1
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Hu Y, Shi W, Meng Q, Yuan L, Gao W, Wang L, Yao K. Detection of Bordetella spp. in children with pertussis-like illness from 2018 to 2024 in China. J Infect 2024; 89:106222. [PMID: 39002934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis), B. parapertussis, B. holmesii, and B. bronchiseptica on pertussis resurgence in China, particularly the sharp rise since the latest winter. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from children with pertussis-like illness from January 2018 to March 2024 were cultured to detect B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. holmesii, and B. bronchiseptica, and tested for all of these except for B. bronchiseptica using a pooled real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit targeting insertion sequences ptxS1, IS481, IS1001, and hIS1001. RESULTS Out of the collected 7732 nasopharyngeal swabs, 1531 cases tested positive for B. pertussis (19.8%, 1531/7732), and 10 cases were positive for B. parapertussis (0.1%, 10/7732). B. holmesii and B.bronchiseptica were not detected. The number of specimens and the detection rate of B. pertussis were 1709 and 26.9% (459/1709) in 2018, 1936 and 20.7% (400/1936) in 2019, which sharply declined to 308 and 11.4% (35/308) in 2020, 306 and 4.2% (13/306) in 2021, and then notably increased to 754 and 17.6% (133/754) in 2022, 1842 and 16.0% (295/1842) in 2023, 877 and 22.3% (196/877) in the first quarter of 2024. The proportion of children aged 3 to less than 6 years (preschool age) and 6 to 16 years (school age) in pertussis cases increased significantly during the study period, especially the proportion of school-aged children increased from 2.0% (9/459) in 2018 to 40.8% (80/196) in 2024. CONCLUSIONS B. pertussis was the predominant pathogen among children with pertussis-like illness in China, with sporadic detection of B. parapertussis and no detection of B. holmesii or B.bronchiseptica. The preschool and school-age children are increasingly prevalent in B. pertussis infection cases, which may be associated with the latest rapid escalation of pertussis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Qinghong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Applied Biological Technologies Co., LTD, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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2
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Badhai J, Das SK. Genomic evidence and virulence properties decipher the extra-host origin of Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad200. [PMID: 37660236 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, members of the classical Bordetella species comprised only pathogenic bacteria that were thought to live exclusively in warm-blooded animals. The close phylogenetic relationship of Bordetella with Achromobacter and Alcaligenes, which include primarily environmental bacteria, suggests that the ancestral Bordetellae were probably free-living. Eventually, the Bordetella species evolved to infect and live within warm-blooded animals. The modern history of pathogens related to the genus Bordetella started towards the end of the 19th century when it was discovered in the infected respiratory epithelium of mammals, including humans. The first identified member was Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, a fatal disease in young children. In due course, B. bronchiseptica was recovered from the trachea and bronchi of dogs with distemper. Later, a second closely related human pathogen, B. parapertussis, was described as causing milder whooping cough. The classical Bordetellae are strictly host-associated pathogens transmitted via the host-to-host aerosol route. Recently, the B. bronchiseptica strain HT200 has been reported from a thermal spring exhibiting unique genomic features that were not previously observed in clinical strains. Therefore, it advocates that members of classical Bordetella species have evolved from environmental sources. This organism can be transmitted via environmental reservoirs as it can survive nutrient-limiting conditions and possesses a motile flagellum. This study aims to review the molecular basis of origin and virulence properties of obligate host-restricted and environmental strains of classical Bordetella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhasketan Badhai
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Subrata K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
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3
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Holban AM, Gregoire CM, Gestal MC. Conquering the host: Bordetella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa molecular regulators in lung infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983149. [PMID: 36225372 PMCID: PMC9549215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When bacteria sense cues from the host environment, stress responses are activated. Two component systems, sigma factors, small RNAs, ppGpp stringent response, and chaperones start coordinate the expression of virulence factors or immunomodulators to allow bacteria to respond. Although, some of these are well studied, such as the two-component systems, the contribution of other regulators, such as sigma factors or ppGpp, is increasingly gaining attention. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gold standard pathogen for studying the molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental cues. Bordetella spp., on the other hand, is a microbial model for studying host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. These two pathogens have the ability to colonize the lungs of patients with chronic diseases, suggesting that they have the potential to share a niche and interact. However, the molecular networks that facilitate adaptation of Bordetella spp. to cues are unclear. Here, we offer a side-by-side comparison of what is known about these diverse molecular mechanisms that bacteria utilize to counteract host immune responses, while highlighting the relatively unexplored interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Courtney M. Gregoire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Monica C. Gestal, ;
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4
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de Jonge EF, Balhuizen MD, van Boxtel R, Wu J, Haagsman HP, Tommassen J. Heat shock enhances outer-membrane vesicle release in Bordetella spp. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100009. [PMID: 34841303 PMCID: PMC8610307 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, an obligate human pathogen. Despite high vaccination rates in high-income countries, resurgence of pertussis cases is an occurring problem that urges the necessity of developing an improved vaccine. Likewise, the efficacy of vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica, which causes similar disease in pigs and companion animals, is debatable. A promising approach for novel vaccines is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, spontaneous OMV (sOMV) release by Bordetella spp. is too low for cost-effective vaccine production. Therefore, we investigated the influence of growth in various media commonly used for culturing Bordetella in the Bvg+, i.e. virulent, phase and of a heat shock applied to inactivate the cells on OMV production. Inactivation of the bacterial cells at 56 °C before OMV isolation greatly enhanced OMV release in both Bordetella spp. without causing significant cell lysis. The growth medium used barely affected the efficiency of OMV release but did affect the protein pattern of the OMVs. Differences were found to be related, at least in part, to different availability of the nutrient metals iron and zinc in the media and include expression of potentially relevant vaccine antigens, such as the receptors FauA and ZnuD. The protein content of OMVs released by heat shock was comparable to that of sOMVs as determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, and their heat-modifiable electrophoretic mobility suggests that also protein conformation is unaffected. However, significant differences were noticed between the protein content of OMVs and that of a purified outer membrane fraction, with two major outer membrane proteins, porin OmpP and the peptidoglycan-associated RmpM, being underrepresented in the OMVs. Altogether, these results indicate that the application of a heat shock is potentially an important step in the development of cost-effective, OMV-based vaccines for both Bordetella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline F. de Jonge
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie D. Balhuizen
- Section Molecular Host Defence, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ria van Boxtel
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Section Molecular Host Defence, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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5
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Chen Q, Stibitz S. The BvgASR virulence regulon of Bordetella pertussis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 47:74-81. [PMID: 30870653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The BvgAS two-component system of Bordetella pertussis directly activates the expression of a large number of virulence genes in an environmentally responsive manner. The Bvg+ mode also promotes the expression of the phosphodiesterase BvgR, which turns off the expression of another set of genes, the vrgs, by reducing levels of c-di-GMP. Increased levels of c-di-GMP in the Bvg- mode are required, together with the phosphorylated response regulator protein RisA∼P, to activate vrg expression. Phosphorylation of RisA requires RisK, a non-co-operonic sensor kinase, but not its co-operonic sensor kinase RisS which is truncated in B. pertussis but intact in the ancestral B. bronchiseptica. The loss of RisS during evolution of B. pertussis led to the ability to express the vrgs, potentially enhancing aerosol transmission of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Scott Stibitz
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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6
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Bordetella bronchiseptica
is involved in respiratory tract infections mainly in dogs and pigs but may also cause infections in humans. Valid and representative data on antimicrobial susceptibility of
B. bronchiseptica
is rare. Approved antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have been published, but very few clinical breakpoints are available. The MIC values are low for most agents but high for β-lactam antibiotics and macrolides. Information on the genetic basis of resistance is scarce. For a small number of isolates that are resistant or show elevated MICs, the molecular basis of resistance was identified. Three tetracycline resistance genes,
tet
(A),
tet
(C), and
tet
(31), coding for major facilitator superfamily efflux pumps, were identified. Two other major facilitator superfamily exporter genes confer resistance to chloramphenicol (
cmlB1
) or to chloramphenicol and florfenicol (
floR
). Two class B chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes (
catB1
and
catB3
), which confer resistance to nonfluorinated phenicols by enzymatic inactivation, have been identified in
B. bronchiseptica
. Like the trimethoprim resistance genes
dfrA1
and
dfrB1
, which code for trimethoprim-insensitive dihydrofolate reductases, the genes
catB1
and
catB3
were located on gene cassettes and found in class 1 integrons also harboring the sulfonamide resistance gene
sul1
. In addition, the gene
sul2
has also been detected. Both
sul1
and
sul2
code for sulfonamide-insensitive dihydropteroate synthases. A gene cassette harboring the β-lactamase gene
bla
OXA-2
was also identified, whereas β-lactam resistance in
B. bronchiseptica
seems to be more likely due to reduced influx in combination with the species-specific β-lactamase encoded by
bla
BOR-1
. The resistance genes were mostly located on conjugative plasmids.
