1
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Sasai N, Tada S, Ohshiro J, Kogiso C, Shinozuka T. Regulation of progenitor cell survival by a novel chromatin remodeling factor during neural tube development. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:89-100. [PMID: 38014908 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
During development, progenitor cell survival is essential for proper tissue functions, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that ERCC6L2, a member of the Snf2 family of helicase-like proteins, plays an essential role in the survival of developing chick neural cells. ERCC6L2 expression is induced by the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling molecule by a mechanism similar to that of the known Shh target genes Ptch1 and Gli1. ERCC6L2 blocks programmed cell death induced by Shh inhibition and this inhibition is independent of neural tube patterning. ERCC6L2 knockdown by siRNA resulted in the aberrant appearance of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, ERCC6L2 cooperates with the Shh signal and plays an essential role in the induction of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Taken together, ERCC6L2 acts as a key factor in ensuring the survival of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Shogo Tada
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Jumi Ohshiro
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Chikara Kogiso
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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2
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Manicka S, Pai VP, Levin M. Information integration during bioelectric regulation of morphogenesis of the embryonic frog brain. iScience 2023; 26:108398. [PMID: 38034358 PMCID: PMC10687303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of cellular resting potential regulate several aspects of development. One key aspect of the bioelectric code is that transcriptional and morphogenetic states are determined not by local, single-cell, voltage levels but by specific distributions of voltage across cell sheets. We constructed and analyzed a minimal dynamical model of collective gene expression in cells based on inputs of multicellular voltage patterns. Causal integration analysis revealed a higher-order mechanism by which information about the voltage pattern was spatiotemporally integrated into gene activity, as well as a division of labor among and between the bioelectric and genetic components. We tested and confirmed predictions of this model in a system in which bioelectric control of morphogenesis regulates gene expression and organogenesis: the embryonic brain of the frog Xenopus laevis. This study demonstrates that machine learning and computational integration approaches can advance our understanding of the information-processing underlying morphogenetic decision-making, with a potential for other applications in developmental biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Manicka
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vaibhav P. Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Gilloteaux J, De Swert K, Suain V, Nicaise C. Thalamic Neuron Resilience during Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS) Is Revealed by Primary Cilium Outgrowth and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B Labeling in Axon Initial Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16448. [PMID: 38003639 PMCID: PMC10671465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A murine osmotic demyelinating syndrome (ODS) model was developed through chronic hyponatremia, induced by desmopressin subcutaneous implants, followed by precipitous sodium restoration. The thalamic ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) relay nuclei were the most demyelinated regions where neuroglial damage could be evidenced without immune response. This report showed that following chronic hyponatremia, 12 h and 48 h time lapses after rebalancing osmolarity, amid the ODS-degraded outskirts, some resilient neuronal cell bodies built up primary cilium and axon hillock regions that extended into axon initial segments (AIS) where ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B (ARL13B)-immunolabeled rod-like shape content was revealed. These AIS-labeled shaft lengths appeared proportional with the distance of neuronal cell bodies away from the ODS damaged epicenter and time lapses after correction of hyponatremia. Fine structure examination verified these neuron abundant transcriptions and translation regions marked by the ARL13B labeling associated with cell neurotubules and their complex cytoskeletal macromolecular architecture. This necessitated energetic transport to organize and restore those AIS away from the damaged ODS core demyelinated zone in the murine model. These labeled structures could substantiate how thalamic neuron resilience occurred as possible steps of a healing course out of ODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George’s University School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 JG8, UK
| | - Kathleen De Swert
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Valérie Suain
- Laboratoire d’Histologie Générale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Charles Nicaise
- URPhyM, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; (J.G.); (K.D.S.)
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4
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang C, Vander Kooi CW, Jia J. Phosphatidic acid binding to Patched contributes to the inhibition of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila wing development. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd6834. [PMID: 37847757 PMCID: PMC10661859 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling controls growth and patterning during embryonic development and homeostasis in adult tissues. Hh binding to the receptor Patched (Ptc) elicits intracellular signaling by relieving Ptc-mediated inhibition of the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). We uncovered a role for the lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) in the regulation of the Hh pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Deleting the Ptc C-terminal tail or mutating the predicted PA-binding sites within it prevented Ptc from inhibiting Smo in wing discs and in cultured cells. The C-terminal tail of Ptc directly interacted with PA in vitro, an association that was reduced by Hh, and increased the amount of PA at the plasma membrane in cultured cells. Smo also interacted with PA in vitro through a binding pocket located in the transmembrane region, and mutating residues in this pocket reduced Smo activity in vivo and in cells. By genetically manipulating PA amounts in vivo or treating cultured cells with PA, we demonstrated that PA promoted Smo activation. Our findings suggest that Ptc may sequester PA in the absence of Hh and release it in the presence of Hh, thereby increasing the amount of PA that is locally available to promote Smo activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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5
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Harish RK, Gupta M, Zöller D, Hartmann H, Gheisari A, Machate A, Hans S, Brand M. Real-time monitoring of an endogenous Fgf8a gradient attests to its role as a morphogen during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2023; 150:dev201559. [PMID: 37665167 PMCID: PMC10565248 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients impart positional information to cells in a homogenous tissue field. Fgf8a, a highly conserved growth factor, has been proposed to act as a morphogen during zebrafish gastrulation. However, technical limitations have so far prevented direct visualization of the endogenous Fgf8a gradient and confirmation of its morphogenic activity. Here, we monitor Fgf8a propagation in the developing neural plate using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated EGFP knock-in at the endogenous fgf8a locus. By combining sensitive imaging with single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we demonstrate that Fgf8a, which is produced at the embryonic margin, propagates by diffusion through the extracellular space and forms a graded distribution towards the animal pole. Overlaying the Fgf8a gradient curve with expression profiles of its downstream targets determines the precise input-output relationship of Fgf8a-mediated patterning. Manipulation of the extracellular Fgf8a levels alters the signaling outcome, thus establishing Fgf8a as a bona fide morphogen during zebrafish gastrulation. Furthermore, by hindering Fgf8a diffusion, we demonstrate that extracellular diffusion of the protein from the source is crucial for it to achieve its morphogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Krishnan Harish
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mansi Gupta
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniela Zöller
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hella Hartmann
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- CMCB Technology Platform, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ali Gheisari
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- CMCB Technology Platform, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Machate
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- CRTD – Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- PoL – Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MS. The energetics and ion coupling of cholesterol transport through Patched1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1609. [PMID: 37611095 PMCID: PMC10446486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is a tumor suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating ciliary cholesterol accessibility. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15 to 20 kilojoule per mole for cholesterol export. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between cation binding sites, transmembrane motions, and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1, we find that transition between "inward-open" and solvent "occluded" states is accompanied by Na+-induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby one to three Na+ or two to three K+ couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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7
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MSP. The Energetics and Ion Coupling of Cholesterol Transport Through Patched1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528445. [PMID: 36824746 PMCID: PMC9949057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is the principal tumour suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the Class F G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating accessible cholesterol levels within ciliary membranes. Using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15-20 kJ mol -1 for cholesterol export. In simulations we identify cation binding sites within the PTCH1 transmembrane domain (TMD) which may provide the energetic impetus for cholesterol transport. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between transmembrane motions and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1 (DISP1) we find that transition between 'inward-open' and solvent 'occluded' states is accompanied by Na + induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion-coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby 1-3 Na + or 2-3 K + couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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8
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Regulation of stem cell fate by HSPGs: implication in hair follicle cycling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:77. [PMID: 36577752 PMCID: PMC9797564 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are part of proteoglycan family. They are composed of heparan sulfate (HS)-type glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently linked to a core protein. By interacting with growth factors and/or receptors, they regulate numerous pathways including Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. They act as inhibitor or activator of these pathways to modulate embryonic and adult stem cell fate during organ morphogenesis, regeneration and homeostasis. This review summarizes the knowledge on HSPG structure and classification and explores several signaling pathways regulated by HSPGs in stem cell fate. A specific focus on hair follicle stem cell fate and the possibility to target HSPGs in order to tackle hair loss are discussed in more dermatological and cosmeceutical perspectives.
