IL-1β-induced inflammation and TGF-β1-induced fibrosis. Thus Gyps might have therapeutic potential on inflammation and fibrosis in GO.
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14
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Li H, Xi Y, Xin X, Tian H, Hu Y. Gypenosides regulate farnesoid X receptor-mediated bile acid and lipid metabolism in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:34. [PMID: 32377219 PMCID: PMC7195801 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gypenosides (Gyp) are the main ingredient of the Chinese medicine, Gynostemma pentaphyllum. They are widely used in Asia as a hepatoprotective agent. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of Gyp in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with a focus on farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated bile acid and lipid metabolic pathways. Methods NASH was induced in mice by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, while mice in the control group were given a normal diet. At the end of week 10, HFD-fed mice were randomly divided into HFD, HFD plus Gyp, and HFD plus obeticholic acid (OCA, FXR agonist) groups and were given the corresponding treatments for 4 weeks. Next, we analyzed the histopathological changes as well as the liver triglyceride (TG) level and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), TG, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as well as the bile acid profile. We carried out RT-PCR and western blotting to detect HFD-induced alterations in gene/protein expression related to bile acid and lipid metabolism. Results The HFD group had histopathological signs of hepatic steatosis and vacuolar degeneration. The liver TG and serum ALT, AST, FBG, FINS, TC, and LDL-C levels as well as the total bile acid level were significantly higher in the HFD group than in the control group (P < 0.01). In addition, we observed significant changes in the expression of proteins involved in bile acid or lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). Upon treatment with Gyp or OCA, signs of hepatic steatosis and alterations in different biochemical parameters were significantly improved (P < 0.05). Further, HFD-induced alterations in the expression genes involved in bile acid and lipid metabolism, such as CYP7A1, BSEP, SREBP1, and FASN, were significantly alleviated. Conclusions Gyp can improve liver lipid and bile acid metabolism in a mouse model of NASH, and these effects may be related to activation of the FXR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Li
- 1Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Liver Disease Department, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315010 Zhejiang China
| | - Yingfei Xi
- 4Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Xin Xin
- 1Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajie Tian
- 1Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- 1Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Chang L, Shi R, Wang X, Bao Y. Gypenoside A protects ischemia/reperfusion injuries by suppressing miR-143-3p level via the activation of AMPK/Foxo1 pathway. Biofactors 2020; 46:432-440. [PMID: 31889343 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major side effect associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Gypenoside A (GP) is one of the dominant active components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and has the potential to attenuate myocardial I/R injuries. The major purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism driving the protective effect of GP on myocardial tissue by focusing on the interaction between GP and miR-143-3p. Cardiomyocytes were pre-treated with GP and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R). Changes in cell viability, apoptosis, and expression levels of factors involved in the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Foxo1-mediated miR-143-3p pathway were detected. The levels of AMPK and miR-143-3p were then modulated using an inhibitor and a mimic, respectively, to confirm their central roles in the effect of GP. The administration of GP attenuated OGD/R-induced injuries by increasing cell viability and suppressing apoptosis, which was associated with the activation of AMPK/Foxo1 signaling and the decreased level of miR-143-3p. The down-regulation of AMPK and up-regulation of miR-143-3p both counteracted the function of GP on cardiomyocytes. The role of miR-143-3p suppression in the anti-I/R effect of GP was also verified with rat model. The injection of miR-143-3p agomir inhibited the cardio-protective effect of GP in a manner similar to that in the in vitro assays. Our results confirm the cardio-protective effect of GP, which is exerted by suppressing the level of miR-143-3p via the activation of AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiujiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Bao
- Department of Endocrine Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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16
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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17
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Biswas L, Zeng Z, Graham A, Shu X. Gypenosides mediate cholesterol efflux and suppress oxidized LDL induced inflammation in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 191:107931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Li K, Ma C, Li H, Dev S, He J, Qu X. Medicinal Value and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and Its Derivatives: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2855-2867. [PMID: 31724506 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191114104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