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7
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Szvalb AD, Rolston KV, Mori N, Tarrand JJ, Mulanovich VE. Infections with the agent of 'kennel cough' in patients with cancer. J Infect 2018; 78:48-53. [PMID: 30048653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical manifestations, microbiological data, and outcomes of Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) infections in patients with cancer. METHODS Review of electronic medical records of 24 patients with Bb infection, from 2000 to 2013. An infection was considered to be associated with Bb if both clinical manifestations plus microbial growth from infected sites were present. RESULTS Ten patients (42%) had a monomicrobial infection, whereas multiple pathogens in addition to Bb were isolated from the rest (14 patients, 58%). The most frequent sites of infection were the respiratory tract (18 patients, 75 %) and bloodstream (17%). The most frequently associated conditions were lymphopenia (71%), tobacco use (42%), and chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive agents (33% each). Animal exposure was established in four patients. Overall, the response rate to treatment was 100% for monomicrobial and 79% for polymicrobial infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bb is an uncommon pathogen even in immunosuppressed patients. Predominant sites of infection are the respiratory tract and bloodstream. Bb should be considered pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts, particularly with history of zoonotic exposure, even if accompanied by co-pathogens. Therefore, contact with potential animal sources should be minimized. The infection ranges from mild to severe and has no specific clinical or radiographic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Szvalb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Kenneth V Rolston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nobuyoshi Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tarrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0084, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Victor E Mulanovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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8
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Guiso N. Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E277. [PMID: 28892012 PMCID: PMC5618210 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin toxin is secreted and produced by three classical species of the genus Bordetella: Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. This toxin has several properties such as: (i) adenylate cyclase activity, enhanced after interaction with the eukaryotic protein, calmodulin; (ii) a pore-forming activity; (iii) an invasive activity. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these Bordetella species responsible for whooping cough in humans or persistent respiratory infections in mammals, by modulating host immune responses. In contrast with other Bordetella toxins or adhesins, lack of (or very low polymorphism) is observed in the structural gene encoding this toxin, supporting its importance as well as a potential role as a vaccine antigen against whooping cough. In this article, an overview of the investigations undertaken on this toxin is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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9
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Abstract
Since the first description of Bordetella holmesii in 1995, almost 100 publications have contributed to the increasing knowledge of this emerging bacterium. Although first reported to induce bacteremia mainly in immunocompromised patients, it has also been isolated in healthy persons and has shown the capacity to induce pertussis-like symptoms and other clinical entities, such as meningitis, arthritis, or endocarditis. Respiratory diseases are generally less severe than those induced by Bordetella pertussis. However, B. holmesii was found to have a higher capacity of invasiveness given the various infection sites in which it was isolated. The diagnosis is difficult, particularly as it is a slow-growing organism but also because respiratory infections are systematically misdiagnosed as B. pertussis. Treatment is delicate, as its susceptibility to macrolides (prescribed in respiratory infections) and ceftriaxone (used in invasive disease) is challenged. Regarding prevention, there is no consensus on prophylactic treatment following index cases and no vaccine is available. Epidemiological data are also sparse, with few prevalence studies available. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on B. holmesii.
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10
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Fingermann M, Hozbor D. Acid tolerance response of Bordetella bronchiseptica in avirulent phase. Microbiol Res 2015; 181:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Biederman L, Rosen MR, Bobik BS, Roberts AL. Bordetella petrii recovered from chronic pansinusitis in an adult with cystic fibrosis. IDCases 2015; 2:97-8. [PMID: 26793470 PMCID: PMC4712203 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To date Bordetella petrii has infrequently been identified within the clinical setting likely due to the asaccharolytic nature of this organism. We present a case of B. petrii recovered on two separate events in a patient with adult cystic fibrosis experiencing chronic pansinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biederman
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Pavilion Building, Suite 207, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Marc R Rosen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brent S Bobik
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Pavilion Building, Suite 207, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Amity L Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Pavilion Building, Suite 207, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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12
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains isolated from pigs in Poland. Pol J Vet Sci 2014; 17:71-7. [PMID: 24724472 DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 209 Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bbr) strains isolated from pigs were examined. Phenotypic study included: biochemical characterization (motility, catalase, oxidase, urease activity, nitrate reduction and growth on MacConkey agar) and antimicrobial susceptibility (disc diffusion method). Genotypic studies based on detection of three genes encoded virulence factors, such as: flagella (fla), dermonecrotoxin (dnt), and exogenous ferric siderophore receptor (bfrZ), using PCR. Most of the Bbr strains tested had a homogeneous biochemical profile. 97.6% of them provided suitable results in biochemical tests. All Bbr isolates tested showed high resistance to penicillin (100%), linco-spectin (100%) and ceftiofur (97.9%). Over 57% and 43% of Bbr strains were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively. All Bbr isolates showed high sensitivity to most chemotherapeutics used such as enrofloxacin (97.9%), tetracycline (97.9%), oxytetracycline (97.9%), amoxicillin with clavulonic acid (95.8%), florfenicol (90.4%), and gentamicine (77.6%). Over of 94% of Bbr strains were moderately susceptible to norfloxacine. Molecular analysis confirmed that almost all evaluated Bbr strains (94.7%) possessed the fla gene. A lower percentage of isolates had the dnt gene (72.7%) and the lowest percentage of strains (51.7%), had the bfrZ gene.
