1
|
Ozawa S, Gleeson M. Rabbit Pediatrics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2024; 27:171-191. [PMID: 37993319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits encompass roles spanning from companion animals, wildlife species to laboratory animal models. Pediatric care of these species therefore may extend to various disciplines of veterinary medicine. Rabbits are born altricial but have a unique perinatal relationship between kit and doe with infrequent nursing. Nursing is immunologically protective to the kit and close contact with the doe allows for colonization of their gastrointestinal tract with bacterial flora. The most common diseases that pediatric rabbits are faced with are gastrointestinal in nature with orphaned and hand-reared rabbits at higher risk due to the aforementioned effects on their immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 Williams Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Molly Gleeson
- Department of Exotic Pets, PETS Referral Center, 1048 University Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Wang S, Y F, Yang W, Tang G, Cui M, Xu X. Intraperitoneal injection of β-glucan during the suckling period improved the intestinal health of newly weaned rabbits by enhancing immune responses. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria: lessons from cultured, fully differentiated human colon cancer cell lines. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:380-439. [PMID: 24006470 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts are protected from attack by potentially harmful enteric microorganisms, viruses, and parasites by the polarized fully differentiated epithelial cells that make up the epithelium, providing a physical and functional barrier. Enterovirulent bacteria interact with the epithelial polarized cells lining the intestinal barrier, and some invade the cells. A better understanding of the cross talk between enterovirulent bacteria and the polarized intestinal cells has resulted in the identification of essential enterovirulent bacterial structures and virulence gene products playing pivotal roles in pathogenesis. Cultured animal cell lines and cultured human nonintestinal, undifferentiated epithelial cells have been extensively used for understanding the mechanisms by which some human enterovirulent bacteria induce intestinal disorders. Human colon carcinoma cell lines which are able to express in culture the functional and structural characteristics of mature enterocytes and goblet cells have been established, mimicking structurally and functionally an intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, Caco-2-derived M-like cells have been established, mimicking the bacterial capture property of M cells of Peyer's patches. This review intends to analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria observed in infected cultured human colon carcinoma enterocyte-like HT-29 subpopulations, enterocyte-like Caco-2 and clone cells, the colonic T84 cell line, HT-29 mucus-secreting cell subpopulations, and Caco-2-derived M-like cells, including cell association, cell entry, intracellular lifestyle, structural lesions at the brush border, functional lesions in enterocytes and goblet cells, functional and structural lesions at the junctional domain, and host cellular defense responses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Swennes AG, Buckley EM, Madden CM, Byrd CP, Donocoff RS, Rodriguez L, Parry NMA, Fox JG. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli prevalence in laboratory rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:395-8. [PMID: 23391439 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit-origin enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes substantial diarrhea-associated morbidity and has zoonotic potential. A culture-based survey was undertaken to ascertain its prevalence. EPEC was isolated from 6/141 (4.3%) commercially-acquired laboratory rabbits. Three of these did not have diarrhea or EPEC-typical intestinal lesions; they instead had background plasmacytic intestinal inflammation. Asymptomatically infected rabbits may function as EPEC reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alton G Swennes
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Romero C, Rebollar P, Moscati L, Dal Bosco A, Castellini C, Cardinali R. Effect of substitution of medium-chain organic acids for zinc bacitracin in a diet containing colistin on performance and development of intestinal lymphoid tissues in growing rabbits experimentally infected with Escherichia coli O103 and Clostridium perfringens toxinotype A. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Enzootic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in laboratory rabbits. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2353-8. [PMID: 22573597 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00832-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is the most important cause of persistent diarrhea in children, particularly in developing countries. Animals serve as pathogenic E. coli reservoirs, and compelling evidence for cross-species EPEC transmission exists. In this report, enzootic EPEC infection associated with up to 10.5% diarrhea-associated morbidity in a large laboratory Dutch Belted rabbit colony was investigated. These rabbits were obtained from a commercial vendor and had acute diarrhea following shipment. Fecal culture of 20 rabbits yielded 48 E. coli isolates, 83% of which were eae positive. Repetitive sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and serologic analysis identified a single disease-associated EPEC O145:H2 