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Zhang H, Xu Z, Guo K, Huo Y, He G, Sun H, Guan Y, Xu N, Yang W, Sun G. Toxic effects of heavy metal Cd and Zn on chlorophyll, carotenoid metabolism and photosynthetic function in tobacco leaves revealed by physiological and proteomics analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110856. [PMID: 32629202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms underlying the action of the heavy metals Cd and Zn on the photosynthetic function of plant leaves, the effects of 100 μmol L-1 Cd and 200 μmol L-1 Zn stress (the exposure concentrations of Cd and Zn in the culture medium were 2.24 mg kg-1 and 5.36 mg kg-1) on the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as well as the photosynthetic function of tobacco leaves (Long Jiang 911) were studied. The key proteins in these physiological processes were quantitatively analyzed using a TMT-based proteomics approach. Cd stress was found to inhibit the expression of key enzymes during chlorophyll synthesis in leaves, resulting in a decrease of the Chl content. However, Zn stress did not significantly influence the chlorophyll content. Leaves adapted to Zn stress by upregulating CAO expression and increase the Chl b content. Although the Car content in leaves did not significantly change under either Cd or Zn stress, the expressions of ZE and VDE during Car metabolism decreased significantly under Cd stress. This was accompanied by damages to the xanthophyll cycle and the NPQ-dependent energy dissipation mechanism. In contrast, under Zn stress, leaves adapted to Zn stress by increasing the expression of VDE, thus improving NPQ. Under Cd stress, the expressions of three sets of proteins were significantly down-regulated, including PSII donor-side proteins (PPD3, PPD6, OEE1, OEE2-1, OEE2-2, OEE2-3, and OEE3-2), receptor-side proteins (D1, D2, CP43, CP47, Cyt b559α, Cyt b559β, PsbL, PsbQ, PsbR, Psb27-H1, and Psb28), and core proteins of the PSI reaction center (psaA, psaB, psaC, psaD, psaE-A, PsaE-B, psaF, psaG, psaH-1, psaK, psaL, psaN, and psaOL). In comparison, only eight of the above proteins (PPD6, OEE3-2, PsbL, PsbQ, Psb27-H1, psaL, and psaOL) were significantly down-regulated by Zn stress. Under Cd stress, both the donor side and the receptor side of PSII were damaged, and PSII and PSI experienced severe photoinhibition. However, Zn stress did not decrease either PSII or PSI activities in tobacco leaves. In addition, the expression of electron transport-related proteins (cytb6/f complex, PC, Fd, and FNR), ATPase subunits, Rubisco subunits, and RCA decreased significantly in leaves under Cd stress. However, no significant changes were observed in any of these proteins under Zn stress. Although Cd stress was found to up-regulate the expressions of PGRL1A and PGRL1B and induce an increase of PGR5/PGRL1-CEF in tobacco leaves, NDH-CEF was significantly inhibited. Under Zn stress, the expressions of ndhH and PGRL1A in leaves were significantly up-regulated, but there were no significant changes in either NDH-CEF or PGR5/PGRL-CEF. Under Cd stress, the expressions of proteins related to Fd-dependent nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging processes (e.g., FTR, Fd-NiR, and Fd-GOGAT) were significantly down-regulated in leaves. However, no significant changes of any of the above proteins were identified under Zn stress. In summary, Cd stress could inhibit the synthesis of chlorophyll in tobacco leaves, significantly down-regulate the expressions of photosynthesis-related proteins or subunits, and suppress both the xanthophyll cycle and NDH-CEF process. The expressions of proteins related to the Fd-dependent nitrogen metabolism and ROS scavenging were also significantly down-regulated, which blocked the photosynthetic electron transport, thus resulting in severe photoinhibition of both PSII and PSI. However, Zn stress had little effect on the photosynthetic function of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuze Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoqiang He
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yupeng Guan
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Huihui Z, Xin L, Yupeng G, Mabo L, Yue W, Meijun A, Yuehui Z, Guanjun L, Nan X, Guangyu S. Physiological and proteomic responses of reactive oxygen species metabolism and antioxidant machinery in mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedling leaves to NaCl and NaHCO 3 stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110259. [PMID: 32097787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of 100 mM NaCl and NaHCO3 stress on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physiological and proteomic aspects of ROS metabolism in mulberry seedling leaves were studied. The results showed that NaCl stress had little effect on photosynthesis and respiration of mulberry seedling leaves. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the expression of related proteins in leaves increased by varying degrees, and accumulation of superoxide anion (O2·-) not observed. Under NaHCO3 stress, photosynthesis and respiration were significantly inhibited, while the rate of O2·- production rate and H2O2 content increased. The activity of catalase (CAT) and the expression of CAT (W9RJ43) increased under NaCl stress. In response to NaHCO3 stress, the activity and expression of CAT were significantly decreased, but the ability of H2O2 scavenging of peroxidase (POD) was enhanced. The ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in mulberry seedling leaves was enhancement in both NaCl and NaHCO3 stress. The expression of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1 (2-Cys Prx BAS1), together with thioredoxin F (TrxF), thioredoxin O1 (TrxO1), thioredoxin-like protein CITRX (Trx CITRX), and thioredoxin-like protein CDSP32 (Trx CDSP32) were