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Baumann JM, Yarishkin O, Lakk M, De Ieso ML, Rudzitis CN, Kuhn M, Tseng YT, Stamer WD, Križaj D. TRPV4 and chloride channels mediate volume sensing in trabecular meshwork cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C403-C414. [PMID: 38881423 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00295.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous humor drainage from the anterior eye determines intraocular pressure (IOP) under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Swelling of the trabecular meshwork (TM) alters its flow resistance but the mechanisms that sense and transduce osmotic gradients remain poorly understood. We investigated TM osmotransduction and its role in calcium and chloride homeostasis using molecular analyses, optical imaging, and electrophysiology. Anisosmotic conditions elicited proportional changes in TM cell volume, with swelling, but not shrinking, evoking elevations in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]TM. Hypotonicity-evoked calcium signals were sensitive to HC067047, a selective blocker of TRPV4 channels, whereas the agonist GSK1016790A promoted swelling under isotonic conditions. TRPV4 inhibition partially suppressed hypotonicity-induced volume increases and reduced the magnitude of the swelling-induced membrane current, with a substantial fraction of the swelling-evoked current abrogated by Cl- channel antagonists 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) and niflumic acid. The transcriptome of volume-sensing chloride channel candidates in primary human was dominated by ANO6 transcripts, with moderate expression of ANO3, ANO7, and ANO10 transcripts and low expression of LTTRC genes that encode constituents of the volume-activated anion channel. Imposition of 190 mosM but not 285 mosM hypotonic gradients increased conventional outflow in mouse eyes. TRPV4-mediated cation influx thus works with Cl- efflux to sense and respond to osmotic stress, potentially contributing to pathological swelling, calcium overload, and intracellular signaling that could exacerbate functional disturbances in inflammatory disease and glaucoma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraocular pressure is dynamically regulated by the flow of aqueous humor through paracellular passages within the trabecular meshwork (TM). This study shows hypotonic gradients that expand the TM cell volume and reduce the outflow facility in mouse eyes. The swelling-induced current consists of TRPV4 and chloride components, with TRPV4 as a driver of swelling-induced calcium signaling. TRPV4 inhibition reduced swelling, suggesting a novel treatment for trabeculitis and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Baumann
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Oleg Yarishkin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Monika Lakk
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Megan Kuhn
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yun Ting Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Benagiano V, Rizzi A, Sannace C, Alessio G, Ribatti D, Dammacco R. Aqueous humor as eye lymph: A crossroad between venous and lymphatic system. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109904. [PMID: 38642600 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AQH) is a transparent fluid with characteristics similar to those of the interstitial fluid, which fills the eyeball posterior and anterior chambers and circulates in them from the sites of production to those of drainage. The AQH volume and pressure homeostasis is essential for the trophism of the ocular avascular tissues and their normal structure and function. Different AQH outflow pathways exist, including a main pathway, quite well defined anatomically and referred to as the conventional pathway, and some accessory pathways, more recently described and still not fully morphofunctionally understood, generically referred to as unconventional pathways. The conventional pathway is based on the existence of a series of conduits starting with the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's Canal and continuing with a system of intrascleral and episcleral venules, which are tributaries to veins of the anterior segment of the eyeball. The unconventional pathways are mainly represented by the uveoscleral pathway, in which AQH flows through clefts, interstitial conduits located in the ciliary body and sclera, and then merges into the aforementioned intrascleral and episcleral venules. A further unconventional pathway, the lymphatic pathway, has been supported by the demonstration of lymphatic microvessels in the limbal sclera and, possibly, in the uvea (ciliary body, choroid) as well as by the ocular glymphatic channels, present in the neural retina and optic nerve. It follows that AQH may be drained from the eyeball through blood vessels (TM-SC pathway, US pathway) or lymphatic vessels (lymphatic pathway), and the different pathways may integrate or compensate for each other, optimizing the AQH drainage. The present review aims to define the state-of-the-art concerning the structural organization and the functional anatomy of all the AQH outflow pathways. Particular attention is paid to examining the regulatory mechanisms active in each of them. The new data on the anatomy and physiology of AQH outflow pathways is the key to understanding the pathophysiology of AQH outflow disorders and could open the way for novel approaches to their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Benagiano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.
| | - Anna Rizzi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Carmela Sannace
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Bari, Ophthalmology Day Service Triggiano-Gioia del Colle, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Lozano DC, Yang YF, Cepurna WO, Smoody BF, Ing E, Morrison JC, Keller KE. Profiling IOP-Responsive Genes in the Trabecular Meshwork and Optic Nerve Head in a Rat Model of Controlled Elevation of Intraocular Pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:41. [PMID: 38809543 PMCID: PMC11146053 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The rat controlled elevation of intraocular pressure (CEI) model allows study of in vivo responses to short-term exposure to defined intraocular pressures (IOP). In this study, we used NanoString technology to investigate in vivo IOP-related gene responses in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and optic nerve head (ONH) simultaneously from the same animals. Methods Male and female rats (N = 35) were subjected to CEI for 8 hours at pressures simulating mean, daytime normotensive rat IOP (CEI-20), or 2.5× IOP (CEI-50). Naïve animals that received no anesthesia or surgical interventions served as controls. Immediately after CEI, TM and ONH tissues were dissected, RNA was isolated, and samples were analyzed with a NanoString panel containing 770 genes. Postprocessing, raw count data were uploaded to ROSALIND for differential gene expression analyses. Results For the TM, 45 IOP-related genes were significant in the CEI-50 versus CEI-20 and CEI-50 versus naïve comparisons, with 15 genes common to both comparisons. Bioinformatics analysis identified Notch and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathways to be the most up- and downregulated Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively. For ONH, 22 significantly differentially regulated genes were identified in the CEI-50 versus naïve comparison. Pathway analysis identified defense response and immune response as two significantly upregulated biological process pathways. Conclusions This study demonstrated the ability to assay short-term IOP-responsive genes in both TM and ONH tissues simultaneously. In the TM, downregulation of TGFβ pathway genes suggests that TM responses may reduce TGFβ-induced extracellular matrix synthesis. For ONH, the initial response to short-term elevated IOP may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Yong-Feng Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Barbara F. Smoody
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Eliesa Ing
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Kate E. Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Lozano DC, Yang YF, Cepurna WO, Smoody BF, Ing E, Morrison JC, Keller KE. Profiling IOP-responsive genes in anterior and posterior ocular tissues in the rat CEI glaucoma model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.11.579818. [PMID: 38370622 PMCID: PMC10871322 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.11.579818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The rat Controlled Elevation of Intraocular pressure (CEI) model allows study of in vivo responses to defined intraocular pressures (IOP). In this study, we use Nanostring technology to investigate in vivo IOP-related gene responses in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and optic nerve head (ONH) simultaneously from the same animals. Methods Male and female rats (N=35) were subject to CEI for 8-hours at pressures simulating mean, daytime normotensive rat IOP (CEI-20), or 2.5x IOP (CEI-50). Naïve animals, receiving no anesthesia or surgical interventions, served as controls. Immediately after CEI, TM and ONH tissues were dissected, RNA isolated, and samples were analyzed with a Nanostring panel containing 770 genes. Post-processing, raw count data were uploaded to Rosalind® for differential gene expression analyses. Results For the TM, 45 IOP-related genes were significant in the "CEI-50 vs. CEI-20" and "CEI-50 vs. naïve" comparisons, with 15 genes common to both comparisons. Bioinformatics analysis identified Notch and TGFβ pathways to be the most up- and down-regulated KEGG pathways, respectively. For ONH, 22 significantly regulated genes were identified in the "CEI-50 vs. naïve" comparison. Pathway analysis identified 'defense response' and 'immune response' as two significantly upregulated biological process pathways. Conclusions This study demonstrates the ability to assay IOP-responsive genes in both TM and ONH tissues simultaneously. In the TM, downregulation of TGFβ pathway genes suggest that TM responses may prevent TGFβ-induced extracellular matrix synthesis. For ONH, the initial response to elevated IOP may be protective, with astrocytes playing a key role in these gene responses.