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13
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Pittet LF, Emonet S, Schrenzel J, Siegrist CA, Posfay-Barbe KM. Bordetella holmesii: an under-recognised Bordetella species. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:510-9. [PMID: 24721229 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii, first described in 1995, is believed to cause both invasive infections (bacteraemia, meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, pneumonia, and arthritis) and pertussis-like symptoms. Infection with B holmesii is frequently misidentified as being with B pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, because routine diagnostic tests for pertussis are not species-specific. In this Review, we summarise knowledge about B holmesii diagnosis and treatment, and assess research needs. Although no fatal cases of B holmesii have been reported, associated invasive infections can cause substantial morbidities, even in previously healthy individuals. Antimicrobial treatment can be problematic because B holmesii's susceptibility to macrolides (used empirically to treat B pertussis) and third-generation cephalosporins (often used to treat invasive infections) is lower than would be expected. B holmesii's adaptation to human beings is continuing, and virulence might increase, causing the need for better diagnostic assays and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure F Pittet
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Emonet
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neonatal Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Paediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of General Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Carleton A, Casserly B, Power L, Linnane B, O’flaherty G, Powell J, Hartnett P, Collins J, Murphy P, Kenna D, O’connell NH, Dunne C. Clustered multidrug‐resistant Bordetella petrii in adult cystic fibrosis patients in Ireland: case report and review of antimicrobial therapies. JMM Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ailise Carleton
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian Casserly
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Power
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Barry Linnane
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - James Powell
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Peig Hartnett
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Philip Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, Clinical Microbiology Department, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dervla Kenna
- AMRHAI Reference Unit, Reference Microbiology Services, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuala H. O’connell
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- University Hospital Limerick, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Vinatzer BA, Monteil CL, Clarke CR. Harnessing population genomics to understand how bacterial pathogens emerge, adapt to crop hosts, and disseminate. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:19-43. [PMID: 24820995 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crop diseases emerge without warning. In many cases, diseases cross borders, or even oceans, before plant pathologists have time to identify and characterize the causative agents. Genome sequencing, in combination with intensive sampling of pathogen populations and application of population genetic tools, is now providing the means to unravel how bacterial crop pathogens emerge from environmental reservoirs, how they evolve and adapt to crops, and what international and intercontinental routes they follow during dissemination. Here, we introduce the field of population genomics and review the population genomics research of bacterial plant pathogens over the past 10 years. We highlight the potential of population genomics for investigating plant pathogens, using examples of population genomics studies of human pathogens. We also describe the complementary nature of the fields of population genomics and molecular plant-microbe interactions and propose how to translate new insights into improved disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; ,
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Mason E, Henderson MW, Scheller EV, Byrd MS, Cotter PA. Evidence for phenotypic bistability resulting from transcriptional interference of bvgAS in Bordetella bronchiseptica. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:716-33. [PMID: 24007341 PMCID: PMC4216693 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella species cause respiratory infections in mammals. Their master regulatory system BvgAS controls expression of at least three distinct phenotypic phases in response to environmental cues. The Bvg⁺ phase is necessary and sufficient for respiratory infection while the Bvg⁻ phase is required for survival ex vivo. We obtained large colony variants (LCVs) from the lungs of mice infected with B. bronchiseptica strain RBX9, which contains an in-frame deletion mutation in fhaB, encoding filamentous haemagglutinin. RBX9 also yielded LCVs when switched from Bvg⁻ phase conditions to Bvg⁺ phase conditions in vitro. We determined that LCVs are composed of both Bvg⁺ and Bvg⁻ phase bacteria and that they result from defective bvgAS positive autoregulation. The LCV phenotype was linked to the presence of a divergent promoter 5' to bvgAS, suggesting a previously undescribed mechanism of transcriptional interference that, in this case, leads to feedback-based bistability (FBM). Our results also indicate that a small proportion of RBX9 bacteria modulates to the Bvg⁻ phase in vivo. In addition to providing insight into transcriptional interference and FBM, our data provide an example of an in-frame deletion mutation exerting a 'polar' effect on nearby genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Mason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Michael W. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Erich V. Scheller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Matthew S. Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Peggy A. Cotter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
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Planet PJ, Narechania A, Hymes SR, Gagliardo C, Huard RC, Whittier S, Della-Latta P, Ratner AJ. Bordetella holmesii: initial genomic analysis of an emerging opportunist. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:132-5. [PMID: 23620158 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella holmesii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes respiratory disease in healthy individuals and invasive infections among patients lacking splenic function. We used 16S rRNA gene analysis to confirm B. holmesii as the cause of bacteremia in a child with sickle cell disease. Semiconductor-based draft genome sequencing provided insight into B. holmesii phylogeny and potential virulence mechanisms and also identified a toluene-4-monoxygenase locus unique among bordetellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Planet
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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An improved recombination-based in vivo expression technology-like reporter system reveals differential cyaA gene activation in Bordetella species. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1295-305. [PMID: 23381998 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01445-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica rely on the global two-component regulatory system BvgAS to control expression of distinct phenotypic phases. In the Bvg(-) phase, expression of vrg genes, including those required for motility in B. bronchiseptica, is activated and genes encoding virulence factors are not expressed. Conversely, in the Bvg(+) phase, genes encoding virulence factors are highly expressed while genes necessary for motility are repressed. Although several genetic analyses have demonstrated the importance of the Bvg(+) phase during respiratory infection, Bvg-regulated gene activation in B. bronchiseptica has not been investigated in vivo. To address this, we developed a plasmid, pGFLIP, that encodes a sensitive Flp recombinase-based fluorescent reporter system able to document gene activation both in vitro and in vivo. Using pGFLIP, we demonstrated that cyaA, considered to be a "late" Bvg(+) phase gene, is activated substantially earlier in B. bronchiseptica than B. pertussis following a switch from Bvg(-) to Bvg(+) phase conditions. We show that the altered activation of cyaA is not due to differences in the cyaA promoter or in the bvgAS alleles of B. bronchiseptica compared to B. pertussis, but appears to be species specific. Finally, we used pGFLIP to show that flaA remains repressed during infection, confirming that B. bronchiseptica does not modulate to the Bvg(-) phase in vivo.
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Gaayeb L, Sarr JB, Ndiath MO, Hanon JB, Debrie AS, Seck M, Schacht AM, Remoué F, Hermann E, Riveau G. Seroprevalence of pertussis in Senegal: a prospective study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48684. [PMID: 23119090 PMCID: PMC3485356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a vaccine-preventable respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis infection, against which Senegalese children are immunized with the diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP). Seroepidemiology of pertussis has been widely described in industrialized countries, but rare are the studies referring to it in developing countries. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal survey in Northern Senegal to investigate the epidemiology of B. pertussis by evaluating the IgG antibody (Ab) response against pertussis toxin (PT). A cohort of 410 children aged 1 to 9 from five villages in the Middle Senegal River Valley were followed-up for 18 months. During that period, five visits were made to assess the immunological status of the children. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PT-specific IgG responses were significantly different according to age. Until the age of 3, there was a decrease in the Ab response, which then increased in the older groups. Assessment of IgG antibodies to PT (IgG-PT) suggested evidence of recent exposures to the pathogen. Surprisingly, in one of the five villages the average Ab response to PT was very low at all ages during the first 6 months of the study. At the third visit, IgG-PT concentrations peaked to very high levels, to slightly decline at the end of the survey. This indicates an outbreak of B. pertussis, whereas in the other villages a pertussis endemic profile could be observed. CONCLUSIONS Pertussis is endemic in Northern Senegal despite the introduction of vaccination. The circulation of the bacteria seems to differ between geographic locations and over time. A more complete understanding of the epidemiology of pertussis and its environmental determinants could provide information to adapt vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Gaayeb
- Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille - U1019 Inserm, UMR8204 CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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20
