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Hwarari D, Radani Y, Ke Y, Chen J, Yang L. CRISPR/Cas genome editing in plants: mechanisms, applications, and overcoming bottlenecks. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:50. [PMID: 38441816 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas systems have emerged as transformative tools for precisely manipulating plant genomes and enhancement. It has provided unparalleled applications from modifying the plant genomes to resistant enhancement. This review manuscript summarises the mechanism, application, and current challenges in the CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology. It addresses the molecular mechanisms of different Cas genes, elucidating their applications in various plants through crop improvement, disease resistance, and trait improvement. The advent of the CRISPR/Cas systems has enabled researchers to precisely modify plant genomes through gene knockouts, knock-ins, and gene expression modulation. Despite these successes, the CRISPR/Cas technology faces challenges, including off-target effects, Cas toxicity, and efficiency. In this manuscript, we also discuss these challenges and outline ongoing strategies employed to overcome these challenges, including the development of novel CRISPR/Cas variants with improved specificity and specific delivery methods for different plant species. The manuscript will conclude by addressing the future perspectives of the CRISPR/Cas technology in plants. Although this review manuscript is not conclusive, it aims to provide immense insights into the current state and future potential of CRISPR/Cas in sustainable and secure plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delight Hwarari
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yasmina Radani
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongchao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Liming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Stack GM, Cala AR, Quade MA, Toth JA, Monserrate LA, Wilkerson DG, Carlson CH, Mamerto A, Michael TP, Crawford S, Smart CD, Smart LB. Genetic Mapping, Identification, and Characterization of a Candidate Susceptibility Gene for Powdery Mildew in Cannabis sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:51-61. [PMID: 37750850 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) in Cannabis sativa is most frequently caused by the biotrophic fungus Golovinomyces ambrosiae. Based on previously characterized variation in susceptibility to PM, biparental populations were developed by crossing the most resistant cultivar evaluated, 'FL 58', with a susceptible cultivar, 'TJ's CBD'. F1 progeny were evaluated and displayed a range of susceptibility, and two were self-pollinated to generate two F2 populations. In 2021, the F2 populations (n = 706) were inoculated with PM and surveyed for disease severity. In both F2 populations, 25% of the progeny were resistant, while the remaining 75% showed a range of susceptibility. The F2 populations, as well as selected F1 progeny and the parents, were genotyped with a single-nucleotide polymorphism array, and a consensus genetic map was produced. A major effect quantitative trait locus on C. sativa chromosome 1 (Chr01) and other smaller-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) on four other chromosomes were identified. The most associated marker on Chr01 was located near CsMLO1, a candidate susceptibility gene. Genomic DNA and cDNA sequencing of CsMLO1 revealed a 6.8-kb insertion in FL 58, relative to TJ's CBD, of which 846 bp are typically spliced into the mRNA transcript encoding a premature stop codon. Molecular marker assays were developed using CsMLO1 sequences to distinguish PM-resistant and PM-susceptible genotypes. These data support the hypothesis that a mutated MLO susceptibility gene confers resistance to PM in C. sativa and provides new genetic resources to develop resistant cultivars. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Ali R Cala
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Quade
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Jacob A Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Luis A Monserrate
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Dustin G Wilkerson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Craig H Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Allen Mamerto
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | - Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | | | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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Ünlü E, Çalış Ö, Say A, Karim AA, Yetişir H, Yılmaz S. Investigation of the effects of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis as Bio-agents against powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) disease in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.). Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106430. [PMID: 37940063 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, bacteria, and viruses cause highly devastating diseases in species of the Cucurbitaceae family. Powdery mildew, a fungal disease, is one of the most important diseases of cucurbits. The pathogen, Podosphaera xanthii, is the most common causal agent of powdery mildew disease within cucurbits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the combined formulations of two biological agents, B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis, in combating powdery mildew disease, which represents a significant threat to C. pepo cultivation in Kayseri, Türkiye. The efficacy of six different treatments in controlling the disease agent P. xanthii was evaluated in susceptible zucchini genotypes. It was found that full-dose bacteria dilution application, before and after powdery mildew infection, as well as three- and five-fold bacteria dilutions application significantly prevented (1-2 scale value) powdery mildew disease on infected zucchini plants than the control application. There was a decrease in vegetative growth in the control-treated crops while plant growth increased significantly in bacterial-treated crops. Also, our findings showed that combined formulations made from Bacillus subtilis (61.29e and 3.3a strains) and Bacillus thuringiensis (2B3-1 and 2B2-2 strains) significantly increased the synthesis of plant defense enzymes such as DPPH, antioxidant, proline production, total phenolic substance, and total flavonoid content. The application of B + PM resulted in the highest enzyme contents, quantified as follows: 22.91 mg AAE/g antioxidant, 2.01 mg/g KU proline, 10.03 mg GAE/g TPC, and 7.756 mg CE/g TFC. These enzymes may have played vital roles in triggering zucchini defense mechanisms, thereby significantly preventing powdery disease in the bacteria-treated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Ünlü
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Özer Çalış
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Phytopathology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Say
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdul Aziz Karim
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Halit Yetişir
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Semih Yılmaz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Xu Y, Bai L, Liu M, Liu Y, Peng S, Hu P, Wang D, Liu Q, Yan S, Gao L, Wang X, Ning Y, Zuo S, Zheng W, Liu S, Xiang W, Wang G, Kang H. Identification of two novel rice S genes through combination of association and transcription analyses with gene-editing technology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1628-1641. [PMID: 37154202 PMCID: PMC10363757 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional rice blast resistance breeding largely depends on utilizing typical resistance (R) genes. However, the lack of durable R genes has prompted rice breeders to find new resistance resources. Susceptibility (S) genes are potential new targets for resistance genetic engineering using genome-editing technologies, but identifying them is still challenging. Here, through the integration of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptional analysis, we identified two genes, RNG1 and RNG3, whose polymorphisms in 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) affected their expression variations. These polymorphisms could serve as molecular markers to identify rice blast-resistant accessions. Editing the 3'-UTRs using CRISPR/Cas9 technology affected the expression levels of two genes, which were positively associated with rice blast susceptibility. Knocking out either RNG1 or RNG3 in rice enhanced the rice blast and bacterial blight resistance, without impacting critical agronomic traits. RNG1 and RNG3 have two major genotypes in diverse rice germplasms. The frequency of the resistance genotype of these two genes significantly increased from landrace rice to modern cultivars. The obvious selective sweep flanking RNG3 suggested it has been artificially selected in modern rice breeding. These results provide new targets for S gene identification and open avenues for developing novel rice blast-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shasha Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shuangyong Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic BreedingTianjin Crop Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agriculture SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Lijun Gao
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology LaboratoryGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingAgricultural College of Yangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Wenjing Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangChina
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guo‐Liang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Houxiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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5
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Narayanan Z, Glick BR. Biotechnologically Engineered Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040601. [PMID: 37106801 PMCID: PMC10135915 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. More recently, scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Narayanan
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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Ji X, Tian Y, Liu W, Lin C, He F, Yang J, Miao W, Li Z. Mitochondrial characteristics of the powdery mildew genus Erysiphe revealed an extraordinary evolution in protein-coding genes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123153. [PMID: 36610569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Erysiphe was an obligate parasite causing powdery mildew disease on a wide range of higher plants. However, the knowledge of their mitogenome architecture for lifestyle adaptability was scarce. Here, we assembled the first complete mitogenome (190,559 bp in size) for rubber tree powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe quercicola. Comparable analysis of the Erysiphe mitogenomes exhibited conserved gene content, genome organization and codon usage bias, but extensive dynamic intron gain/loss events were presented between Erysiphe species. The phylogeny of the Ascomycota species constructed in the phylogenetic analysis showed genetic divergences of the Erysiphe species. Compared with other distant saprophytic and plant pathogenic fungi, Erysiphe had a flat distribution of evolutionary pressures on fungal standard protein-coding genes (PCGs). The Erysiphe PCGs had the highest mean selection pressure. In particular, Erysiphe's cox1, nad1, cob and rps3 genes had the most elevated selection pressures among corresponding PCGs across fungal genera. Altogether, the investigations provided a novel insight into the potential evolutionary pattern of the genus Erysiphe to adapt obligate biotrophic lifestyle and promoted the understanding of the high plasticity and population evolution of fungal mitogenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Ji