:
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (GpM) and its derivatives, especially gypenosides
(Gyps), are widely used as safe and convenient natural herbal drugs for the treatment of many
diseases for a long time, and Gyps have different oral bioavailability (OB) values and low ability to
cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The effects of GpM and isolates on fibrosis, inflammation, oxidation,
proliferation and migration are proved. GpM shows bidirectional regulation effect on proliferation,
oxidation and apoptosis in tumor and non-tumor cells. GpM and its extractions can resist proliferation,
activate oxidation and apoptosis in tumor cells and have opposite effects on non-tumor cells. We succinctly
present some current views of medicinal value and potential therapeutic mechanisms of GpM
and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China
| | - Sooranna Dev
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369, Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - JianFeng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- National Engineering laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Guangxi, China
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19
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Zhang HK, Ye Y, Li KJ, Zhao ZN, He JF. Gypenosides Prevent H 2O 2-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by Concurrently Suppressing the Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:618-630. [PMID: 31897969 PMCID: PMC7066284 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that gypenosides (Gp) exert protective effects on retinal nerve fibers and axons in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune optic neuritis. However, the therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, a model of oxidative damage in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was established to investigate the protective effect of Gp, and its possible influence on oxidative stress in RGCs. Treatment of cells with H2O2 induced RGC injury owing to the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the activities of antioxidative enzymes decreased and the expression of inflammatory factors increased, resulting in an increase in cellular apoptosis. Gp helped RGCs to become resistant to oxidation damage by directly reducing the amount of ROS in cells and exerting protective effects against H2O2-induced apoptosis. Treatment with Gp also reduced the generation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and increased nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels so as to increase the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1/2 (Gpx1/2), which can enhance antioxidation in RGCs. In conclusion, our data indicate that neuroprotection by Gp involves its antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects. Gp prevents apoptosis through a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This finding might provide novel insights into understanding the mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of gypenosides in the treatment of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kai-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Feng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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20
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Diao J, Chi Z, Guo Z, Zhang L. Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysate Modulates the Immune Response Through NF-κB Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2652-2657. [PMID: 31449334 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of mung bean protein hydrolysate (MBPH) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and discuss the possible immune regulatory mechanism. MBPH was prepared by alcalase, trypsin, neutrase, and flavourzyme. The 3-h alcalase-hydrolyzed hydrolysate with a molecular weight less than 1,450 Da was selected for the immunological tests. Results showed that MBPH possessed strong suppressing activity to proinflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the LPS alone group, MBPH (200 µg/mL) significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β secretion levels by 52.6%, 53.2%, 48.4%, and 49.7%, respectively, in LPS-induced macrophages. It also enhanced IL-10 secretion from 789 to 3,678 pg/mL. MBPH blocked nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation in LPS-induced macrophages through the prevention of IκBα phosphorylation, and this process further prevented p65 translocation into the nucleus. A possible mechanism of MBPH is that it regulated the expression of inflammatory factors via the NF-κB pathway, thus inhibiting inflammatory reactions. The results suggested that MBPH is of application potential in the development of immunomodulatory functional food to ameliorate immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Diao
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Natl. Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Univ., Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhiping Chi
- The College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Univ., Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zengwang Guo
- The College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Univ., Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- The College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural Univ., Daqing, 163319, China
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21