significantly increased under NaCl stress. Under NaHCO3 stress, the expression of the electron donor of ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), together with Trx-related proteins, such as thioredoxin M (TrxM), thioredoxin M4 (TrxM4), thioredoxin X (TrxX), TrxF, and Trx CSDP32 were significantly decreased, suggesting that the thioredoxin-peroxiredoxin (Trx-Prx) pathway's function of scavenging H2O2 of in mulberry seedling leaves was inhibited. Taken together, under NaCl stress, excessive production of O2·- mulberry seedlings leaves was inhibited, and H2O2 was effectively scavenged by CAT, AsA-GSH cycle and Trx-Prx pathway. Under NaHCO3 stress, despite the enhanced functions of POD and AsA-GSH cycle, the scavenging of O2·- by SOD was not effective, and that of H2O2 by CAT and Trx-Prx pathway were inhibited; and in turn, the oxidative damage to mulberry seedling leaves could not be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Huihui
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Xin
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guan Yupeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Mabo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - An Meijun
- Developmental Center of Heilongjiang Provincial Sericulture and Bee Industry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhang Yuehui
- Developmental Center of Heilongjiang Provincial Sericulture and Bee Industry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liu Guanjun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Sun Guangyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Valassakis C, Dervisi I, Agalou A, Papandreou N, Kapetsis G, Podia V, Haralampidis K, Iconomidou VA, Spaink HP, Roussis A. Novel interactions of Selenium Binding Protein family with the PICOT containing proteins AtGRXS14 and AtGRXS16 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:102-112. [PMID: 30824043 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During abiotic stress the primary symptom of phytotoxicity can be ROS production which is strictly regulated by ROS scavenging pathways involving enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, ROS are well-described secondary messengers of cellular processes, while during the course of evolution, plants have accomplished high degree of control over ROS and used them as signalling molecules. Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small and ubiquitous glutathione (GSH) -or thioredoxin reductase (TR)-dependent oxidoreductases belonging to the thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily which are conserved in most eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana GRXs are subdivided into four classes playing a central role in oxidative stress responses and physiological functions. In this work, we describe a novel interaction of AtGRXS14 with the Selenium Binding Protein 1 (AtSBP1), a protein proposed to be integrated in a regulatory network that senses alterations in cellular redox state and acts towards its restoration. We further show that SBP protein family interacts with AtGRXS16 that also contains a PICOT domain, like AtGRXS14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Valassakis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Dervisi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Papandreou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Kapetsis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Podia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Iconomidou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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Geigenberger P, Thormählen I, Daloso DM, Fernie AR. The Unprecedented Versatility of the Plant Thioredoxin System. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:249-262. [PMID: 28139457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins are ubiquitous enzymes catalyzing reversible disulfide-bond formation to regulate structure and function of many proteins in diverse organisms. In recent years, reverse genetics and biochemical approaches were used to resolve the functions, specificities, and interactions of the different thioredoxin isoforms and reduction systems in planta and revealed the most versatile thioredoxin system of all organisms. Here we review the emerging roles of the thioredoxin system, namely the integration of thylakoid energy transduction, metabolism, gene expression, growth, and development under fluctuating environmental conditions. We argue that these new developments help us to understand why plants organize such a divergent composition of thiol redox networks and provide insights into the regulatory hierarchy that operates between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Characterization of gamma radiation inducible thioredoxin h from Spirogyra varians. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:136-42. [PMID: 23830452 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, thioredoxin h (Trxh) was isolated and characterized from the fresh water green alga Spirogyra varians, which was one amongst the pool of proteins induced upon gamma radiation treatment. cDNA clones encoding S. varians thioredoxin h were isolated from a pre-constructed S. varians cDNA library. Trxh had a molecular mass of 13.5kDa and contained the canonical WCGPC active site. Recombinant Trxh showed the disulfide reduction activity, and exhibited insulin reduction activity. Also, Trxh had higher 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) reduction activity with Arabidopsis thioredoxin reductase (TR) than with Escherichia coli TR. Specific expression of the Trxh gene was further analyzed at mRNA and protein levels and was found to increase by gamma irradiation upto the absorbed dose of 3kGy, suggesting that Trxh may have potential functions in protection of biomolecules from gamma irradiation.