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Park J, Zhang Y, Buboltz AM, Zhang X, Schuster SC, Ahuja U, Liu M, Miller JF, Sebaihia M, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Harvill ET. Comparative genomics of the classical Bordetella subspecies: the evolution and exchange of virulence-associated diversity amongst closely related pathogens. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:545. [PMID: 23051057 PMCID: PMC3533505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classical Bordetella subspecies are phylogenetically closely related, yet differ in some of the most interesting and important characteristics of pathogens, such as host range, virulence and persistence. The compelling picture from previous comparisons of the three sequenced genomes was of genome degradation, with substantial loss of genome content (up to 24%) associated with adaptation to humans. Results For a more comprehensive picture of lineage evolution, we employed comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses using seven additional diverse, newly sequenced Bordetella isolates. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis supports a reevaluation of the phylogenetic relationships between the classical Bordetella subspecies, and suggests a closer link between ovine and human B. parapertussis lineages than has been previously proposed. Comparative analyses of genome content revealed that only 50% of the pan-genome is conserved in all strains, reflecting substantial diversity of genome content in these closely related pathogens that may relate to their different host ranges, virulence and persistence characteristics. Strikingly, these analyses suggest possible horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in multiple loci encoding virulence factors, including O-antigen and pertussis toxin (Ptx). Segments of the pertussis toxin locus (ptx) and its secretion system locus (ptl) appear to have been acquired by the classical Bordetella subspecies and are divergent in different lineages, suggesting functional divergence in the classical Bordetellae. Conclusions Together, these observations, especially in key virulence factors, reveal that multiple mechanisms, such as point mutations, gain or loss of genes, as well as HGTs, contribute to the substantial phenotypic diversity of these versatile subspecies in various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Park
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Barchinger SE, Zhang X, Hester SE, Rodriguez ME, Harvill ET, Ades SE. sigE facilitates the adaptation of Bordetella bronchiseptica to stress conditions and lethal infection in immunocompromised mice. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:179. [PMID: 22897969 PMCID: PMC3490749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell envelope of a bacterial pathogen can be damaged by harsh conditions in the environment outside a host and by immune factors during infection. Cell envelope stress responses preserve the integrity of this essential compartment and are often required for virulence. Bordetella species are important respiratory pathogens that possess a large number of putative transcription factors. However, no cell envelope stress responses have been described in these species. Among the putative Bordetella transcription factors are a number of genes belonging to the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) group of alternative sigma factors, some of which are known to mediate cell envelope stress responses in other bacteria. Here we investigate the role of one such gene, sigE, in stress survival and pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica. Results We demonstrate that sigE encodes a functional sigma factor that mediates a cell envelope stress response. Mutants of B. bronchiseptica strain RB50 lacking sigE are more sensitive to high temperature, ethanol, and perturbation of the envelope by SDS-EDTA and certain β-lactam antibiotics. Using a series of immunocompromised mice deficient in different components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, we show that SigE plays an important role in evading the innate immune response during lethal infections of mice lacking B cells and T cells. SigE is not required, however, for colonization of the respiratory tract of immunocompetent mice. The sigE mutant is more efficiently phagocytosed and killed by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) than RB50, and exhibits decreased cytotoxicity toward macrophages. These altered interactions with phagocytes could contribute to the defects observed during lethal infection. Conclusions Much of the work on transcriptional regulation during infection in B. bronchiseptica has focused on the BvgAS two-component system. This study reveals that the SigE regulon also mediates a discrete subset of functions associated with virulence. SigE is the first cell envelope stress-sensing system to be described in the bordetellae. In addition to its role during lethal infection of mice deficient in adaptive immunity, our results indicate that SigE is likely to be important for survival in the face of stresses encountered in the environment between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Barchinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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22
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Decker KB, James TD, Stibitz S, Hinton DM. The Bordetella pertussis model of exquisite gene control by the global transcription factor BvgA. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1665-1676. [PMID: 22628479 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, an infectious disease that is reemerging despite widespread vaccination. A more complete understanding of B. pertussis pathogenic mechanisms will involve unravelling the regulation of its impressive arsenal of virulence factors. Here we review the action of the B. pertussis response regulator BvgA in the context of what is known about bacterial RNA polymerase and various modes of transcription activation. At most virulence gene promoters, multiple dimers of phosphorylated BvgA (BvgA~P) bind upstream of the core promoter sequence, using a combination of high- and low-affinity sites that fill through cooperativity. Activation by BvgA~P is typically mediated by a novel form of class I/II mechanisms, but two virulence genes, fim2 and fim3, which encode serologically distinct fimbrial subunits, are regulated using a previously unrecognized RNA polymerase/activator architecture. In addition, the fim genes undergo phase variation because of an extended cytosine (C) tract within the promoter sequences that is subject to slipped-strand mispairing during replication. These sophisticated systems of regulation demonstrate one aspect whereby B. pertussis, which is highly clonal and lacks the extensive genetic diversity observed in many other bacterial pathogens, has been highly successful as an obligate human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Decker
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamara D James
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott Stibitz
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deborah M Hinton
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mooi FR, Bruisten S, Linde I, Reubsaet F, Heuvelman K, van der Lee S, J. King A. Characterization of Bordetella holmesii isolates from patients with pertussis-like illness in the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:289-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frits R. Mooi
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb); Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS); Bilthoven; The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Bruisten
- Public health laboratory; Cluster Infectious diseases, GGD; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Linde
- Public health laboratory; Cluster Infectious diseases, GGD; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Frans Reubsaet
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb); Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS); Bilthoven; The Netherlands
| | - Kees Heuvelman
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb); Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS); Bilthoven; The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Lee
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb); Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS); Bilthoven; The Netherlands
| | - Audrey J. King
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Centre for Infectious Diseases Control (CIb); Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening (LIS); Bilthoven; The Netherlands
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Bokhari H, Said F, Syed MA, Mughal A, Kazi YF, Kallonen T, He Q, King AJ, Heuvelman K, Mooi FR. Molecular typing ofBordetella parapertussisisolates circulating in Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:373-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fedele G, Bianco M, Debrie AS, Locht C, Ausiello CM. Attenuated Bordetella pertussis vaccine candidate BPZE1 promotes human dendritic cell CCL21-induced migration and drives a Th1/Th17 response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5388-96. [PMID: 21430219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New vaccines against pertussis are needed to evoke full protection and long-lasting immunological memory starting from the first administration in neonates--the major target of the life-threatening pertussis infection. A novel live attenuated Bordetella pertussis vaccine strain, BPZE1, has been developed by eliminating or detoxifying three important B. pertussis virulence factors: pertussis toxin, dermonecrotic toxin, and tracheal cytotoxin. We used a human preclinical ex vivo model based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to evaluate BPZE1 immunogenicity. We studied the effects of BPZE1 on MDDC functions, focusing on the impact of Bordetella-primed dendritic cells in the regulation of Th and suppressor T cells (Ts). BPZE1 is able to activate human MDDCs and to promote the production of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Moreover, conversely to its parental wild-type counterpart BPSM, BPZE1-primed MDDCs very efficiently migrate in vitro in response to the lymphatic chemokine CCL21, due to the inactivation of pertussis toxin enzymatic activity. BPZE1-primed MDDCs drove a mixed Th1/Th17 polarization and also induced functional Ts. Experiments performed in a Transwell system showed that cell contact rather than the production of soluble factors was required for suppression activity. Overall, our findings support the potential of BPZE1 as a novel live attenuated pertussis vaccine, as BPZE1-challenged dendritic cells might migrate from the site of infection to the lymph nodes, prime Th cells, mount an adaptive immune response, and orchestrate Th1/Th17 and Ts responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fedele