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Tsutsui A, Hamanaka T, Kaidzu S, Kobayashi K, Ishida N, Kumasaka T, Tanito M. Comparison of Schlemm's Canal Morphology Parameters Between Propensity Score-Matched Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Exfoliation Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:15. [PMID: 38324302 PMCID: PMC10854412 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to histologically compare the status of Schlemm's canal (SC) and Schlemm's canal endothelial (SCE) cells between trabeculectomy specimens from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and exfoliation glaucoma (EXG). Methods A total of 182 eyes from 152 patients with POAG and 138 eyes from 116 patients with EXG underwent immunohistochemical staining for thrombomodulin. Equal numbers of cases were selected from both groups using propensity score matching. The following parameters were evaluated: total SC length, staining positive and negative SC length (PSC and NSC, respectively), opened and closed SC length, staining positive and opened SC length, staining positive and closed SC length, staining negative and opened SC length (NOSC), and staining negative and closed SC length. Results After matching for age and gender, 87 cases were selected in each group. The EXG group had significantly higher preoperative IOP and medication scores. PSC was significantly longer in the POAG group, while NSC and NOSC were longer in the EXG group. Multiple regression analysis of these 174 cases revealed that PSC was significantly shorter in the EXG group. After matching for age, gender, preoperative IOP, and medication score, 64 cases were selected in each group, and NOSC was significantly longer in the EXG group. Conclusions These findings suggest that in EXG, SCE loss occurs independently of background factors such as aging and medication use. The loss of SCE may have a more critical impact on IOP elevation in EXG compared to POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Tsutsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Hamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kaidzu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kanae Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ishida Eye Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshio Kumasaka
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Faralli JA, Filla MS, Peters DM. Role of integrins in the development of fibrosis in the trabecular meshwork. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1274797. [PMID: 38983065 PMCID: PMC11182094 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1274797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a progressive and chronic disease exhibiting many of the features of fibrosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) in the trabecular meshwork (TM) undergoes extensive remodeling and enhanced rigidity, resembling fibrotic changes. In addition, there are changes associated with myofibroblast activation and cell contractility that further drives tissue fibrosis and stiffening. This review discusses what is known about the integrins in the TM and their involvement in fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faralli
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark S Filla
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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McDonnell FS, Riddick BJ, Roberts H, Skiba N, Stamer WD. Comparison of the extracellular vesicle proteome between glaucoma and non-glaucoma trabecular meshwork cells. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1257737. [PMID: 38223904 PMCID: PMC10785745 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1257737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular matrix (ECM) materials accumulate in the trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue of patients with glaucoma, which is associated with a decrease in aqueous humor outflow and therefore an increase in intraocular pressure. To explore a potential mechanism for ECM regulation in the TM, we purified extracellular vesicles (EVs) from conditioned media of differentiated TM cells in culture isolated from non-glaucomatous and glaucomatous human donor eyes. Methods EVs were purified using the double cushion ultracentrifugation gradient method. Fractions containing EV markers CD9 and TSG101 were analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis to determine their size and concentration. We then determined their proteomic cargo by mass spectrometry and compared protein profiles of EVs between normal and glaucomatous TM cells using PANTHER. Key protein components from EV preparations were validated with Western blotting. Results Results showed changes in the percentage of ECM proteins associated with EVs from glaucomatous TM cells compared to non-glaucomatous TM cells (5.7% vs 13.1% respectively). Correspondingly, we found that two ECM-related cargo proteins found across all samples, fibronectin and EDIL3 were significantly less abundant in glaucomatous EVs (<0.3 fold change across all groups) compared to non-glaucomatous EVs. Discussion Overall, these data establish that ECM materials are prominent proteomic cargo in EVs from TM cells, and their binding to EVs is diminished in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S. McDonnell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bre’Ida J. Riddick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- PreciseBio, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Haven Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nikolai Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Hassan MDS, Razali N, Abu Bakar AS, Abu Hanipah NF, Agarwal R. Connective tissue growth factor: Role in trabecular meshwork remodeling and intraocular pressure lowering. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1425-1436. [PMID: 37873757 PMCID: PMC10657592 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a distinct signaling molecule modulating many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This protein is upregulated in numerous fibrotic diseases that involve extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. It mediates the downstream effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and is regulated via TGF-β SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling routes. Targeting CTGF instead of its upstream regulator TGF-β avoids the consequences of interfering with the pleotropic effects of TGF-β. Both CTGF and its upstream mediator, TGF-β, have been linked with the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic neuropathy due to their involvement in the regulation of ECM homeostasis. The excessive expression of these growth factors is associated with glaucoma pathogenesis via elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP), the most important risk factor for glaucoma. The raised in the IOP is due to dysregulation of ECM turnover resulting in excessive ECM deposition at the site of aqueous humor outflow. It is therefore believed that CTGF could be a potential therapeutic target in glaucoma therapy. This review highlights the CTGF biology and structure, its regulation and signaling, its association with the pathophysiology of glaucoma, and its potential role as a therapeutic target in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhafiza Razali
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Amy Suzana Abu Bakar
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fahitah Abu Hanipah
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University (IMU), 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Palchunova K, Kaji Y, Fujita A, Oshika T. RNA-seq analysis of human trabecular endothelial cells after treatment with timolol maleate. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10384-023-00998-5. [PMID: 37314597 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-023-00998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Timolol maleate (timolol), a β-receptor blocker, reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production. Timolol reportedly also protects ganglion cells, decreases aqueous humor outflow facility, and destroys the extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork. In this study, we investigated the effects of timolol on cultured human trabecular endothelial cells purchased from ScienCell using next-generation sequencing. STUDY DESIGN Experimental investigation. METHODS Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted after 24 h. More than 100 million RNAs in control and timolol-treated group were sequenced using a next-generation sequencer. The expression of 55,778 RNAs was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2,105 genes were significantly upregulated and 2,125 genes were downregulated, after the addition of timolol. VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) (388-fold) had the maximum increase in expression, followed by amphiregulin (333-fold), a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Moreover, the expression of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, and 14, increased. CONCLUSION Timolol exerts various effects on human trabecular endothelial cells. The increase in MMP expression may contribute to the decrease in the aqueous humor outflow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Palchunova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kaji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan.
- Matsumoto Eye Clinic, 2-25-2F Toride-i-center, Chuo-machi Toride, Ibaraki, 3020014, Japan.
| | - Akari Fujita
- Kagurazaka Eye Clinic, 115 Yarai-cho Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 1620805, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oshika
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tsukuba Majors in Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058575, Japan
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Vöcking O, Famulski JK. A temporal single cell transcriptome atlas of zebrafish anterior segment development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5656. [PMID: 37024546 PMCID: PMC10079958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), resulting in vision impairment, stems from maldevelopment of anterior segment (AS) tissues. Incidence of ASD has been linked to malfunction of periocular mesenchyme cells (POM). POM cells specify into anterior segment mesenchyme (ASM) cells which colonize and produce AS tissues. In this study we uncover ASM developmental trajectories associated with formation of the AS. Using a transgenic line of zebrafish that fluorescently labels the ASM throughout development, Tg[foxc1b:GFP], we isolated GFP+ ASM cells at several developmental timepoints (48-144 hpf) and performed single cell RNA sequencing. Clustering analysis indicates subdifferentiation of ASM as early as 48 hpf and subsequent diversification into corneal epithelium/endothelium/stroma, or annular ligament (AL) lineages. Tracking individual clusters reveals common developmental pathways, up to 72 hpf, for the AL and corneal endothelium/stroma and distinct pathways for corneal epithelium starting at 48 hpf. Spatiotemporal validation of over 80 genes found associated with AS development demonstrates a high degree of conservation with mammalian trabecular meshwork and corneal tissues. In addition, we characterize thirteen novel genes associated with annular ligament and seven with corneal development. Overall, the data provide a molecular verification of the long-standing hypothesis that POM derived ASM give rise to AS tissues and highlight the high degree of conservation between zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vöcking
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - J K Famulski
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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11
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Schornack MM, Vincent SJ, Walker MK. Anatomical and physiological considerations in scleral lens wear: Intraocular pressure. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101535. [PMID: 34824016 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is maintained through complex and interrelated systems which control aqueous production and drainage, and it has been suggested that scleral lens (SL) wear may disrupt these vital homeostatic processes. This review provides an overview of anatomical and physiological processes that control IOP, identifies potential effects of SLs on these regulatory mechanisms, and examines studies that have attempted to quantify the effect of SLs on IOP. Lack of access to the cornea during SL wear makes accurate assessment of IOP challenging; therefore, a range of different assessment techniques and instruments have been employed to quantify IOP during and following SL wear. Some studies have evaluated IOP using standard techniques prior to lens application and following lens removal, or through a large central fenestration. Other studies have utilised instruments that facilitate assessment of IOP on the peripheral cornea or conjunctiva overlying the sclera (e.g. Schiotz, transpalpebral, and pneumatonometry). Two studies have recently evaluated changes in optic nerve structure during SL wear. Conflicting results have been reported on this topic, much of which examines changes in IOP in healthy subjects over limited periods of time. Currently, only a few studies have reported on long-term effects of SL wear on IOP in habitual SL wearers (after lens removal). Future research in this area must not only consider the fact that ocular conditions treated with SLs may potentially alter corneal biomechanical properties which can influence IOP, but also that these properties may be further altered by SL wear. Monitoring other risk factors for glaucoma (permanent alterations in optic nerve physiology, visual field defects) could provide a more comprehensive assessment of potentially increased risk of glaucomatous optic neuropathy due to SL wear. Ongoing clinical assessment of optic nerve structure and function is advisable in patients at risk for glaucoma who require SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Vincent
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Maria K Walker
- University of Houston College of Optometry, The Ocular Surface Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Wang T, Pattabiraman PP. Analysis of Lipid Contents in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) Profiling Lipidomics. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2625:291-298. [PMID: 36653651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2966-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are among the major constituents of cells and play many important cellular functions. Lipid levels in the trabecular meshwork (TM) aqueous humor outflow pathway play an important role in the maintenance of aqueous humor drainage and intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis. Therefore, it is important to characterize the changes in the lipid contents in the aqueous humor outflow pathway tissues to better understand their functional significance in the maintenance of IOP. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based profiling aids in the analysis of the metabolome as a collection of functional groups and is utilized as an exploratory metabolomics and lipidomics approach. The MRM-based profiling utilizes tandem mass spectrometry experiments carried out on a commercial triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with three aligned quadrupole mass filters (Q1, Q2, and Q3). This screening methodology can be utilized for targeted lipidomics screening. This chapter focuses on the methodology for isolation and culturing of the TM cells, lipid extraction, and the MRM-based lipidomics approach with data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Padmanabhan Paranji Pattabiraman
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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13
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Dammak A, Pastrana C, Martin-Gil A, Carpena-Torres C, Peral Cerda A, Simovart M, Alarma P, Huete-Toral F, Carracedo G. Oxidative Stress in the Anterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnostic and Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020292. [PMID: 36830827 PMCID: PMC9952931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a metabolically active structure, constantly exposed to solar radiations making its structure vulnerable to the high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting many molecular interactions. The biomolecular cascade modification is caused especially in diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens. In fact, the injury in the anterior segment of the eye takes its origin from the perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and leads to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defence weakens with age. Furthermore, oxidative stress is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, apoptosis, and inflammation, which are involved in anterior ocular disease progression such as dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract. The different pathologies are interconnected through various mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress making the diagnostics more relevant in early stages. The end point of the molecular pathway is the release of different antioxidant biomarkers offering the potential of predictive diagnostics of the pathology. In this review, we have analysed the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the front of the eye to provide a better understanding of the pathomechanism, the importance of biomarkers for the diagnosis of eye diseases, and the recent treatment of anterior ocular diseases.