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9
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Abstract
Metazoan embryos develop from a single cell into three-dimensional structured organisms while groups of genetically identical cells attain specialized identities. Cells of the developing embryo both create and accurately interpret morphogen gradients to determine their positions and make specific decisions in response. Here, we first cover intellectual roots of morphogen and positional information concepts. Focusing on animal embryos, we then provide a review of current understanding on how morphogen gradients are established and how their spans are controlled. Lastly, we cover how gradients evolve in time and space during development, and how they encode information to control patterning. In sum, we provide a list of patterning principles for morphogen gradients and review recent advances in quantitative methodologies elucidating information provided by morphogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fethullah Simsek
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ertuğrul M. Özbudak
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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10
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Kinnebrew M, Woolley RE, Ansell TB, Byrne EFX, Frigui S, Luchetti G, Sircar R, Nachtergaele S, Mydock-McGrane L, Krishnan K, Newstead S, Sansom MSP, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Patched 1 regulates Smoothened by controlling sterol binding to its extracellular cysteine-rich domain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5563. [PMID: 35658032 PMCID: PMC9166294 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) transduces the Hedgehog (Hh) signal across the plasma membrane in response to accessible cholesterol. Cholesterol binds SMO at two sites: one in the extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and a second in the transmembrane domain (TMD). How these two sterol-binding sites mediate SMO activation in response to the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) remains unknown. We find that mutations in the CRD (but not the TMD) reduce the fold increase in SMO activity triggered by SHH. SHH also promotes the photocrosslinking of a sterol analog to the CRD in intact cells. In contrast, sterol binding to the TMD site boosts SMO activity regardless of SHH exposure. Mutational and computational analyses show that these sites are in allosteric communication despite being 45 angstroms apart. Hence, sterols function as both SHH-regulated orthosteric ligands at the CRD and allosteric ligands at the TMD to regulate SMO activity and Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Woolley
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eamon F. X. Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara Frigui
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurel Mydock-McGrane
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Huang P, Wierbowski BM, Lian T, Chan C, García-Linares S, Jiang J, Salic A. Structural basis for catalyzed assembly of the Sonic hedgehog-Patched1 signaling complex. Dev Cell 2022; 57:670-685.e8. [PMID: 35231446 PMCID: PMC8932645 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dually lipidated Sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen signals through the tumor suppressor membrane protein Patched1 (PTCH1) to activate the Hedgehog pathway, which is fundamental in development and cancer. SHH engagement with PTCH1 requires the GAS1 coreceptor, but the mechanism is unknown. We demonstrate a unique role for GAS1, catalyzing SHH-PTCH1 complex assembly in vertebrate cells by direct SHH transfer from the extracellular SCUBE2 carrier to PTCH1. Structure of the GAS1-SHH-PTCH1 transition state identifies how GAS1 recognizes the SHH palmitate and cholesterol modifications in modular fashion and how it facilitates lipid-dependent SHH handoff to PTCH1. Structure-guided experiments elucidate SHH movement from SCUBE2 to PTCH1, explain disease mutations, and demonstrate that SHH-induced PTCH1 dimerization causes its internalization from the cell surface. These results define how the signaling-competent SHH-PTCH1 complex assembles, the key step triggering the Hedgehog pathway, and provide a paradigm for understanding morphogen reception and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charlene Chan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jiansen Jiang
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Wang X, Ma Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Peng X, Wang Y, Fan M, Du J. Expression pattern of Ptch2 in mouse embryonic maxillofacial development. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151835. [PMID: 34979374 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is modulated by numerous complex signaling cascades, which are essential for normal development. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is part of these central cascades. As a homolog of Patched (Ptch)-1, Ptch2 initially did not appear to be as important as Ptch1. Recent reports have revealed that Ptch2 plays a crucial role in ligand-dependent feedback inhibition of Hh signaling in vertebrates. The role of Ptch2 in facial development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the detailed expression pattern of Ptch2 during craniofacial development in murine embryos based on in situ hybridization (ISH) studies of whole-mounts and sections, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative real-time PCR. We found that both Ptch2 mRNA and protein expression increased in a dynamic pattern in the facial development at mouse embryonic days 11-14.5. Moreover, distinct expression of Ptch2 was observed in the structures of the facial region, such as the tooth germ, Meckel's cartilage, and the follicles of vibrissae. These data, combined with our work in the macrostomia family, suggest that Ptch2 may play a critical role in facial development.