strain. In sampled rabbits, EPEC-positive culture and the presence of diarrhea were significantly associated. This strain displayed a localized adherence-like HEp-2 cell adherence pattern, as seen in diarrheic human infant EPEC isolates. Treatment was instituted with the fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin, to which all isolates were susceptible. Preshipment parenteral enrofloxacin administration reduced diarrhea-associated morbidity 22-fold and mortality 12-fold in subsequent deliveries. This report emphasizes the zoonotic potential of animal EPEC strains and the need for virulence determinant-based screening of E. coli isolates from diarrheic animals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lefoll C, Caubet C, Tasca C, Milon A, Boullier S. Simultaneous inactivation of espB and tir abrogates the strong, but non-protective, inflammatory response induced by EPEC. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:34-44. [PMID: 20633933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) belong to the attaching and effacing (A/E) family of bacterial pathogens that represent a worldwide health concern. These non-invasive bacteria attach to intestinal enterocytes through a type III secretion system (T3SS), leading to intestinal inflammation and severe diarrhea. To dissect the signals leading to the induction of the inflammatory response and to understand its role in the pathogenesis of infection, we used the rabbit model, which represents a close model of human infections. Rabbits were orally inoculated with either the wild type O103:K-:H2 E22 EPEC strain or with the E22Δtir/espB strain, which bears mutations in two genes involved in the injectisome structure and function. To monitor the development of the inflammatory response, we developed a quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) assay specific for a panel of rabbit genes. Using combined immunohistochemistry and qPCR, we show here that the inflammatory response triggered by wild type EPEC occurs very early, preceding the bacterial colonization of the epithelium. However, this early response is unable to prevent bacterial attachment on enterocytes. Moreover, our results show that expression of a complete bacterial injectisome is required for the development of inflammation. Finally, infection by the virulent strain, but not by the doubly mutated strain, rapidly induces the development of a specific immune response in the mesenteric lymph nodes, which is not associated with protection. Our findings suggest that the induction of a strong inflammatory response by T3SS dependent components represents a selective advantage for T3SS+ bacteria, thereby facilitating their colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lefoll
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, UMR 1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Incharoen T, Yamauchi K. Production Performance, Egg Quality and Intestinal Histology in Laying Hens Fed Dietary Dried Fermented Ginger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2009.1078.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
10
|
Inamoto T, Kawata Y, Qi WM, Yamamoto K, Warita K, Kawano J, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H. Ultrastructural study on the epithelial responses against attachment of indigenous bacteria to epithelial membranes in peyer's patches of rat small intestine. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:235-41. [PMID: 18388422 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of epithelial responses against the membrane adhesion of indigenous bacteria was investigated in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of rat small intestine. The most frequent adherence of the various morphological types of bacteria to the epithelial membranes was found at the apex of the FAE. The attachment sites were deeply invaginated, and their bottoms were deformed into a sharp cone shape. Four layers with different electron densities were formed just beneath the apical membranes by microfilaments which surrounded the invaginations. The electron density of each layer was gradually decreased as being apart from the invaginations. The extremities of some bacteria in the invaginations were deformed into sharpened shapes. The cell walls of the extremities of the bacteria were occasionally dissolved in the invaginations, and their cytoplasms were slightly swollen with low electron densities. In some invaginations, the attached bacteria were eliminated to leave their fragments such as filamentous debris and a part of cell walls. Finally these remnants disappeared completely. When the bacterial colonies existed in the middle region of the FAE, the attachment of bacteria resulted in the engulfment of bacteria by M cells. The degenerated bacteria whose cytoplasmic matrices were separated into high electron dense materials and cleared materials were occasionally engulfed by ordinary microvillous columnar epithelial cells or goblet cells throughout the FAE. These findings suggest that the epithelial cells reject the attachment of live indigenous bacteria and that the M cells absorb indigenous bacteria in rat Peyer's patches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsurou Inamoto