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14
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Serjanov D, Hyde DR. Extracellular Matrix: The Unexplored Aspects of Retinal Pathologies and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:309-317. [PMID: 37440050 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Nearly a billion people worldwide are affected by vision-impairing conditions, with retinal degenerative diseases being a major cause of blindness. Unfortunately, such diseases are often permanent and progressive, resulting in further degeneration and loss of sight, due to the human retina possessing little, if any, regenerative capacity. Despite numerous efforts and great progress being made to understand the molecular mechanisms of these diseases and possible therapies, the majority of investigations focused on cell-intrinsic factors. However, the microenvironment surrounding retinal cells throughout these processes also plays an important role, though our current understanding of its involvement remains limited. Here we present a brief overview of the current state of the field of extracellular matrix studies within the retina and its potential roles in retinal diseases and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Serjanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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15
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Mavlyutov TA, Kuhn MS, Bilal SE, De Ieso ML, Chauhan AK, Stamer WD, McDowell CM. Decreased outflow facility and Schlemm's canal defects in a mouse model of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109249. [PMID: 36152913 PMCID: PMC9722577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously we identified B6.EDA+/+ mice as a novel mouse model that presents with elevated IOP and trabecular meshwork damage. Here, we expand on our previous findings by measuring aqueous humor outflow facility and analyzing the integrity of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. As expected, intraocular pressure (IOP) was increased, and outflow facility was decreased compared to C57BL/6J controls. B6.EDA+/+ mice had significantly increased expression of the adherens junction protein, VE-cadherin by the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal. These data suggest that in addition to trabecular meshwork damage, there are changes in Schlemm's canal in B6.EDA+/+ mice that lead to aqueous outflow dysfunction and ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur A Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53575, USA
| | - Megan S Kuhn
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samer E Bilal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53575, USA
| | | | - Anil K Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Colleen M McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53575, USA.
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16
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Mzyk P, Hernandez H, Le T, Ramirez JR, McDowell CM. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Trabecular Meshwork. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:936115. [PMID: 35912101 PMCID: PMC9335276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.936115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. With limited therapeutics targeting the pathogenesis at the trabecular meshwork (TM), there is a great need for identifying potential new targets. Recent evidence has implicated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and it is signaling pathway in augmenting the effects of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFβ2) and downstream extracellular matrix production. In this review, we examine the role of TLR4 signaling in the trabecular meshwork and the interplay between endogenous activators of TLR4 (damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)), extracellular matrix (ECM), and the effect on intraocular pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mzyk
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Thanh Le
- University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, United States
| | | | - Colleen M. McDowell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Colleen M. McDowell,
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17
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Clement Freiberg J, von Spreckelsen A, Kolko M, Azuara-Blanco A, Virgili G. Rho kinase inhibitor for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 6:CD013817. [PMID: 35686679 PMCID: PMC9185806 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013817.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells, axonal loss and irreversible visual field defects. Glaucoma is classified as primary or secondary, and worldwide, primary glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Several subtypes of glaucoma exist, and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common. The etiology of POAG is unknown, but current treatments aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), thus preventing the onset and progression of the disease. Compared with traditional antiglaucomatous treatments, rho kinase inhibitors (ROKi) have a different pharmacodynamic. ROKi is the only current treatment that effectively lowers IOP by modulating the drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. As ROKi are introduced into the market more widely, it is important to assess the efficacy and potential AEs of the treatment. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of ROKi with placebo or other glaucoma medication in people diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). SEARCH METHODS We used standard Cochrane methods and searched databases on 11 December 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized clinical trials examining commercially available ROKi-based monotherapy or combination therapy compared with placebo or other IOP-lowering medical treatments in people diagnosed with (P)OAG or OHT. We included trials where ROKi were administered according to official glaucoma guidelines. There were no restrictions regarding type, year or status of the publication. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently screened studies, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias by using Cochrane's RoB 2 tool. MAIN RESULTS: We included 17 trials with 4953 participants diagnosed with (P)OAG or OHT. Fifteen were multicenter trials and 15 were masked trials. All participants were aged above 18 years. Trial duration varied from 24 hours to 12 months. Trials were conducted in the USA, Canada and Japan. Sixteen trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies, and one trial provided no information about funding sources. The trials compared ROKi monotherapy (netarsudil or ripasudil) or combination therapy with latanoprost (prostaglandin analog) or timolol (beta-blocker) with placebo, timolol, latanoprost or netarsudil. Reported outcomes were IOP and safety. Meta-analyses were applied to 13 trials (IOP reduction from baseline) and 15 trials (ocular AEs). Of the trials evaluating IOP, seven were at low risk, three had some concerns, and three were at high risk of bias. Three trials found that netarsudil monotherapy may be superior to placebo (mean difference [MD] 3.11 mmHg, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.59 to 3.62; I2 = 0%; 155 participants; low-certainty evidence). Evidence from three trials found that timolol may be superior to netarsudil with an MD of 0.66 mmHg (95% CI 0.41 to 0.91; I2 = 0%; 1415 participants; low-certainty evidence). Evidence from four trials found that latanoprost may be superior to netarsudil with an MD of 0.97 mmHg (95% CI 0.67 to 1.27; I2 = 4%; 1283 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Evidence from three trials showed that, compared with monotherapy with latanoprost, combination therapy with netarsudil and latanoprost probably led to an additional pooled mean IOP reduction from baseline of 1.64 mmHg (95% CI -2.16 to -1.11; 1114 participants). Evidence from three trials showed that, compared with monotherapy with netarsudil, combination therapy with netarsudil and latanoprost probably led to an additional pooled mean IOP reduction from baseline of 2.66 mmHg (95% CI -2.98 to -2.35; 1132 participants). The certainty of evidence was moderate. One trial showed that, compared with timolol monotherapy, combination therapy with ripasudil and timolol may lead to an IOP reduction from baseline of 0.75 mmHg (95% -1.29 to -CI 0.21; 208 participants). The certainty of evidence was moderate. Of the trials assessing total ocular AEs, three were at low risk, four had some concerns, and eight were at high risk of bias. We found very low-certainty evidence that netarsudil may lead to more ocular AEs compared with placebo, with 66 more ocular AEs per 100 person-months (95% CI 28 to 103; I2 = 86%; 4 trials, 188 participants). We found low-certainty evidence that netarsudil may lead to more ocular AEs compared with latanoprost, with 29 more ocular AEs per 100 person-months (95% CI 17 to 42; I2 = 95%; 4 trials, 1286 participants). We found moderate-certainty evidence that, compared with timolol, netarsudil probably led to 21 additional ocular AEs (95% CI 14 to 27; I2 = 93%; 4 trials, 1678 participants). Data from three trials (1132 participants) showed no evidence of differences in the incidence rate of AEs between combination therapy with netarsudil and latanoprost and netarsudil monotherapy (1 more event per 100 person-months, 95% CI 0 to 3); however, the certainty of evidence was low. Similarly, we found low-certainty evidence that, compared with latanoprost, combination therapy with netarsudil and latanoprost may cause 29 more ocular events per 100 person-months (95% CI 11 to 47; 3 trials, 1116 participants). We found moderate-certainty evidence that, compared with timolol monotherapy, combination therapy with ripasudil and timolol probably causes 35 more ocular events per 100 person-months (95% CI 25 to 45; 1 trial, 208 participants). In all included trials, ROKi was reportedly not associated with any particular serious AEs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The current evidence suggests that in people diagnosed with OHT or (P)OAG, the hypotensive effect of netarsudil may be inferior to latanoprost and slightly inferior to timolol. Combining netarsudil and latanoprost probably further reduces IOP compared with monotherapy. Netarsudil as mono- or combination therapy may result in more ocular AEs. However, the certainty of evidence was very low or low for all comparisons except timolol. In general, AEs were described as mild, transient, and reversible upon treatment discontinuation. ROKi was not associated with any particular serious AEs. Future trials of sufficient size and follow-up should be conducted to provide reliable information about glaucoma progression, relevant IOP measurements and a detailed description of AEs using similar terminology. This would ensure the robustness and confidence of the results and assess the intermediate- and long-term efficacy and safety of ROKi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin-1 Signaling Through the Calreticulin/LDL Receptor Related Protein 1 Axis: Functions and Possible Roles in Glaucoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898772. [PMID: 35693935 PMCID: PMC9185677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular extracellular matrix protein. Matricellular proteins are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that regulate key cellular functions and impact ECM organization, but which lack direct primary structural roles in the ECM. TSP-1 expression is upregulated in response to injury, hypoxia, growth factor stimulation, inflammation, glucose, and by reactive oxygen species. Relevant to glaucoma, TSP-1 is also a mechanosensitive molecule upregulated by mechanical stretch. TSP-1 expression is increased in ocular remodeling in glaucoma in both the trabecular meshwork and in the optic nerve head. The exact roles of TSP-1 in glaucoma remain to be defined, however. It plays important roles in cell behavior and in ECM remodeling during wound healing, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and in tumorigenesis and metastasis. At the cellular level, TSP-1 can modulate cell adhesion and migration, protease activity, growth factor activity, anoikis resistance, apoptosis, and collagen secretion and matrix assembly and cross-linking. These multiple functions and macromolecular and receptor interactions have been ascribed to specific domains of the TSP-1 molecule. In this review, we will focus on the cell regulatory activities of the TSP-1 N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence that binds to cell surface calreticulin (Calr) and which regulates cell functions via signaling through Calr complexed with LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1). We will describe TSP-1 actions mediated through the Calr/LRP1 complex in regulating focal adhesion disassembly and cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, anoikis resistance, and induction of collagen secretion and matrix deposition. Finally, we will consider the relevance of these TSP-1 functions to the pathologic remodeling of the ECM in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich,