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13
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Jain R, Dubey SK, Singhvi G. The Hedgehog pathway and its inhibitors: Emerging therapeutic approaches for basal cell carcinoma. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1176-1183. [PMID: 34896624 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Although surgery is the first-line treatment, BCC can lead in some cases, to a metastatic or advanced form, requiring targeted combination therapies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is the major pathway associated with the formation of basal carcinoma tumorigenesis, thus, targeting this is a promising therapeutic approach. Some Hh inhibitors have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as vismodegib and sonidegib. However, both of these showed limited effectiveness against resistant tumors. Therefore, an essential understanding of the mechanisms involved in the Hh signaling pathway is necessary to improve tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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14
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Kinnebrew M, Luchetti G, Sircar R, Frigui S, Viti LV, Naito T, Beckert F, Saheki Y, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Patched 1 reduces the accessibility of cholesterol in the outer leaflet of membranes. eLife 2021; 10:e70504. [PMID: 34698632 PMCID: PMC8654371 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing mystery in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling is how Patched 1 (PTCH1), the receptor for Hedgehog ligands, inhibits the activity of Smoothened, the protein that transmits the signal across the membrane. We previously proposed (Kinnebrew et al., 2019) that PTCH1 inhibits Smoothened by depleting accessible cholesterol from the ciliary membrane. Using a new imaging-based assay to directly measure the transport activity of PTCH1, we find that PTCH1 depletes accessible cholesterol from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This transport activity is terminated by binding of Hedgehog ligands to PTCH1 or by dissipation of the transmembrane potassium gradient. These results point to the unexpected model that PTCH1 moves cholesterol from the outer to the inner leaflet of the membrane in exchange for potassium ion export in the opposite direction. Our study provides a plausible solution for how PTCH1 inhibits SMO by changing the organization of cholesterol in membranes and establishes a general framework for studying how proteins change cholesterol accessibility to regulate membrane-dependent processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, GenentechSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Sara Frigui
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Francis Beckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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15
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Tarulli GA, Cripps SM, Pask AJ, Renfree MB. Spatiotemporal map of key signaling factors during early penis development. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:609-624. [PMID: 34697862 PMCID: PMC9539974 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the external genitalia is a highly complex developmental process, considering it involves a wide range of cell types and results in sexually dimorphic outcomes. Development is controlled by several secreted signalling factors produced in complex spatiotemporal patterns, including the hedgehog (HH), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and WNT signalling families. Many of these factors act on or are influenced by the actions of the androgen receptor (AR) that is critical to masculinisation. This complexity of expression makes it difficult to conceptualise patterns of potential importance. Mapping expression during key stages of development is needed to develop a comprehensive model of how different cell types interact in formation of external genitalia, and the global regulatory networks at play. This is particularly true in light of the sensitivity of this process to environmental disruption during key stages of development. The goal of this review is to integrate all recent studies on gene expression in early penis development to create a comprehensive spatiotemporal map. This serves as a resource to aid in visualising potentially significant interactions involved in external genital development. Diagrams of published RNA and protein localisation data for key secreted signalling factors during early penis development. Unconventional expression patterns are identified that suggest novel signalling axes during development. Key research gaps and limitations are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Tarulli
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel M Cripps
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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CTCF knockout in zebrafish induces alterations in regulatory landscapes and developmental gene expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5415. [PMID: 34518536 PMCID: PMC8438036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated chromatin interactions between enhancers and promoters are critical for gene regulation. The architectural protein CTCF mediates chromatin looping and is enriched at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs), which are sub-megabase chromatin structures. In vitro CTCF depletion leads to a loss of TADs but has only limited effects over gene expression, challenging the concept that CTCF-mediated chromatin structures are a fundamental requirement for gene regulation. However, how CTCF and a perturbed chromatin structure impacts gene expression during development remains poorly understood. Here we link the loss of CTCF and gene regulation during patterning and organogenesis in a ctcf knockout zebrafish model. CTCF absence leads to loss of chromatin structure and affects the expression of thousands of genes, including many developmental regulators. Our results demonstrate the essential role of CTCF in providing the structural context for enhancer-promoter interactions, thus regulating developmental genes.
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17
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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18
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Katsuyama T, Kadoya M, Shirai M, Sasai N. Sox14 is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:350-361. [PMID: 34181293 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural tube comprises several different types of progenitors and postmitotic neurons that co-ordinately act with each other to play integrated functions. Its development consists of two phases: proliferation of progenitor cells and differentiation into postmitotic neurons. How progenitor cells differentiate into each corresponding neuron is an important question for understanding the mechanisms of neuronal development. RESULTS Here we introduce one of the Sox transcription factors, Sox14, which plays an essential role in the promotion of neuronal differentiation. Sox14 belongs to the SoxB2 subclass and its expression starts in the progenitor regions before neuronal differentiation is initiated at the trunk level of the neural tube. After neuronal differentiation is initiated, Sox14 expression gradually becomes confined to the V2a region of the neural tube, where Chx10 is co-expressed. Overexpression of Sox14 restricts progenitor cell proliferation. Conversely, the blockade of Sox14 expression by the RNAi strategy inhibits V2a neuron differentiation and causes expansion of the progenitor domain. We further found that Sox14 acted as a transcriptional activator. CONCLUSIONS Sox14 acts as a modulator of cell proliferation and is essential for initiation of neuronal differentiation in the chick neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Katsuyama
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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19
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Perkins ML. Implications of diffusion and time-varying morphogen gradients for the dynamic positioning and precision of bistable gene expression boundaries. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008589. [PMID: 34061823 PMCID: PMC8195430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest models for how morphogen gradients guide embryonic patterning failed to account for experimental observations of temporal refinement in gene expression domains. Following theoretical and experimental work in this area, dynamic positional information has emerged as a conceptual framework to discuss how cells process spatiotemporal inputs into downstream patterns. Here, we show that diffusion determines the mathematical means by which bistable gene expression boundaries shift over time, and therefore how cells interpret positional information conferred from morphogen concentration. First, we introduce a metric for assessing reproducibility in boundary placement or precision in systems where gene products do not diffuse, but where morphogen concentrations are permitted to change in time. We show that the dynamics of the gradient affect the sensitivity of the final pattern to variation in initial conditions, with slower gradients reducing the sensitivity. Second, we allow gene products to diffuse and consider gene expression boundaries as propagating wavefronts with velocity modulated by local morphogen concentration. We harness this perspective to approximate a PDE model as an ODE that captures the position of the boundary in time, and demonstrate the approach with a preexisting model for Hunchback patterning in fruit fly embryos. We then propose a design that employs antiparallel morphogen gradients to achieve accurate boundary placement that is robust to scaling. Throughout our work we draw attention to tradeoffs among initial conditions, boundary positioning, and the relative timescales of network and gradient evolution. We conclude by suggesting that mathematical theory should serve to clarify not just our quantitative, but also our intuitive understanding of patterning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Liu Perkins