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Huang GJ, Deng JS, Chen HJ, Huang SS, Wu CH, Liao JC, Chang SJ, Lin YH. Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species in vitro and ex vivo by thioredoxin h2 from sweet potato ‘Tainong 57’ storage roots. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a useful research tool for the specific deletion, or knockdown, of target genes that can be exploited both in cultured plant cells and in whole plants. In RNAi, hairpin RNA (hpRNA)-transduced lines are used to identify loss-of-function mutations in multi-copy genes with redundant functions in polyploid plant species. Plants transformed with hpRNA exhibit a range of phenotypes resulting from complete knockdown to weak suppression or tissue- and stage-specific knockdown. Functional genomics using proteomic analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry provides valuable information about altered levels of expression of specific genes in biological samples. Here, we describe the proteomic analysis of Oryza sativa (Os) thioredoxin m (Ostrxm) knockdown using 2-DE and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
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Lindahl M, Mata-Cabana A, Kieselbach T. The disulfide proteome and other reactive cysteine proteomes: analysis and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2581-642. [PMID: 21275844 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, proteomics techniques designed for large-scale investigations of redox-sensitive proteins started to emerge. The proteomes, defined as sets of proteins containing reactive cysteines that undergo oxidative post-translational modifications, have had a particular impact on research concerning the redox regulation of cellular processes. These proteomes, which are hereafter termed "disulfide proteomes," have been studied in nearly all kingdoms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Disulfide proteomics has been applied to the identification of proteins modified by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under stress conditions. Other studies involving disulfide proteomics have addressed the functions of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Hence, there is a steadily growing number of proteins containing reactive cysteines, which are probable targets for redox regulation. The disulfide proteomes have provided evidence that entire pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the Calvin-Benson cycle, are controlled by mechanisms involving changes in the cysteine redox state of each enzyme implicated. Synthesis and degradation of proteins are processes highly represented in disulfide proteomes and additional biochemical data have established some mechanisms for their redox regulation. Thus, combined with biochemistry and genetics, disulfide proteomics has a significant potential to contribute to new discoveries on redox regulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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Chi YH, Moon JC, Park JH, Kim HS, Zulfugarov IS, Fanata WI, Jang HH, Lee JR, Lee YM, Kim ST, Chung YY, Lim CO, Kim JY, Yun DJ, Lee CH, Lee KO, Lee SY. Abnormal chloroplast development and growth inhibition in rice thioredoxin m knock-down plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:808-17. [PMID: 18723667 PMCID: PMC2556838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain several thioredoxin isoforms that are characterized by subcellular localization and substrate specificity. Here, we describe the functional characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) thioredoxin m isoform (Ostrxm) using a reverse genetics technique. Ostrxm showed green tissue-specific and light-responsive mRNA expression. Ostrxm was localized in chloroplasts of rice mesophyll cells, and the recombinant protein showed dithiothreitol-dependent insulin beta-chain reduction activity in vitro. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ostrxm resulted in rice plants with developmental defects, including semidwarfism, pale-green leaves, abnormal chloroplast structure, and reduced carotenoid and chlorophyll content. Ostrxm RNAi plants showed remarkably decreased F(v)/F(m) values under high irradiance conditions (1,000 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) with delayed recovery. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis showed that the levels of several chloroplast proteins critical for photosynthesis and biogenesis were significantly decreased in Ostrxm RNAi plants. Furthermore, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, a known target of thioredoxin, was present in oxidized forms, and hydrogen peroxide levels were increased in Ostrxm RNAi plants. The pleiotropic effects of Ostrxm RNAi suggest that Ostrxm plays an important role in the redox regulation of chloroplast target proteins involved in diverse physiological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Carotenoids/metabolism