- Department of Bioresource and Agrobiosciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chong Y, Fitzhenry R, Heuschkel R, Torrente F, Frankel G, Phillips AD. Human intestinal tissue tropism in Escherichia coli O157 : H7--initial colonization of terminal ileum and Peyer's patches and minimal colonic adhesion ex vivo. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:794-802. [PMID: 17322200 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are an important cause of diarrhoeal and renal disease in man. Studies of a single prototypic O157 : H7 strain have shown tropism for follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of distal ileal Peyer's patches without colonization of either small or large intestine. This study determined tropism in a range of Shiga toxin (Stx)-negative EHEC strains and looked for factors that might induce colonic colonization using human in vitro intestinal organ culture (IVOC). An FAE-restricted colonization was confirmed in two strains; four strains additionally colonized ileal villous surfaces, and adhesion to proximal small intestinal FAE was observed. All strains showed minimal adhesion to non-FAE regions of proximal small intestinal and to the transverse colon. Extensive large-bowel IVOC studies using three O157 : H7 strains, an O26 : H11 and an O103 : H2 strain, and tissue from caecum to rectum found colonization and attaching/effacing lesion formation in only 4 of 113 (3.5 %) IVOCs. Colonic adhesion was not enhanced by altering the IVOC technique or environment. Co-incubation of O157 : H7-infected ileal FAE with colonic samples enhanced colonic colonization, producing a novel, non-intimate adhesive phenotype. Thus, in the initial stages of colonization Stx-negative EHEC preferentially infect FAE and villi of the terminal ileal region ex vivo; colonic colonization is infrequently observed as an initial event but may represent a subsequent stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Chong
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robert Fitzhenry
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Franco Torrente
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alan D Phillips
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gallois M, Gidenne T, Tasca C, Caubet C, Coudert C, Milon A, Boullier S. Maternal milk contains antimicrobial factors that protect young rabbits from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:585-92. [PMID: 17344351 PMCID: PMC1865632 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00468-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) colibacillosis represents a major cause of lethal diarrhea in young children in developing countries. EPEC strains also infect numerous mammal species and represent a major economical problem in rabbit industry. Protection against this pathogen is a challenging goal both in humans and in other mammal species. Despite a good knowledge of the pathogenicity mechanisms of EPEC, the intrinsic and environmental factors that control the expression of EPEC virulence in mammals remain unknown. For instance, the exacerbated sensitivity of young mammals to EPEC infection is still unexplained. Our goal was to investigate if age or other factors, like milk consumption, could be determinants that trigger the disease. We used rabbits as an animal model to study the role of milk in the sensitivity to an EPEC infection. Weaned and suckling rabbits were orally inoculated with EPEC strain E22 (O103:H2:K-) at 28 days of age, and the evolution of the disease was investigated in the two groups. In addition, in order to better characterize the interactions between milk and EPEC, we determined in vitro bacterial growth and the abilities of EPEC cells to adhere to epithelial cells in the presence of milk. Our results demonstrate a protective role of milk in vivo in association with in vitro antibacterial activity. These effects are independent of the presence of specific anti-EPEC antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gallois
- INRA, UMR 1289 TANDEM, Chemin de Borde-Rouge-Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsalie E, Kouzi K, Poutahidis T, Abas Z, Sarris K, Iliadis N, Kaldrymidou E. Effect of Vitamin E Nutritional Supplementation on the Pathological Changes Induced in the Ileum of Rabbits by Experimental Infection with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Comp Pathol 2006; 134:308-19. [PMID: 16714030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A well-established rabbit model of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) disease was used to examine whether vitamin E (VE) nutritional supplementation had an effect on the pathological changes induced in the bowel by EPEC. Quantitative methods were used to evaluate the influence of VE on bacterial colonization, intestinal mucosal architecture and inflammation, and intestinal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. VE did not affect EPEC colonization and did not give significant protection against EPEC-induced changes and diarrhoea. Although VE had no effect on the EPEC-related increase of enterocyte apoptosis, it clearly contributed to an acceleration of epithelial cell proliferation in the ileal crypts. This finding may explain why ileal morphometry undertaken in this study showed that VE ameliorated somewhat the effects of EPEC on intestinal mucosal architecture. Quantitative studies on inflammatory cells in the intestinal mucosa revealed that VE nutritional supplementation resulted in an increased neutrophilic and mononuclear inflammatory cell response to EPEC infection, which did not contribute, however, to the clearance of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tsalie
