1
|
Devi P, Dwivedi R, Sankar R, Jain A, Gupta S, Gupta S. Unraveling the Genetic Web: H-Ras Expression and Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:21. [PMID: 38502412 PMCID: PMC10951159 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring malignancy with complex genetic alterations contributing to its development. The H-Ras, a proto-oncogene, becomes an oncogene when mutated and has been implicated in various cancers. This systematic review aims to research to what extent H-Ras expression and mutation contribute to the development and progression of OSCC, and how does this molecular alteration impacts the clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with OSCC. METHODS A thorough electronic scientific literature search was carried out in PUBMED, SCOPUS, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases from 2007 to 2021. The search strategy yielded 120 articles. Following aggregation and filtering all results through our inclusion and exclusion criteria total 9 articles were included in our literature review. It has also been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023485202). RESULTS It was found that mutations in the Ras gene commonly reported in hotspots at codons 12, 13, and 61 resulting in the activation of downstream signaling pathways causing abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. This systematic review has shown an increased prevalence of H-Ras mutation in well-differentiated OSCC and also the prevalence of H-Ras mutation in individuals engaging in multiple risk behaviors, particularly chewing tobacco, demonstrated a significant association with a higher prevalence of H-Ras positivity. CONCLUSION This review sheds light on the prevalence of H-Ras mutations, their association with clinical characteristics, and their potential implications for OSCC prognosis. It also enhances our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that underlie OSCC and paves the way for further research into targeted treatments based on H-Ras alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Devi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruby Dwivedi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roshna Sankar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Doghish AS, El-Husseiny AA, Khidr EG, Elrebehy MA, Elballal MS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Abdel Mageed SS, Zaki MB, Mohammed OA, Khaled R, El-Dakroury WA, Noureldin S, Moustafa YM, Mangoura SA, Gedawy EM, Abulsoud AI. Decoding the role of miRNAs in oral cancer pathogenesis: A focus on signaling pathways. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 252:154949. [PMID: 37992507 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is the predominant type originating in the head and neck region. The incidence of OC is mostly associated with behavioral risk factors, including tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol intake. Additionally, there is a lower but still significant association with viral infections such as human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, it has been observed that heritable genetic variables are linked to the risk of OC, in addition to the previously mentioned acquired risk factors. The current absence of biomarkers for OC diagnosis contributes to the frequent occurrence of advanced-stage diagnoses among patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been observed to exert a significant effect on the transcriptional control of target genes involved in cancer, either through direct or indirect mechanisms. miRNAs are a class of short ncRNAs that play a role in regulating gene expression by enabling mRNA degradation or translational repression at the post-transcriptional phase. miRNAs are known to play a fundamental role in the development of cancer and the regulation of oncogenic cell processes. Notch signaling, PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis, KRAS mutation, JAK/STAT signaling, P53, EGFR, and the VEGFs have all been linked to OC, and miRNAs have been shown to have a role in all of these. The dysregulation of miRNA has been identified in cases of OC and is linked with prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reem Khaled
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Salma Noureldin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Safwat Abdelhady Mangoura
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ehab M Gedawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, P.O. Box 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novoplansky O, Jagadeeshan S, Regev O, Menashe I, Elkabets M. Worldwide Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of RAS Mutations in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:838911. [PMID: 35600380 PMCID: PMC9121358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.838911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the development of RAS inhibitors, a reliable assessment of the prevalence of RAS mutations and their correlation with the clinical features of patients with HNC is crucially needed. This meta-analysis compiles the findings of 149 studies with over 8500 HNC patients and assesses the global prevalence of mutations in the HRAS, KRAS and NRAS genes. The available data were stratified according to geographical region, clinical features, and tumor characteristics, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status and tumor stage. In addition, the distribution of codon substitutions in each RAS gene was assessed. The estimated mutation rate is highest for HRAS (7%), followed by KRAS (2.89%) and NRAS (2.20%). HRAS prevalence in South Asia (15.28%) is twice as high as the global estimate. HRAS mutations are more prevalent in oral cavity and salivary gland tumors. In contrast, KRAS mutations are found more frequently in sinonasal tumors, and NRAS mutations are found chiefly in tumors of the nasopharynx. OR analyses show a significant association between HRAS mutations and a high tumor stage (OR=3.63). In addition, there is a significant association between HPV-positive status and KRAS mutations (OR=2.09). This study highlights RAS as a potential therapeutic target in certain subsets of HNC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofra Novoplansky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad Regev