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Ji X, Shen Y, Guo X. Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6285134. [PMID: 30410935 PMCID: PMC6206586 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6285134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides obtained from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino have promising prospects in functional food and nutraceuticals due to its broad range of biological activities including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antifatigue activities. These beneficial biological activities are related to chemical composition and structure of the G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and chemical structures could be influenced by both different extraction/purification techniques employed to obtain polysaccharide enriched products. The purpose of this article is to review previous and current literature regarding the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activity of G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides. This review provides a useful bibliography for the further investigation, production, and application of G. pentaphyllum polysaccharides as functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xudan Guo
- Basic Medical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 050200 Shijiazhuang, China
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22
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Sproston NR, El Mohtadi M, Slevin M, Gilmore W, Ashworth JJ. The Effect of C-Reactive Protein Isoforms on Nitric Oxide Production by U937 Monocytes/Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1500. [PMID: 30013561 PMCID: PMC6036124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is regulated by many endogenous factors including estrogen, a steroid hormone that declines with increasing age, leading to excessive inflammation in the elderly. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase inflammatory protein that exists in two forms, native CRP (nCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP), which mediate distinct biological activities. It is unclear how each CRP isoform mediates nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule generated by NO synthase (NOS). This study investigated whether CRP isoforms have distinct effects on NO production by unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes/macrophages and whether estrogen mediates CRP-induced NO production in an in vitro model of aging. NO and inducible NOS (iNOS) were measured (n = 12) by the Griess assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively following incubation (24 h) of human-derived U937 monocytes/macrophages with CRP isoforms [(nCRP) = 500 and 1,000 µg/ml; (mCRP) = 100 and 250 µg/ml] in the absence or presence of 17 beta-estradiol (1 × 10-7, 1 × 10-8, and 1 × 10-9 M). The response to each CRP isoform and estrogen was dependent on the differentiation and activation status of cells. Monocytes with or without prior LPS-activation significantly increased (P < 0.01) NO/iNOS production when treated with mCRP. The mCRP isoform had no effect (P > 0.05) on NO/iNOS production by unactivated or LPS-activated macrophages, whereas nCRP significantly (P < 0.05) reduced NO/iNOS production by macrophages, with or without prior LPS-activation. The nCRP isoform had opposing actions on monocytes, significantly (P < 0.01) increasing and reducing NO/iNOS by unactivated and LPS-activated monocytes, respectively. Estrogen significantly (P < 0.01) reversed nCRP-mediated NO inhibition by unactivated macrophages but decreased CRP-induced NO by unactivated monocytes treated with nCRP or mCRP and LPS-activated monocytes treated with mCRP. NO was differentially mediated by CRP isoforms in a cell-type/state-specific manner, with production corresponding to concomitant changes in iNOS levels. Collectively, the findings indicate nCRP and estrogen predominantly reduce NO production, whereas mCRP increases NO production. This supports growing evidence that mCRP exacerbates inflammation while nCRP and estrogen dampen the overall inflammatory response. Therapeutic strategies that restore estrogen levels to those found in youth and promote the stability of nCRP or/and prevent the formation of mCRP may reduce NO production in age-related inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jason J. Ashworth
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang F, Dang Y, Wang J, Zhou T, Zhu Y. Gypenosides attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced optic neuritis in rats. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:340-346. [PMID: 29559175 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of gypenosides (GPs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced optic neuritis rats. METHODS Optic neuritis was induced by a single microinjection of LPS into the optic nerve of Sprague Dawley rats. GPs (400 mg/kg) was administrated by gavage for 21 days. The optic nerve structure changes and demyelination were observed after hematoxylin & eosin and Luxol-fast blue staining. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was evaluated using Brn3a-TUNEL double staining. Expression of CD68 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected using immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression levels in the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways were detected using Western blot. RESULTS GPs treatment prevented the optic nerve structure changes and demyelination in the rats with optic neuritis. GPs treatment downregulated LPS-induced overexpressions of CD68, GFAP and pro-inflammatory factors. GPs treatment inhibited STAT1 and 3 phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in the optic nerve and retina of rats with optic neuritis. CONCLUSION GPs attenuate LPS-induced inflammation, demyelination and optic nerve damage which may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB and STAT pathways.