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fei He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Kopischke M, Probst K, McCollum C, Hofer J, Hückelhoven R. Barley RIC157, a potential RACB scaffold protein, is involved in susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:329-344. [PMID: 36562946 PMCID: PMC10090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CRIB motif-containing barley RIC157 is a novel ROP scaffold protein that interacts directly with barley RACB, promotes susceptibility to fungal penetration, and colocalizes with RACB at the haustorial neck. Successful obligate pathogens benefit from host cellular processes. For the biotrophic ascomycete fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) it has been shown that barley RACB, a small monomeric G-protein (ROP, Rho of plants), is required for full susceptibility to fungal penetration. The susceptibility function of RACB probably lies in its role in cell polarity, which may be co-opted by the pathogen for invasive ingrowth of its haustorium. However, how RACB supports fungal penetration success and which other host proteins coordinate this process is incompletely understood. RIC (ROP-Interactive and CRIB-(Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding) motif-containing) proteins are considered scaffold proteins which can interact directly with ROPs via a conserved CRIB motif. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized barley RIC protein, RIC157, which can interact directly with RACB in planta. We show that, in the presence of constitutively activated RACB, RIC157 shows a localization at the cell periphery/plasma membrane, whereas it otherwise localizes to the cytoplasm. RIC157 appears to mutually stabilize the plasma membrane localization of the activated ROP. During fungal infection, RIC157 and RACB colocalize at the penetration site, particularly at the haustorial neck. Additionally, transiently overexpressed RIC157 renders barley epidermal cells more susceptible to fungal penetration. We discuss that RIC157 may promote fungal penetration into barley epidermal cells by operating probably downstream of activated RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engelhardt
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Katja Probst
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofer
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Laupheimer S, Kurzweil L, Proels R, Unsicker SB, Stark TD, Dawid C, Hückelhoven R. Volatile-mediated signalling in barley induces metabolic reprogramming and resistance against the biotrophic fungus Blumeria hordei. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:72-84. [PMID: 36377298 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse secondary metabolites to counteract biotic stress. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released upon herbivore attack or pathogen infection. Recent studies suggest that VOCs can act as signalling molecules in plant defence and induce resistance in distant organs and neighbouring plants. However, knowledge is lacking on the function of VOCs in biotrophic fungal infection on cereal plants. We analysed VOCs emitted by 13 ± 1-day-old barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) after mechanical wounding using passive absorbers and TD-GC/MS. We investigated the effect of pure VOC and complex VOC mixtures released from wounded plants on the barley-powdery mildew interaction by pre-exposure in a dynamic headspace connected to a powdery mildew susceptibility assay. Untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics were applied to investigate metabolic changes in sender and receiver barley plants. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) dominated the volatile profile of wounded barley plants, with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3HAC) as the most abundant compound. Barley volatiles emitted after mechanical wounding enhanced resistance in receiver plants towards fungal infection. We found volatile-mediated modifications of the plant-pathogen interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-exposure with physiologically relevant concentrations of Z3HAC resulted in induced resistance, suggesting that this GLV is a key player in barley anti-pathogen defence. The complex VOC mixture released from wounded barley and Z3HAC induced e.g. accumulation of chlorophyll, linolenic acid and linolenate-conjugated lipids, as well as defence-related secondary metabolites, such as hordatines in receiving plants. Barley VOCs hence induce a complex physiological response and disease resistance in receiver plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laupheimer
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - L Kurzweil
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - R Proels
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - S B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Jena, Germany
| | - T D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - C Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - R Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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9
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Liu X, Fang P, Wang Z, Cao X, Yu Z, Chen X, Zhang Z. Comparative RNA-seq analysis reveals a critical role for ethylene in rose ( Rosa hybrida) susceptible response to Podosphera pannosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018427. [PMID: 36237514 PMCID: PMC9551381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rose is one of the most important ornamental flowers, accounting for approximately one-third of the world's cut flower market. Powdery mildew caused by Podosphera pannosa is a devastating fungal disease in rose, mainly infecting the young leaves and causing serious economic losses. Therefore, a study on the mechanism of the fungus infecting the rose leaves and the possibility to improve resistance hereby is interesting and meaningful. Accordingly, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of rose leaves infected by P. pannosa at different time points to reveal the molecular mechanism of resistance to powdery mildew. The high-quality reads were aligned to the reference genome of Rosa chinensis, yielding 51,230 transcripts. A total of 1,181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves during P. pannosa infection at 12, 24, and 48 hpi. The transcription factors of ERF, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, etc., family were identified among DEGs, and most of them were downregulated during P. pannosa infection. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the hormone signal transduction pathway, especially ethylene signal-related genes, was consistently showing a downregulated expression during powdery mildew infection. More importantly, exogenous 1-MCP (inhibitor of ethylene) treatment could improve the rose leaves' resistance to P. pannosa. In summary, our transcriptome of rose leaf infected by powdery mildew gives universal insights into the complex gene regulatory networks mediating the rose leaf response to P. pannosa, further demonstrating the positive role of 1-MCP in resistance to biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peihong Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, China
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Jurong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Horticulture College, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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10
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Viviani A, Spada M, Giordani T, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. Origin of the genome editing systems: application for crop improvement. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Han L, Zhao W, Li A, Zhou B, Zhang J, Wu W. Antifungal activity of l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid isolated from Disporopsis aspera rhizomes against Podosphaera xanthii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1946-1952. [PMID: 35085420 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew is one of the fungal diseases commonly occurring in the process of cucurbits protected and open cultivation. Cucumbers, melons and pumpkins are extremely susceptible. The secondary metabolites produced by plants are important sources of fungicides with low toxicity and environment-friendly characteristics. The aim of this study was to reveal the main active ingredient in the crude extracts of Disporopsis aspera rhizomes that inhibit cucurbits powdery mildew and evaluate its activities. RESULTS In this study, the crude extracts of Disporopsis aspera rhizomes were found to exhibit excellent antifungal activity aganist Podosphaera xanthii, a causal agent of cucurbits powdery mildew. Based on the bioassay-guided method, l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (l-Aze) was isolated from this genus for the first time. l-Aze showed unique curative and eradicative activity against Podosphaera xanthii in vivo, which has never been reported before. Microscopic observation revealed that the curative spraying of l-Aze could effectively inhibit the mycelial growth, resulting in hollow parts of the mycelia, not forming conidiophores, and interrupting the life cycle of powdery mildew. The eradicative spraying of l-Aze caused the fracture of mycelia and deformity of conidiophores, which could not continue to produce conidia. CONCLUSION l-Aze was the main active ingredient of D. aspera against Podosphaera xanthii, which had both curative and eradicative effects. The results provided a strong possibility of using the crude extracts of D. aspera rhizomes and its main effective component, l-Aze as biocontrol agents to control cucurbits powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Han
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Wangyu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Aijuan Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, P. R. China
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12
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Lai Z, Huang Z, Sun J, Jing X, Xiang L, Zhao H, Mo C, Hou X. CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑技术及其在农作物品种改良中的应用. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Li S, Lin D, Zhang Y, Deng M, Chen Y, Lv B, Li B, Lei Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Liang Y, Liu J, Chen K, Liu Z, Xiao J, Qiu JL, Gao C. Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties. Nature 2022; 602:455-460. [PMID: 35140403 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of susceptibility (S) genes in crops is an attractive breeding strategy for conferring disease resistance1,2. However, S genes are implicated in many essential biological functions and deletion of these genes typically results in undesired pleiotropic effects1. Loss-of-function mutations in one such S gene, Mildew resistance locus O (MLO), confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew in various plant species2,3. However, mlo-associated resistance is also accompanied by growth penalties and yield losses3,4, thereby limiting its widespread use in agriculture. Here we describe Tamlo-R32, a mutant with a 304-kilobase pair targeted deletion in the MLO-B1 locus of wheat that retains crop growth and yields while conferring robust powdery mildew resistance. We show that this deletion results in an altered local chromatin landscape, leading to the ectopic activation of Tonoplast monosaccharide transporter 3 (TaTMT3B), and that this activation alleviates growth and yield penalties associated with MLO disruption. Notably, the function of TMT3 is conserved in other plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, precision genome editing facilitates the rapid introduction of this mlo resistance allele (Tamlo-R32) into elite wheat varieties. This work demonstrates the ability to stack genetic changes to rescue growth defects caused by recessive alleles, which is critical for developing high-yielding crop varieties with robust and durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dexing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Long Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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14
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Mikhaylova E, Khusnutdinov E, Shein MY, Alekseev VY, Nikonorov Y, Kuluev B. The Role of the GSTF11 Gene in Resistance to Powdery Mildew Infection and Cold Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2729. [PMID: 34961200 PMCID: PMC8704923 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an economically important crop. In a temperate climate, powdery mildew Erysiphe crucifertaum can drastically reduce its yield. Nevertheless, cultivars resistant to this fungal disease have not yet been selected. Glutathione S-transferase GSTF11 is involved in glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthesis and response to stress, including fungal deceases. However, the impact of exogenous GSTF11 gene expression on resistance to powdery mildew has not yet been confirmed and requires further investigation. Transgenic B. napus was generated for this purpose. It demonstrated increased GST activity and a higher GSH:GSSG ratio under normal conditions. Powdery mildew Erysiphe crucifertaum caused 50% mortality in wild type (WT) plants. In most of transgenic plants, mycelium growth was inhibited. The infection contributed to higher GSTF11 expression and increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in both transgenic and WT plants. In contrast, GSTF11 mRNA content, GST activity and GSSG level were lower only in WT plants. In transgenic plants, increased resistance to powdery mildew correlated with a lower GSH:GSSG ratio, indicating a higher content of neutralized toxic molecules. GSTF11 expression was also affected by cold stress, but not drought. At -1 °C, the expression level increased only in transgenic plants. Therefore, GSTF11 appears to be nonspecific and is able to protect plants under several types of stress. This gene could be used as a target in the production of stress tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (E.K.); (M.Y.S.); (V.Y.A.); (Y.N.); (B.K.)