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wales AD, Woodward MJ, Pearson GR. Attaching-effacing bacteria in animals. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:1-26. [PMID: 15629476 PMCID: PMC7118730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteric bacteria with a demonstrable or potential ability to form attaching-effacing lesions, so-called attaching-effacing (AE) bacteria, have been found in the intestinal tracts of a wide variety of warm-blooded animal species, including man. In some host species, for example cattle, pigs, rabbits and human beings, attaching-effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) have an established role as enteropathogens. In other host species, AE bacteria are of less certain significance. With continuing advances in the detection and typing of AE strains, the importance of these bacteria for many hosts is likely to become clearer. The pathogenic effects of AE bacteria result from adhesion to the intestinal mucosa by a variety of mechanisms, culminating in the formation of the characteristic intimate adhesion of the AE lesion. The ability to induce AE lesions is mediated by the co-ordinated expression of some 40 bacterial genes organized within a so-called pathogenicity island, known as the "Locus for Enterocyte Effacement". It is also believed that the production of bacterial toxins, principally Vero toxins, is a significant virulence factor for some AEEC strains. Recent areas of research into AE bacteria include: the use of Citrobacter rodentium to model human AEEC disease; quorum-sensing mechanisms used by AEEC to modulate virulence gene expression; and the potential role of adhesion in the persistent colonization of the intestine by AE bacteria. This review of AE bacteria covers their molecular biology, their occurrence in various animal species, and the diagnosis, pathology and clinical aspects of animal diseases with which they are associated. Reference is made to human pathogens where appropriate. The focus is mainly on natural colonization and disease, but complementary experimental data are also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Wales
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramirez K, Huerta R, Oswald E, Garcia-Tovar C, Hernandez JM, Navarro-Garcia F. Role of EspA and intimin in expression of proinflammatory cytokines from enterocytes and lymphocytes by rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected rabbits. Infect Immun 2005; 73:103-13. [PMID: 15618145 PMCID: PMC538993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.103-113.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produces attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions and watery diarrhea, both of which are intimin and EspA dependent. In this work, we explored the mucosal immune response by detecting cytokine induction in rabbits with diarrhea caused by rabbit EPEC (REPEC). Orally inoculated rabbits exhibited weight loss and mucosal inflammation, developed watery diarrhea, and died (day 7). At day 6 postinoculation, animals were analyzed for the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in enterocytes. The role of lymphocyte-dependent immunity was determined through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (PP) and the spleen. EspA and intimin mutants were used to explore the role of A/E lesions in the expression of these cytokines. REPEC-infected rabbit enterocytes showed increased interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression, but that of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased only slightly. In contrast, intimin mutant-infected rabbits were unable to produce this proinflammatory cytokine profile but did produce a remarkable increase in IL-10 expression. Bacteria lacking EspA increased the expression of IL-8 and TNF-alpha, but that of IL-10 was increased only slightly. PP lymphocytes also produced proinflammatory cytokines, which were dependent on EspA (except for TNF-alpha) and intimin, while IL-10 was induced by EspA and intimin mutants. In contrast, spleen lymphocytes (systemic compartment) were unable to produce IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. These data show the importance of the proinflammatory cytokines secreted by enterocytes and those expressed locally by PP lymphocytes, which can activate effector mechanisms at the epithelium. Furthermore, this cytokine profile, including IL-6 and IL-1beta, which may be involved in the diarrhea produced by EPEC, depends on intimin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ramirez
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ap. Postal 14-740, 07000 México City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wiles S, Clare S, Harker J, Huett A, Young D, Dougan G, Frankel G. Organ specificity, colonization and clearance dynamics in vivo following oral challenges with the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:963-72. [PMID: 15339271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium belongs to a family of human and animal enteric pathogens that includes the clinically significant enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). These pathogens use attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions to colonize the host gastrointestinal tract. In this study we have used bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to investigate the organ specificity, dynamics of colonization and clearance of mice by C. rodentium in situ and in real time. The bioluminescent C. rodentium derivative, strain ICC180, expresses the luxCDABE operon from the entemopathogenic nematode symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens and light levels accurately reflect bacterial numbers both in vitro and in vivo. We have demonstrated that primary colonization of the mouse by C. rodentium takes place within the caecum, specifically within the specialized patch of lymphoid tissue known as the caecal patch. Following colonization of the caecum C. rodentium established a colonic infection. Clearance of C. rodentium ICC180 parallels the colonization dynamics, i.e. the caecum was first to be cleared followed by the colon. A bioluminescent eae (encoding the outer membrane adhesin intimin) C. rodentium mutant failed to establish long-term colonization, although low levels of bacteria could be recovered for up to 3 days post challenge from the caecum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siouxsie Wiles