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Gul A, Kunwar B, Mazhar M, Faizi S, Ahmed D, Shah MR, Simjee SU. Rutin and rutin-conjugated gold nanoparticles ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis in rats through inhibition of NF-κB and iNOS activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:310-317. [PMID: 29679855 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are important mediators of inflammatory response in human and animal models of arthritis. Besides, oxidative stress markers, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxide (PO) are also major contributors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Over expression of these inflammatory mediators leads to the extracellular matrix degradation, and excessive cartilage and bone resorption, ultimately leading to the irreversible damage to joints. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-arthritic mechanism of bioflavonoids, rutin and rutin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (R-AuNPs) by determining their role in the modulation of NF-κB and iNOS expression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rats. Arthritis was induced by the subcutaneous administration of bovine type II collagen. Treatment was started with rutin, indomethacin + rutin (I + R) and R-AuNPs on the day of CIA induction. The severity of arthritis was determined by measuring the arthritic score on alternate days until mean arthritic score of 4 was observed. The NO and PO levels were also analyzed in serum samples. NF-κB and iNOS expression levels were determined in spleen tissue samples by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Marked reduction in the arthritic score as well as in the NO and PO levels was observed in the treated groups. A significant downregulation in the NF-κB and iNOS expression levels was also observed in the treatment groups compared to the arthritic control group. Collectively, the findings suggest potential clinical role of rutin and R-AuNPs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Gul
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bimal Kunwar
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dania Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shabana U Simjee
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Alhasani RH, Biswas L, Tohari AM, Zhou X, Reilly J, He JF, Shu X. Gypenosides protect retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang X, Shi G, Sun Y, Wu X, Zhao Y. Triterpenes derived from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins with anti-hepatic fibrosis and protective activity against H 2O 2-induced injury. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:226-232. [PMID: 28985570 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a popular functional food, and it is also used as a traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, five previously undescribed triterpenes, gypensapogenin M, gypensapogenin N, gypensapogenin O, gypensapogenin P, and gypensapogenin Q, together with five known compounds were isolated from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins. The bioassay data showed that all the triterpenes exhibited significant protective activity against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury and anti-hepatic fibrosis activity. Taken together, the discovery of these triterpenes from the hydrolyzate of total G. pentaphyllum saponins expands its use as a functional food for preventing myocardial injury and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins attenuate inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87401-87414. [PMID: 29152090 PMCID: PMC5675642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of anti-inflammatory agents have improved their therapeutic outcome in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the presence of side effects and limited effectiveness hinder their widespread use. Therefore, novel compounds with strong anti-inflammatory efficacy are still required. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino saponins (GpS), a major component of the herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that GpS dose dependently suppressed activation of macrophages, one of the main effectors in IBD. GpS also suppressed cytokine production and the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages, without affecting their viability. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that GpS could ameliorate the weight loss, increased disease activity index, colon shortening and histological damage associated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In agreement with results from our in vitro experiments, GpS suppressed cytokine production and activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in the colons of DSS-induced mice. In this study, we present for the first time, evidence of the therapeutic effect of GpS in IBD, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic against the disease.
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Chen J, Li X, Hu Y, Liu W, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Mu Y, Liu P. Gypenosides Ameliorate Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Differentiation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells into Myofibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1061-1074. [PMID: 28659031 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gypenosides (GPs), the predominant components of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exert antifibrotic effects; however, the mechanisms underlying their ability to ameliorate liver fibrosis are unclear. Liver fibrosis was induced in C57BL/6 mice via subcutaneous injection of 10% carbon tetrachloride (CCl[Formula: see text] three times a week for two weeks. Then, CCl4 was administered in conjunction with intragastric GPs for another three weeks. For in vitro analyses, WB-F344, hepatatic progenitor cells (HPCs) were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) with or without GPs for 48[Formula: see text]h. The results showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity, deposition of collagen, hydroxyproline content, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin ([Formula: see text]-SMA) and collagen type I (Col I) were significantly decreased after treatment with GPs ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). In the 5M CCl4 group, the expression of HPC markers, Sox9 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), was significantly increased compared with the normal or GPs-treated group ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Immunostaining showed that the number of Sox9 and [Formula: see text]-SMA double-positive cells was higher in the 5M CCl4 group than in the normal group, but the addition of GPs caused this cell number to decrease. In WB-F344 cells, the expression of [Formula: see text]-SMA and Col I was significantly increased after treatment with TGF-[Formula: see text], whereas in the GPs treatment group, expression was markedly decreased ([Formula: see text]). The levels of TGF-[Formula: see text] and TGF-[Formula: see text]R1 were markedly reduced after GPs treatment both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, GPs ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via the inhibition of TGF-[Formula: see text] signaling, consequently inhibiting the differentiation of HPCs into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Wan ZH, Zhao Q. Gypenoside inhibits interleukin-1β-induced inflammatory response in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28422402 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gypenoside (GP), the main active ingredient of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, possesses a variety of pharmacological capacities including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumor. However, the effects of GP on IL-1β-stimulated human osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of GP on IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes and explore the possible mechanism. Our results showed that GP dose-dependently inhibited IL-1β-induced NO and PGE2 production in human OA chondrocytes. In addition, treatment of GP inhibited the expression of MMP3 and MMP13, which was increased by IL-1β. Finally, we found that pretreatment of GP obviously suppressed NF-κB activation in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes. Taken together, the results demonstrated that GP has chondro-protective effects, at least in part, through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in human OA chondrocytes. Thus, these findings suggest that GP may be considered as an alternative therapeutic agent for the management of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Wan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Gypenoside XVII Prevents Atherosclerosis by Attenuating Endothelial Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress: Insight into the ERα-Mediated PI3K/Akt Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020077. [PMID: 28208754 PMCID: PMC5343768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are estrogen-like compounds of plant origin. The pharmacological activities of phytoestrogens are predominantly due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors (ERs): estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and possibly G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER). Gypenoside XVII (GP-17) is a phytoestrogen that is widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, but the mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is largely unclear. This study aimed to assess the anti-atherogenic effects of GP-17 and its mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. In vivo experiments showed that GP-17 significantly decreased blood lipid levels, increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreased atherosclerotic lesion size in ApoE-/- mice. In vitro experiments showed that GP-17 significantly prevented oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced endothelial injury. The underlying protective mechanisms of GP-17 were mediated by restoring the normal redox state, up-regulating of the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax and inhibiting the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in Ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury. Notably, we found that GP-17 treatment predominantly up-regulated the expression of ERα but not ERβ. However, similar to estrogen, the protective effect of GP-17 could be blocked by the ER antagonist ICI182780 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) antagonist LY294002. Taken together, these results suggest that, due to its antioxidant properties, GP-17 could alleviate atherosclerosis via the ERα-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Lei FF, Li YJ, Li RG, Li G, Li JK, Li F, Tan HB. Mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4169-4176. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i30.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the mechanism underlying protective effect of gypenosides (GPS) against type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into five groups: blank control group, T2DM-NAFLD model group, low dose GPS group, medium dose GPS group, and high dose GPS group. The efficacy was confirmed by histopathology, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the liver was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP4501A1) mRNAs was detected by RT-PCR.
RESULTS Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB was significantly reduced by GPS, in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs measured by RT-PCR was also significantly down-regulated by GPS. Moreover, GPS decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION GPS protects against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, PPARγ and CYP4501A1.
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Yu H, Shi L, Qi G, Zhao S, Gao Y, Li Y. Gypenoside Protects Cardiomyocytes against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediated Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:148. [PMID: 27313532 PMCID: PMC4887463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gypenoside (GP) is the major effective component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and has been shown to encompass a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated whether GP is able to protect cardiomyocytes against injury myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by using in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R) H9c2 cell model and in vivo myocardial I/R rat model. We found that GP pre-treatment alleviated the impairments on the cardiac structure and function in I/R injured rats. Moreover, pre-treatment with GP significantly inhibited IκB-α phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit translocation into nuclei. GP and the MAPK pathway inhibitors also reduced the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in vitro. Specific inhibition of ERK, JNK, and p38 increased the cell viability of OGD/R injured cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that GP protects cardiomyocytes against I/R injury by inhibiting NF-κB p65 activation via the MAPK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that GP may be a promising agent for the prevention or treatment of myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liye Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Guoxian Qi
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Gypenoside Attenuates β Amyloid-Induced Inflammation in N9 Microglial Cells via SOCS1 Signaling. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6362707. [PMID: 27213058 PMCID: PMC4861811 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6362707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing β amyloid- (Aβ-) induced microglial activation is believed to be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia can be activated into classic activated state (M1 state) or alternative activated state (M2 state), and the former is harmful; in contrast, the latter is beneficial. Gypenoside (GP) is the major bioactive constituent of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a traditional Chinese herb medicine. In this study, we hypothesized that GP attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation by ameliorating microglial M1/M2 states, and the process may be mediated by suppressor of cell signaling protein 1 (SOCS1). In this study, we found that Aβ exposure increased the levels of microglial M1 markers, including iNOS expression, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 releases, and coadministration of GP reversed the increase of M1 markers and enhanced the levels of M2 markers, including arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression, IL-10, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) releases in the Aβ-treated microglial cells. SOCS1-siRNA, however, significantly abolished the GP-induced effects on the levels of microglial M1 and M2 markers. These findings indicated that GP attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation by ameliorating M1/M2 states, and the process may be mediated by SOCS1.