- Chlorophyll/metabolism
- Chloroplast Thioredoxins/genetics
- Chloroplast Thioredoxins/metabolism
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Chloroplasts/ultrastructure
- Dithiothreitol/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Genes, Plant
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Oryza/metabolism
- Peroxiredoxins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Photosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), EB-NCRC and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Florencio FJ, Lindahl M. Selecting thioredoxins for disulphide proteomics: target proteomes of three thioredoxins from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Proteomics 2008; 6 Suppl 1:S186-95. [PMID: 16526092 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Searching for enzymes and other proteins which can be redox-regulated by dithiol/disulphide exchange is a rapidly expanding area of functional proteomics. Recently, several experimental approaches using thioredoxins have been developed for this purpose. Thioredoxins comprise a large family of redox-active enzymes capable of reducing protein disulphides to cysteines and of participating in a variety of processes, such as enzyme modulation, donation of reducing equivalents and signal transduction. In this study we screened the target proteomes of three different thioredoxins from the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, using site-directed active-site cysteine-to-serine mutants of its m-, x- and y-type thioredoxins. The properties of a thioredoxin that determine the outcome of such analyses were found to be target-binding capacity, solubility and the presence of non-active-site cysteines. Thus, we explored how the choice of thioredoxin affects the target proteomes and we conclude that the m-type thioredoxin, TrxA, is by far the most useful for screening of disulphide proteomes. Furthermore, we improved the resolution of target proteins on non-reducing/reducing 2-DE, leading to the identification of 14 new potentially redox-regulated proteins in this organism. The presence of glycogen phosphorylase among the newly identified targets suggests that glycogen breakdown is redox-regulated in addition to glycogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Florencio FJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, López-Maury L, Mata-Cabana A, Lindahl M. The diversity and complexity of the cyanobacterial thioredoxin systems. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 89:157-71. [PMID: 16969714 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria perform oxygenic photosynthesis, which makes them unique among the prokaryotes, and this feature together with their abundance and worldwide distribution renders them a central ecological role. Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of plants and algae are believed to share a common ancestor and the modern chloroplast would thus be the remnant of an endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and an ancestral oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote. Chloroplast metabolic processes are coordinated with those of the other cellular compartments and are strictly controlled by means of regulatory systems that commonly involve redox reactions. Disulphide/dithiol exchange catalysed by thioredoxin is a fundamental example of such regulation and represents the molecular mechanism for light-dependent redox control of an ever-increasing number of chloroplast enzymatic activities. In contrast to chloroplast thioredoxins, the functions of the cyanobacterial thioredoxins have long remained elusive, despite their common origin. The sequenced genomes of several cyanobacterial species together with novel experimental approaches involving proteomics have provided new tools for re-examining the roles of the thioredoxin systems in these organisms. Thus, each cyanobacterial genome encodes between one and eight thioredoxins and all components necessary for the reduction of thioredoxins. Screening for thioredoxin target proteins in cyanobacteria indicates that assimilation and storage of nutrients, as well as some central metabolic pathways, are regulated by mechanisms involving disulphide/dithiol exchange, which could be catalysed by thioredoxins or related thiol-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Florencio
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, 41092, Spain.