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bry L, Brenner MB. Critical Role of T Cell-Dependent Serum Antibody, but Not the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, for Surviving Acute Mucosal Infection withCitrobacter rodentium, an Attaching and Effacing Pathogen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:433-41. [PMID: 14688352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium uses virulence factors similar to the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to produce attaching and effacing lesions in the distal colon of mice. We used this infection model to determine components of adaptive immunity needed to survive infection. During acute infection, wild-type mice develop breaks across infected epithelial surfaces but resolve infection. Surprisingly, mice markedly deficient in mucosal lymphocyte populations from beta(7) integrin deficiency resolve infection, as do CD8alpha-/- or TCR-delta-/- mice. In contrast, CD4-/- or TCR-beta-/- mice develop polymicrobial sepsis and end-organ damage, and succumb during acute infection, despite epithelial damage similar to wild-type mice. B cell-deficient (MuMT-/-) or B and T cell-deficient (recombinase-activating gene 2-/-) mice develop severe pathology in colon and internal organs, and deteriorate rapidly during acute infection. Surviving mice develop robust Citrobacter-specific serum IgM responses during acute infection, whereas mice that succumb do not. However, CD4-/- mice receiving serum Igs from infected wild-type mice survive and clear the infection. Our data show that survival of apparently self-limited and luminal mucosal infections requires a systemic T cell-dependent Ab response against bacteria that enter through damaged mucosa. These findings have implications for understanding host defense against mucosal infections, including the pathogenesis of these diseases in immunocompromised populations.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abscess/genetics
- Abscess/immunology
- Abscess/microbiology
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/physiology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Bacterial Infections/genetics
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/microbiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Citrobacter rodentium/growth & development
- Citrobacter rodentium/immunology
- Citrobacter rodentium/pathogenicity
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/microbiology
- Colon/pathology
- Convalescence
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/genetics
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/mortality
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/prevention & control
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/therapeutic use
- Integrin beta Chains/genetics
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/mortality
- Lymphopenia/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bry
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bovee-Oudenhoven IMJ, Lettink-Wissink MLG, Van Doesburg W, Witteman BJM, Van Der Meer R. Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of humans is inhibited by dietary calcium. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:469-76. [PMID: 12891550 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In several rat infection experiments, we have shown that dietary calcium inhibits intestinal colonization and translocation of invasive salmonella. The aim of the present study was to find out whether calcium is also protective against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. This was first tested in our rat model and subsequently verified in a human infection study. METHODS Rats were fed a purified diet with either a low or a high amount of calcium phosphate and orally infected with ETEC. In addition, a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study of 3 weeks was performed with 32 healthy men. Subjects largely maintained their habitual diet and consumed either regular milk products (calcium supply, 1100 mg/day) or placebo milk products (calcium supply, 60 mg/day). On day 10, subjects ingested a live but attenuated ETEC strain (strain E1392/75-2A), able to induce mild although short-lived symptoms. Primary outcomes studied were infection-induced diarrhea (total fecal output and relative fecal dry weight) and fecal mucin excretion. RESULTS In humans, ETEC induced diarrhea in both groups, in that total fecal output doubled and mean relative fecal dry weight dropped from 25% to 20%. Additionally, fecal mucin excretion was increased in both groups. All these fecal parameters were completely normalized in the calcium group on the second infection day, in contrast to the placebo group, which recovered on the third infection day. Likewise, supplemental calcium inhibited ETEC colonization and diarrhea in rats. CONCLUSIONS Calcium in milk products improves human resistance to ETEC infection as it inhibits infectious diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg M J Bovee-Oudenhoven
- Nutrition and Health Program, Wageningen Center for Food Sciences/NIZO Food Research, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