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Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Marine-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, Cultivated in the Presence of Epigenetic Modifying Agents. Molecules 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040473 pmid: 270968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wang L, Li M, Tang J, Li X. Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Marine-Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, Cultivated in the Presence of Epigenetic Modifying Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:473. [PMID: 27096861 PMCID: PMC6274295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical epigenetic manipulation was applied to a deep marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2, resulting in significant changes of the secondary metabolites. Three new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, dihydrobipolaroxin B (2), dihydrobipolaroxin C (3), and dihydrobipolaroxin D (4), along with one known analogue, dihydrobipolaroxin (1), were isolated from the culture treated with a combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor (suberohydroxamic acid) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-azacytidine). 1-4 were not produced in the untreated cultures. 2 and 3 might be artificial because 1 could form 2 and 3 spontaneously in water by intracellular acetalization reaction. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned based on ECD spectroscopy combined with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. All four compounds exhibited moderate nitric oxide inhibitory activities without cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Mengjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jianqiang Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Barani R, Motalleb G, Maghsoudi H. Evaluation of iNOS Expression in Esophageal Cancer Patients. Gastrointest Tumors 2016; 3:44-58. [PMID: 27722156 DOI: 10.1159/000443976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is a public health concern around the world; this cancer is the sixth leading cause of death of cancer in the world with about 386,000 deaths per year. Its risk factors include environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, gastroesophageal reflux and genetic changes. iNOS is stated by the effect of various inflammatory factors and is thus called inducible NOS. Investigating iNOS expression is a powerful tool for understanding effective molecular parameters at tissue and cellular responses to external factors. In this research work, iNOS expression in patients with esophageal cancer was studied in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) esophageal cancer tissue samples and 15 normal FFPE samples were collected from various medical centers (Zabol, Zahedan, Kashan) to measure iNOS expression by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). All PCR reactions were conducted by three replicates for iNOS and internal control (β-actin) by 2-ΔΔCT (Livak) method. Differences were measured in target gene expression in patients and control group using the t test. All statistical analyses were done using the SPSS software. RESULTS The results showed that there was no significant difference between iNOS expression in the case and control groups (p > 0.05); however, there was an increase in iNOS expression in the case group. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between iNOS expression in males and females in the two groups of healthy subjects and patients, and it was higher in women than in men. CONCLUSION Further studies need to be conducted with larger sample sizes and in other populations to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Barani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran
| | | | - Hossein Maghsoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran
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Zhang XS, Cao JQ, Zhao C, Wang XD, Wu XJ, Zhao YQ. Novel dammarane-type triterpenes isolated from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3095-9. [PMID: 26099540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five novel triterpenes were isolated from hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and identified as gypensapogenin H (1), gypensapogenin I (2), gypensapogenin L (3), gypensapogenin J (4) and gypensapogenin K (5), three of which (1-3) possess unprecedented ring A. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities in five cell lines and all the tested compounds showed significant anti-cancer activities against a series of human cancer cell lines, while having much weaker effect on the growth of normal cell. Among them, compound 1 showed strong inhibition toward MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (IC50 values 6.85 μM). Further mechanistic study demonstrated that compound 1 significantly induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis. Our results indicated that compound 1 may be a promising lead agent for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qing Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-de Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Gynostemma pentaphyllum exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and modulates antimicrobial peptide expression in the urinary bladder. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Li B, Zhang X, Wang M, Jiao L. Characterization and antioxidant activities of acidic polysaccharides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Markino. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee C, Lee JW, Jin Q, Jang H, Jang HJ, Rho MC, Lee MK, Lee CK, Lee MK, Hwang BY. Isolation and Characterization of Dammarane-Type Saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Their Inhibitory Effects on IL-6-Induced STAT3 Activation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:971-6. [PMID: 25895106 DOI: 10.1021/np500803e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Five new dammarane-type saponins, gypenosides GD1-GD5 (1-5), along with six known saponins (6-11), were isolated from the aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum using various chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric data, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. All isolates were tested for their inhibitory effects on IL-6-induced STAT3 promoter activity in Hep3B cells. Compounds 1, 9, and 11 displayed potent inhibitory effects, with IC50 values ranging from 0.27 to 0.59 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Lee
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
- ‡Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Qinghao Jin
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hari Jang
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- ‡Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- ‡Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- †College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
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Jia D, Rao C, Xue S, Lei J. Purification, characterization and neuroprotective effects of a polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhou X, Fang P, Tang J, Wu Z, Li X, Li S, Wang Y, Liu G, He Z, Gou D, Yao X, Wang L. A novel cyclic dipeptide from deep marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:52-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1033623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Pingyan Fang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Tang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Wu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Deming Gou
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
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Zhou X, Fang P, Tang J, Wu Z, Li X, Li S, Wang Y, Liu G, He Z, Gou D, Yao X, Wang L. A novel cyclic dipeptide from deep marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2. Nat Prod Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1033623 pmid: 259066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Pingyan Fang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Tang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Wu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Deming Gou
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
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He Q, Li JK, Li F, Li RG, Zhan GQ, Li G, Du WX, Tan HB. Mechanism of action of gypenosides on type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:2058-2066. [PMID: 25717238 PMCID: PMC4326140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i7.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the mechanism of action of gypenosides (GPs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (T2DM-NAFLD) in rats.
METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly divided into a healthy group, an untreated disease model group and GP-treatment groups. The study involved the evaluation of biochemical parameters, including serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), blood glucose (BG), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Additionally, the protective effect of the treatments were confirmed histopathologically and the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB in the rat liver was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The expression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 1A1 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR.
RESULTS: GP treatments at oral doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg per day significantly decreased the levels of serum AST and ALT (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), especially at the dose of 800 mg/kg per day. To a similar extent, GP at 800 mg/kg per day reduced the levels of BG (4.19 ± 0.47, P < 0.01), TG (80.08 ± 10.05, P < 0.01), TC (134.38 ± 16.39, P < 0.01) and serum insulin (42.01 ± 5.04, P < 0.01). The expression of TNF-α and NF-κB measured by immunohistochemistry was significantly reduced by GPs in a dose-dependent manner, and the expression of PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNA, as measured using quantitative real-time PCR, were significantly down-regulated by GPs. Moreover, GPs decreased the infiltration of liver fats and reversed the histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GPs have a protective effect against T2DM-NAFLD by down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB proteins, and PPARγ and CYP4501A1 mRNAs.
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Li L, Wang L, Wu Z, Yao L, Wu Y, Huang L, Liu K, Zhou X, Gou D. Anthocyanin-rich fractions from red raspberries attenuate inflammation in both RAW264.7 macrophages and a mouse model of colitis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6234. [PMID: 25167935 PMCID: PMC4148654 DOI: 10.1038/srep06234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible berries have a broad spectrum of biomedical functions, including improving immune responses and reducing risk for chronic diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts (CEs), anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARFs), and des-anthocyanin fractions (DAFs) from seven berries were evaluated based on their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/IFN-γ-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. ARFs from red raspberries (RR-ARFs) exhibited the highest efficiency in suppressing NO synthesis. The anti-inflammatory properties were also demonstrated by reducing the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the activities of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways were significantly suppressed by RR-ARFs. Further studies showed that RR-ARFs decreased the phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, p65 and JNK and the nuclear translocation of p65 in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In a mouse colitis model, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced weight loss and histological damage were significantly ameliorated by RR-ARFs treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that RR-ARFs attenuate inflammation both in vitro and in vivo primarily by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. The anti-inflammatory of RR-ARFs could be harnessed and applied in animal agriculture, drug and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2]
| | - Liyan Wang
- 1] College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China [2]
| | - Zhiqin Wu
- 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2]
| | - Lijun Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yonghou Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lian Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen key laboratory of synthetic biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Deming Gou
- 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Niu Y, Shang P, Chen L, Zhang H, Gong L, Zhang X, Yu W, Xu Y, Wang Q, Yu LL. Characterization of a novel alkali-soluble heteropolysaccharide from tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino and its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3783-3790. [PMID: 24712394 DOI: 10.1021/jf500438s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide (GPP-S), with a molecular mass of 1.2 × 10(6) Da, was isolated from the tetraploid Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino by alkali extraction followed by purifications using DEAE and Sephacryl S-400 column chromatographies. The monosaccharide composition of GPP-S was determined as rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1.00:3.72:19.49:7.82. The structural analysis suggested that the backbone of GPP-S is (1→4)-linked-glucose and (1→6)-linked-galactose with a (1→4,6)-linked-glucose branch every six monosaccharide residues. The terminals were 1-)-α-arabinose, glucuronic acid, and other monosaccharides. GPP-S exhibited scavenging capacities against hydroxyl, peroxyl, and DPPH(•) radicals in vitro. GPP-S also had inhibitory activities on IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 gene expressions in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. These results suggested that GPP-S could be developed as a bioactive ingredient for functional foods and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Niu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