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15
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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16
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Hu Y, Zhong S, Zhang M, Liang Y, Gong G, Chang X, Tan F, Yang H, Qiu X, Luo L, Luo P. Potential Role of Photosynthesis in the Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Defence Responses to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165767. [PMID: 32796723 PMCID: PMC7460852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is not only a primary generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also a component of plant defence. To determine the relationships among photosynthesis, ROS, and defence responses to powdery mildew in wheat, we compared the responses of the Pm40-expressing wheat line L658 and its susceptible sister line L958 at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) with powdery mildew via analyses of transcriptomes, cytology, antioxidant activities, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The results showed that H2O2 accumulation in L658 was significantly greater than that in L958 at 6 and 48 hpi, and the enzymes activity and transcripts expression of peroxidase and catalase were suppressed in L658 compared with L958. In addition, the inhibition of photosynthesis in L658 paralleled the global downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes. Furthermore, the expression of the salicylic acid-related genes non-expressor of pathogenesis related genes 1 (NPR1), pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), and pathogenesis-related 5 (PR5) was upregulated, while the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-related genes was inhibited in L658 compared with L958. In conclusion, the downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes likely led to a decline in photosynthesis, which may be combined with the inhibition of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) to generate two stages of H2O2 accumulation. The high level of H2O2, salicylic acid and PR1 and PR5 in L658 possible initiated the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (X.Q.); (L.L.)
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (X.Q.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (P.L.)
| | - Yinping Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Huai Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (X.Q.); (L.L.)
| | - Liya Luo
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (X.Q.); (L.L.)
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Y.H.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.G.); (X.C.); (F.T.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (P.L.)
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17
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Chiniquy D, Underwood W, Corwin J, Ryan A, Szemenyei H, Lim CC, Stonebloom SH, Birdseye DS, Vogel J, Kliebenstein D, Scheller HV, Somerville S. PMR5, an acetylation protein at the intersection of pectin biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1022-1035. [PMID: 31411777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), one of the most prolific obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens worldwide, infects its host by penetrating the plant cell wall without activating the plant's innate immune system. The Arabidopsis mutant powdery mildew resistant 5 (pmr5) carries a mutation in a putative pectin acetyltransferase gene that confers enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Here, we show that heterologously expressed PMR5 protein transfers acetyl groups from [14 C]-acetyl-CoA to oligogalacturonides. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that three amino acids within a highly conserved esterase domain in putative PMR5 orthologs are necessary for PMR5 function. A suppressor screen of mutagenized pmr5 seed selecting for increased powdery mildew susceptibility identified two previously characterized genes affecting the acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, RWA2 and TBR. The rwa2 and tbr mutants also suppress powdery mildew disease resistance in pmr6, a mutant defective in a putative pectate lyase gene. Cell wall analysis of pmr5 and pmr6, and their rwa2 and tbr suppressor mutants, demonstrates minor shifts in cellulose and pectin composition. In direct contrast to their increased powdery mildew resistance, both pmr5 and pmr6 plants are highly susceptibile to multiple strains of the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, and have decreased camalexin production upon infection with B. cinerea. These results illustrate that cell wall composition is intimately connected to fungal disease resistance and outline a potential route for engineering powdery mildew resistance into susceptible crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Chiniquy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William Underwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Ryan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heidi Szemenyei
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Candice C Lim
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | - John Vogel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Daniel Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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18
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Kuska MT, Behmann J, Großkinsky DK, Roitsch T, Mahlein AK. Screening of Barley Resistance Against Powdery Mildew by Simultaneous High-Throughput Enzyme Activity Signature Profiling and Multispectral Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1074. [PMID: 30083181 PMCID: PMC6065056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular marker analysis allow for a rapid and advanced pre-selection and resistance screenings in plant breeding processes. During the phenotyping process, optical sensors have proved their potential to determine and assess the function of the genotype of the breeding material. Thereby, biomarkers for specific disease resistance traits provide valuable information for calibrating optical sensor approaches during early plant-pathogen interactions. In this context, the combination of physiological, metabolic phenotyping and phenomic profiles could establish efficient identification and quantification of relevant genotypes within breeding processes. Experiments were conducted with near-isogenic lines of H. vulgare (susceptible, mildew locus o (mlo) and Mildew locus a (Mla) resistant). Multispectral imaging of barley plants was daily conducted 0-8 days after inoculation (dai) in a high-throughput facility with 10 wavelength bands from 400 to 1,000 nm. In parallel, the temporal dynamics of the activities of invertase isoenzymes, as key sink specific enzymes that irreversibly cleave the transport sugar sucrose into the hexose monomers, were profiled in a semi high-throughput approach. The activities of cell wall, cytosolic and vacuole invertase revealed specific dynamics of the activity signatures for susceptible genotypes and genotypes with mlo and Mla based resistances 0-120 hours after inoculation (hai). These patterns could be used to differentiate between interaction types and revealed an early influence of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh) conidia on the specific invertase activity already 0.5 hai. During this early powdery mildew pathogenesis, the reflectance intensity increased in the blue bands and at 690 nm. The Mla resistant plants showed an increased reflectance at 680 and 710 nm and a decreased reflectance in the near infrared bands from 3 dai. Applying a Support Vector Machine classification as a supervised machine learning approach, the pixelwise identification and quantification of powdery mildew diseased barley tissue and hypersensitive response spots were established. This enables an automatic identification of the barley-powdery mildew interaction. The study established a proof-of-concept for plant resistance phenotyping with multispectral imaging in high-throughput. The combination of invertase analysis and multispectral imaging showed to be a complementing validation system. This will provide a deeper understanding of optical data and its implementation into disease resistance screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus T. Kuska
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Behmann
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik K. Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Katrin Mahlein
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research (IfZ), Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Wu L, Zhang X, Xu B, Li Y, Jia L, Wang R, Ren X, Wang G, Xia Q. Identification and expression analysis of EDR1-like genes in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) in response to Golovinomyces orontii. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5244. [PMID: 30018863 PMCID: PMC6044316 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (EDR1) encodes a Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase, and it acts as a negative regulator of disease resistance and ethylene-induced senescence. Mutations in the EDR1 gene can enhance resistance to powdery mildew both in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. However, little is known about EDR1-like gene members from a genome-wide perspective in plants. In this study, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)EDR1-like gene family was first systematically analyzed. We identified 19 EDR1-like genes in tobacco, and compared them to those from Arabidopsis, tomato and rice. Phylogenetic analyses divided the EDR1-like gene family into six clades, among them monocot and dicot plants were respectively divided into two sub-clades. NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B were classified into clade I in which the other members have been reported to negatively regulate plant resistance to powdery mildew. The expression patterns of tobacco EDR1-like genes were analyzed after plants were challenged by Golovinomyces orontii, and showed that several other EDR1-like genes were induced after infection, as well as NtEDR1-1A and NtEDR1-1B. Expression analysis showed that NtEDR1-13 and NtEDR1-16 had exclusively abundant expression patterns in roots and leaves, respectively, and the remaining NtEDR1-like members were actively expressed in most of the tissue/organ samples investigated. Our findings will contribute to further study of the physiological functions of EDR1-like genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rengang Wang
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueliang Ren
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Good Riddance? Breaking Disease Susceptibility in the Era of New Breeding Technologies. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8070114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Meng X, Yu Y, Zhao J, Cui N, Song T, Yang Y, Fan H. The Two Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein Genes, CsTCTP1 and CsTCTP2, Are Negative Modulators in the Cucumis sativus Defense Response to Sphaerotheca fuliginea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 29922303 PMCID: PMC5996911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen stress often significantly decreases cucumber production. However, knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism and signals of cucumber disease resistance is far from complete. Here, we report two translationally controlled tumor protein genes, CsTCTP1 and CsTCTP2, that are both negative modulators in the Cucumis sativus defense response to Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CsTCTP1 and CsTCTP2 were both localized in the cytoplasm. Expression analysis indicated that the transcript levels of CsTCTP1 and CsTCTP2 were linked to the degree of cucumber resistance to S. fuliginea. Transient overexpression of either CsTCTP1 or CsTCTP2 in cucumber cotyledons impaired resistance to S. fuliginea, whereas silencing of either CsTCTP1 or CsTCTP2 enhanced cucumber resistance to S. fuliginea. The relationship of several defense-related genes and ABA and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway-related genes to the overexpressing and silencing of CsTCTP1/CsTCTP2 in non-infested cucumber plants was investigated. The results indicated that CsTCTP1 participates in the defense response to S. fuliginea by regulating the expression of certain defense-associated genes and/or ABA signaling pathway-associated genes, and CsTCTP2 participates through regulating the expression of TOR signaling pathway-associated genes. Our findings will guide enhancing the resistance of cucumber to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junyue Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cui