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19
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Mavlyutov TA, Myrah JJ, Chauhan AK, Liu Y, McDowell CM. Fibronectin extra domain A (FN-EDA) causes glaucomatous trabecular meshwork, retina, and optic nerve damage in mice. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 35619185 PMCID: PMC9137085 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and progression of primary open angle glaucoma and is due to trabecular meshwork (TM) damage. Here, we investigate the role of an endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, FN-EDA, in the development of glaucoma utilizing a transgenic mouse strain (B6.EDA+/+) that constitutively expresses only FN containing the EDA isoform. Methods Eyes from C57BL6/J (wild-type), B6.EDA+/+ (constitutively active EDA), B6.EDA-/- (EDA null) mice were processed for electron microscopy and consecutive images of the entire length of the TM and Schlemm’s canal (SC) from anterior to posterior were collected and montaged into a single image. ECM accumulation, basement membrane length, and size and number of giant vacuoles were quantified by ImageJ analysis. Tlr4 and Iba1 expression in the TM and ONH cells was conducted using RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry protocols. IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer, ON damage assessed by PPD stain, and RGC loss quantified in RBPMS labeled retina flat mounts. Results Ultrastructure analyses show the TM of B6.EDA+/+ mice have significantly increased accumulation of ECM between TM beams with few empty spaces compared to C57BL/6 J mice (p < 0.05). SC basement membrane is thicker and more continuous in B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J. No significant structural differences are detected in the TM of EDA null mice. Tlr4 and Iba1 expression is increased in the TM of B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J eyes (p < 0.05). IOP is significantly higher in B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J eyes (p < 0.001), and significant ON damage (p < 0.001) and RGC loss (p < 0.05) detected at 1 year of age. Tlr4 mRNA is expressed in mouse ONH cells, and is present in ganglion cell axons, microglia, and astrocytes. There is a significant increase in the area occupied by Iba-1 positive microglia cells in the ONH of B6.EDA+/+ mice compared to C57BL/6 J control eyes (p < 0.01). Conclusions B6.EDA+/+ mice have increased ECM accumulation in the TM, elevated IOP, enhanced proinflammatory changes in the ONH, loss of RGCs, and ONH damage. These data suggest B6.EDA+/+ mice recapitulate many aspects of glaucomatous damage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00800-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur A Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin J Myrah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anil K Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Colleen M McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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McDowell CM, Kizhatil K, Elliott MH, Overby DR, van Batenburg-Sherwood J, Millar JC, Kuehn MH, Zode G, Acott TS, Anderson MG, Bhattacharya SK, Bertrand JA, Borras T, Bovenkamp DE, Cheng L, Danias J, De Ieso ML, Du Y, Faralli JA, Fuchshofer R, Ganapathy PS, Gong H, Herberg S, Hernandez H, Humphries P, John SWM, Kaufman PL, Keller KE, Kelley MJ, Kelly RA, Krizaj D, Kumar A, Leonard BC, Lieberman RL, Liton P, Liu Y, Liu KC, Lopez NN, Mao W, Mavlyutov T, McDonnell F, McLellan GJ, Mzyk P, Nartey A, Pasquale LR, Patel GC, Pattabiraman PP, Peters DM, Raghunathan V, Rao PV, Rayana N, Raychaudhuri U, Reina-Torres E, Ren R, Rhee D, Chowdhury UR, Samples JR, Samples EG, Sharif N, Schuman JS, Sheffield VC, Stevenson CH, Soundararajan A, Subramanian P, Sugali CK, Sun Y, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vahabikashi A, Vranka JA, Wang T, Willoughby CE, Xin C, Yun H, Zhang HF, Fautsch MP, Tamm ER, Clark AF, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Consensus Recommendation for Mouse Models of Ocular Hypertension to Study Aqueous Humor Outflow and Its Mechanisms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 35129590 PMCID: PMC8842499 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their similarities in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to humans, mice are a valuable model system to study the generation and mechanisms modulating conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure. In addition, mouse models are critical for understanding the complex nature of conventional outflow homeostasis and dysfunction that results in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe a set of minimum acceptable standards for developing, characterizing, and utilizing mouse models of open-angle ocular hypertension. We expect that this set of standard practices will increase scientific rigor when using mouse models and will better enable researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Michael H. Elliott
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Darryl R. Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Ted S. Acott
- Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | | | - Jacques A. Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terete Borras
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - John Danias
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Michael Lucio De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Preethi S. Ganapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Samuel Herberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | | | - Peter Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon W. M. John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Paul L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kate E. Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mary J. Kelley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ruth A. Kelly
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Krizaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Paloma Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Katy C. Liu
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Navita N. Lopez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Weiming Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Timur Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Fiona McDonnell
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Philip Mzyk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Andrews Nartey
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gaurang C. Patel
- Ophthalmology Research, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarreytown, New York, United States
| | | | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Naga Rayana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Urmimala Raychaudhuri
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiyi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas Rhee
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - John R. Samples
- Washington State University, Floyd Elson College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | | | - Najam Sharif
- Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States; Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Cooper H. Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Avinash Soundararajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Janice A. Vranka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Xin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael P. Fautsch
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Duke Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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21
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Keller KE, Peters DM. Pathogenesis of glaucoma: Extracellular matrix dysfunction in the trabecular meshwork-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:163-182. [PMID: 35037377 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork regulates aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. It does this by establishing a tunable outflow resistance, defined by the interplay between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) milieu, and the molecular interactions between ECM proteins. During normal tissue homeostasis, the ECM is remodelled and trabecular cell behaviour is modified, permitting increased aqueous fluid outflow to maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) within a relatively narrow physiological pressure. Dysfunction in the normal homeostatic process leads to increased outflow resistance and elevated IOP, which is a primary risk factor for glaucoma. This review delineates some of the changes in the ECM that lead to gross as well as some more subtle changes in the structure and function of the ECM, and their impact on trabecular cell behaviour. These changes are discussed in the context of outflow resistance and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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23
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Chen L, Jin W, Hao X, Li X, Xing Y. Dynamic changes of scleral spur length in different accommodation stimuli states. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18176. [PMID: 34518627 PMCID: PMC8438021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the scleral spur length (SSL) in response to different accommodation stimuli states, as well as the correlation with Schlemm’s canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM). 74 children were recruited for this study. The 0D, − 4D, and − 8.0 D accommodation stimuli state was achieved by looking at a variable distance optotype. The ciliary muscle (CM), scleral spur (SS), SC, and TM were imaged by swept-source optical coherence tomography. The SSL (Method III) increased significantly from 221.56 ± 30.74 μm at base state to 234.99 ± 30.11 μm at − 4D accommodation stimuli state (p = 0.028) and increased to 250.09 ± 29.87 μm at − 8D accommodation stimuli state (p = 0.011). Method III had the largest areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (0.798, 95% CI 0.721–0.875). Moreover, CM 1, SC, and trabecular meshwork length (TML) were significantly correlated with SSL (Method III) (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the contractile ability and compliance of the SS play an important role in maintaining the morphology of the SC. Moreover, the force of accommodation regulates the SC size by increasing the length of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liugui Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinlei Hao