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Houston NL, Fan C, Xiang JQY, Schulze JM, Jung R, Boston RS. Phylogenetic analyses identify 10 classes of the protein disulfide isomerase family in plants, including single-domain protein disulfide isomerase-related proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:762-78. [PMID: 15684019 PMCID: PMC1065376 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.056507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are molecular chaperones that contain thioredoxin (TRX) domains and aid in the formation of proper disulfide bonds during protein folding. To identify plant PDI-like (PDIL) proteins, a genome-wide search of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was carried out to produce a comprehensive list of 104 genes encoding proteins with TRX domains. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for these sequences using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed that evolutionary relationships of TRX domains alone were correlated with conserved enzymatic activities. From this tree, we identified a set of 22 PDIL proteins that constitute a well-supported clade containing orthologs of known PDIs. Using the Arabidopsis PDIL sequences in iterative BLAST searches of public and proprietary sequence databases, we further identified orthologous sets of 19 PDIL sequences in rice (Oryza sativa) and 22 PDIL sequences in maize (Zea mays), and resolved the PDIL phylogeny into 10 groups. Five groups (I-V) had two TRX domains and showed structural similarities to the PDIL proteins in other higher eukaryotes. The remaining five groups had a single TRX domain. Two of these (quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase-like and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase-like) had putative nonisomerase enzymatic activities encoded by an additional domain. Two others (VI and VIII) resembled small single-domain PDIs from Giardia lamblia, a basal eukaryote, and from yeast. Mining of maize expressed sequence tag and RNA-profiling databases indicated that members of all of the single-domain PDIL groups were expressed throughout the plant. The group VI maize PDIL ZmPDIL5-1 accumulated during endoplasmic reticulum stress but was not found within the intracellular membrane fractions and may represent a new member of the molecular chaperone complement in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma L Houston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, USA
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13
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Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of photosynthesis, regulation by change in the redox state of thiol groups (S-S <--> 2SH) is now known to occur throughout biology. Several systems, each linking a hydrogen donor to an intermediary disulfide protein, act to effect changes that alter the activity of target proteins: the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system, comprised of reduced ferredoxin, a thioredoxin, and the enzyme, ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase; the NADP/thioredoxin system, including NADPH, a thioredoxin, and NADP-thioredoxin reductase; and the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, composed of reduced glutathione and a glutaredoxin. A related disulfide protein, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) acts in protein assembly. Regulation linked to plastoquinone and signaling induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other agents are also being actively investigated. Progress made on these systems has linked redox to the regulation of an increasing number of processes not only in plants, but in other types of organisms as well. Research in areas currently under exploration promises to provide a fuller understanding of the role redox plays in cellular processes, and to further the application of this knowledge to technology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob B Buchanan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Huang DJ, Chen HJ, Hou WC, Lin CD, Lin YH. Active recombinant thioredoxin h protein with antioxidant activities from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam Tainong 57) storage roots. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:4720-4. [PMID: 15264905 DOI: 10.1021/jf0498618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant thioredoxin h (Trx2) overproduced in Escherichia coli (M15) was purified by Ni2+-chelated affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of Trx2 is approximately 1.4 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Total antioxidant status, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) staining, reducing power method, Fe2+-chelating ability, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method, and protection of calf thymus DNA against hydroxyl radical-induced damage were studied. The thioredoxin h protein with a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL exhibited the highest activity (expressed as 0.37 +/- 0.012 mM ABTS* radical cation being cleared) in a total antioxidant status test. In the DPPH staining thioredoxin h appeared as white spots when it was diluted to 50 mg/mL (a final amount of 15 microg). Like the total antioxidant status, the reducing power, Fe2+-chelating ability, FTC activity, and protection against hydroxyl radical-induced calf thymus DNA damage were found with the thioredoxin h protein. It was suggested that thioredoxin h might contribute to its antioxidant activities against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jiann Huang
- Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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15
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Serrato AJ, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Spínola MC, Cejudo FJ. A novel NADPH thioredoxin reductase, localized in the chloroplast, which deficiency causes hypersensitivity to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:43821-7. [PMID: 15292215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404696200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants contain three thioredoxin systems. Chloroplast thioredoxins are reduced by ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase, whereas the cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxins are reduced by NADPH thioredoxin reductase (NTR). There is high similarity among NTRs from plants, lower eukaryotes, and bacteria, which are different from mammal NTR. Here we describe the OsNTRC gene from rice encoding a novel NTR with a thioredoxin-like domain at the C terminus, hence, a putative NTR/thioredoxin system in a single polypeptide. Orthologous genes were found in other plants and cyanobacteria, but not in bacteria, yeast, or mammals. Full-length OsNTRC and constructs with truncated NTR and thioredoxin domains were expressed in Escherichia coli as His-tagged polypeptides, and a polyclonal antibody specifically cross-reacting with the OsNTRC enzyme was raised. An in vitro activity assay showed that OsNTRC is a bifunctional enzyme with both NTR and thioredoxin activity but is not an NTR/thioredoxin system. Although the OsNTRC gene was expressed in roots and shoots of rice seedlings, the protein was exclusively found in shoots and mature leaves. Moreover, fractionation experiments showed that OsNTRC is localized to the chloroplast. An Arabidopsis NTRC knock-out mutant showed growth inhibition and hypersensitivity to methyl viologen, drought, and salt stress. These results suggest that the NTRC gene is involved in plant protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Serrato