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tissières V, Geier F, Kessler B, Wolf E, Zeller R, Lopez-Rios J. Gene Regulatory and Expression Differences between Mouse and Pig Limb Buds Provide Insights into the Evolutionary Emergence of Artiodactyl Traits. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107490. [PMID: 32268095 PMCID: PMC7166081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit loss/reductions are evolutionary adaptations in cursorial mammals such as pigs. To gain mechanistic insight into these processes, we performed a comparative molecular analysis of limb development in mouse and pig embryos, which revealed a loss of anterior-posterior polarity during distal progression of pig limb bud development. These alterations in pig limb buds are paralleled by changes in the mesenchymal response to Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, which is altered upstream of the reduction and loss of Fgf8 expression in the ectoderm that overlaps the reduced and vestigial digit rudiments of the pig handplate, respectively. Furthermore, genome-wide open chromatin profiling using equivalent developmental stages of mouse and pig limb buds reveals the functional divergence of about one-third of the regulatory genome. This study uncovers widespread alterations in the regulatory landscapes of genes essential for limb development that likely contributed to the morphological diversion of artiodactyl limbs from the pentadactyl archetype of tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Tissières
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Florian Geier
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital, 4053 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Lopez-Rios
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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21
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Chiyoda H, Kume M, del Castillo CC, Kontani K, Spang A, Katada T, Fukuyama M. Caenorhabditis elegans PTR/PTCHD PTR-18 promotes the clearance of extracellular hedgehog-related protein via endocytosis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009457. [PMID: 33872306 PMCID: PMC8104386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal restriction of signaling plays a critical role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. All stem and progenitor cells in newly hatched C. elegans larvae are quiescent and capable of suspending their development until sufficient food is supplied. Here, we show that ptr-18, which encodes the evolutionarily conserved patched-related (PTR)/patched domain-containing (PTCHD) protein, temporally restricts the availability of extracellular hedgehog-related protein to establish the capacity of progenitor cells to maintain quiescence. We found that neural progenitor cells exit from quiescence in ptr-18 mutant larvae even when hatched under starved conditions. This unwanted reactivation depended on the activity of a specific set of hedgehog-related grl genes including grl-7. Unexpectedly, neither PTR-18 nor GRL-7 were expressed in newly hatched wild-type larvae. Instead, at the late embryonic stage, both PTR-18 and GRL-7 proteins were first localized around the apical membrane of hypodermal and neural progenitor cells and subsequently targeted for lysosomal degradation before hatching. Loss of ptr-18 caused a significant delay in GRL-7 clearance, causing this protein to be retained in the extracellular space in newly hatched ptr-18 mutant larvae. Furthermore, the putative transporter activity of PTR-18 was shown to be required for the appropriate function of the protein. These findings not only uncover a previously undescribed role of PTR/PTCHD in the clearance of extracellular hedgehog-related proteins via endocytosis-mediated degradation but also illustrate that failure to temporally restrict intercellular signaling during embryogenesis can subsequently compromise post-embryonic progenitor cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Chiyoda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kume
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Fukuyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Stapornwongkul KS, Vincent JP. Generation of extracellular morphogen gradients: the case for diffusion. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:393-411. [PMID: 33767424 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells within developing tissues rely on morphogens to assess positional information. Passive diffusion is the most parsimonious transport model for long-range morphogen gradient formation but does not, on its own, readily explain scaling, robustness and planar transport. Here, we argue that diffusion is sufficient to ensure robust morphogen gradient formation in a variety of tissues if the interactions between morphogens and their extracellular binders are considered. A current challenge is to assess how the affinity for extracellular binders, as well as other biophysical and cell biological parameters, determines gradient dynamics and shape in a diffusion-based transport system. Technological advances in genome editing, tissue engineering, live imaging and in vivo biophysics are now facilitating measurement of these parameters, paving the way for mathematical modelling and a quantitative understanding of morphogen gradient formation and modulation.
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23
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Zhou H, Ma Z, Wang Z, Yan S, Wang D, Shen J. Hedgehog signaling regulates regenerative patterning and growth in Harmonia axyridis leg. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2185-2197. [PMID: 32909120 PMCID: PMC11071721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration has been widely studied in many species. Compared to other animal models, Harmonia axyridis has the advantage of a short life cycle, is easily reared, has strong regeneration capacity and contains systemic RNAi, making it a model organism for research on appendage regeneration. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis, followed by gene functional assays to reveal the molecular mechanism of H. axyridis leg regenerative growth process. Signaling pathways including Decapentaplegic (Dpp), Wingless (Wg), Ds/Ft/Hippo, Notch, Egfr, and Hedgehog (Hh) were all upregulated during the leg regenerative patterning and growth. Among these, Hh and its auxiliary receptor Lrp2 were required for the proper patterning and growth of the regenerative leg. The targets of canonical Hh signaling were required for the regenerative growth which contributes to the leg length, but were not essential for the pattern formation of the regenerative leg. dpp, wg and leg developmental-related genes including rn, dac and Dll were all regulated by hh and lrp2 and may play an essential role in the regenerative patterning of the leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongzheng Ma
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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24
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Derrick DJA, Wolton K, Currie RA, Tindall MJ. A mathematical model of the role of aggregation in sonic hedgehog signalling. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008562. [PMID: 33617524 PMCID: PMC7932509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway is essential for normal development in a wide variety of species. Correct Shh signalling requires the formation of Shh aggregates on the surface of producing cells. Shh aggregates subsequently diffuse away and are recognised in receiving cells located elsewhere in the developing embryo. Various mechanisms have been postulated regarding how these aggregates form and what their precise role is in the overall signalling process. To understand the role of these mechanisms in the overall signalling process, we formulate and analyse a mathematical model of Shh aggregation using nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We consider Shh aggregate formation to comprise of multimerisation, association with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and binding with lipoproteins. We show that the size distribution of the Shh aggregates formed on the producing cell surface resembles an exponential distribution, a result in agreement with experimental data. A detailed sensitivity analysis of our model reveals that this exponential distribution is robust to parameter changes, and subsequently, also to variations in the processes by which Shh is recruited by HSPGs and lipoproteins. The work demonstrates the time taken for different sized Shh aggregates to form and the important role this likely plays in Shh diffusion. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is vital for normal development in a wide variety of species and its activity is strictly regulated to ensure correct spatiotemporal patterning of numerous developing tissues. Shh signalling requires the formation of Shh aggregates, formed on producing cells via a range of different mechanisms, that then diffuse to receiving cells. We formulate and analyse a mathematical model of the most well described mechanisms, namely monomer multimerisation, and recruitment of Shh by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and lipoproteins. Our results illustrate a distribution of the size and quantities of aggregates formed by these mechanisms. We found that as a consequence of competition between the mechanisms for Shh monomers the shape distribution of Shh aggregates resembles an exponential distribution. We also found the distribution to be robust to both parameter changes and variations to the processes by which mechanisms recruit Shh. We report that our approach and subsequent results demonstrate that these mechanisms act in synergy allowing Shh to aggregate in various quantities with diverse diffusive abilities. We postulate that this regulation contributes significantly to aid precision in signalling for Shh in areas of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. A. Derrick