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Kislyuk AO, Katz LS, Agrawal S, Hagen MS, Conley AB, Jayaraman P, Nelakuditi V, Humphrey JC, Sammons SA, Govil D, Mair RD, Tatti KM, Tondella ML, Harcourt BH, Mayer LW, Jordan IK. A computational genomics pipeline for prokaryotic sequencing projects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:1819-26. [PMID: 20519285 PMCID: PMC2905547 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION New sequencing technologies have accelerated research on prokaryotic genomes and have made genome sequencing operations outside major genome sequencing centers routine. However, no off-the-shelf solution exists for the combined assembly, gene prediction, genome annotation and data presentation necessary to interpret sequencing data. The resulting requirement to invest significant resources into custom informatics support for genome sequencing projects remains a major impediment to the accessibility of high-throughput sequence data. RESULTS We present a self-contained, automated high-throughput open source genome sequencing and computational genomics pipeline suitable for prokaryotic sequencing projects. The pipeline has been used at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the analysis of Neisseria meningitidis and Bordetella bronchiseptica genomes. The pipeline is capable of enhanced or manually assisted reference-based assembly using multiple assemblers and modes; gene predictor combining; and functional annotation of genes and gene products. Because every component of the pipeline is executed on a local machine with no need to access resources over the Internet, the pipeline is suitable for projects of a sensitive nature. Annotation of virulence-related features makes the pipeline particularly useful for projects working with pathogenic prokaryotes. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The pipeline is licensed under the open-source GNU General Public License and available at the Georgia Tech Neisseria Base (http://nbase.biology.gatech.edu/). The pipeline is implemented with a combination of Perl, Bourne Shell and MySQL and is compatible with Linux and other Unix systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O Kislyuk
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Resemblance and divergence: the “new” members of the genus Bordetella. Med Microbiol Immunol 2010; 199:155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Goebel EM, Zhang X, Harvill ET. Bordetella pertussis infection or vaccination substantially protects mice against B. bronchiseptica infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6778. [PMID: 19707559 PMCID: PMC2727957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although B. bronchiseptica efficiently infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and efficiently spreads among them, it is rarely observed in humans. In contrast to the many other hosts of B. bronchiseptica, humans are host to the apparently specialized pathogen B. pertussis, the great majority having immunity due to vaccination, infection or both. Here we explore whether immunity to B. pertussis protects against B. bronchiseptica infection. In a murine model, either infection or vaccination with B. pertussis induced antibodies that recognized antigens of B. bronchiseptica and protected the lower respiratory tract of mice against three phylogenetically disparate strains of B. bronchiseptica that efficiently infect naïve animals. Furthermore, vaccination with purified B. pertussis-derived pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin or the human acellular vaccine, Adacel, conferred similar protection against B. bronchiseptica challenge. These data indicate that individual immunity to B. pertussis affects B. bronchiseptica infection, and suggest that the high levels of herd immunity against B. pertussis in humans could explain the lack of observed B. bronchiseptica transmission. This could also explain the apparent association of B. bronchiseptica infections with an immunocompromised state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Goebel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lechner M, Schmitt K, Bauer S, Hot D, Hubans C, Levillain E, Locht C, Lemoine Y, Gross R. Genomic island excisions in Bordetella petrii. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:141. [PMID: 19615092 PMCID: PMC2717098 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among the members of the genus Bordetella B. petrii is unique, since it is the only species isolated from the environment, while the pathogenic Bordetellae are obligately associated with host organisms. Another feature distinguishing B. petrii from the other sequenced Bordetellae is the presence of a large number of mobile genetic elements including several large genomic regions with typical characteristics of genomic islands collectively known as integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). These elements mainly encode accessory metabolic factors enabling this bacterium to grow on a large repertoire of aromatic compounds. Results During in vitro culture of Bordetella petrii colony variants appear frequently. We show that this variability can be attributed to the presence of a large number of metastable mobile genetic elements on its chromosome. In fact, the genome sequence of B. petrii revealed the presence of at least seven large genomic islands mostly encoding accessory metabolic functions involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds and detoxification of heavy metals. Four of these islands (termed GI1 to GI3 and GI6) are highly related to ICEclc of Pseudomonas knackmussii sp. strain B13. Here we present first data about the molecular characterization of these islands. We defined the exact borders of each island and we show that during standard culture of the bacteria these islands get excised from the chromosome. For all but one of these islands (GI5) we could detect circular intermediates. For the clc-like elements GI1 to GI3 of B. petrii we provide evidence that tandem insertion of these islands which all encode highly related integrases and attachment sites may also lead to incorporation of genomic DNA which originally was not part of the island and to the formation of huge composite islands. By integration of a tetracycline resistance cassette into GI3 we found this island to be rather unstable and to be lost from the bacterial population within about 100 consecutive generations. Furthermore, we show that GI3 is self transmissible and by conjugation can be transferred to B. bronchiseptica thus proving it to be an active integrative and conjugative element Conclusion The results show that phenotypic variation of B. petrii is correlated with the presence of genomic islands. Tandem integration of related islands may contribute to island evolution by the acquisition of genes originally belonging to the bacterial core genome. In conclusion, B. petrii appears to be the first member of the genus in which horizontal gene transfer events have massively shaped its genome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lechner
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
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Gross R, Guzman CA, Sebaihia M, dos Santos VAPM, Pieper DH, Koebnik R, Lechner M, Bartels D, Buhrmester J, Choudhuri JV, Ebensen T, Gaigalat L, Herrmann S, Khachane AN, Larisch C, Link S, Linke B, Meyer F, Mormann S, Nakunst D, Rückert C, Schneiker-Bekel S, Schulze K, Vorhölter FJ, Yevsa T, Engle JT, Goldman WE, Pühler A, Göbel UB, Goesmann A, Blöcker H, Kaiser O, Martinez-Arias R. The missing link: Bordetella petrii is endowed with both the metabolic versatility of environmental bacteria and virulence traits of pathogenic Bordetellae. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:449. [PMID: 18826580 PMCID: PMC2572626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella petrii is the only environmental species hitherto found among the otherwise host-restricted and pathogenic members of the genus Bordetella. Phylogenetically, it connects the pathogenic Bordetellae and environmental bacteria of the genera Achromobacter and Alcaligenes, which are opportunistic pathogens. B. petrii strains have been isolated from very different environmental niches, including river sediment, polluted soil, marine sponges and a grass root. Recently, clinical isolates associated with bone degenerative disease or cystic fibrosis have also been described. RESULTS In this manuscript we present the results of the analysis of the completely annotated genome sequence of the B. petrii strain DSMZ12804. B. petrii has a mosaic genome of 5,287,950 bp harboring numerous mobile genetic elements, including seven large genomic islands. Four of them are highly related to the clc element of Pseudomonas knackmussii B13, which encodes genes involved in the degradation of aromatics. Though being an environmental isolate, the sequenced B. petrii strain also encodes proteins related to virulence factors of the pathogenic Bordetellae, including the filamentous hemagglutinin, which is a major colonization factor of B. pertussis, and the master virulence regulator BvgAS. However, it lacks all known toxins of the pathogenic Bordetellae. CONCLUSION The genomic analysis suggests that B. petrii represents an evolutionary link between free-living environmental bacteria and the host-restricted obligate pathogenic Bordetellae. Its remarkable metabolic versatility may enable B. petrii to thrive in very different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Gross
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Replacement of adenylate cyclase toxin in a lineage of Bordetella bronchiseptica. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5502-11. [PMID: 18556799 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00226-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative respiratory pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts and causes a diverse spectrum of disease. This diversity is likely affected by multiple factors, such as host immune status, polymicrobial infection, and strain diversity. In a murine model of infection, we found that the virulence of B. bronchiseptica strains, as measured by the mean lethal dose, varied widely. Strain 253 was less virulent than the typically studied strain, RB50. Transcriptome analysis showed that cyaA, the gene encoding adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA), was the most downregulated transcript identified in strain 253 compared to that in strain RB50. Comparative genomic hybridization and genome sequencing of strain 253 revealed that the cya locus, which encodes, activates, and secretes CyaA, was replaced by an operon (ptp) predicted to encode peptide transport proteins. Other B. bronchiseptica strains from the same phylogenetic lineage as that of strain 253 also lacked the cya locus, contained the ptp genes, and were less virulent than strain RB50. Although the loss of CyaA would be expected to be counterselected since it is conserved among the classical bordetellae and believed to be important to their success, our data indicate that the loss of this toxin and the gain of the ptp genes occurred in an ancestral strain that then expanded into a lineage. This suggests that there may be ecological niches in which CyaA is not critical for the success of B. bronchiseptica.