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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24
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O'Regan A, O'Brien CJ, Eivers SB. The lysophosphatidic acid axis in fibrosis: Implications for glaucoma. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:613-626. [PMID: 34009724 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common progressive optic neuropathy that results in visual field defects and can lead to irreversible blindness. The pathophysiology of glaucoma involves dysregulated extracellular matrix remodelling in both the trabecular meshwork in the anterior chamber and in the lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve head. Fibrosis in these regions leads to raised intraocular pressure and retinal ganglion cell degeneration, respectively. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator which acts via six G-protein coupled receptors on the cell surface to activate intracellular pathways that promote cell proliferation, transcription and survival. LPA signalling has been implicated in both normal wound healing and pathological fibrosis. LPA enhances fibroblast proliferation, migration and contraction, and induces expression of pro-fibrotic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor. The LPA axis plays a major role in diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, where it has been identified as an important pharmacological target. In glaucoma, LPA is present in high levels in the aqueous humour, and its signalling has been found to increase resistance to aqueous humour outflow through altered trabecular meshwork cellular contraction and extracellular matrix deposition. LPA signalling may, therefore, also represent an attractive target for treatment of glaucoma. In this review we wish to describe the role of LPA and its related proteins in tissue fibrosis and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy O'Regan
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Acott TS, Vranka JA, Keller KE, Raghunathan V, Kelley MJ. Normal and glaucomatous outflow regulation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 82:100897. [PMID: 32795516 PMCID: PMC7876168 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma remains only partially understood, particularly at the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. Trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal inner wall endothelium (SCE) are key to IOP regulation and their characteristics and behavior are the focus of much investigation. This is becoming more apparent with time. We and others have studied the TM and SCE's extracellular matrix (ECM) extensively and unraveled much about its functions and role in regulating aqueous outflow. Ongoing ECM turnover is required to maintain IOP regulation and several TM ECM manipulations modulate outflow facility. We have established clearly that the outflow pathway senses sustained pressure deviations and responds by adjusting the outflow resistance correctively to keep IOP within an appropriately narrow range which will not normally damage the optic nerve. The glaucomatous outflow pathway has in many cases lost this IOP homeostatic response, apparently due at least in part, to loss of TM cells. Depletion of TM cells eliminates the IOP homeostatic response, while restoration of TM cells restores it. Aqueous outflow is not homogeneous, but rather segmental with regions of high, intermediate and low flow. In general, glaucomatous eyes have more low flow regions than normal eyes. There are distinctive molecular differences between high and low flow regions, and during the response to an IOP homeostatic pressure challenge, additional changes in segmental molecular composition occur. In conjunction with these changes, the biomechanical properties of the juxtacanalicular (JCT) segmental regions are different, with low flow regions being stiffer than high flow regions. The JCT ECM of glaucomatous eyes is around 20 times stiffer than in normal eyes. The aqueous humor outflow resistance has been studied extensively, but neither the exact molecular components that comprise the resistance nor their exact location have been established. Our hypothetical model, based on considerable available data, posits that the continuous SCE basal lamina, which lies between 125 and 500 nm beneath the SCE basal surface, is the primary source of normal resistance. On the surface of JCT cells, small and highly controlled focal degradation of its components by podosome- or invadopodia-like structures, PILS, occurs in response to pressure-induced mechanical stretching. Sub-micron sized basement membrane discontinuities develop in the SCE basement membrane and these discontinuities allow passage of aqueous humor to and through SCE giant vacuoles and pores. JCT cells then relocate versican with its highly charged glycosaminoglycan side chains into the discontinuities and by manipulation of their orientation and concentration, the JCT and perhaps the SCE cells regulate the amount of fluid passage. Testing this outflow resistance hypothesis is ongoing in our lab and has the potential to advance our understanding of IOP regulation and of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted S Acott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Janice A Vranka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kate E Keller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mary J Kelley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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26
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Mechanical stretch induces Ca 2+ influx and extracellular release of PGE 2 through Piezo1 activation in trabecular meshwork cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4044. [PMID: 33597646 PMCID: PMC7890064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork (TM) constitutes the main pathway for aqueous humor drainage and is exposed to complex intraocular pressure fluctuations. The mechanism of homeostasis in which TM senses changes in intraocular pressure and leads to normal levels of outflow resistance is not yet well understood. Previous reports have shown that Piezo1, a mechanically-activated cation channel, is expressed in TM and isolated TM cells. Therefore, we tested hypothesis that Piezo1 may function in response to membrane tension and stretch in TM. In human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells, PIEZO1 was showed to be abundantly expressed, and Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 and mechanical stretch caused a Piezo1-dependent Ca2+ influx and release of arachidonic acid and PGE2. Treatment with Yoda1 or PGE2 significantly inhibited hTM cell contraction. These results suggest that mechanical stretch stimuli in TM activates Piezo1 and subsequently regulates TM cell contraction by triggering Ca2+ influx and release of arachidonic acid and PGE2. Thus, Piezo1 could acts as a regulator of intraocular pressure (IOP) within the conventional outflow pathway and could be a novel therapeutic strategy to modulate IOP in glaucoma patients.
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27
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Fan Y, Wei J, Guo L, Zhao S, Xu C, Sun H, Guo T. Osthole Reduces Mouse IOP Associated With Ameliorating Extracellular Matrix Expression of Trabecular Meshwork Cell. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:38. [PMID: 32821914 PMCID: PMC7445364 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elevation of IOP in POAG is thought to involve excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork (TM), leading to an increase in outflow resistance of the aqueous humor. Osthole, a coumarin derivative extracted from the fruit of a variety of plants, such as Cnidium monnieri, is reported to prevent profibrotic responses by inhibiting Smad signaling pathway activated by TGF-β in liver, kidney, and cardiac tissues. We tested if osthole can (1) inhibit TGF-β2–induced extracellular matrix expression in cultured human TM (HTM) cells, and (2) lower TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. Methods Cultured HTM cells were treated with 5 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 48 hours, then with osthole for 24 hours. The expressions of fibronectin, collagen type IV, and laminin were assessed by quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. BALB/cJ mice were injected intravitreally with an adenoviral vector encoding a bioactive mutant of TGF-β2 (Ad.hTGF-β2226/228) in one eye to induce ocular hypertension, with the uninjected contralateral or Ad.Empty-injected eye serving as controls. Mice were then treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg osthole. Conscious mouse IOP values were measured using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Results In cultured HTM cells, stimulation with TGF-β2 increased expressions of fibronectin, collagen IV, and laminin. These in vitro changes were significantly and completely mitigated by osthole (10 µM). Daily intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg osthole, starting either at day 0 (same day as Ad.hTGF-β2226/228 injection) or at day 14, significantly decreased TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. In contrast, osthole did not affect IOP of control eyes. Conclusions These results demonstrated that osthole is capable of reducing TGF-β2–induced extracellular matrix expression in cultured HTM cells. It also reduced TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. These findings indicate that this natural product may be useful as a novel treatment for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiahong Wei
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luan Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medicine University, Luan, Anhui, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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28
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Exact matching of trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy to conventional trabeculectomy with mitomycin C followed for 2 years. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:963-970. [PMID: 33263824 PMCID: PMC8016747 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We used exact matching for a highly balanced comparison of ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) with the trabectome to trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (TRAB). METHODS A total of 5485 patients who underwent AIT were exact-matched to 196 TRAB patients by baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and glaucoma type. Nearest-neighbor-matching was applied to age. Success was defined as a final IOP of less than 21 mmHg, IOP reduction of at least 20% reduction from baseline, and no secondary surgical interventions. Outcomes were measured at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS A total of 165 AIT could be matched to 165 TRAB. The mean baseline IOP was 22.3 ± 5.6 mmHg, and the baseline number of glaucoma medications was 2.7 ± 1.1 in both groups. At 24 months, IOP was reduced to 15.8 ± 5.2 mmHg in AIT and 12.4 ± 4.7 mmHg in TRAB. IOP was lower than baseline at all visits (p < 0.01) and lower in TRAB than AIT (p < 0.01). Glaucoma medications were reduced to 2.1 ± 1.3 in AIT and 0.2 ± 0.8 in TRAB. Compared to baseline, patients used fewer drops postoperatively (p < 0.01) and more infrequently in TRAB than in AIT (p > 0.01). Secondary surgical interventions had the highest impact on success and became necessary in 15 AIT and 59 TRAB patients. Thirty-two challenging events occurred in TRAB and none in AIT. CONCLUSION Both AIT and TRAB reduced IOP and medications. This reduction was more significant in TRAB but at the expense of four times as many secondary interventions.