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Wolton
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Currie
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus John Tindall
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Irizarry J, Stathopoulos A. Dynamic patterning by morphogens illuminated by cis-regulatory studies. Development 2021; 148:148/2/dev196113. [PMID: 33472851 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphogen concentration changes in space as well as over time during development. However, how these dynamics are interpreted by cells to specify fate is not well understood. Here, we focus on two morphogens: the maternal transcription factors Bicoid and Dorsal, which directly regulate target genes to pattern Drosophila embryos. The actions of these factors at enhancers has been thoroughly dissected and provides a rich platform for understanding direct input by morphogens and their changing roles over time. Importantly, Bicoid and Dorsal do not work alone; we also discuss additional inputs that work with morphogens to control spatiotemporal gene expression in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Irizarry
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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26
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Kim H, Lee SY, Jeong HJ, Kang JS, Cho H, Leem YE. Cdo Is Required for Efficient Motor Neuron Generation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:342-352. [PMID: 32840224 PMCID: PMC7691856 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into motor neurons is critical for the development of disease modelling and therapeutics to intervene degenerative motor neuron diseases. Cell surface receptor Cdo functions as a coreceptor for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) with Boc and Gas1 in the patterning of ventral spinal cord neurons including motor neurons. However, the discrete function of Cdo is not fully understood. Methods and Results In this study, we examined the role of Cdo in motor neuron generation by utilizing in vitro differentiation of Cdo+/+ and Cdo−/− embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In response to Shh, Cdo−/− ESCs exhibited impaired expression of motor neuron specification markers while dorsal interneuron specification markers were significantly increased, compared to Cdo+/+ ESCs. Reactivation of Shh signalling pathway with Smoothened (Smo) agonist (SAG) restored motor neuron specification in Cdo−/− ESCs. In addition, electrophysiological analysis revealed the immature electrical features of Cdo−/− ESCs-derived neurons which was restored by SAG. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that Cdo as a Shh coreceptor is required for the induction of motor neuron generation by fully activating Shh signalling pathway and provide additional insights into the biology of motor neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebeen Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Jeong
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Leem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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27
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Hatori R, Kornberg TB. Hedgehog produced by the Drosophila wing imaginal disc induces distinct responses in three target tissues. Development 2020; 147:dev195974. [PMID: 33028613 PMCID: PMC7687861 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is an evolutionarily conserved signaling protein that has essential roles in animal development and homeostasis. We investigated Hh signaling in the region of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc that produces Hh and is near the tracheal air sac primordium (ASP) and myoblasts. Hh distributes in concentration gradients in the anterior compartment of the wing disc, ASP and myoblasts, and activates genes in each tissue. Some targets of Hh signal transduction are common to the disc, ASP and myoblasts, whereas others are tissue-specific. Signaling in the three tissues is cytoneme-mediated and cytoneme-dependent. Some ASP cells project cytonemes that receive both Hh and Branchless (Bnl), and some targets regulated by Hh signaling in the ASP are also dependent on Bnl signal transduction. We conclude that the single source of Hh in the wing disc regulates cell type-specific responses in three discreet target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatori
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Akiyama-Oda Y, Oda H. Hedgehog signaling controls segmentation dynamics and diversity via msx1 in a spider embryo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7261. [PMID: 32917677 PMCID: PMC11206446 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays fundamental roles in animal body patterning. Understanding its mechanistic complexity requires simple tractable systems that can be used for these studies. In the early spider embryo, Hh signaling mediates the formation of overall anterior-posterior polarity, yet it remains unclear what mechanisms link the initial Hh signaling activity with body axis segmentation, in which distinct periodic stripe-forming dynamics occur depending on the body region. We performed genome-wide searches for genes that transcriptionally respond to altered states of Hh signaling. Characterization of genes negatively regulated by Hh signaling suggested that msx1, encoding a conserved transcription factor, functions as a key segmentation gene. Knockdown of msx1 prevented all dynamic processes causing spatial repetition of stripes, including temporally repetitive oscillations and bi-splitting, and temporally nonrepetitive tri-splitting. Thus, Hh signaling controls segmentation dynamics and diversity via msx1 These genome-wide data from an invertebrate illuminate novel mechanistic features of Hh-based patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Vadde BVL, Roeder AHK. Can the French flag and reaction-diffusion models explain flower patterning? Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the French flag model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2886-2897. [PMID: 32016398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Lewis Wolpert introduced the French flag model proposing the patterning of different cell types based on threshold concentrations of a morphogen diffusing in the tissue. Sixty-seven years ago, Alan Turing introduced the idea of patterns initiating de novo from a reaction-diffusion network. Together these models have been used to explain many patterning events in animal development, so here we take a look at their applicability to flower development. First, although many plant transcription factors move through plasmodesmata from cell to cell, in the flower there is little evidence that they specify fate in a concentration-dependent manner, so they cannot yet be described as morphogens. Secondly, the reaction-diffusion model appears to be a reasonably good description of the formation of spots of pigment on petals, although additional nuances are present. Thirdly, aspects of both of these combine in a new fluctuation-based patterning system creating the scattered pattern of giant cells in Arabidopsis sepals. In the future, more precise imaging and manipulations of the dynamics of patterning networks combined with mathematical modeling will allow us to better understand how the multilayered complex and beautiful patterns of flowers emerge de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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30
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Kahane N, Kalcheim C. Neural tube development depends on notochord-derived sonic hedgehog released into the sclerotome. Development 2020; 147:dev183996. [PMID: 32345743 PMCID: PMC7272346 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh), produced in the notochord and floor plate, is necessary for both neural and mesodermal development. To reach the myotome, Shh has to traverse the sclerotome and a reduction of sclerotomal Shh affects myotome differentiation. By investigating loss and gain of Shh function, and floor-plate deletions, we report that sclerotomal Shh is also necessary for neural tube development. Reducing the amount of Shh in the sclerotome using a membrane-tethered hedgehog-interacting protein or Patched1, but not dominant active Patched, decreased the number of Olig2+ motoneuron progenitors and Hb9+ motoneurons without a significant effect on cell survival or proliferation. These effects were a specific and direct consequence of Shh reduction in the mesoderm. In addition, grafting notochords in a basal but not apical location, vis-à-vis the tube, profoundly affected motoneuron development, suggesting that initial ligand presentation occurs at the basal side of epithelia corresponding to the sclerotome-neural tube interface. Collectively, our results reveal that the sclerotome is a potential site of a Shh gradient that coordinates the development of mesodermal and neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Kahane
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
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31
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Arraf AA, Yelin R, Reshef I, Jadon J, Abboud M, Zaher M, Schneider J, Vladimirov FK, Schultheiss TM. Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Epithelial Morphogenesis to Position the Ventral Embryonic Midline. Dev Cell 2020; 53:589-602.e6. [PMID: 32437643 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite much progress toward understanding how epithelial morphogenesis is shaped by intra-epithelial processes including contractility, polarity, and adhesion, much less is known regarding how such cellular processes are coordinated by extra-epithelial signaling. During embryogenesis, the coelomic epithelia on the two sides of the chick embryo undergo symmetrical lengthening and thinning, converging medially to generate and position the dorsal mesentery (DM) in the embryonic midline. We find that Hedgehog signaling, acting through downstream effectors Sec5 (ExoC2), an exocyst complex component, and RhoU (Wrch-1), a small GTPase, regulates coelomic epithelium morphogenesis to guide DM midline positioning. These effects are accompanied by changes in epithelial cell-cell alignment and N-cadherin and laminin distribution, suggesting Hedgehog regulation of cell organization within the coelomic epithelium. These results indicate a role for Hedgehog signaling in regulating epithelial morphology and provide an example of how transcellular signaling can modulate specific cellular processes to shape tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A Arraf