- Joyce & Irving Goldman Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Menashe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Núñez-Acurio D, Bravo D, Aguayo F. Epstein-Barr Virus-Oral Bacterial Link in the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1059. [PMID: 33352891 PMCID: PMC7765927 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. Its development has been associated with diverse factors such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. In addition, it has been suggested that microorganisms are risk factors for oral carcinogenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which establishes lifelong persistent infections and is intermittently shed in the saliva, has been associated with several lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity. In particular, it has been detected in a subset of OSCCs. Moreover, its presence in patients with periodontitis has also been described. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is an oral bacterium in the development of periodontal diseases. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis promotes tumorigenic properties of oral epithelial cells, suggesting that chronic P. gingivalis infection is a potential risk factor for OSCC. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site where EBV and P. gingivalis are harbored, and because of their oncogenic potential, we review here the current information about the participation of these microorganisms in oral carcinogenesis, describe the mechanisms by which EBV and P. gingivalis independently or synergistically can collaborate, and propose a model of interaction between both microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Núñez-Acurio
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Batta N, Pandey M. Mutational spectrum of tobacco associated oral squamous carcinoma and its therapeutic significance. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:198. [PMID: 31775759 PMCID: PMC6882338 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is a common malignancy attributed to use of chewing smokeless tobacco and smoking. Most of the targeted strategies are based on EGFR expression and mutation; however, none of them has shown significant improvement in survival and response rates. We carried out this study to evaluate mutational profile of tobacco associated oral carcinoma with special emphasis on EGFR and its downstream events. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 46 histologically proven cases were recruited between January 2017 and January 2019. Apart from detailed clinical and histological studies, the paraffin-embedded tissue was submitted for expression of 50 genes using Next Generation Sequencing using Ion Ampliseq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 47.8 ± 10.9 years. Majority had tumors on buccal mucosa (24) and tongue (13). Nineteen of these tumors were larger than 4 cm, and 5 had adjacent site involvement. Thirty one were node positive. TP53 mutations were commonest seen in 19 followed by CDKN2A in 11, HRAS in 8, PIK3CA in 3, SMARCB1 in 2, and KIT, EGFR, BRAF, STK11, ABL1, RB1 in one case each. Concomitant TP53 mutation was identified with other mutations like CDKN2A, HRAS, KIT, PIK3CA, STK11, SMARCB1, ABL1, and RB1 making tobacco-associated OSCC as a heterogeneous mutational tumor with multiple events. A patient with TP53 mutations has poor disease free survival (47.4 vs 63% p = 0.17); however, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The study shows a heterogeneous mutational spectrum with multiple mutational events in OSCC. The low EGFR mutation rates and higher mutations in EGFR downstream pathways including that in TP53 and HRAS suggest that anti EGFR strategies may not succeed in these tumors and newer agents and therapeutic combinations need to be tried.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Batta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Manoj Pandey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang X, Zhang B, Zhao J, Sun C, Kong K, Deng L, Liu Y, Zheng J. Increased Risk of Second Primary Cancers Following Diagnosis of Malignant Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A Population-Based Study. Front Oncol 2019; 9:610. [PMID: 31338331 PMCID: PMC6629858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several studies have reported that intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas are associated with extra-pancreatic malignancies. However, there have been no population-based studies evaluating the risk of second primary cancers (SPCs) in patients with pancreatic IPMN. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify and characterize data from patients with IPMN of the pancreas. The standard incidence ratio (SIR) of this cancer was calculated by estimating the relative risk (RR). A multivariate Cox regression model was used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) of death and associated 95% CIs. Results: Of 2,850 patients with IPMN of the pancreas, 104 patients (3.65%) developed 118 SPCs. The SIR for all SPCs combined was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.46; P < 0.05). There was an elevated risk of site-specific SPCs in the small intestine (SIR = 8.68; 95% CI = 2.36–22.22), pancreas (SIR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.15–5.25), urinary bladder (SIR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.05–3.54), and eye and orbit (SIR = 13.47; 95% CI = 1.63–48.67) in patients with pancreas IPMN. In age subgrouping, people aged younger than 50 years had an increased risk of all-site SPC with an SIR of 6.44 (95% CI = 2.78–12.68). Cox regression modeling showed that advanced disease stage and a short latency period carried a higher risk of death in IPMN patients with SPC. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with pancreatic IPMNs were at higher risk than the general population for developing a second primary malignancy. Meanwhile, advanced historic stage and short latency period were associated with an elevated HR in IPMN patients who develop an SPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen Kong