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Fry NK, Duncan J, Edwards MT, Tilley RE, Chitnavis D, Harman R, Hammerton H, Dainton L. A UK clinical isolate of Bordetella hinzii from a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1700-1703. [PMID: 18033844 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
What is believed to be the first clinical isolate of Bordetella hinzii in the UK, from a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome, is described. This patient had no known avian exposure, and the source of the organism remains unknown. It appears that the underlying immune deficiency of the patient increased the susceptibility to opportunistic infection with this organism. Human infection with B. hinzii is rare and this species is difficult to differentiate from Bordetella avium by routine phenotypic methods. Confirmation can be reliably achieved using genotypic methods, and the greater mutational variation of the ompA gene compared to other genes (e.g. 16S rRNA gene) allows unambiguous identification of this and other non-classical Bordetella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman K. Fry
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - John Duncan
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Martin T. Edwards
- Statistics, Modelling and Bioinformatics Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Rebecca E. Tilley
- West Suffolk Hospital, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
| | - Dipti Chitnavis
- West Suffolk Hospital, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
| | - Ruth Harman
- West Suffolk Hospital, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
| | - Haydn Hammerton
- West Suffolk Hospital, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
| | - Linda Dainton
- West Suffolk Hospital, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK
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Link S, Schmitt K, Beier D, Gross R. Identification and regulation of expression of a gene encoding a filamentous hemagglutinin-related protein in Bordetella holmesii. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:100. [PMID: 17988394 PMCID: PMC2225982 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bordetella holmesii is a human pathogen closely related to B. pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough. It is able to cause disease in immunocompromised patients, but also whooping cough-like symptoms in otherwise healthy individuals. However, virtually nothing was known so far about the underlying virulence mechanisms and previous attempts to identify virulence factors related to those of B. pertussis were not successful. Results By use of a PCR approach we were able to identify a B. holmesii gene encoding a protein with significant sequence similarities to the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) of B. avium and to a lesser extent to the FHA proteins of B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. For these human and animal pathogens FHA is a crucial virulence factor required for successful colonization of the host. Interestingly, the B. holmesii protein shows a relatively high overall sequence similarity with the B. avium protein, while sequence conservation with the FHA proteins of the human and mammalian pathogens is quite limited and is most prominent in signal sequences required for their export to the cell surface. In the other Bordetellae expression of the fhaB gene encoding FHA was shown to be regulated by the master regulator of virulence, the BvgAS two-component system. Recently, we identified orthologs of BvgAS in B. holmesii, and here we show that this system also contributes to regulation of fhaB expression in B. holmesii. Accordingly, the purified BvgA response regulator of B. holmesii was shown to bind specifically in the upstream region of the fhaB promoter in vitro in a manner similar to that previously described for the BvgA protein of B. pertussis. Moreover, by deletion analysis of the fhaB promoter region we show that the BvgA binding sites are relevant for in vivo transcription from this promoter in B. holmesii. Conclusion The data reported here show that B. holmesii is endowed with a factor highly related to filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), a prominent virulence factor of the well characterized pathogenic Bordetellae. We show that like in the other Bordetellae the virulence regulatory BvgAS system is also involved in the regulation of fhaB expression in B. holmesii. Taken together these data indicate that in contrast to previous notions B. holmesii may in fact make use of virulence mechanisms related to those described for the other Bordetellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Link
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Horvat A, Gross R. Molecular characterization of the BvgA response regulator of Bordetella holmesii. Microbiol Res 2007; 164:243-52. [PMID: 17400438 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The BvgAS system controls the expression of most virulence factors in Bordetella pertussis. Recently, we identified an orthologous system in the related human pathogen Bordetella holmesii. However, while we found that the orthologous histidine kinases BvgS could be functionally exchanged between the two species, the B. holmesii response regulator BvgA(BH) could not substitute for its B. pertussis counterpart in vivo and, accordingly, was not able to bind to B. pertussis virulence promoters in vitro. Here we show that a hybrid response regulator consisting of the B. pertussis derived DNA-binding output domain of BvgA(BP) combined with the B. holmesii receiver domain binds to BvgA(BP) regulated virulence promoters of B. pertussis in vitro and is functional in B. pertussis in vivo. This shows that the inability of BvgA(BH) to complement BvgA(BP) in B. pertussis is due to the small number of sequence variations present in its output domain. However, by mutation analysis we show that four amino acid exchanges present in the helix-turn-helix motif of BvgA(BH) as compared to BvgA(BP) are not the only reason for its inability to substitute for BvgA(BP) but additional mutations present in the output domain must play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Horvat
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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35
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Wang F, Grundmann S, Schmid M, Dörfler U, Roherer S, Charles Munch J, Hartmann A, Jiang X, Schroll R. Isolation and characterization of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene mineralizing Bordetella sp. and its bioremediation potential in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:896-902. [PMID: 17204305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A soil which has been polluted with chlorinated benzenes for more than 25 years was used for isolation of adapted microorganisms able to mineralize 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). A microbial community was enriched from this soil and acclimated in liquid culture under aerobic conditions using 1,2,4-TCB as a sole available carbon source. From this community, two strains were isolated and identified by comparative sequence analysis of their 16S-rRNA coding genes as members of the genus Bordetella with Bordetella sp. QJ2-5 as the highest homological strain and with Bordetella petrii as the closest related described species. The 16S-rDNA of the two isolated strains showed a similarity of 100%. These strains were able to mineralize 1,2,4-TCB within two weeks to approximately 50% in liquid culture experiments. One of these strains was reinoculated to an agricultural soil with low native 1,2,4-TCB degradation capacity to investigate its bioremediation potential. The reinoculated strain kept its biodegradation capability: (14)C-labeled 1,2,4-TCB applied to this inoculated soil was mineralized to about 40% within one month of incubation. This indicates a possible application of the isolated Bordetella sp. for bioremediation of 1,2,4-TCB contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Institute of Soil Ecology, GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Friedman LE, Messina MT, Santoferrara L, Santillán MA, Mangano A, Franco MA. Characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains using phenotypic and genotypic markers. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117:313-20. [PMID: 16839714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, recovered primarily from pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and humans, were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic markers. Biochemical typing only showed variation in the ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite. OMP profiles from virulent strains showed variations in the region of 85-95kDa, which lead us to describe five OMP-types alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon. Genotypic markers included the presence of IS1001, and polymorphisms in the flagellin gene (flaA) and pertussis toxin (PT) promoter region. The IS1001 was detected in 16 isolates (2 from humans and 10 from pigs) but was absent in rabbit isolates. The restriction profiles of the flaA gene allowed us to differentiate the strains into types A-C. The PT types were characterized by an RFLP assay and could be typed through patterns III-V. There was no apparent association between the flaA or PT types and the origin of the isolates. Eleven groups of isolates were identified on the basis of specific combinations of the analyzed markers. The combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests used could be useful in characterizing isolates and differentiating between certain clonal types of B. bronchiseptica.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Friedman
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Diavatopoulos DA, Cummings CA, van der Heide HGJ, van Gent M, Liew S, Relman DA, Mooi FR. Characterization of a highly conserved island in the otherwise divergent Bordetella holmesii and Bordetella pertussis genomes. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:8385-94. [PMID: 17041054 PMCID: PMC1698220 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01081-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered pathogen Bordetella holmesii has been isolated from the airways and blood of diseased humans. Genetic events contributing to the emergence of B. holmesii are not understood, and its phylogenetic position among the bordetellae remains unclear. To address these questions, B. holmesii strains were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to a Bordetella pertussis microarray and by multilocus sequence typing. Both methods indicated substantial sequence divergence between B. pertussis and B. holmesii. However, CGH identified a putative pathogenicity island of 66 kb that is highly conserved between these species and contains several IS481 elements that may have been laterally transferred from B. pertussis to B. holmesii. This island contains, among other genes, a functional, iron-regulated locus encoding the biosynthesis, export, and uptake of the siderophore alcaligin. The acquisition of this genomic island by B. holmesii may have significantly contributed to its emergence as a human pathogen. Horizontal gene transfer between B. pertussis and B. holmesii may also explain the unusually high sequence identity of their 16S rRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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38