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ronit Yelin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Inbar Reshef
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Julian Jadon
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Manar Abboud
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Mira Zaher
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Jenny Schneider
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Fanny K Vladimirov
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Thomas M Schultheiss
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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32
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González-Méndez L, Gradilla AC, Sánchez-Hernández D, González E, Aguirre-Tamaral A, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Guerra M, Aguilar G, Andrés G, Falcón-Pérez JM, Guerrero I. Polarized sorting of Patched enables cytoneme-mediated Hedgehog reception in the Drosophila wing disc. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103629. [PMID: 32311148 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signal molecules play a fundamental role in development, adult stem cell maintenance and cancer. Hh can signal at a distance, and we have proposed that its graded distribution across Drosophila epithelia is mediated by filopodia-like structures called cytonemes. Hh reception by Patched (Ptc) happens at discrete sites along presenting and receiving cytonemes, reminiscent of synaptic processes. Here, we show that a vesicle fusion mechanism mediated by SNARE proteins is required for Ptc placement at contact sites. Transport of Ptc to these sites requires multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation via ESCRT machinery, in a manner different to that regulating Ptc/Hh lysosomal degradation after reception. These MVBs include extracellular vesicle (EV) markers and, accordingly, Ptc is detected in the purified exosomal fraction from cultured cells. Blockage of Ptc trafficking and fusion to basolateral membranes result in low levels of Ptc presentation for reception, causing an extended and flattened Hh gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-Méndez
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Citlali Gradilla
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Hernández
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza González
- Exosomes Lab. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Adrián Aguirre-Tamaral
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Jiménez
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Guerra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Aguilar
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Germán Andrés
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Lab. Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Spain
| | - Isabel Guerrero
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Huizar F, Soundarrajan D, Paravitorghabeh R, Zartman J. Interplay between morphogen-directed positional information systems and physiological signaling. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:328-341. [PMID: 31794137 PMCID: PMC7328709 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an organism from an undifferentiated single cell into a spatially complex structure requires spatial patterning of cell fates across tissues. Positional information, proposed by Lewis Wolpert in 1969, has led to the characterization of many components involved in regulating morphogen signaling activity. However, how morphogen gradients are established, maintained, and interpreted by cells still is not fully understood. Quantitative and systems-based approaches are increasingly needed to define general biological design rules that govern positional information systems in developing organisms. This short review highlights a selective set of studies that have investigated the roles of physiological signaling in modulating and mediating morphogen-based pattern formation. Similarities between neural transmission and morphogen-based pattern formation mechanisms suggest underlying shared principles of active cell-based communication. Within larger tissues, neural networks provide directed information, via physiological signaling, that supplements positional information through diffusion. Further, mounting evidence demonstrates that physiological signaling plays a role in ensuring robustness of morphogen-based signaling. We conclude by highlighting several outstanding questions regarding the role of physiological signaling in morphogen-based pattern formation. Elucidating how physiological signaling impacts positional information is critical for understanding the close coupling of developmental and cellular processes in the context of development, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Huizar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Dharsan Soundarrajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Ramezan Paravitorghabeh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Jeremiah Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
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34
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Gigante ED, Taylor MR, Ivanova AA, Kahn RA, Caspary T. ARL13B regulates Sonic hedgehog signaling from outside primary cilia. eLife 2020; 9:50434. [PMID: 32129762 PMCID: PMC7075693 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ARL13B is a regulatory GTPase highly enriched in cilia. Complete loss of Arl13b disrupts cilia architecture, protein trafficking and Sonic hedgehog signaling. To determine whether ARL13B is required within cilia, we knocked in a cilia-excluded variant of ARL13B (V358A) and showed it retains all known biochemical function. We found that ARL13BV358A protein was expressed but could not be detected in cilia, even when retrograde ciliary transport was blocked. We showed Arl13bV358A/V358A mice are viable and fertile with normal Shh signal transduction. However, in contrast to wild type cilia, Arl13bV358A/V358A cells displayed short cilia and lacked ciliary ARL3 and INPP5E. These data indicate that ARL13B's role within cilia can be uncoupled from its function outside of cilia. Furthermore, these data imply that the cilia defects upon complete absence of ARL13B do not underlie the alterations in Shh transduction, which is unexpected given the requirement of cilia for Shh transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gigante
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Megan R Taylor
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Anna A Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
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35
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Čapek D, Müller P. Positional information and tissue scaling during development and regeneration. Development 2019; 146:146/24/dev177709. [PMID: 31862792 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to contribute to the appropriate tissues during development, cells need to know their position within the embryo. This positional information is conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules, termed morphogens, that are produced in specific regions of the embryo and induce concentration-dependent responses in target tissues. Positional information is remarkably robust, and embryos often develop with the correct proportions even if large parts of the embryo are removed. In this Review, we discuss classical embryological experiments and modern quantitative analyses that have led to mechanistic insights into how morphogen gradients adapt, scale and properly pattern differently sized domains. We analyze these experimental findings in the context of mathematical models and synthesize general principles that apply to multiple systems across species and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čapek
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen Germany .,Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen Germany
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36
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Abstract
Molecules of the hedgehog (hh) family are involved in the specification and patterning of eyes in vertebrates and invertebrates. These organs, though, are of very different sizes, raising the question of how Hh molecules operate at such different scales. In this paper we discuss the strategies used by Hh to control the development of the two eye types in Drosophila: the large compound eye and the small ocellus. We first describe the distinct ways in which these two eyes develop and the evidence for the key role played by Hh in both; then we consider the potential for variation in the range of action of a "typical" morphogen and measure this range ("characteristic length") for Hh in different organs, including the compound eye and the ocellus. Finally, we describe how different feedback mechanisms are used to extend the Hh range of action to pattern the large and even the small eye. In the ocellus, the basic Hh signaling pathway adds to its dynamics the attenuation of its receptor as cell differentiate. This sole regulatory change can result in the decoding of the Hh gradient by receiving cells as a wave of constant speed. Therefore, in the fly ocellus, the Hh morphogen adds to its spatial patterning role a novel one: patterning along a time axis.