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibition of BMP signaling overcomes acquired resistance to cetuximab in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2018; 414:181-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Peng Q, Deng Z, Pan H, Gu L, Liu O, Tang Z. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1379-1388. [PMID: 29434828 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is associated with tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The present review assesses the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway in oral cancer progression and invasion based on analysis of individual sub-pathways and their mechanisms of action. The regulation of this pathway for targeted oral cancer therapy is explored and the challenges confronting this, as well as corresponding potential solutions, are discussed. Exploring this pathway with an emphasis on its components, subfamilies, sub-pathways, interactions with other pathways and clinical practice modes may improve oral cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Deng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Gu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Wang J, Wang W, Li J, Wu L, Song M, Meng Q. miR182 activates the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway in human oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing RASA1 and SPRED1. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:667-679. [PMID: 28223824 PMCID: PMC5308578 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s121864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The constitutive activation of the Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been found to be tightly controlled at multiple levels under physiological conditions. RASA1 and SPRED1 are two important negative regulators of this pathway, but the exact regulating mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential regulating mechanisms involved in the Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in OSCC. Materials and methods MicroRNA (miRNA) expression was detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of RASA1, SPRED1, and signaling proteins were detected by Western blot. Cell growth was determined using CCK-8 reagent, colony formation was stained by crystal violet, and cell invasion was tested using transwell chambers. Cell apoptosis and the cell cycle were then analyzed by flow cytometry. The binding of miR182 with RASA1 or SPRED1 was evaluated by luciferase reporter assays on a dual-luciferase reporter system. Results The expression of miR182 was found to be upregulated significantly in malignant oral carcinoma tissues compared with the adjacent nonmalignant tissues, and was inversely correlated with protein levels of RASA1 and SPRED1. Overexpression of miR182 in OSCC cell lines sustained Ras–MEK–ERK signaling-pathway activation, and promoted cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, colony formation, and invasion capacity, whereas miR182 downregulation alleviated these properties significantly in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR182 exerted its oncogenic role in OSCC by directly targeting and suppressing RASA1 and SPRED1. Conclusion Our results bring new insights into the important role of miR182 in the activation of the Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway, and suggest that miR182 may be used as a potential target for treatment of OSCC, prompting further investigation into miRNA antisense oligonucleotides for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin First Hospital
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Jichen Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Liji Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin First Hospital
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Osteological Surgery, Harbin First Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakano T, Yamamoto H, Nakashima T, Nishijima T, Satoh M, Hatanaka Y, Shiratsuchi H, Yasumatsu R, Toh S, Komune S, Oda Y. Molecular subclassification determined by human papillomavirus and epidermal growth factor receptor status is associated with the prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 50:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
12
|
Wang Z, Martin D, Molinolo AA, Patel V, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Degese MS, Vitale-Cross L, Chen Q, Gutkind JS. mTOR co-targeting in cetuximab resistance in head and neck cancers harboring PIK3CA and RAS mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju215. [PMID: 25099740 PMCID: PMC4133928 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cetuximab, a monoclonal blocking antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR, has been approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). However, only few patients display long-term responses, prompting the search for cetuximab resistance mechanisms and new therapeutic options enhancing cetuximab effectiveness. Methods Cetuximab-sensitive HNSCC cells were retro-engineered to express PIK3CA and RAS oncogenes. These cells and HNSCC cells harboring endogenous PIK3CA and RAS oncogenes were xenografted into mice (n = 10 per group) and studied for their biochemical, antitumor, antiangiogenic, and antilymphangiogenic responses to cetuximab and mTOR targeting agents. All P values are two-sided. Results Cetuximab treatment of PIK3CA- and RAS-expressing HNSCC xenografts promoted an initial antitumor response, but all tumors relapsed within few weeks. In these tumors, cetuximab did not decrease the activity of mTOR, a downstream signaling target of EGFR, PIK3CA, and RAS. The combined administration of cetuximab and mTOR inhibitors exerted a remarkably increased antitumor activity, particularly in HNSCC cells that are resistant to cetuximab as a single agent. Indeed, cotargeting mTOR together with cetuximab caused a rapid tumor collapse of both PIK3CA- and RAS-expressing HNSCC xenografts (P < .001), concomitant with reduced proliferation (P < .001) and lymphangiogenesis (P < .001). Conclusion The presence of PIK3CA and RAS mutations and other alterations affecting the mTOR pathway activity in HNSCC could be exploited to predict the potential resistance to cetuximab, and to select the patients that may benefit the most from the concomitant administration of cetuximab and PI3K and/or mTOR inhibitors as a precision molecular therapeutic option for HNSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Daniel Martin
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Maria Sol Degese
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Lynn Vitale-Cross
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| | - Qianming Chen
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC).