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Cummings CA, Bootsma HJ, Relman DA, Miller JF. Species- and strain-specific control of a complex, flexible regulon by Bordetella BvgAS. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1775-85. [PMID: 16484188 PMCID: PMC1426559 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.5.1775-1785.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bordetella master virulence regulatory system, BvgAS, controls a spectrum of gene expression states, including the virulent Bvg(+) phase, the avirulent Bvg(-) phase, and at least one Bvg-intermediate (Bvg(i)) phase. We set out to define the species- and strain-specific features of this regulon based on global gene expression profiling. Rather than functioning as a switch, Bvg controls a remarkable continuum of gene expression states, with hundreds of genes maximally expressed in intermediate phases between the Bvg(+) and Bvg(-) poles. Comparative analysis of Bvg regulation in B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica revealed a relatively conserved Bvg(+) phase transcriptional program and identified previously uncharacterized candidate virulence factors. In contrast, control of Bvg(-)- and Bvg(i)-phase genes diverged substantially between species; regulation of metabolic, transporter, and motility loci indicated an increased capacity in B. bronchiseptica, compared to B. pertussis, for ex vivo adaptation. Strain comparisons also demonstrated variation in gene expression patterns within species. Among the genes with the greatest variability in patterns of expression, predicted promoter sequences were nearly identical. Our data suggest that the complement of transcriptional regulators is largely responsible for transcriptional diversity. In support of this hypothesis, many putative transcriptional regulators that were Bvg regulated in B. bronchiseptica were deleted, inactivated, or unregulated by BvgAS in B. pertussis. We propose the concept of a "flexible regulon." This flexible regulon may prove to be important for pathogen evolution and the diversification of host range specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cummings
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 154T, Bldg. 101, C4-151, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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39
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Jones AM, Boucher PE, Williams CL, Stibitz S, Cotter PA. Role of BvgA phosphorylation and DNA binding affinity in control of Bvg-mediated phenotypic phase transition in Bordetella pertussis. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:700-13. [PMID: 16238621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which the Bordetella BvgAS phosphorelay controls expression of at least three distinct phenotypic phases, we isolated and characterized two B. pertussis mutants that were able to express Bvg- and Bvg(i) phase phenotypes but not Bvg+ phase phenotypes. In both cases, the mutant phenotype was due to a single nucleotide change in bvgA resulting in a single amino acid substitution in BvgA. In vitro phosphorylation assays showed that BvgA containing the T194M substitution was significantly impaired in its ability to use either BvgS or acetyl phosphate as a substrate for phosphorylation. Binding studies indicated that this mutant protein was able to bind an oligonucleotide containing a high-affinity BvgA binding site in a manner similar to wild-type BvgA, but was defective for binding the fhaB promoter in the absence of RNA polymerase (RNAP). By contrast, BvgA containing the R152H substitution had wild-type phosphorylation properties but was severely defective in its ability to bind either the high-affinity BvgA binding site-containing oligonucleotide or the fhaB promoter by itself. Both mutant BvgA proteins were able to bind the fhaB promoter in the presence of RNAP however, demonstrating the profound effect that RNAP has on stabilizing the ternary complexes between promoter DNA, BvgA and RNAP. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that BvgAS controls expression of multiple phenotypic phases by adjusting the intracellular concentration of BvgA-P and they demonstrate the additive nature of BvgA binding site affinity and protein-protein interactions at different Bvg-regulated promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93109-9610, USA
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40
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Donato GM, Hsia HLJ, Green CS, Hewlett EL. Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) from Bordetella hinzii: characterization and differences from ACT of Bordetella pertussis. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7579-88. [PMID: 16267282 PMCID: PMC1280298 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.22.7579-7588.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella hinzii is a commensal respiratory microorganism in poultry but is increasingly being recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. Although associated with a variety of disease states, practically nothing is known about the mechanisms employed by this bacterium. In this study, we show by DNA sequencing and reverse transcription-PCR that both commensal and clinical strains of B. hinzii possess and transcriptionally express cyaA, the gene encoding adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) in other pathogenic Bordetella species. By Western blotting, we also found that B. hinzii produces full-length ACT protein in quantities that are comparable to those made by B. pertussis. In contrast to B. pertussis ACT, however, ACT from B. hinzii is less extractable from whole bacteria, nonhemolytic, has a 50-fold reduction in adenylate cyclase activity, and is unable to elevate cyclic AMP levels in host macrophages (nontoxic). The decrease in enzymatic activity is attributable, at least in part, to a decreased binding affinity of B. hinzii ACT for calmodulin, the eukaryotic activator of B. pertussis ACT. In addition, we demonstrate that the lack of intoxication by B. hinzii ACT may be due to the absence of expression of cyaC, the gene encoding the accessory protein required for the acylation of B. pertussis ACT. These results demonstrate the expression of ACT by B. hinzii and represent the first characterization of a potential virulence factor of this organism.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/analysis
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/genetics
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/isolation & purification
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/toxicity
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Proteins/toxicity
- Blotting, Western
- Bordetella/enzymology
- Bordetella/genetics
- Calmodulin/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Hemolysis
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/analysis
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/genetics
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/isolation & purification
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Donato
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 22908, USA
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41
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Wolfe DN, Kirimanjeswara GS, Harvill ET. Clearance of Bordetella parapertussis from the lower respiratory tract requires humoral and cellular immunity. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6508-13. [PMID: 16177324 PMCID: PMC1230969 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6508-6513.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella pertussis are closely related species that cause whooping cough, an acute, immunizing disease. Their coexistence in the same host populations at the same time and vaccine studies showing that B. pertussis vaccines have little effect on B. parapertussis infection or disease suggest that the protective immunity induced by each does not efficiently cross protect against the other. Although the mechanisms of protective immunity to B. pertussis have been well studied, those of B. parapertussis have not. The present study explores the mechanism by which B. parapertussis is cleared from the lower respiratory tract by anamnestic immunity. Serum antibodies are necessary and sufficient for elimination of this bacterium, and CD4(+) T cells, complement, and neutrophils are required for serum antibody-mediated clearance. Mice lacking immunoglobulin A had no defect in their ability to control or clear infection. Interestingly, serum antibody-mediated clearance of B. parapertussis did not require Fc receptors that are required for antibody-mediated clearance of B. pertussis. Together these data support a model for the mechanism of protective immunity to B. parapertussis that is similar but distinct from that of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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Stenson TH, Allen AG, Al-Meer JA, Maskell D, Peppler MS. Bordetella pertussis risA, but not risS, is required for maximal expression of Bvg-repressed genes. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5995-6004. [PMID: 16113320 PMCID: PMC1231052 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5995-6004.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of virulence determinants by Bordetella pertussis, the primary etiological agent of whooping cough, is regulated by the BvgAS two-component regulatory system. The role of a second two-component regulatory system, encoded by risAS, in this process is not defined. Here, we show that mutation of B. pertussis risA does not affect Bvg-activated genes or proteins. However, mutation of risA resulted in greatly diminished expression of Bvg-repressed antigens and decreased transcription of Bvg-repressed genes. In contrast, mutation of risS had no effect on the expression of Bvg-regulated molecules. Mutation of risA also resulted in decreased bacterial invasion in a HeLa cell model. However, decreased invasion could not be attributed to the decreased expression of Bvg-repressed products, suggesting that mutation of risA may affect the expression of a variety of genes. Unlike the risAS operons in B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis risS is a pseudogene that encodes a truncated RisS sensor. Deletion of the intact part of the B. pertussis risS gene does not affect the expression of risA-dependent, Bvg-repressed genes. These observations suggest that RisA activation occurs through cross-regulation by a heterologous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Stenson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 1-69 Medical Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Fernández J, Sisti F, Bottero D, Gaillard ME, Hozbor D. Constitutive expression of bvgR-repressed factors is not detrimental to the Bordetella bronchiseptica–host interaction. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:843-50. [PMID: 16002267 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica infection requires the activation of virulence genes by the two-component BvgAS regulatory system, which also activates bvgR, a repressor of another set of genes called avirulence genes. Whether or not BvgR-repressed genes play a role in pathogenesis is poorly understood. To evaluate their possible contribution to the bacteria-host interaction we constructed a B. bronchiseptica bvgR insertional mutant (BbBvgR mutant). As expected, this mutant simultaneously expressed virulence and avirulence markers. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, although the BbBvgR mutant expressed avirulence factors during its virulent state, the bacteria adhered to and survived within human epithelial cells as efficiently as the wild-type strain. The mutant was not impaired for colonization of the respiratory tract in vivo, as it was effectively cleared from lungs during the same time period as the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Fernández
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina
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44
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Julio SM, Cotter PA. Characterization of the filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein FhaS in Bordetella bronchiseptica. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4960-71. [PMID: 16041011 PMCID: PMC1201180 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4960-4971.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a large (>200 kDa), rod-shaped protein expressed by bordetellae that is both surface-associated and secreted. FHA mediates bacterial adherence to epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro and is absolutely required for tracheal colonization in vivo. The recently sequenced Bordetella bronchiseptica genome revealed the presence of a gene, fhaS, that is nearly identical to fhaB, the FHA structural gene. We show that although fhaS expression requires the BvgAS virulence control system, it is maximal only under a subset of conditions in which BvgAS is active, suggesting an additional level of regulation. We also show that, like FHA, FhaS undergoes a C-terminal proteolytic processing event and is both surface-associated and secreted and that export across the outer membrane requires the channel-forming protein FhaC. Unlike FHA, however, FhaS was unable to mediate adherence of B. bronchiseptica to epithelial cell lines in vitro and was not required for respiratory tract colonization in vivo. In a coinfection experiment, a DeltafhaS strain was out-competed by wild-type B. bronchiseptica, indicating that fhaS is expressed in vivo and that FhaS contributes to bacterial fitness in a manner revealed when the mutant must compete with wild-type bacteria. These data suggest that FHA and FhaS perform distinct functions during the Bordetella infectious cycle. A survey of various Bordetella strains revealed two distinct fhaS alleles that segregate according to pathogen host range and that B. parapertussis(hu) most likely acquired its fhaS allele from B. pertussis horizontally, suggesting fhaS may contribute to host-species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Julio