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tiefeng Song
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Fan,
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22
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Kappagantu M, Bullock JM, Nelson ME, Eastwell KC. Hop stunt viroid: Effect on Host (Humulus lupulus) Transcriptome and Its Interactions With Hop Powdery Mildew (Podospheara macularis). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:842-851. [PMID: 28703029 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are the smallest known plant pathogens that exploit host systems for their replication and cause diseases in many hosts. In this study, the host response of hop plants to Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) infection was studied through transcriptome analysis. RNA sequence analysis of hop leaves infected with HSVd revealed dynamic changes in hop gene expression. Defense-related genes and genes involved in lipid and terpenoid metabolism are the major categories that showed differential expression due to HSVd infection. Additionally, the effect of HSVd on development of hop powdery mildew (Podospheara macularis) (HPM) was studied. Transcriptome analysis followed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that transcript levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes such as PR protein 1, chitinase, and thaumatin-like protein genes are induced in leaves infected with HPM alone. The response in these genes to HPM is significantly down-regulated in leaves with HSVd-HPM mixed infection. These results confirm that HSVd alters host metabolism, physiology, and plant defense responses. Nevertheless, in detached leaf assays, HPM consistently expanded faster on HSVd-negative leaves relative to HSVd-positive leaves. Although HSVd infection suppresses elements associated with the host immunity response, infection by HSVd is antagonistic to HPM infection of hops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kappagantu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Road, Prosser 99350, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jeff M Bullock
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Road, Prosser 99350, WA, U.S.A
| | - Mark E Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Road, Prosser 99350, WA, U.S.A
| | - Kenneth C Eastwell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University-IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Road, Prosser 99350, WA, U.S.A
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23
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Xiao X, Cheng X, Yin K, Li H, Qiu JL. Abscisic acid negatively regulates post-penetration resistance of Arabidopsis to the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:891-901. [PMID: 28702742 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in defense responses. Nonetheless, how ABA regulates plant resistance to biotrophic fungi remains largely unknown. Arabidopsis ABA-deficient mutants, aba2-1 and aba3-1, displayed enhanced resistance to the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Moreover, exogenously administered ABA increased the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to G. cichoracearum. Arabidopsis ABA perception components mutants, abi1-1 and abi2-1, also displayed similar phenotypes to ABA-deficient mutants in resistance to G. cichoracearum. However, the resistance to G. cichoracearum is not changed in downstream ABA signaling transduction mutants, abi3-1, abi4-1, and abi5-1. Microscopic examination revealed that hyphal growth and conidiophore production of G. cichoracearum were compromised in the ABA deficient mutants, even though pre-penetration and penetration growth of the fungus were not affected. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) and MPK3 are found to be involved in ABA-regulated resistance to G. cichoracearum. Our work demonstrates that ABA negatively regulates post-penetration resistance of Arabidopsis to powdery mildew fungus G. cichoracearum, probably through antagonizing the function of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kangquan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Long Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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24
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Bahieldin A, Alqarni DAM, Atef A, Gadalla NO, Al-matary M, Edris S, Al-Kordy MA, Makki RM, Al-Doss AA, Sabir JSM, Mutwakil MHZ, El-Domyati FM. Suppression of PCD-related genes affects salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. C R Biol 2016; 339:105-14. [PMID: 27052474 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at examining a natural exciting phenomenon suggesting that suppression of genes inducing programmed cell death (PCD) might confer tolerance against abiotic stresses in plants. PCD-related genes were induced in tobacco under oxalic acid (OA) treatment (20 mM), and plant cells were characterized to confirm the incidence of PCD. The results indicated that PCD was triggered 24 h after the exposure to OA. Then, RNAs were extracted from tobacco cells 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after treatment for deep sequencing. RNA-Seq analyses were done with a special emphasis to clusters whose PCD-related genes were upregulated after 2 h of OA exposure. Accordingly, 23 tobacco PCD-related genes were knocked down via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), whereas our results indicated the influence of five of them on inducing or suppressing PCD. Knockout T-DNA insertion mutants of these five genes in Arabidopsis were tested under salt stress (0, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl), and the results indicated that a mutant of an antiapoptotic gene, namely Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1), whose VIGS induced PCD in tobacco, was salt sensitive, while a mutant of an apoptotic gene, namely mildew resistance locus O (Mlo), whose VIGS suppressed PCD, was salt tolerant as compared to the WT (Col) control. These data support our hypothesis that retarding PCD-inducing genes can result in higher levels of salt tolerance, while retarding PCD-suppressing genes can result in lower levels of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dhafer A M Alqarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Atef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour O Gadalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-matary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy A Al-Kordy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania M Makki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Doss
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Z Mutwakil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fotouh M El-Domyati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), PO Box 80141, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Wang D, Wang X, Mei Y, Dong H. The wheat homolog of putative nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat resistance gene TaRGA contributes to resistance against powdery mildew. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:115-26. [PMID: 26815536 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew, one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide, is caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), a fungal species with a consistently high mutation rate that makes individual resistance (R) genes ineffective. Therefore, effective resistance-related gene cloning is vital for breeding and studying the resistance mechanisms of the disease. In this study, a putative nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) R gene (TaRGA) was cloned using a homology-based cloning strategy and analyzed for its effect on powdery mildew disease and wheat defense responses. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that a Bgt isolate 15 and salicylic acid stimulation significantly induced TaRGA in the resistant variety. Furthermore, the silencing of TaRGA in powdery mildew-resistant plants increased susceptibility to Bgt15 and prompted conidia propagation at the infection site. However, the expression of TaRGA in leaf segments after single-cell transient expression assay highly increased the defense responses to Bgt15 by enhancing callose deposition and phenolic autofluorogen accumulation at the pathogen invading sites. Meanwhile, the expression of pathogenesis-related genes decreased in the TaRGA-silenced plants and increased in the TaRGA-transient-overexpressing leaf segments. These results implied that the TaRGA gene positively regulates the defense response to powdery mildew disease in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.,National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Mei
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hansong Dong
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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26
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Kuska M, Wahabzada M, Leucker M, Dehne HW, Kersting K, Oerke EC, Steiner U, Mahlein AK. Hyperspectral phenotyping on the microscopic scale: towards automated characterization of plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT METHODS 2015; 11:28. [PMID: 25937826 PMCID: PMC4416301 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-015-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection and characterization of resistance reactions of crop plants against fungal pathogens are essential to select resistant genotypes. In breeding practice phenotyping of plant genotypes is realized by time consuming and expensive visual rating. In this context hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising non-invasive sensor technique in order to accelerate and to automate classical phenotyping methods. A hyperspectral microscope was established to determine spectral changes on the leaf and cellular level of barley (Hordeum vulgare) during resistance reactions against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, isolate K1). Experiments were conducted with near isogenic barley lines of cv. Ingrid, including the susceptible wild type (WT), mildew locus a 12 (Mla12 based resistance) and the resistant mildew locus o 3 (mlo3 based resistance), respectively. The reflection of inoculated and non-inoculated leaves was recorded daily with a hyperspectral linescanner in the visual (400 - 700 nm) and near infrared (700 - 1000 nm) range 3 to 14 days after inoculation. RESULTS Data analysis showed no significant differences in spectral signatures between non-inoculated genotypes. Barley leaves of the near-isogenic genotypes, inoculated with B. graminis f.sp. hordei differed in the spectral reflectance over time, respectively. The susceptible genotypes (WT, Mla12) showed an increase in reflectance in the visible range according to symptom development. However, the spectral signature of the resistant mlo-genotype did not show significant changes over the experimental period. In addition, a recent data driven approach for automated discovery of disease specific signatures, which is based on a new representation of the data using Simplex Volume Maximization (SiVM) was applied. The automated approach - evaluated in only a fraction of time revealed results similar to the time and labor intensive manually assessed hyperspectral signatures. The new representation determined by SiVM was also used to generate intuitive and easy to interpretable summaries, e.g. fingerprints or traces of hyperspectral dynamics of the different genotypes. CONCLUSION With this HSI based and data driven phenotyping approach an evaluation of host-pathogen interactions over time and a discrimination of barley genotypes differing in susceptibility to powdery mildew is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Kuska