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Avda Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Balmer Y, Vensel WH, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Gelhaye E, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Manieri W, Schürmann P, Droux M, Buchanan BB. Thioredoxin links redox to the regulation of fundamental processes of plant mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2642-7. [PMID: 14983062 PMCID: PMC357003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308583101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain thioredoxin (Trx), a regulatory disulfide protein, and an associated flavoenzyme, NADP/Trx reductase, which provide a link to NADPH in the organelle. Unlike animal and yeast counterparts, the function of Trx in plant mitochondria is largely unknown. Accordingly, we have applied recently devised proteomic approaches to identify soluble Trx-linked proteins in mitochondria isolated from photosynthetic (pea and spinach leaves) and heterotrophic (potato tubers) sources. Application of the mitochondrial extracts to mutant Trx affinity columns in conjunction with proteomics led to the identification of 50 potential Trx-linked proteins functional in 12 processes: photorespiration, citric acid cycle and associated reactions, lipid metabolism, electron transport, ATP synthesis/transformation, membrane transport, translation, protein assembly/folding, nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, hormone synthesis, and stress-related reactions. Almost all of these targets were also identified by a fluorescent gel electrophoresis procedure in which reduction by Trx can be observed directly. In some cases, the processes targeted by Trx depended on the source of the mitochondria. The results support the view that Trx acts as a sensor and enables mitochondria to adjust key reactions in accord with prevailing redox state. These and earlier findings further suggest that, by sensing redox in chloroplasts and mitochondria, Trx enables the two organelles of photosynthetic tissues to communicate by means of a network of transportable metabolites such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, and glycolate. In this way, light absorbed and processed by means of chlorophyll can be perceived and function in regulating fundamental mitochondrial processes akin to its mode of action in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Balmer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Lebreton S, Graciet E, Gontero B. Modulation, via protein-protein interactions, of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity through redox phosphoribulokinase regulation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12078-84. [PMID: 12556449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) embedded in the phosphoribulokinase (PRK).GAPDH.CP12 complex was increased 2-3-fold by reducing agents. This occurred by interaction with PRK as the cysteinyl sulfhydryls (4 SH/subunit) of GAPDH within the complex were unchanged whatever the redox state of the complex. But isolated GAPDH was not activated. Alkylation plus mass spectrometry also showed that PRK had one disulfide bridge and three SH groups per monomer in the active oxidized complex. Reduction disrupted this disulfide bridge to give 2 more SH groups and a much more active enzyme. We assessed the kinetics and dynamics of the interactions between PRK and GAPDH/CP12 using biosensors to measure complex formation in real time. The apparent equilibrium binding constant for GAPDH/CP12 and PRK was 14 +/- 1.6 nm for oxidized PRK and 62 +/- 10 nm for reduced PRK. These interactions were neither pH- nor temperature-dependent. Thus, the dynamics of PRK.GAPDH.CP12 complex formation and GAPDH activity are modulated by the redox state of PRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lebreton
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS, Universités Paris VI-VII, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris cedex 05, France
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18
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Cheng NH, Hirschi KD. Cloning and characterization of CXIP1, a novel PICOT domain-containing Arabidopsis protein that associates with CAX1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6503-9. [PMID: 12480930 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210883200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Ca(2+) transporters is a vital component of signaling. The Arabidopsis H(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger CAX1 contains an N-terminal autoinhibitory domain that prevents Ca(2+) transport when CAX1 is heterologously expressed in yeast. Using a yeast screen, we have identified three different proteins that activate CAX1. One of these, CXIP1 (CAX-interacting protein-1; 19.3 kDa) has amino acid similarity to the C terminus of PICOT (protein kinase C-interacting cousin of thioredoxin) proteins. Although PICOT proteins are found in a variety of organisms, a function has not been previously ascribed to a plant PICOT protein. We demonstrate that CXIP1 activated the CAX1 homolog CAX4, but not CAX2 or CAX3. An Arabidopsis homolog of CXIP1 (CXIP2) weakly activated CAX4, but not CAX1. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, CXIP1 interacted with the N terminus of CAX1. In competition analysis, CXIP1 and a CAX1 N-terminal peptide appeared to bind to similar N-terminal domains of CAX1. Chimeric CAX3 constructs containing the N terminus of CAX1 were activated by CXIP1. In Arabidopsis, CXIP1 transcripts, like CAX1, accumulated in response to different metal conditions. This work thus characterizes a new class of signaling molecules in plants that may regulate CAX transporters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Hui Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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