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, USA
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45
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Ren Q, Paulsen IT. Comparative analyses of fundamental differences in membrane transport capabilities in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. PLoS Comput Biol 2005; 1:e27. [PMID: 16118665 PMCID: PMC1188273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome transporter analyses have been conducted on 141 organisms whose complete genome sequences are available. For each organism, the complete set of membrane transport systems was identified with predicted functions, and classified into protein families based on the transporter classification system. Organisms with larger genome sizes generally possessed a relatively greater number of transport systems. In prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes, the significant factor in the increase in transporter content with genome size was a greater diversity of transporter types. In contrast, in multicellular eukaryotes, greater number of paralogs in specific transporter families was the more important factor in the increase in transporter content with genome size. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts exhibited markedly limited transport capabilities. Hierarchical clustering of phylogenetic profiles of transporter families, derived from the presence or absence of a certain transporter family, showed that clustering patterns of organisms were correlated to both their evolutionary history and their overall physiology and lifestyles. Membrane transporters are the cell's equivalent of delivery vehicles, garbage disposals, and communication systems—proteins that negotiate through cell membranes to deliver essential nutrients, eject waste products, and help the cell sense environmental conditions around it. Membrane transport systems play crucial roles in fundamental cellular processes of all organisms. The suite of transporters in any one organism also sheds light on its lifestyle and physiology. Up to now, analysis of membrane transporters has been limited mainly to the examination of transporter genes of individual organisms. But advances in genome sequencing have now made it possible for scientists to compare transport and other essential cellular processes across a range of organisms in all three domains of life. Ren and Paulsen present the first comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of the predicted membrane transporter content of 141 different prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The scientists developed a new computational application of the phylogenetic profiling approach to cluster together organisms that appear to have similar suites of transporters. For example, a group of obligate intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts possess only limited transporter systems in spite of the massive metabolite fluxes one would expect between the symbionts and their host. This is likely due to the relatively static nature of their intracellular environment. In contrast, a cluster of plant/soil-associated microbes encode a robust array of transporters, reflecting the organisms' versatility as well as their exposure to a wide range of different substrates in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Ren
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Fry NK, Duncan J, Malnick H, Warner M, Smith AJ, Jackson MS, Ayoub A. Bordetella petrii clinical isolate. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1131-3. [PMID: 16022798 PMCID: PMC3371814 DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.050046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first clinical isolate of Bordetella petrii from a patient with mandibular osteomyelitis. The only previously documented isolation of B. petrii occurred after the initial culture of a single strain from an environmental source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman K Fry
- Health Protection Agency, Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom.
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47
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Bjørnstad ON, Harvill ET. Evolution and emergence of Bordetella in humans. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:355-9. [PMID: 15990312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two highly infectious bordetellae, Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis, have emerged in historical times as co-dominant in human populations. Both of these cause acute disease (whooping cough), whereas their progenitor, B. bronchiseptica, is of variable virulence in a wide variety of animals. The remarkably close phylogenetic relatedness of these three bordetellae and the two independent jumps to humans provide a unique opportunity to examine the evolution and genetics involved in the emergence of acute human pathogens. We hypothesize that the more virulent strains in humans reflects how acutely infectious pathogens might be favored in communities with large contact networks. Furthermore, we suggest that the differential expression of the various virulence factors by the two human pathogens can be explained by immune-mediated competition between the strains. The evolutionarily favored strategies of both of the human bordetellae result in immunizing infections and acute epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottar N Bjørnstad
- Departments of Entomology and Biology Penn State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16803, USA.
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Ko KS, Peck KR, Oh WS, Lee NY, Lee JH, Song JH. New species of Bordetella, Bordetella ansorpii sp. nov., isolated from the purulent exudate of an epidermal cyst. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2516-9. [PMID: 15872300 PMCID: PMC1153805 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.5.2516-2519.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A gram-negative bacillus, SMC-8986(T), which was isolated from the purulent exudate of an epidermal cyst but could not be identified by a conventional microbiologic method, was characterized by a variety of phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this bacterium belongs to the genus Bordetella but diverged distinctly from previously described Bordetella species. Analyses of cellular fatty acid composition and performance of biochemical tests confirmed that this bacterium is distinct from other Bordetella species. Furthermore, the results of comparative sequence analyses of two protein-coding genes (risA and ompA) also showed that this strain represents a new species within the genus Bordetella. Based on the evaluated phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that SMC-8986(T) should be classified as a new species, namely Bordetella ansorpii sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Soo Ko
- Asian-Pacific Research Foundation for Infectious Diseases (ARFID), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 50 Il-won dong, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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49
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Stübs D, Fuchs TM, Schneider B, Bosserhoff A, Gross R. Identification and regulation of cold-inducible factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:1895-1909. [PMID: 15941997 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of bacterial cold-shock proteins (CSPs) is highly induced in response to cold shock, and some CSPs are essential for cells to resume growth at low temperature.Bordetella bronchisepticaencodes five CSPs (named CspA to CspE) with significant amino acid homology to CspA ofEscherichia coli. In contrast toE. coli, the insertional knock-out of a singlecspgene (cspB) strongly affected growth ofB. bronchisepticaindependent of temperature. In the case of three of thecspgenes (cspA,cspB,cspC) more than one specific transcript could be detected. The net amount ofcspA,cspBandcspCtranscripts increased strongly after cold shock, while no such effect could be observed forcspDandcspE. The exposure to other stress conditions, including translation inhibitors, heat shock, osmotic stress and nutrient deprivation in the stationary phase, indicated that thecspgenes are also responsive to these conditions. The coding regions of all of the cold-shock genes are preceded by a long non-translated upstream region (5′-UTR). In the case of thecspBgene, a deletion of parts of this region led to a significant reduction of translation of the resulting truncated transcript, indicating a role of the 5′-UTR in translational control. The cold-shock stimulon was investigated by 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometric characterization, leading to the identification of additional cold-inducible proteins (CIPs). Interestingly, two cold-shock genes (cspCandcspD) were found to be under the negative control of the BvgAS system, the main transcriptional regulator ofBordetellavirulence genes. Moreover, a negative effect of slight overexpression of CspB, but not of the other CSPs, on the transcription of the adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA ofBordetella pertussiswas observed, suggesting cross-talk between the CSP-mediated stress response stimulon and theBordetellavirulence regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Stübs
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thilo M Fuchs
- Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung, Abteilung Mikrobiologie, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Boris Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Bosserhoff
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roy Gross
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Gzyl A, Augustynowicz E, Mosiej E, Zawadka M, Gniadek G, Nowaczek A, Slusarczyk J. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) versus randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as new tools for inter- and intra-species differentiation within Bordetella. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:333-346. [PMID: 15770017 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques with fluorescently labelled primers were used to track differences among isolates of the eight known species of the Bordetella genus. Eighty-one representative strains of these species from international and Polish bacterial collections were genotyped according to RAPD protocols using primer 1254 or 1247, and AFLP involving EcoRI/MseI or newly designed SpeI/ApaI restriction/ligation/amplification procedures. By comparing AFLP and RAPD data, it was concluded that the discriminatory power of AFLP is higher in comparison with RAPD for both intra- and inter-species differentiation of isolates of the Bordetella genus. The most precise level of inter-species discrimination and the highest level of intra-species discrimination of the Bordetella isolates of the eight species were observed in the AFLP EcoRI/MseI and SpeI/ApaI sets, respectively. Both techniques might provide alternative tools for the identification of Bordetella at the genomic species and strain levels, and thus may be valuable in human and veterinary diagnostics as well as in epidemiology. By applying the AFLP technique presented in this article, more precise data on the emergence of newly acquired and/or on expanded clones and transmission routes of isolates of the Bordetella genus in the human and animal environments might be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gzyl
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Mosiej
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Zawadka
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gniadek
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowaczek
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Slusarczyk
- Department of Sera and Vaccine Evaluation, National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland 2Interfaculty Studies of Biotechnology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 00-776 Warsaw, Poland
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