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29
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Vernazza S, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Traverso CE, Saccà SC. Neuroinflammation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3172. [PMID: 33007927 PMCID: PMC7601106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests oxidative damage and immune response defects are key factors contributing to glaucoma onset. Indeed, both the failure of the trabecular meshwork tissue in the conventional outflow pathway and the neuroinflammation process, which drives the neurodegeneration, seem to be linked to the age-related over-production of free radicals (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction) and to oxidative stress-linked immunostimulatory signaling. Several previous studies have described a wide range of oxidative stress-related makers which are found in glaucomatous patients, including low levels of antioxidant defences, dysfunction/activation of glial cells, the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and so on. However, the intraocular pressure is still currently the only risk factor modifiable by medication or glaucoma surgery. This present review aims to summarize the multiple cellular processes, which promote different risk factors in glaucoma including aging, oxidative stress, trabecular meshwork defects, glial activation response, neurodegenerative insults, and the altered regulation of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS-Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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30
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Tian YI, Zhang X, Torrejon K, Danias J, Du Y, Xie Y. A Biomimetic, Stem Cell-Derived In Vitro Ocular Outflow Model. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000004. [PMID: 32734694 PMCID: PMC7484422 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cell loss is suggested to affect its ability to regulate aqueous humor outflow in the eye. In addition, disease-related HTM cell loss is suggested to lead to elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are promising autologous cell sources that can be used to restore the declining TM cell population and function. Previously, an in vitro HTM model is bioengineered for understanding HTM cell biology and screening of pharmacological or biological agents that affect trabecular outflow facility. In this study, it is demonstrated that human iPSC-derived TM cells cultured on SU-8 scaffolds exhibit HTM-like cell morphology, extracellular matrix deposition, and drug responsiveness to dexamethasone treatment. These findings suggest that iPSC-derived TM cells behave like primary HTM cells and can thus serve as reproducible and scalable cell sources when using this in vitro system for glaucoma drug screening and further understanding of outflow pathway physiology, leading to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Isabel Tian
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Xulang Zhang
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Karen Torrejon
- Glauconix Biosciences, Inc., 251 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - John Danias
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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31
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Buffault J, Labbé A, Hamard P, Brignole-Baudouin F, Baudouin C. [The trabecular meshwork: Structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the littérature (French translation of the article)]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 43:779-793. [PMID: 32807552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a blinding optic neuropathy, the main risk factor for which is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The trabecular meshwork, located within the iridocorneal angle, is the main pathway for drainage of aqueous humor (AH) out of the eye, and its dysfunction is responsible for the IOP elevation. The trabecular meshwork is a complex, fenestrated, three-dimensional structure composed of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) interdigitated into a multilayered organization within the extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of current understanding of the trabecular meshwork and its pathophysiology in glaucoma. Thus, we will present the main anatomical and cellular bases for the regulation of aqueous humor outflow resistance, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in trabecular dysfunction in the various types of glaucoma, as well as current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the trabecular meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buffault
- Service d'ophtalmologie, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - A Labbé
- Service d'ophtalmologie, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Inserm, CNRS, institut de la vision, Sorbonne université, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - P Hamard
- Service d'ophtalmologie, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - F Brignole-Baudouin
- Inserm, CNRS, institut de la vision, Sorbonne université, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Service de biologie médicale, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
| | - C Baudouin
- Service d'ophtalmologie, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Inserm, CNRS, institut de la vision, Sorbonne université, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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Maddala R, Rao PV. Global phosphotyrosinylated protein profile of cell-matrix adhesion complexes of trabecular meshwork cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C288-C299. [PMID: 32432933 PMCID: PMC7500213 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00537.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanical properties and cell adhesive interactions of trabecular meshwork (TM) are known to impair aqueous humor drainage and elevate intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. The identity of regulatory mechanisms underlying TM mechanotransduction, however, remains elusive. Here we analyzed the phosphotyrosine proteome of human TM cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion complexes, which play a key role in sensing and transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical cues into intracellular activities, using a two-level affinity pull-down (phosphotyrosine antibody and titanium dioxide beads) method and mass spectrometry. This analysis identified ~1,000 tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins of TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes. Many consensus adhesome proteins were found to be tyrosine phosphorylated. Interestingly, several of the phosphotyrosinylated proteins found in TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes are known to be required for podocyte glomerular filtration, indicating the existence of molecular parallels that are likely relevant to the shared fluid barrier and filtration functions of the two mechanosensitive cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Abbhi V, Piplani P. Rho-kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors - A Neuroprotective Therapeutic Paradigm with a Focus on Ocular Utility. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2222-2256. [PMID: 30378487 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy causing visual impairment and Retinal Ganglionic Cells (RGCs) death gradually posing a need for neuroprotective strategies to minimize the loss of RGCs and visual field. It is recognized as a multifactorial disease, Intraocular Pressure (IOP) being the foremost risk factor. ROCK inhibitors have been probed for various possible indications, such as myocardial ischemia, hypertension, kidney diseases. Their role in neuroprotection and neuronal regeneration has been suggested to be of value in the treatment of neurological diseases, like spinal-cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis but recently Rho-associated Kinase inhibitors have been recognized as potential antiglaucoma agents. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Rho-Kinase is a serine/threonine kinase with a kinase domain which is constitutively active and is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and stress fibre formation. Two isoforms of Rho-Kinase, ROCK-I (ROCK β) and ROCK-II (ROCK α) have been identified. ROCK II plays a pathophysiological role in glaucoma and hence the inhibitors of ROCK may be beneficial to ameliorate the vision loss. These inhibitors decrease the intraocular pressure in the glaucomatous eye by increasing the aqueous humour outflow through the trabecular meshwork pathway. They also act as anti-scarring agents and hence prevent post-operative scarring after the glaucoma filtration surgery. Their major role involves axon regeneration by increasing the optic nerve blood flow which may be useful in treating the damaged optic neurons. These drugs act directly on the neurons in the central visual pathway, interrupting the RGC apoptosis and therefore serve as a novel pharmacological approach for glaucoma neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Based on the results of high-throughput screening, several Rho kinase inhibitors have been designed and developed comprising of diverse scaffolds exhibiting Rho kinase inhibitory activity from micromolar to subnanomolar ranges. This diversity in the scaffolds with inhibitory potential against the kinase and their SAR development will be intricated in the present review. Ripasudil is the only Rho kinase inhibitor marketed to date for the treatment of glaucoma. Another ROCK inhibitor AR-13324 has recently passed the clinical trials whereas AMA0076, K115, PG324, Y39983 and RKI-983 are still under trials. In view of this, a detailed and updated account of ROCK II inhibitors as the next generation therapeutic agents for glaucoma will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Abbhi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Piplani
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study (UGCCAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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The trabecular meshwork: Structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the literature. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 43:e217-e230. [PMID: 32561029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a blinding optic neuropathy, the main risk factor for which is increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The trabecular meshwork, located within the iridocorneal angle, is the main pathway for drainage of aqueous humor (AH) out of the eye, and its dysfunction is responsible for the IOP elevation. The trabecular meshwork is a complex, fenestrated, three-dimensional structure composed of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) interdigitated into a multilayered organization within the extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of current understanding of the trabecular meshwork and its pathophysiology in glaucoma. Thus, we will present the main anatomical and cellular bases for the regulation of aqueous humor outflow resistance, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in trabecular dysfunction in the various types of glaucoma, as well as current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the trabecular meshwork.
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Isolation and Characterization of primary human trabecular meshwork cells from segmental flow regions: New tools for understanding segmental flow. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108046. [PMID: 32376472 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Segmental flow in the human trabecular meshwork is a well-documented phenomenon but in depth mechanistic investigations of high flow (HF) and low flow (LF) regions are restricted due to the small amount of tissue available from a single donor. To address this issue we have generated and characterized multiple paired HF and LF cell strains. Here paired HF and LF cell strains were generated from single donors. Cells were characterized for growth and proliferation, as well as gene and protein expression of potential segmental region markers. Cells isolated from HF and LF regions have similar growth and proliferation rates. Gene expression data reveals vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1), thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) are potential markers of LF cells in vitro. Protein expression of VCAM1, THBS2 and TIMP1 are complex and may reflect the dynamic nature of the TM. Initial protein expression levels of these genes is either similar between HF and LF cells (VCAM1, THBS2), or higher in HF compared to LF in some strains (TIMP1). However, after long term culture LF cells express higher levels of VCAM1, TIMP1 and THBS2 protein compared to HF cells. HF and LF cell strains are a powerful new tool that enable understanding segmental flow allowing for multiple experiments on the same genetic background.
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Diagnostic power of scleral spur length in primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:1253-1260. [PMID: 32146558 PMCID: PMC7237521 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the diagnostic capability of scleral spur length in discriminating eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) from healthy eyes. Methods Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients with POAG and 93 eyes of 93 age-, sex- and axial length-matched healthy subjects were included. The scleral spur length was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were derived based on the measurements. Results The scleral spur length was significantly shorter in POAG eyes compared with healthy eyes (Method I, 164.91 ± 23.36 vs. 197.60 ± 25.32 μm; Method II, 145.15 ± 16.59 vs. 166.95 ± 19.31 μm; Method III, 162.33 ± 22.83 vs. 185.12 ± 23.58 μm, respectively; all p < 0.001). The areas under ROC curves were 0.841 (Method I), 0.810 (Method II), and 0.753 (Method III) for the scleral spur length. Moreover, Schlemm’s canal area was significantly associated with the scleral spur length (Method I) in both POAG (β = 0.027; p < 0.001) and healthy (β = 0.016; p = 0.009) groups. Conclusions The scleral spur length had a good discriminating capability between POAG and healthy eyes, and it could be a novel biomarker for POAG evaluation clinically.