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirwaes Wahabzada
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marlene Leucker
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristian Kersting
- />Department of Computer Science, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 14, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erich-Christian Oerke
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Mahlein
- />Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) - Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Zhao T, Rui L, Li J, Nishimura MT, Vogel JP, Liu N, Liu S, Zhao Y, Dangl JL, Tang D. A truncated NLR protein, TIR-NBS2, is required for activated defense responses in the exo70B1 mutant. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004945. [PMID: 25617755 PMCID: PMC4305288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During exocytosis, the evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex tethers Golgi-derived vesicles to the target plasma membrane, a critical function for secretory pathways. Here we show that exo70B1 loss-of-function mutants express activated defense responses upon infection and express enhanced resistance to fungal, oomycete and bacterial pathogens. In a screen for mutants that suppress exo70B1 resistance, we identified nine alleles of TIR-NBS2 (TN2), suggesting that loss-of-function of EXO70B1 leads to activation of this nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR)-like disease resistance protein. This NLR-like protein is atypical because it lacks the LRR domain common in typical NLR receptors. In addition, we show that TN2 interacts with EXO70B1 in yeast and in planta. Our study thus provides a link between the exocyst complex and the function of a 'TIR-NBS only' immune receptor like protein. Our data are consistent with a speculative model wherein pathogen effectors could evolve to target EXO70B1 to manipulate plant secretion machinery. TN2 could monitor EXO70B1 integrity as part of an immune receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Rui
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John P. Vogel
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Na Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Gao D, Appiano M, Huibers RP, Loonen AEHM, Visser RGF, Wolters AMA, Bai Y. Natural loss-of-function mutation of EDR1 conferring resistance to tomato powdery mildew in Arabidopsis thaliana accession C24. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:71-82. [PMID: 24925473 PMCID: PMC6638503 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To screen for potentially novel types of resistance to tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici, a disease assay was performed on 123 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Forty accessions were fully resistant, and one, C24, was analysed in detail. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of an F2 population derived from C24 × Sha (susceptible accession), two QTLs associated with resistance were identified in C24. Fine mapping of QTL-1 on chromosome 1 delimited the region to an interval of 58 kb encompassing 15 candidate genes. One of these was Enhanced Disease Resistance 1 (EDR1). Evaluation of the previously obtained edr1 mutant of Arabidopsis accession Col-0, which was identified because of its resistance to powdery mildew Golovinomyces cichoracearum, showed that it also displayed resistance to O. neolycopersici. Sequencing of EDR1 in our C24 germplasm (referred to as C24-W) revealed two missing nucleotides in the second exon of EDR1 resulting in a premature stop codon. Remarkably, C24 obtained from other laboratories does not contain the EDR1 mutation. To verify the identity of C24-W, a DNA region containing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) unique to C24 was sequenced showing that C24-W contains the C24-specific nucleotide. C24-W showed enhanced resistance to O. neolycopersici compared with C24 not containing the edr1 mutation. Furthermore, C24-W displayed a dwarf phenotype, which was not associated with the mutation in EDR1 and was not caused by the differential accumulation of pathogenesis-related genes. In conclusion, we identified a natural edr1 mutant in the background of C24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Gao
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Liu J, Cheng X, Liu D, Xu W, Wise R, Shen QH. The miR9863 family regulates distinct Mla alleles in barley to attenuate NLR receptor-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004755. [PMID: 25502438 PMCID: PMC4263374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Mla alleles encode coiled-coil (CC), nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) receptors that trigger isolate-specific immune responses against the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). How Mla or NB-LRR genes in grass species are regulated at post-transcriptional level is not clear. The microRNA family, miR9863, comprises four members that differentially regulate distinct Mla alleles in barley. We show that miR9863 members guide the cleavage of Mla1 transcripts in barley, and block or reduce the accumulation of MLA1 protein in the heterologous Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Regulation specificity is determined by variation in a unique single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) in mature miR9863 family members and two SNPs in the Mla miR9863-binding site that separates these alleles into three groups. Further, we demonstrate that 22-nt miR9863s trigger the biogenesis of 21-nt phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) and together these sRNAs form a feed-forward regulation network for repressing the expression of group I Mla alleles. Overexpression of miR9863 members specifically attenuates MLA1, but not MLA10-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling. We propose a key role of the miR9863 family in dampening immune response signaling triggered by a group of MLA immune receptors in barley. Plants rely on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to sense pathogen invasion and to mediate defense responses. However, uncontrolled activation of immune responses is harmful to plant growth and development. Small RNAs have recently been shown to fine-tune the expression of intracellular immune receptors and contribute to the regulation of defense signaling in dicot plants, while similar processes have not been well documented in monocot grain crops, such as barley and wheat. Here, we show that, in barley, some members of the miR9863 family target a subset of Mla alleles that confer race-specific disease resistance to the powdery mildew fungus. These miRNAs act on Mla transcripts by cleavage and translational repression. Production of a type of trans-acting small RNAs, designated as phasiRNAs, enhances the effects of miRNA regulation on Mla targets. We propose that Mla-mediated immune signaling is fine-tuned by the miRNAs at later stage of MLA activation to avoid overloading of immune responses in barley cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Centre for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiliu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Centre for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Centre for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihui Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Center for Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Roger Wise
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Center for Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Centre for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang D, Wang Y, Fu M, Mu S, Han B, Ji H, Cai H, Dong H, Zhang C. Transgenic Expression of the Functional Fragment Hpa1 10-42 of the Harpin Protein Hpa1 Imparts Enhanced Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Wheat. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:448-455. [PMID: 30708731 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-13-0687-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew, one of devastating diseases of wheat worldwide, is caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, a fungal species with constant population changes, which often poses challenges in disease management with host resistance. Transgenic approaches that utilize broad-spectrum resistance may limit changes of pathogen populations and contribute to effective control of the disease. The harpin protein Hpa1, produced by the rice bacterial blight pathogen, can induce resistance to bacterial blight and blast in rice. The fragment comprising residues 10 through 42 of Hpa1, Hpa110-42, is reportedly three- to eightfold more effective than the full-length protein. This study evaluated the transgenic expression of the Hpa110-42 gene for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat caused by E. graminis f. sp. tritici. Nine Hpa110-42 transgenic wheat lines were generated. The genomic integration of Hpa110-42 was confirmed, and expression of the transgene was detected at different levels in the individual transgenic lines. Following inoculation with the E. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate Egt15 in the greenhouse, five transgenic lines had significantly higher levels of resistance to powdery mildew compared with nontransformed plants. Thus, transgenic expression of Hpa110-42 conferred resistance to one isolate of E. graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat in the greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Wang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yajun Wang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Maoqiang Fu
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shuyuan Mu
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Bing Han
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hongtao Ji
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hongsheng Cai
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hansong Dong