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Zhao J, Ming Y, Wan Q, Ye S, Xie S, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Li L, Ye Q. Gypenoside attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivities. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1388-1392. [PMID: 24940444 PMCID: PMC3991488 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a traditional Chinese medicine that has previously been used for the treatment of chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia and liver disease. Gypenoside (GP), the predominant component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exhibits a therapeutic effect on chronic hepatic injury, fibrosis and fatty liver disease via its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. However, the effect of GP on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced hepatic injury has, to the best of our knowledge, not previously been investigated. In the present study, a hepatic I/R-injury model was successfully established using C57BL/6 mice. In the treatment group, 50 mg/kg GP was administered orally 1 h prior to ischemia. Following hepatic I/R, the levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation and serum alanine aminotransferase increased, while the ratio of hepatic glutathione (GSH):oxidized GSH was reduced, which was effectively attenuated by pretreatment with GP. Furthermore, an increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the liver tissues of the I/R mice was attenuated by the administration of GP. In addition, the present study indicated that treatment with GP suppressed the I/R-induced increase in the pro-apoptotic protein levels of Bax and cytochrome c and the activity of caspase-3/8, as well as the I/R-induced decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, the present study indicated that GP effectively protected against I/R-induced hepatic injury via its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qiquan Wan
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Song Xie
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Center of Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology of the Ministry of Health of The People's Republic of China, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China ; Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Transplant Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Yu Y, Lu Y, Bo R, Huang Y, Hu Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Tao Y, Wang D. The preparation of gypenosides liposomes and its effects on the peritoneal macrophages function in vitro. Int J Pharm 2014; 460:248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Two new saponins from tetraploid jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), and their anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Food Chem 2013; 141:3606-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carneiro AB, Iaciura BMF, Nohara LL, Lopes CD, Veas EMC, Mariano VS, Bozza PT, Lopes UG, Atella GC, Almeida IC, Silva-Neto MAC. Lysophosphatidylcholine triggers TLR2- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways but counteracts LPS-induced NO synthesis in peritoneal macrophages by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76233. [PMID: 24312681 PMCID: PMC3848743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is the main phospholipid component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and is usually noted as a marker of several human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Some studies suggest that oxLDL modulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, effector molecules that are present in oxLDL particles and can trigger TLR signaling are not yet clear. LPC was previously described as an attenuator of sepsis and as an immune suppressor. In the present study, we have evaluated the role of LPC as a dual modulator of the TLR-mediated signaling pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings HEK 293A cells were transfected with TLR expression constructs and stimulated with LPC molecules with different fatty acid chain lengths and saturation levels. All LPC molecules activated both TLR4 and TLR2-1 signaling, as evaluated by NF-қB activation and IL-8 production. These data were confirmed by Western blot analysis of NF-қB translocation in isolated nuclei of peritoneal murine macrophages. However, LPC counteracted the TLR4 signaling induced by LPS. In this case, NF-қB translocation, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were blocked. Moreover, LPC activated the MAP Kinases p38 and JNK, but not ERK, in murine macrophages. Interestingly, LPC blocked LPS-induced ERK activation in peritoneal macrophages but not in TLR-transfected cells. Conclusions/Significance The above results indicate that LPC is a dual-activity ligand molecule. It is able to trigger a classical proinflammatory phenotype by activating TLR4- and TLR2-1-mediated signaling. However, in the presence of classical TLR ligands, LPC counteracts some of the TLR-mediated intracellular responses, ultimately inducing an anti-inflammatory phenotype; LPC may thus play a role in the regulation of cell immune responses and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brito Carneiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular- INCT-EM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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