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37
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Kadoya M, Sasai N. Negative Regulation of mTOR Signaling Restricts Cell Proliferation in the Floor Plate. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1022. [PMID: 31607856 PMCID: PMC6773814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural tube is composed of a number of neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons distributed in a quantitatively and spatially precise manner. The floor plate, located in the ventral-most region of the neural tube, has a lot of unique characteristics, including a low cell proliferation rate. The mechanisms by which this region-specific proliferation rate is regulated remain elusive. Here we show that the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates the proliferation of the neural progenitor cells, is significantly lower in the floor plate than in other domains of the embryonic neural tube. We identified the forkhead-type transcription factor FoxA2 as a negative regulator of mTOR signaling in the floor plate, and showed that FoxA2 transcriptionally induces the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF152, which together with its substrate RagA, regulates cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway. Silencing of RNF152 led to the aberrant upregulation of the mTOR signal and aberrant cell division in the floor plate. Taken together, the present findings suggest that floor plate cell number is controlled by the negative regulation of mTOR signaling through the activity of FoxA2 and its downstream effector RNF152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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38
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Abstract
A handful of core intercellular signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a broad variety of developmental processes. It has remained puzzling how so few pathways can provide the precision and specificity of cell-cell communication required for multicellular development. Solving this requires us to quantitatively understand how developmentally relevant signaling information is actively sensed, transformed and spatially distributed by signaling pathways. Recently, single cell analysis and cell-based reconstitution, among other approaches, have begun to reveal the 'communication codes' through which information is represented in the identities, concentrations, combinations and dynamics of extracellular ligands. They have also revealed how signaling pathways decipher these features and control the spatial distribution of signaling in multicellular contexts. Here, we review recent work reporting the discovery and analysis of communication codes and discuss their implications for diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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39
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Abstract
Signaling pathways that mediate cell-cell communication are essential for collective cell behaviors in multicellular systems. The hedgehog (HH) pathway, first discovered and elucidated in Drosophila, is one of these iconic signaling systems that plays many roles during embryogenesis and in adults; abnormal HH signaling can lead to birth defects and cancer. We review recent structural and biochemical studies that have advanced our understanding of the vertebrate HH pathway, focusing on the mechanisms by which the HH signal is received by patched on target cells, transduced across the cell membrane by smoothened, and transmitted to the nucleus by GLI proteins to influence gene-expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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40
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García-Morales D, Navarro T, Iannini A, Pereira PS, Míguez DG, Casares F. Dynamic Hh signalling can generate temporal information during tissue patterning. Development 2019; 146:dev.176933. [PMID: 30918051 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of tissues and organs requires that cells exchange information in space and time. Spatial information is often conveyed by morphogens: molecules that disperse across receiving cells to generate signalling gradients. Cells translate such concentration gradients into space-dependent patterns of gene expression and cellular behaviour. But could morphogen gradients also convey developmental time? Here, by investigating the developmental role of Hh on a component of the Drosophila visual system, the ocellar retina, we have discovered that ocellar cells use the non-linear gradient of Hh as a temporal cue, collectively performing the biological equivalent of a mathematical logarithmic transformation. In this way, a morphogen diffusing from a non-moving source is decoded as a wave of differentiating photoreceptors that travels at constant speed throughout the retinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana García-Morales
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía), GEM-DMC2 Unit, Campus UPO, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Tomás Navarro
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía), GEM-DMC2 Unit, Campus UPO, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonella Iannini
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía), GEM-DMC2 Unit, Campus UPO, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular/i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - David G Míguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía), GEM-DMC2 Unit, Campus UPO, 41013 Seville, Spain
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41
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Manikowski D, Jakobs P, Jboor H, Grobe K. Soluble Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans Interfere with Sonic Hedgehog Solubilization and Receptor Binding. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081607. [PMID: 31018591 PMCID: PMC6526471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays a tumor-promoting role in many epithelial cancers. Cancer cells produce soluble a Shh that signals to distant stromal cells that express the receptor Patched (Ptc). These receiving cells respond by producing other soluble factors that promote cancer cell growth, generating a positive feedback loop. To interfere with reinforced Shh signaling, we examined the potential of defined heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides to block Shh solubilization and Ptc receptor binding. We confirm in vitro and in vivo that proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal Cardin-Weintraub (CW) amino acid motif is a prerequisite for Shh solubilization and function. Consistent with the established binding of soluble heparin or HS to the Shh CW target motif, both polysaccharides impaired proteolytic Shh processing and release from source cells. We also show that HS and heparin bind to, and block, another set of basic amino acids required for unimpaired Shh binding to Ptc receptors on receiving cells. Both modes of Shh activity downregulation depend more on HS size and overall charge than on specific HS sulfation modifications. We conclude that heparin oligosaccharide interference in the physiological roles of HS in Shh release and reception may be used to expand the field of investigation to pharmaceutical intervention of tumor-promoting Shh functions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drosophila Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Drosophila Proteins/chemistry
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- HeLa Cells
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/chemistry
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Heparin/chemistry
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/chemistry
- Heparitin Sulfate/pharmacology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Patched-1 Receptor/genetics
- Patched-1 Receptor/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Solubility
- Wings, Animal/growth & development
- Wings, Animal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Manikowski
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Petra Jakobs
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hamodah Jboor
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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42
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Specification of positional identity in forebrain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:436-444. [PMID: 30936566 PMCID: PMC6447454 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human brain organoids generated with current technologies recapitulate histological features of the human brain, but they lack a reproducible topographic organization. During development, spatial topography is determined by gradients of signaling molecules released from discrete signaling centers. We hypothesized that introduction of a signaling center into forebrain organoids would specify the positional identity of neural tissue in a distance-dependent manner. Here, we present a system to trigger a sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein gradient in developing forebrain organoids that enables ordered self-organization along dorso-ventral and antero-posterior positional axes. SHH-patterned forebrain organoids establish major forebrain subdivisions that are positioned with in vivo-like topography. Consistent with its behavior in vivo, SHH exhibits long-range signaling activity in organoids. Finally, we use SHH-patterned cerebral organoids as a tool to study the role of cholesterol metabolism in SHH signaling. Together, this work identifies inductive signaling as an effective organizing strategy to recapitulate in vivo-like topography in human brain organoids.
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Hu YT, Li BF, Zhang PJ, Wu D, Li YY, Li ZW, Shen L, Dong B, Gao J, Zhu X. Dbx2 exhibits a tumor-promoting function in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines via regulating Shh-Gli1 signaling. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:923-940. [PMID: 30833799 PMCID: PMC6397724 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i8.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. HCC patients suffer from a high mortality-to-incidence ratio and low cure rate since we still have no specific and effective treatment. Although tremendous advances have been made in the investigation of HCC, the specific mechanisms of the progression of this disease are still only partially established. Hence, more research is needed to elucidate the underlying potential mechanisms to develop effective strategies for HCC.
AIM To determine the role of developing brain homeobox 2 (Dbx2) gene in promoting the development of HCC.
METHODS Dbx2 expression in clinical specimens and HCC cell lines was detected by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry. Gain and loss of Dbx2 function assays were performed in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability assays were used to investigate cell growth, flow cytometry was employed to assess cell cycle and apoptosis, and trans-well assays were conducted to evaluate cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The expression of key molecules in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling was determined by WB.
RESULTS Compared to matched adjacent non-tumorous tissues, Dbx2 was overexpressed in 5 HCC cell lines and 76 surgically resected HCC tissues. Dbx2 overexpression was correlated with large tumor size. Both gain and loss of function assays indicated that Dbx2 promoted HCC cell proliferation by facilitating the transition from G1 to S phase, attenuating apoptosis and promoted HCC proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Dbx2 modulated Shh signaling by enhancing FTCH1 and GLi1 expression in HCC cells that overexpressed Dbx2, which was reversed in HCC cells with Dbx2 knockdown.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Dbx2 is significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and plays significant roles in proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells by activating the Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bei-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Interventional Therapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Interventional Therapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | | | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Interventional Therapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Hedgehog Signaling in Cancer: A Prospective Therapeutic Target for Eradicating Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110208. [PMID: 30423843 PMCID: PMC6262325 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in many fundamental processes, including embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Moreover, emerging evidence has suggested that aberrant activation of Hh is associated with neoplastic transformations, malignant tumors, and drug resistance of a multitude of cancers. At the molecular level, it has been shown that Hh signaling drives the progression of cancers by regulating cancer cell proliferation, malignancy, metastasis, and the expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of Hh signaling during tumorigenesis and development of chemoresistance is necessary in order to identify potential therapeutic strategies to target various human cancers and their relapse. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of the Hh signaling pathway and its abnormal activation in several types of human cancers. We also highlight the clinical development of Hh signaling inhibitors for cancer therapy as well as CSC-targeted therapy.