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Li S, Ji R, Dudler R, Yong M, Deng Q, Wang Z, Hu D. Wheat gene TaS3 contributes to powdery mildew susceptibility. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1891-901. [PMID: 24013794 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of TaS3 as a potential susceptibility gene encoding a protein homologous to ULP1 protease in wheat, which may regulate SUMO function facilitating powdery mildew attack. Some plant genes that are required for susceptibilities to certain pathogens are known as susceptibility genes or susceptibility factors, whose loss-of-function mutations can confer the plants resistances. To identify potential susceptibility genes to powdery mildew in wheat, differentially expressed genes in compatible and incompatible interactions between wheat and powdery mildew were examined by the cDNA chip assay. The genes exclusively expressed in the susceptible cultivar were interfered using biolistic transient transformation in wheat epidermal cells. The suppression of gene TaS3 (Triticum aestivum susceptibility) decreased the pathogen penetration by 19%, and its over-expression increased the disease susceptibility. The deduced protein from TaS3 belongs to the putative ubiquitin-like protease 1 peptidase domain family. Subcellular localization studies revealed that its protein was accumulated in the nucleus. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that TaS3 transcript was significantly induced in the compatible host. This suggests that TaS3 is a potential susceptible gene and its function may be related to regulate SUMO functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Shi H, Yan H, Li J, Tang D. BSK1, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, involved in both BR signaling and innate immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:24996. [PMID: 23733062 PMCID: PMC3999065 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interaction between powdery mildew fungi and Arabidopsis has been widely used as a model system to study plant immunity. Arabidopsis EDR2 (enhanced disease resistance 2) is a well characterized negative regulator in powdery mildew resistance and mildew-induced cell death. Recently, we showed that a mutation in BSK1 (br-signaling kinase 1), suppressed edr2-mediated disease resistance. (1) And the bsk1-1 single mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to multiple pathogens, indicating that BSK1 plays important roles in plant immunity. BSK1 is a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase and localizes on plasma membrane; loss of the membrane localization signaling disrupts BSK1 functions in edr2-mediated resistance. Significantly, BSK1 physically associates with the PAMP receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) and is required by FLS2-mediated ROS burst. (1) Here we show that disruption of BSK1 membrane localization affects the BSK1-FLS2 interactions, suggesting the membrane association of BSK1 is important for both edr2-mediated signaling and the BSK1-FLS2 complex formation. Previously, it was shown that BSK1 is a substrate of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1) and plays critical roles in BR signaling. (2) Further exploration of signaling transductions downstream of BSK1-FLS2 complex will not only shed new light on how BSK1 regulates plant immunity, but may also help to dissect the connections between plant growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
- Correspondence to: Dingzhong Tang,
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Shi H, Shen Q, Qi Y, Yan H, Nie H, Chen Y, Zhao T, Katagiri F, Tang D. BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 physically associates with FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1143-57. [PMID: 23532072 PMCID: PMC3634682 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-trigged immunity (PTI) is the first defensive line of plant innate immunity and is mediated by pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that a mutation in BR-SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1), a substrate of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1, suppressed the powdery mildew resistance caused by a mutation in ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE2, which negatively regulates powdery mildew resistance and programmed cell death, in Arabidopsis thaliana. A loss-of-function bsk1 mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to virulent and avirulent pathogens, including Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The bsk1 mutant also accumulated lower levels of salicylic acid upon infection with G. cichoracearum and P. syringae. BSK1 belongs to a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase family and displays kinase activity in vitro; this kinase activity is required for its function. BSK1 physically associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 and is required for a subset of flg22-induced responses, including the reactive oxygen burst, but not for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Our data demonstrate that BSK1 is involved in positive regulation of PTI. Together with previous findings, our work indicates that BSK1 represents a key component directly involved in both BR signaling and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiujing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Haojie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haozhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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von Burg S, Álvarez-Alfageme F, Romeis J. Indirect effect of a transgenic wheat on aphids through enhanced powdery mildew resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46333. [PMID: 23056284 PMCID: PMC3466243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In agricultural ecosystems, arthropod herbivores and fungal pathogens are likely to colonise the same plant and may therefore affect each other directly or indirectly. The fungus that causes powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis tritici) and cereal aphids are important pests of wheat but interactions between them have seldom been investigated. We studied the effects of powdery mildew of wheat on two cereal aphid species, Metopolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi. We hypothesized that aphid number and size will be smaller on powdery mildew-infected plants than on non-infected plants. In a first experiment we used six commercially available wheat varieties whereas in the second experiment we used a genetically modified (GM) mildew-resistant wheat line and its non-transgenic sister line. Because the two lines differed only in the presence of the transgene and in powdery mildew resistance, experiment 2 avoided the confounding effect of variety. In both experiments, the number of M. dirhodum but not of R. padi was reduced by powdery mildew infection. Transgenic mildew-resistant lines therefore harboured bigger aphid populations than the non-transgenic lines. For both aphid species individual size was mostly influenced by aphid number. Our results indicate that plants that are protected from a particular pest (powdery mildew) became more favourable for another pest (aphids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone von Burg
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Yao C, Wu Y, Nie H, Tang D. RPN1a, a 26S proteasome subunit, is required for innate immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:1015-28. [PMID: 22577987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that proper degradation of proteins that affect defense responses in a positive or negative manner is critical in plant immunity. However, the role of plant degradation systems such as the 26S proteasome in plant immunity is not well understood. Loss-of-function mutations in EDR2 (ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 2) lead to increased resistance to the adapted biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. To study the molecular interactions between powdery mildew pathogen and Arabidopsis, we performed a screen for suppressors of edr2 and found that mutation in the gene that encodes RPN1a, a subunit of the 26S proteasome, suppressed edr2-associated disease resistance phenotypes. In addition, RPN1a is required for edr1- and pmr4-mediated powdery mildew resistance and mildew-induced cell death. Furthermore, we show that rpn1a displayed enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen G. cichoracearum and to virulent and avirulent bacterial Pto DC3000 strains, which indicated that rpn1a has defects in basal defense and resistance (R) protein-mediated defense. RPN1a-GFP localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Accumulation of RPN1a is affected by salicylic acid (SA) and the rpn1a mutant has defects in SA accumulation upon Pto DC3000 infection. Further analysis revealed that two other subunits of the 26S proteasome, RPT2a and RPN8a are also involved in edr2-mediated disease resistance. Based on these results, we conclude that RPN1a is required for basal defense and R protein-mediated defense. Our data provide evidence that some subunits of the 26S proteasome are involved in innate immunity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Pan H, Liu S, Tang D. HPR1, a component of the THO/TREX complex, plays an important role in disease resistance and senescence in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:831-843. [PMID: 22035198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (EDR1) is a negative regulator of powdery mildew resistance, cell death and ethylene-induced senescence. To identify components involved in EDR1 signaling, we performed a forward genetic screen for edr1 suppressors. In this screen, we identified the hpr1-4 mutation, which partially suppresses edr1-mediated resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum and mildew-induced cell death. However, the hpr1-4 mutation enhanced the ethylene-induced senescence phenotype of edr1. The hpr1-4 single mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Arabidopsis HPR1 encodes a homolog of human HPR1, a component of the conserved THO/transcription export (THO/TREX) complex that is required for mRNA export in yeast and humans. HPR1 is expressed in various organs and throughout all developmental stages. HPR1 localizes to the nucleus, and, significantly, mRNA export is compromised in the hpr1-4 mutant. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HPR1 plays an important role in disease resistance in plants, and that the THO/TREX complex is functionally conserved among plants, yeast and humans. Our data indicate a general link between mRNA export, defense responses and ethylene signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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37
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Schneider KT, van de Mortel M, Bancroft TJ, Braun E, Nettleton D, Nelson RT, Frederick RD, Baum TJ, Graham MA, Whitham SA. Biphasic gene expression changes elicited by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean correlate with fungal penetration and haustoria formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:355-71. [PMID: 21791600 PMCID: PMC3165884 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of soybean (Glycine max) plants with Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal organism of Asian soybean rust, elicits a biphasic response characterized by a burst of differential gene expression in the first 12 h. A quiescent period occurs from 24 to 48 h after inoculation, in which P. pachyrhizi continues to develop but does not elicit strong host responses, followed by a second phase of intense gene expression. To correlate soybean responses with P. pachyrhizi growth and development, we inoculated the soybean cultivar Ankur (accession PI462312), which carries the Rpp3 resistance gene, with avirulent and virulent isolates of P. pachyrhizi. The avirulent isolate Hawaii 94-1 elicits hypersensitive cell death that limits fungal growth on Ankur and results in an incompatible response, while the virulent isolate Taiwan 80-2 grows extensively, sporulates profusely, and produces a compatible reaction. Inoculated leaves were collected over a 288-h time course for microarray analysis of soybean gene expression and microscopic analysis of P. pachyrhizi growth and development. The first burst in gene expression correlated with appressorium formation and penetration of epidermal cells, while the second burst of gene expression changes followed the onset of haustoria formation in both compatible and incompatible interactions. The proliferation of haustoria coincided with the inhibition of P. pachyrhizi growth in the incompatible interaction or the beginning of accelerated growth in the compatible interaction. The temporal relationships between P. pachyrhizi growth and host responses provide an important context in which to view interacting gene networks that mediate the outcomes of their interactions.