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Hernandez H, Roberts AL, McDowell CM. Nuclear factor-kappa beta signaling is required for transforming growth factor Beta-2 induced ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2020; 191:107920. [PMID: 31923415 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major risk for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Elevated IOP is caused by increased outflow resistance due in part to excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the trabecular meshwork (TM). The role of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) in inducing ECM production is well understood. Recent studies suggest that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in fibrogenesis. We have previously described a crosstalk between TGFβ2 and TLR4 in the development of ocular hypertension and glaucomatous TM damage. Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) is critical for TLR4 signaling. To determine the transactivation of NF-κB, TM cells were stimulated with cellular fibronectin containing the EDA isoform (cFN-EDA), TGFβ2, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in combination with a selective TLR4 inhibitor. cFN-EDA, TGFβ2, and LPS all induced transactivation of NF-κB and inhibition of TLR4 blocked the effect of each treatment paradigm. To evaluate the role of NF-κB in IOP regulation, we utilized our inducible mouse model of ocular hypertension by injection of Ad5.TGFβ2 in mice harboring a mutation in NF-κB and wild-type controls. IOP was measured over time and eyes accessed by immunohistochemistry for the ECM protein FN and the specific FN-EDA isoform. Ad5.TGFβ2 induced ocular hypertension and expression of FN and FN-EDA in wild-type mice, but mutation in NF-κB blocked the effect. These data suggest that NF-κB is necessary for TGFβ2-induced ECM production and ocular hypertension and the transactivation of NF-κB is dependent on both TGFβ2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Hernandez
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Amanda L Roberts
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Colleen M McDowell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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How many aqueous humor outflow pathways are there? Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 65:144-170. [PMID: 31622628 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous humor (AH) outflow pathways definition is still matter of intense debate. To date, the differentiation between conventional (trabecular meshwork) and unconventional (uveoscleral) pathways is widely accepted, distinguishing the different impact of the intraocular pressure on the AH outflow rate. Although the conventional route is recognized to host the main sites for intraocular pressure regulation, the unconventional pathway, with its great potential for AH resorption, seems to act as a sort of relief valve, especially when the trabecular resistance rises. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of lymphatic channels in the eye and proposes that they may participate in the overall AH drainage and intraocular pressure regulation, in a presumably adaptive fashion. For this reason, the uveolymphatic route is increasingly thought to play an important role in the ocular hydrodynamic system physiology. As a result of the unconventional pathway characteristics, hydrodynamic disorders do not develop until the adaptive routes cannot successfully counterbalance the increased AH outflow resistance. When their adaptive mechanisms fail, glaucoma occurs. Our review deals with the standard and newly discovered AH outflow routes, with particular attention to the importance they may have in opening new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Okamoto M, Nagahara M, Tajiri T, Nakamura N, Fukunishi N, Nagahara K. Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor induced morphological changes in type VI collagen in the human trabecular meshwork. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:392-397. [PMID: 31201167 PMCID: PMC7041502 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate morphological changes in type VI collagen in the human trabecular meshwork associated with the rho kinase inhibitor ripasudil. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated the effects of ripasudil eye drop administration (RA) or no ripasudil eye drop administration (NRA) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG; age range 60–80 years) who underwent conventional outflow reconstruction between December 2015 and September 2016 at Tokai University Hachioji Hospital. The juxtacanalicular tissue was removed and imaged using transmission electron microscopy. Type VI collagen comprises cross-banded aggregates with transverse bands 30 nm apart repeating every 105 nm. The transverse bands are called the outer rod-like region (ORR) and the intervals are called the inner rod-like region (IRR). The waveform intensity in the type VI collagen was analysed in electron micrographs using Fourier transformation to detect the IRR and ORR borders. Results Ten eyes of 10 patients were included (n=5/group). The baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between groups. ORR width was significantly smaller in the RA group (37.85±3.43 nm) than in the NRA group (50.62±5.23 nm, p<0.05), whereas IRR width was significantly greater in the RA group (70.68±10.84 nm) than in the NRA group (58.19±5.34 nm, p<0.05). Morphological changes in the type VI collagen total width tended to correlate with the duration of ripasudil administration (r=0.9, p=0.08). Conclusions Ripasudil administration in patients with POAG induced morphological changes in type VI collagen. Patients with POAG administered RA had a significantly smaller ORR width and a significantly greater IRR width than patients with POAG not administered RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizu Okamoto
- Ophthalmology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nagahara
- Ophthalmology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Takuma Tajiri
- Diagnostic Pathology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Diagnostic Pathology, Tokai University School of Health Sciences, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nahoko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Health Sciences, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagahara
- Mathematics, Tokyo Institute of Technology-Ookayama Campus, Meguro-ku, Japan
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Childhood Lensectomy Is Associated with Static and Dynamic Reduction in Schlemm Canal Size. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:233-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Daniel MC, Dubis AM, Quartilho A, Al-Hayouti H, Khaw SPT, Theodorou M, Dahlmann-Noor A. Dynamic Changes in Schlemm Canal and Iridocorneal Angle Morphology During Accommodation in Children With Healthy Eyes: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3497-3502. [PMID: 30025073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore changes in Schlemm canal (SC), trabecular meshwork (TM), and iridocorneal angle (ICA) morphology during accommodative effort in children and young adults. Methods We acquired anterior segment optical coherence tomography images (AS-OCT) of the ICA and ciliary muscle (CM) of both eyes of 50 children age 4 to 16 years with healthy eyes, at two levels of accommodation: 2.5 and 15 diopters (D). Semiautomated nasal ICA measurements were as follows: angle opening distance at 500/750 μm (AOD-500, -750), trabecular iris space area at 500/750 μm (TISA-500, -750), and trabecular iris angle at 500/750 μm (TIA-500, -750). Manual measurements were as follows: anteroposterior and radial SC diameter (SC-APD, SC-RD), cross-sectional area of SC (SC-CSA) and TM height (TMH), TM length (TML), and TM density (TMD). CM width was measured at 1, 2, and 3 mm from the scleral spur (CM-1, CM-2, CM-3). For each parameter, a three-level random-effects model was fitted to estimate differences between the two levels of accommodation. Results With accommodative effort, SC diameters and CSA increase significantly, as do TM length and iridocorneal angle parameters. With increasing age, SC dimensions reduce. Angle parameters are smaller in eyes with greater spherical equivalent (hypermetropia). Conclusions AS-OCT can be used to visualize dynamic morphologic changes in outflow structures with physiologic accommodation. The increase in SC dimensions with accommodative effort may contribute to the regulation of IOP in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Claudius Daniel
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam M Dubis
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Quartilho
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huda Al-Hayouti
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sir Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Theodorou
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annegret Dahlmann-Noor
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Keller KE, Bhattacharya SK, Borrás T, Brunner TM, Chansangpetch S, Clark AF, Dismuke WM, Du Y, Elliott MH, Ethier CR, Faralli JA, Freddo TF, Fuchshofer R, Giovingo M, Gong H, Gonzalez P, Huang A, Johnstone MA, Kaufman PL, Kelley MJ, Knepper PA, Kopczynski CC, Kuchtey JG, Kuchtey RW, Kuehn MH, Lieberman RL, Lin SC, Liton P, Liu Y, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Mao W, Masis-Solano M, McDonnell F, McDowell CM, Overby DR, Pattabiraman PP, Raghunathan VK, Rao PV, Rhee DJ, Chowdhury UR, Russell P, Samples JR, Schwartz D, Stubbs EB, Tamm ER, Tan JC, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vranka JA, Wirtz MK, Yorio T, Zhang J, Zode GS, Fautsch MP, Peters DM, Acott TS, Stamer WD. Consensus recommendations for trabecular meshwork cell isolation, characterization and culture. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:164-173. [PMID: 29526795 PMCID: PMC6042513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultured trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are a valuable model system to study the cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure; and their dysfunction resulting in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe the standard procedures used for the isolation of TM cells from several animal species including humans, and the methods used to validate their identity. Having a set of standard practices for TM cells will increase the scientific rigor when used as a model, and enable other researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbott F Clark
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | - Yiqin Du
- University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | | | | | | | - Thomas F Freddo
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Huang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shan C Lin
- University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | | | - Weiming Mao
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James C Tan
- University of Southern California, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mary K Wirtz
- Oregon Health and Science University, United States
| | - Thomas Yorio
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Gulab S Zode
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Ted S Acott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
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Sankalp, Dada T, Yadav RK, Faiq MA. Effect of Yoga-Based Ocular Exercises in Lowering of Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma Patients: An Affirmative Proposition. Int J Yoga 2018; 11:239-241. [PMID: 30233118 PMCID: PMC6134736 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_55_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with >65 million sufferers. It is incurable and the only therapeutic approach accepted till now is the lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) medically and/or surgically. These known interventions might have many side effects and complications. Yoga-based interventions are now well accepted as alternative therapy in many chronic diseases. The effects of yoga in glaucoma, however, have not been studied adequately. Accommodation (the process of adjustment of optical power to maintain clear vision) of eyes leads to instant lowering of IOP. Therefore, we hypothesize that one of the yoga-based interventions, Tratak kriya, which includes ocular exercises might lead to lowering of IOP in glaucoma patients. The proposed Tratak kriya leads to contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscles which might increase outflow of aqueous humor. In addition, this yoga-based intervention might decrease stress and improve quality of life in glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Muneeb Ahmad Faiq
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Wang C, Li L, Liu Z. Experimental research on the relationship between the stiffness and the expressions of fibronectin proteins and adaptor proteins of rat trabecular meshwork cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:268. [PMID: 29284449 PMCID: PMC5747132 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trabecular meshwork (TM) plays an important role in maintaining normal intraocular pressure (IOP). Studies have shown that glaucomatous TM tissues are stiffer than those of normal tissue. The high expression of fibronectin protein (FN) and adaptor protein (LNK) may be related to high resistance to aqueous humor outflow as well as high IOP. Our concern is what factors lead to the variation of the stiffness of trabecular tissue/cells. Methods Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Western blot (WB) analysis were applied to test TM cells of rats cultured with different concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX) and mifepristone (MIF). Rat TM cells were randomly divided into 7 groups, marked as D1, D2, D3 and M1, M2 M3 for different concentrations of DEX and MIF, respectively, and C for blank control. Results The elastic modulus of the treated cells were 2.67 ± 0.914 KPa, 2.92 ± 0.986 KPa, 4.52 ± 1.22 KPa for D1, D2, D3, 2.06 ± 0.745 KPa, 1.23 ± 0.462 KPa, 0.467 ± 0.275 KPa for M1, M2, M3, and 2.43 ± 0.713 KPa for C group, respectively. Expressions of FN and LNK increase (decrease) with the increase of the concentrations of DEX (MIF). Discussion We focus on the relationship between the stiffness and the expressions of FN and LNK of rat TM cells. We analyzed the correlation between cell stiffness and FN, LNK expression, discussed the relationship between cell stiffness and aqueous humor outflow resistance. Conclusions The changes of TM cell stiffness and the expressions of FN and LNK are positively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,YanJing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Increased synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress in the trabecular meshwork. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14951. [PMID: 29097767 PMCID: PMC5668243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is associated with TM dysfunction and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in glaucoma. However, it is not understood how ECM accumulation leads to TM dysfunction and IOP elevation. Using a mouse model of glucocorticoid (GC)-induced glaucoma, primary human TM cells and human post-mortem TM tissues, we show that increased ECM accumulation leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the TM. The potent GC, dexamethasone (Dex) increased the secretory protein load of ECM proteins in the ER of TM cells, inducing ER stress. Reduction of fibronectin, a major regulator of ECM structure, prevented ER stress in Dex-treated TM cells. Overexpression of fibronectin via treatment with cellular fibronectin also induced chronic ER stress in primary human TM cells. Primary human TM cells grown on ECM derived from Dex-treated TM cells induced ER stress markers. TM cells were more prone to ER stress from ECM accumulation compared to other ocular cell types. Moreover, increased co-localization of ECM proteins with ER stress markers was observed in human post-mortem glaucomatous TM tissues. These data indicate that ER stress is associated with increased ECM accumulation in mouse and human glaucomatous TM tissues.