M cells are located in the epithelia overlying mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches where they function as the antigen sampling cells of the mucosal immune system. Paradoxically, some pathogens exploit M cells as a route of invasion. Here we review our current knowledge of intestinal M cells with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying bacterial infection of these atypical epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ann Clark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fitzhenry RJ, Stevens MP, Jenkins C, Wallis TS, Heuschkel R, Murch S, Thomson M, Frankel G, Phillips AD. Human intestinal tissue tropism of intimin epsilon O103 Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 218:311-6. [PMID: 12586409 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(02)01182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal in vitro organ culture was used to assess the tissue tropism of human isolates of Escherichia coli O103:H2 and O103:H- that express intimin epsilon. Both strains showed tropism for follicle associated epithelium and limited adhesion to other regions of the small and large intestine. This is similar to the tissue tropism shown by intimin gamma enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) O157:H7, but distinct from that of intimin alpha enteropathogenic (EPEC) O127:H6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fitzhenry
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Lower 3rd Floor, Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, NW3 2QG, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heczko U, Carthy CM, O'Brien BA, Finlay BB. Decreased apoptosis in the ileum and ileal Peyer's patches: a feature after infection with rabbit enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O103. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4580-9. [PMID: 11402002 PMCID: PMC98535 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4580-4589.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant changes occur in intestinal epithelial cells after infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). However, it is unclear whether this pathogen alters rates of apoptosis. By using a naturally occurring weaned rabbit infection model, we determined physiological levels of apoptosis in rabbit ileum and ileal Peyer's patches (PP) and compared them to those found after infection with adherent rabbit EPEC (REPEC O103). Various REPEC O103 strains were first tested in vitro for characteristic virulence features. Rabbits were then inoculated with the REPEC O103 strains that infected cultured cells the most efficiently. After experimental infection, intestinal samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. Simultaneously, ileal apoptosis was assessed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase 3 assays and by apoptotic cell counts based on morphology (hematoxylin-and-eosin staining). The highest physiological apoptotic indices were measured in PP germinal centers (median = 14.7%), followed by PP domed villi (8.1%), tips of absorptive villi (3.8%), and ileal crypt regions (0.5%). Severe infection with REPEC O103 resulted in a significant decrease in apoptosis in PP germinal centers (determined by TUNEL assay; P = 0.01), in the tips of ileal absorptive villi (determined by H&E staining; P = 0.04), and in whole ileal cell lysates (determined by caspase 3 assay; P = 0.001). We concluded that REPEC O103 does not promote apoptosis. Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that REPEC O103, in fact, decreases apoptotic levels in the rabbit ileum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Heczko
- Biotechnology Laboratory and Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heczko U, Smith VC, Mark Meloche R, Buchan AM, Finlay BB. Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori attachment to human primary antral epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:1669-76. [PMID: 11137040 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cell lines are commonly used to study infection characteristics of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. We sought to investigate bacterial attachment to human antral primary epithelial cells, a cell model that more closely resembles the human stomach than transformed cell lines. Primary cells were infected for 24 and 48 h with H. pylori. Morphological appearance of both the pathogen and the cells as well as features of colonization, attachment and internalization were evaluated by electron microscopy and compared to features observed with cultured AGS cells. H. pylori exhibited various shapes during colonization including the spiral, U-shaped, donut, and coccoid forms. The prevalence of each form seemed to be dependent on the infected donor tissue but, in general, changed with time to the coccoid form. Bacterial cell membranes progressively enlarged and appeared at times to be connected with microvilli. Bacterial attachment occurred to cells that were either unchanged, or had formed cup-like structures. Simultaneously, outer membrane vesicles were increasingly secreted from the bacteria, coinciding with increased cellular damage. We conclude that bacterial shape conversion, adherence and secretion of outer membrane vesicles are features of H. pylori infection. Primary gastric cell cultures closely imitate the antral environment and present an appropriate and useful model to study H. pylori pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Heczko
- Biotechnology Laboratory and Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, #237-6174 University Boulevard, BC, V6T 1Z3, CA-Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|