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Hoefle C, Huesmann C, Schultheiss H, Börnke F, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Hückelhoven R. A barley ROP GTPase ACTIVATING PROTEIN associates with microtubules and regulates entry of the barley powdery mildew fungus into leaf epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:2422-39. [PMID: 21685259 PMCID: PMC3160019 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.082131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the function of host factors involved in disease susceptibility. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) ROP (RHO of plants) G-protein RACB is required for full susceptibility of the leaf epidermis to invasion by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. Stable transgenic knockdown of RACB reduced the ability of barley to accommodate haustoria of B. graminis in intact epidermal leaf cells and to form hairs on the root epidermis, suggesting that RACB is a common element of root hair outgrowth and ingrowth of haustoria in leaf epidermal cells. We further identified a barley MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN (MAGAP1) interacting with RACB in yeast and in planta. Fluorescent MAGAP1 decorated cortical microtubules and was recruited by activated RACB to the cell periphery. Under fungal attack, MAGAP1-labeled microtubules built a polarized network at sites of successful defense. By contrast, microtubules loosened where the fungus succeeded in penetration. Genetic evidence suggests a function of MAGAP1 in limiting susceptibility to penetration by B. graminis. Additionally, MAGAP1 influenced the polar organization of cortical microtubules. These results add to our understanding of how intact plant cells accommodate fungal infection structures and suggest that RACB and MAGAP1 might be antagonistic players in cytoskeleton organization for fungal entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christina Huesmann
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Holger Schultheiss
- University of Giessen, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Nie H, Wu Y, Yao C, Tang D. Suppression of edr2-mediated powdery mildew resistance, cell death and ethylene-induced senescence by mutations in ALD1 in Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Liu Z, Ellwood SR, Oliver RP, Friesen TL. Pyrenophora teres: profile of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:1-19. [PMID: 21118345 PMCID: PMC6640222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pyrenophora teres, causal agent of net blotch of barley, exists in two forms, designated P. teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata, which induce net form net blotch (NFNB) and spot form net blotch (SFNB), respectively. Significantly more work has been performed on the net form than on the spot form although recent activity in spot form research has increased because of epidemics of SFNB in barley-producing regions. Genetic studies have demonstrated that NFNB resistance in barley is present in both dominant and recessive forms, and that resistance/susceptibility to both forms can be conferred by major genes, although minor quantitative trait loci have also been identified. Early work on the virulence of the pathogen showed toxin effector production to be important in disease induction by both forms of pathogen. Since then, several laboratories have investigated effectors of virulence and avirulence, and both forms are complex in their interaction with the host. Here, we assemble recent information from the literature that describes both forms of this important pathogen and includes reports describing the host-pathogen interaction with barley. We also include preliminary findings from a genome sequence survey. TAXONOMY Pyrenophora teres Drechs. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Dothideomycete; Order Pleosporales; Family Pleosporaceae; Genus Pyrenophora, form teres and form maculata. IDENTIFICATION To date, no clear morphological or life cycle differences between the two forms of P. teres have been identified, and therefore they are described collectively. Towards the end of the growing season, the fungus produces dark, globosely shaped pseudothecia, about 1-2mm in diameter, on barley. Ascospores measuring 18-28µm × 43-61µm are light brown and ellipsoidal and often have three to four transverse septa and one or two longitudinal septa in the median cells. Conidiophores usually arise singly or in groups of two or three and are lightly swollen at the base. Conidia measuring 30-174µm × 15-23µm are smoothly cylindrical and straight, round at both ends, subhyaline to yellowish brown, often with four to six pseudosepta. Morphologically, P. teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata are indistinguishable. HOST RANGE Comprehensive work on the host range of P. teres f. teres has been performed; however, little information on the host range of P. teres f. maculata is available. Hordeum vulgare and H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum are considered to be the primary hosts for P. teres. However, natural infection by P. teres has been observed in other wild Hordeum species and related species from the genera Bromus, Avena and Triticum, including H. marinum, H. murinum, H. brachyantherum, H. distichon, H. hystrix, B. diandrus, A. fatua, A. sativa and T. aestivum (Shipton et al., 1973, Rev. Plant Pathol. 52:269-290). In artificial inoculation experiments under field conditions, P. teres f. teres has been shown to infect a wide range of gramineous species in the genera Agropyron, Brachypodium, Elymus, Cynodon, Deschampsia, Hordelymus and Stipa (Brown et al., 1993, Plant Dis. 77:942-947). Additionally, 43 gramineous species were used in a growth chamber study and at least one of the P. teres f. teres isolates used was able to infect 28 of the 43 species tested. However, of these 28 species, 14 exhibited weak type 1 or 2 reactions on the NFNB 1-10 scale (Tekauz, 1985). These reaction types are small pin-point lesions and could possibly be interpreted as nonhost reactions. In addition, the P. teres f. teres host range was investigated under field conditions by artificially inoculating 95 gramineous species with naturally infected barley straw. Pyrenophora teres f. teres was re-isolated from 65 of the species when infected leaves of adult plants were incubated on nutrient agar plates; however, other than Hordeum species, only two of the 65 host species exhibited moderately susceptible or susceptible field reaction types, with most species showing small dark necrotic lesions indicative of a highly resistant response to P. teres f. teres. Although these wild species have the potential to be alternative hosts, the high level of resistance identified for most of the species makes their role as a source of primary inoculum questionable. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Two types of symptom are caused by P. teres. These are net-type lesions caused by P. teres f. teres and spot-type lesions caused by P. teres f. maculata. The net-like symptom, for which the disease was originally named, has characteristic narrow, dark-brown, longitudinal and transverse striations on infected leaves. The spot form symptom consists of dark-brown, circular to elliptical lesions surrounded by a chlorotic or necrotic halo of varying width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Nowara D, Gay A, Lacomme C, Shaw J, Ridout C, Douchkov D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Schweizer P. HIGS: host-induced gene silencing in the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3130-41. [PMID: 20884801 PMCID: PMC2965548 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and cause damage in thousands of plant species. Despite their agronomical importance, little direct functional evidence for genes of pathogenicity and virulence is currently available because mutagenesis and transformation protocols are lacking. Here, we show that the accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) of double-stranded or antisense RNA targeting fungal transcripts affects the development of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Proof of concept for host-induced gene silencing was obtained by silencing the effector gene Avra10, which resulted in reduced fungal development in the absence, but not in the presence, of the matching resistance gene Mla10. The fungus could be rescued from the silencing of Avra10 by the transient expression of a synthetic gene that was resistant to RNA interference (RNAi) due to silent point mutations. The results suggest traffic of RNA molecules from host plants into B. graminis and may lead to an RNAi-based crop protection strategy against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nowara
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gay
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Jane Shaw
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, Scotland
| | | | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466-Gatersleben, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Pavan S, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Loss of susceptibility as a novel breeding strategy for durable and broad-spectrum resistance. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2010; 25:1-12. [PMID: 20234841 PMCID: PMC2837247 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-009-9323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on plant immunity have suggested that a pathogen should suppress induced plant defense in order to infect a plant species, which otherwise would have been a nonhost to the pathogen. For this purpose, pathogens exploit effector molecules to interfere with different layers of plant defense responses. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on plant factors that are activated by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity. By looking from a different point of view into host and nonhost resistance, we propose a novel breeding strategy: disabling plant disease susceptibility genes (S-genes) to achieve durable and broad-spectrum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pavan
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR-Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Agroforestry, Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR-Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR-Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR-Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Suda W, Nagasaki A, Shishido M. Powdery Mildew-Infection Changes Bacterial Community Composition in the Phyllosphere. Microbes Environ 2009; 24:217-23. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me09114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Suda
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