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Keller KE, Bradley JM, Sun YY, Yang YF, Acott TS. Tunneling Nanotubes are Novel Cellular Structures That Communicate Signals Between Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5298-5307. [PMID: 29049733 PMCID: PMC5656416 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The actin cytoskeleton of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells plays a role in regulating aqueous humor outflow. Many studies have investigated stress fibers, but F-actin also assembles into other supramolecular structures including filopodia. Recently, specialized filopodia called tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have been described, which communicate molecular signals and organelles directly between cells. Here, we investigate TNT formation by TM cells. Methods Human TM cells were labeled separately with the fluorescent dyes, DiO and DiD, or with mitochondrial dye. Fixed or live TM cells were imaged using confocal microscopy. Image analysis software was used to track fluorescent vesicles and count the number and length of filopodia. The number of fluorescently labeled vesicles transferred between cells was counted in response to specific inhibitors of the actin cytoskeleton. Human TM tissue was stained with phalloidin. Results Live-cell confocal imaging of cultured TM cells showed transfer of fluorescently labeled vesicles and mitochondria via TNTs. In TM tissue, a long (160 μm) actin-rich cell process bridged an intertrabecular space and did not adhere to the substratum. Treatment of TM cells with CK-666, an Arp2/3 inhibitor, significantly decreased the number and length of filopodia, decreased transfer of fluorescently labeled vesicles and induced thick stress fibers compared to vehicle control. Conversely, inhibiting stress fibers using Y27632 increased transfer of vesicles and induced long cell processes. Conclusions Identification of TNTs provides a means by which TM cells can directly communicate with each other over long distances. This may be particularly important to overcome limitations of diffusion-based signaling in the aqueous humor fluid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John M Bradley
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ying Ying Sun
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Yong-Feng Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ted S Acott
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Hernandez H, Medina-Ortiz WE, Luan T, Clark AF, McDowell CM. Crosstalk Between Transforming Growth Factor Beta-2 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1811-1823. [PMID: 28346614 PMCID: PMC5374883 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The trabecular meshwork (TM) is involved in the outflow of aqueous humor and intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. Regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by TGFβ2 signaling pathways in the TM has been extensively studied. Recent evidence has implicated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the regulation of ECM and fibrogenesis in liver, kidney, lung, and skin. Here, we investigated the role of TGFβ2-TLR4 signaling crosstalk in the regulation of the ECM in the TM and ocular hypertension. Methods Cross sections of human donor eyes, primary human TM cells in culture, and dissected mouse TM rings were used to determine Tlr4 expression in the TM. Trabecular meshwork cells in culture were treated with TGFβ2 (5 ng/mL), TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242, 15 μM), and a TLR4 ligand (cellular fibronectin isoform [cFN]-EDA). A/J (n = 13), AKR/J (n = 7), BALBc/J (n = 8), C3H/HeJ (n = 20), and C3H/HeOuJ (n = 10) mice were injected intravitreally with adenovirus 5 (Ad5).hTGFβ2c226s/c228s in one eye, with the uninjected contralateral eye serving as a control. Conscious IOP measurements were taken using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Results Toll-like receptor 4 is expressed in the human and mouse TM. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling in the presence of TGFβ2 decreases fibronectin expression. Activation of TLR4 by cFN-EDA in the presence of TGFβ2 further increases fibronectin, laminin, and collagen-1 expression, and TLR4 signaling inhibition blocks this effect. Ad5.hTGFβ2c226s/c228s induces ocular hypertension in wild-type mice but has no effect in Tlr4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice. Conclusions These studies identify TGFβ2-TLR4 crosstalk as a novel pathway involved in ECM regulation in the TM and ocular hypertension. These data further explain the complex mechanisms involved in the development of glaucomatous TM damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Hernandez
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Wanda E Medina-Ortiz
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Tomi Luan
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Colleen M McDowell
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Andrés-Guerrero V, García-Feijoo J, Konstas AG. Targeting Schlemm's Canal in the Medical Therapy of Glaucoma: Current and Future Considerations. Adv Ther 2017; 34:1049-1069. [PMID: 28349508 PMCID: PMC5427152 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-017-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schlemm’s canal (SC) is a unique, complex vascular structure responsible for maintaining fluid homeostasis within the anterior segment of the eye by draining the excess of aqueous humour. In glaucoma, a heterogeneous group of eye disorders afflicting approximately 60 million individuals worldwide, the normal outflow of aqueous humour into SC is progressively hindered, leading to a gradual increase in outflow resistance, which gradually results in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). By and large available antiglaucoma therapies do not target the site of the pathology (SC), but rather aim to decrease IOP by other mechanisms, either reducing aqueous production or by diverting aqueous flow through the unconventional outflow system. The present review first outlines our current understanding on the functional anatomy of SC. It then summarizes existing research on SC cell properties; first in the context of their role in glaucoma development/progression and then as a target of novel and emerging antiglaucoma therapies. Evidence from ongoing research efforts to develop effective antiglaucoma therapies targeting SC suggests that this could become a promising site of future therapeutic interventions.
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Matos AG, Asrani SG, Paula JS. Feasibility of laser trabeculoplasty in angle closure glaucoma: a review of favourable histopathological findings in narrow angles. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 45:632-639. [PMID: 28245337 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) has been indicated as a safe and efficient treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma; however, recent studies have also shown positive results with the use of SLT in some clinical conditions related to primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Despite the potential benefits of SLT in selected cases of PACG, the mechanisms underlying the modifications in the trabecular meshwork tissue of patients with PACG are poorly understood. This narrative review approached both the current, limited knowledge about the histological changes observed in different forms of PACG and the clinical results of SLT treatment for PACG. Favourable outcomes of SLT in patients with PACG, specifically in areas of non-occluded angle, need further substantiation through large controlled clinical trials. A deeper understanding of the biomolecular changes of those areas is essential to improve both laser technical details and the clinical efficacy of SLT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Galeno Matos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sanjay G Asrani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jayter Silva Paula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Carreon T, van der Merwe E, Fellman RL, Johnstone M, Bhattacharya SK. Aqueous outflow - A continuum from trabecular meshwork to episcleral veins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 57:108-133. [PMID: 28028002 PMCID: PMC5350024 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In glaucoma, lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) confers neuroprotection. Elevated IOP characterizes glaucoma and arises from impaired aqueous humor (AH) outflow. Increased resistance in the trabecular meshwork (TM), a filter-like structure essential to regulate AH outflow, may result in the impaired outflow. Flow through the 360° circumference of TM structures may be non-uniform, divided into high and low flow regions, termed as segmental. After flowing through the TM, AH enters Schlemm's canal (SC), which expresses both blood and lymphatic markers; AH then passes into collector channel entrances (CCE) along the SC external well. From the CCE, AH enters a deep scleral plexus (DSP) of vessels that typically run parallel to SC. From the DSP, intrascleral collector vessels run radially to the scleral surface to connect with AH containing vessels called aqueous veins to discharge AH to blood-containing episcleral veins. However, the molecular mechanisms that maintain homeostatic properties of endothelial cells along the pathways are not well understood. How these molecular events change during aging and in glaucoma pathology remain unresolved. In this review, we propose mechanistic possibilities to explain the continuum of AH outflow control, which originates at the TM and extends through collector channels to the episcleral veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Carreon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Elizabeth van der Merwe
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Murray Johnstone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology & Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA.
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