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45
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Casillas C, Roelink H. Gain-of-function Shh mutants activate Smo cell-autonomously independent of Ptch1/2 function. Mech Dev 2018; 153:30-41. [PMID: 30144507 PMCID: PMC6165682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is characterized by non-cell autonomy; cells expressing Shh do not respond to the ligand. Here, we identify several Shh mutations that can activate the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway cell-autonomously. Cell-autonomous pathway activation requires the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smoothened, but is otherwise independent of the Shh receptors Patched1 and -2. Many of the Shh mutants that gain activity fail to undergo auto processing resulting in the perdurance of the Shh pro-peptide, a form of Shh that is sufficient to activate the Hh response cell-autonomously. Our results demonstrate that Shh is capable of activating the Hh pathway via Smoothened, independently of Patched1/2, and that it harbors an intrinsic mechanism that prevents cell-autonomous activation of the Shh response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Casillas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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46
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Praktiknjo SD, Saad F, Maier D, Ip P, Hipfner DR. Activation of Smoothened in the Hedgehog pathway unexpectedly increases Gα s-dependent cAMP levels in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13496-13508. [PMID: 30018136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a key role in the development and maintenance of animal tissues. This signaling is mediated by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo). Smo activation leads to signaling through several well-characterized effectors to activate Hh target gene expression. Recent studies have implicated activation of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi and the subsequent decrease in cellular cAMP levels in promoting the Hh response in flies and mammals. Although Hh stimulation decreases cAMP levels in some insect cell lines, here using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay we found that this stimulation had no detectable effect in Drosophila S2-R+ cells. However, we observed an unexpected and significant Gαs-dependent increase in cAMP levels in response to strong Smo activation in Smo-transfected cells. This effect was mediated by Smo's broadly conserved core, and was specifically activated in response to phosphorylation of the Smo C-terminus by GPCR kinase 2 (Gprk2). Genetic analysis of heterotrimeric G protein function in the developing Drosophila wing revealed a positive role for cAMP in the endogenous Hh response. Specifically, we found that mutation or depletion of Gαs diminished low-threshold Hh responses in Drosophila, whereas depletion of Gαi potentiated them (in contrast to previous findings). Our analysis suggested that regulated cAMP production is important for controlling the sensitivity of cellular responses to Hh in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Praktiknjo
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Farah Saad
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and
| | - Dominic Maier
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Pamela Ip
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - David R Hipfner
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, .,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and.,the Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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47
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Abstract
Reconstitution of a Hedgehog morphogen gradient in vitro and in silico reveals the architectural features of the signal transduction pathway that ensure rapid formation of a robust signalling gradient.
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48
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Abstract
Purpose Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common skin cancers, and is typically driven by an aberrantly activated Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. The Hh pathway is regulated by interactions between the Patched-1 (Ptch1) and Smoothened (Smo) receptors. Smo is an activating receptor and is subject to inhibition by Ptch1. Following ligand binding to Ptch1, its inhibitory action is relieved and pathway activation occurs. This receptor interaction is pivotal to restraining uncontrolled cellular growth. Both receptors have been found to be frequently mutated in BCCs. Ptch2 is a Ptch1 paralog that exhibits overlapping functions in both normal development and tissue homeostasis. As yet, its contribution to cancer growth is poorly defined. Here we set out to assess how Ptch2 inhibits BCC growth. Methods We used several in vitro readouts for transcriptional and chemotactic Hh signaling in BCC-derived ASZ001 cells, and a novel xenograft model to assess in vivo BCC tumor growth. Gene editing by TALEN was used to untangle the different Ptch2-dependent responses to its ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh). Results We first defined the signaling competence of Ptch2 in Ptch1-deficient ASZ001 cells in vitro, and found that Ptch2 ligand binding drives their migration rather than eliciting a transcriptional response. We found that subsequent targeting of Ptch2 abrogated the chemotaxic effect. Next, we tested the contribution of Ptch2 to in vivo tumor growth using a xenograft model and found that reduced Ptch function results in increased tumor growth, but that selective pressure appatently acts against complete Ptch2 ablation. Conclusions We conclude that like Ptch1, Ptch2 exerts a tumor-suppressive function in BCC cells, and that after targeting of both paralogs, ligand-independent activation of the Hh pathway contributes to tumor growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13402-018-0381-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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49
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Bagher Z, Kamrava SK, Alizadeh R, Farhadi M, Absalan M, Falah M, Faghihi F, Zare-Sadeghi A, Komeili A. Differentiation of neural crest stem cells from nasal mucosa into motor neuron-like cells. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 92:35-40. [PMID: 29807106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for repairing neuropathological and neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system by replacing the degenerated cells with new ones. Among a variety of stem cell candidates to provide these new cells, olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) have attracted a great attention due to their neural crest origin, easy harvest, high proliferation, and autologous transplantation. Since there is no report on differentiation potential of these cells into motor neuron-like cells, we evaluated this potential using Real-time PCR, flowcytometry and immunocytochemistry after the treatment with differentiation cocktail containing retinoic acid and Sonic Hedgehog. Immunocytochemistry staining of the isolated OE-MSCs demonstrated their capability to express nestin and vimentin, as the two markers of primitive neuroectoderm. The motor neuron differentiation of OE-MSCs resulted in changing their morphology into bipolar cells with high expression of motor neuron markers of ChAT, Hb-9 and Islet-1 at the level of mRNA and protein. Consequently, we believe that the OE-MSCs have great potential to differentiate into motor neuron-like cells and can be an ideal stem cell source for the treatment of motor neuron-related disorders of central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Absalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Falah
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Faghihi
- Cellular and molecular research center, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Zare-Sadeghi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Komeili
- Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Li P, Markson JS, Wang S, Chen S, Vachharajani V, Elowitz MB. Morphogen gradient reconstitution reveals Hedgehog pathway design principles. Science 2018; 360:543-548. [PMID: 29622726 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In developing tissues, cells estimate their spatial position by sensing graded concentrations of diffusible signaling proteins called morphogens. Morphogen-sensing pathways exhibit diverse molecular architectures, whose roles in controlling patterning dynamics and precision have been unclear. In this work, combining cell-based in vitro gradient reconstitution, genetic rewiring, and mathematical modeling, we systematically analyzed the distinctive architectural features of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. We found that the combination of double-negative regulatory logic and negative feedback through the PTCH receptor accelerates gradient formation and improves robustness to variation in the morphogen production rate compared with alternative designs. The ability to isolate morphogen patterning from concurrent developmental processes and to compare the patterning behaviors of alternative, rewired pathway architectures offers a powerful way to understand and engineer multicellular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joseph S Markson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Siheng Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vipul Vachharajani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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