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Fabro G, Di Rienzo JA, Voigt CA, Savchenko T, Dehesh K, Somerville S, Alvarez ME. Genome-wide expression profiling Arabidopsis at the stage of Golovinomyces cichoracearum haustorium formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1421-39. [PMID: 18218973 PMCID: PMC2259087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility between plants and obligate biotrophic fungi requires fungal mechanisms for efficiently obtaining nutrients and counteracting plant defenses under conditions that are expected to induce changes in the host transcriptome. A key step in the proliferation of biotrophic fungi is haustorium differentiation. Here we analyzed global gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves during the formation of haustoria by Golovinomyces cichoracearum. At this time, the endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found to be enhanced. The responses of wild-type, npr1-1, and jar1-1 plants were used to categorize the sensitivity of gene expression changes to NPR1 and JAR1, which are components of the SA and JA signaling pathways, respectively. We found that the infection process was the major source of variation, with 70 genes identified as having similarly altered expression patterns regardless of plant genotype. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) identified genes responding both to infection and to lack of functional JAR1 (17 genes) or NPR1 (18 genes), indicating that the JA and SA signaling pathways function as secondary sources of variation. Participation of these genes in the SA or JA pathways had not been described previously. We found that some of these genes may be sensitive to the balance between the SA and JA pathways, representing novel markers for the elucidation of cross-talk points between these signaling cascades. Conserved putative regulatory motifs were found in the promoter regions of each subset of genes. Collectively, our results indicate that gene expression changes in response to infection by obligate biotrophic fungi may support fungal nutrition by promoting alterations in host metabolism. In addition, these studies provide novel markers for the characterization of defense pathways and susceptibility features under this infection condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Göllner K, Schweizer P, Bai Y, Panstruga R. Natural genetic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana reveal a high prevalence and unexpected phenotypic plasticity of RPW8-mediated powdery mildew resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 177:725-742. [PMID: 18211475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, an approach based on natural genetic variation was adopted to analyse powdery mildew resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Accessions resistant to multiple powdery mildew species were crossed with the susceptible Col-0 ecotype and inheritance of resistance was analysed. Histochemical staining was used to visualize archetypal plant defence responses such as callose deposition, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and host cell death in a subset of these ecotypes. In six accessions, resistance was likely of polygenic origin while 10 accessions exhibited evidence for a single recessively or semi-dominantly inherited resistance locus. Resistance in the latter accessions was mainly manifested at the terminal stage of the fungal life cycle by a failure of abundant conidiophore production. The resistance locus of several of these ecotypes was mapped to a genomic region containing the previously analysed atypical RPW8 powdery mildew resistance genes. Gene silencing revealed that members of the RPW8 locus were responsible for resistance to Golovinomyces orontii in seven accessions. These results suggest that broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance in A. thaliana is predominantly of polygenic origin or based on RPW8 function. The findings shed new light on the natural variation of inheritance, phenotypic expression and pathogen range of RPW8-conditioned powdery mildew resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Göllner
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Cytogenetics and Transcriptome Analysis, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yuling Bai
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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Micali C, Göllner K, Humphry M, Consonni C, Panstruga R. The Powdery Mildew Disease of Arabidopsis: A Paradigm for the Interaction between Plants and Biotrophic Fungi. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0115. [PMID: 22303240 PMCID: PMC3243333 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The powdery mildew diseases, caused by fungal species of the Erysiphales, have an important economic impact on a variety of plant species and have driven basic and applied research efforts in the field of phytopathology for many years. Although the first taxonomic reports on the Erysiphales date back to the 1850's, advances into the molecular biology of these fungal species have been hampered by their obligate biotrophic nature and difficulties associated with their cultivation and genetic manipulation in the laboratory. The discovery in the 1990's of a few species of powdery mildew fungi that cause disease on Arabidopsis has opened a new chapter in this research field. The great advantages of working with a model plant species have translated into remarkable progress in our understanding of these complex pathogens and their interaction with the plant host. Herein we summarize advances in the study of Arabidopsis-powdery mildew interactions and discuss their implications for the general field of plant pathology. We provide an overview of the life cycle of the pathogens on Arabidopsis and describe the structural and functional changes that occur during infection in the host and fungus in compatible and incompatible interactions, with special emphasis on defense signaling, resistance pathways, and compatibility factors. Finally, we discuss the future of powdery mildew research in anticipation of the sequencing of multiple powdery mildew genomes. The cumulative body of knowledge on powdery mildews of Arabidopsis provides a valuable tool for the study and understanding of disease associated with many other obligate biotrophic pathogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micali
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Katharina Göllner
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Matt Humphry
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Chiara Consonni
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Ameline-Torregrosa C, Cazaux M, Danesh D, Chardon F, Cannon SB, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Dumas B, Young ND, Samac DA, Huguet T, Jacquet C. Genetic dissection of resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:61-9. [PMID: 18052883 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-1-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula was used to characterize resistance to anthracnose and powdery mildew caused by Colletotrichum trifolii and Erysiphe pisi, respectively. Two isolates of E. pisi (Ep-p from pea and Ep-a from alfalfa) and two races of C. trifolii (races 1 and 2) were used in this study. The A17 genotype was resistant and displayed a hypersensitive response after inoculation with either pathogen, while lines F83005.5 and DZA315.16 were susceptible to anthracnose and powdery mildew, respectively. To identify the genetic determinants underlying resistance in A17, two F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, LR4 (A17 x DZA315.16) and LR5 (A17 x F83005.5), were phenotyped with E. pisi isolates and C. trifolii races, respectively. Genetic analyses showed that i) resistance to anthracnose is governed mainly by a single major locus to both races, named Ct1 and located on the upper part of chromosome 4; and ii) resistance to powdery mildew involves three distinct loci, Epp1 on chromosome 4 and Epa1 and Epa2 on chromosome 5. The use of a consensus genetic map for the two RIL populations revealed that Ct1 and Epp1, although located in the same genome region, were clearly distinct. In silico analysis in this region identified the presence of several clusters of nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat genes. Many of these genes have atypical resistance gene analog structures and display differential expression patterns in distinct stress-related cDNA libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ameline-Torregrosa
- UMR 5546, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UPS, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 Chemin Borde Rouge, 34326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Eichmann R, Hückelhoven R. Accommodation of powdery mildew fungi in intact plant cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:5-18. [PMID: 17602788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic powdery mildew fungi have to overcome basic resistance and manipulate host cells to establish a haustorium as a functional feeding organ in a host epidermal cell. Currently, it is of central interest how plant factors negatively regulate basal defense or whether they even support fungal development in compatible interactions. Additionally, creation of a metabolic sink in infected cells may involve host activity. Here, we review the current progress in understanding potential fungal targets for host reprogramming and nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Phytopathology, Am Hochanger 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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Li C, Bonnema G, Che D, Dong L, Lindhout P, Visser R, Bai Y. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in monogenic resistance responses to tomato powdery mildew. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1161-72. [PMID: 17849718 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-9-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The monogenic genes Ol-1, ol-2, and Ol-4 confer resistance to tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici via different mechanisms. The biochemical mechanisms involved in these monogenic resistances were studied by monitoring through time the association of H2O2 and callose accumulation with hypersensitive response (HR) and papilla formation. Our results showed that H2O2 and callose accumulation are coupled with both Ol-1- and Ol-4-mediated HR-associated resistance as well as with the ol-2-mediated papillae-associated resistance. Further, the transcriptomal changes related to these monogenic resistances were studied by using cDNA-amplification fragment length polymorphism. The expression profiling clarified that 81% of DE-TDF (differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments) were up-regulated upon inoculation with O. neolycopersici in both the compatible and Ol-1-mediated incompatible interactions, though with a difference in expression timing. Of these DE-TDF, more than 70% were not detected in the Ol-4-mediated resistance, while 58% were expressed in the ol-2-mediated resistance, generally at later timepoints. Sequence information suggested that most of these DE-TDF are related to genes involved in either basal defense or establishment of compatibility. In addition, DE-TDF (19%) specifically expressed in different incompatible interactions were identified. Expression patterns of some DE-TDF and marker gene GluB suggested that papillae-associated resistance exploits a different defense pathway from that of HR-associated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Li
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Foster-Hartnett D, Danesh D, Peñuela S, Sharopova N, Endre G, Vandenbosch KA, Young ND, Samac DA. Molecular and cytological responses of Medicago truncatula to Erysiphe pisi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:307-19. [PMID: 20507501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Powdery mildew is an economically important disease in a number of crop legumes; however, little is known about resistance to the disease in these species. To gain a better understanding of the genetics of resistance and plant responses to powdery mildew in legumes, we developed a pathosystem with Medicago truncatula and Erysiphe pisi. Screening accessions of M. truncatula identified genotypes that are highly susceptible, moderately resistant and highly resistant to the fungus. In the highly resistant genotype, fungal growth was arrested after appressorium development with no colony formation, while in the moderately resistant genotype a small number of colonies formed. Both resistant and moderately resistant genotypes produced hydrogen peroxide and fluorescent compounds at pathogen penetration sites, consistent with a hypersensitive response (HR), although the response was delayed in the moderately resistant genotype. Very little hydrogen peroxide or fluorescence was detected in the susceptible accession. Microarray analysis of E. pisi-induced early transcriptional changes detected 55 genes associated with the basal defence response that were similarly regulated in all three genotypes. These included pathogenesis-related genes and other genes involved in defence, signal transduction, senescence, cell wall metabolism and abiotic stress. Genes associated with the HR response included flavonoid pathway genes, and others involved in transport, transcription regulation and signal transduction. A total of 34 potentially novel unknown genes, including two legume-specific genes, were identified in both the basal response and the HR categories. Potential binding sites for two defence-related transcription regulators, Myb and Whirly, were identified in promoter regions of induced genes, and four novel motifs were found in promoter regions of genes repressed in the resistant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Foster-Hartnett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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