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (ZW, DM, AAM, VP, RIB, MSD, LVC, JSG); State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ZW, QC)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang YS, Hsu HT, Ko YC, Yeh KT, Chang SJ, Lin CY, Chang JG. Combined mutational analysis of RAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and TP53 genes in Taiwanese patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:110-116.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
PTEN deficiency contributes to the development and progression of head and neck cancer. Neoplasia 2013; 15:461-71. [PMID: 23633918 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequencing of the head and neck cancer has provided a blueprint of the most frequent genetic alterations in this cancer type. They include inactivating mutations in Notch, p53, and p16(ink4a) tumor suppressor genes, in addition to nonoverlapping activating mutations of the PIK3CA and RAS oncogenes or inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN. Notably, these genetic alterations, along with epigenetic changes, result in increased activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is present in most head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Moreover, we show here that approximately 30% of HNSCCs exhibit reduced PTEN expression. We challenged the biologic relevance of this finding by combining the intraoral administration of a tobacco surrogate, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, with a genetically defined animal model displaying reduced PTEN expression, achieved by the conditional deletion of Pten using the keratin promoter 14 CRE-lox system. This provided a specific genetic and environmentally defined animal model for HNSCC that resulted in the rapid development of oral-specific carcinomas. Under these experimental conditions, control mice did not develop HNSCC lesions. In contrast, most mice harboring Pten deficiency developed multiple SCC lesions in the lateral border and ventral part of the tongue and floor of the mouth, which are the preferred anatomic sites for human HNSCC. Overall, our study highlights the likely clinical relevance of reduced PTEN expression and/or inactivation in HNSCC progression, while the combined Pten deletion with exposure to tobacco carcinogens or their surrogates may provide a unique experimental model system to study novel molecular targeted treatments for HNSCC patients.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chiu CF, Bai LY, Kapuriya N, Peng SY, Wu CY, Sargeant AM, Chen MY, Weng JR. Antitumor effects of BI-D1870 on human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 73:237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Zanaruddin SNS, Yee PS, Hor SY, Kong YH, Ghani WMNWA, Mustafa WMW, Zain RB, Prime SS, Rahman ZAA, Cheong SC. Common oncogenic mutations are infrequent in oral squamous cell carcinoma of Asian origin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80229. [PMID: 24224046 PMCID: PMC3817115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The frequency of common oncogenic mutations and TP53 was determined in Asian oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The OncoCarta(™) panel v1.0 assay was used to characterize oncogenic mutations. In addition, exons 4-11 of the TP53 gene were sequenced. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify associations between mutations and selected clinico-pathological characteristics and risk habits. RESULTS Oncogenic mutations were detected in PIK3CA (5.7%) and HRAS (2.4%). Mutations in TP53 were observed in 27.7% (31/112) of the OSCC specimens. Oncogenic mutations were found more frequently in non-smokers (p = 0.049) and TP53 truncating mutations were more common in patients with no risk habits (p = 0.019). Patients with mutations had worse overall survival compared to those with absence of mutations; and patients who harbored DNA binding domain (DBD) and L2/L3/LSH mutations showed a worse survival probability compared to those patients with wild type TP53. The majority of the oncogenic and TP53 mutations were G:C > A:T and A:T > G:C base transitions, regardless of the different risk habits. CONCLUSION Hotspot oncogenic mutations which are frequently present in common solid tumors are exceedingly rare in OSCC. Despite differences in risk habit exposure, the mutation frequency of PIK3CA and HRAS in Asian OSCC were similar to that reported in OSCC among Caucasians, whereas TP53 mutations rates were significantly lower. The lack of actionable hotspot mutations argue strongly for the need to comprehensively characterize gene mutations associated with OSCC for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Nurain Syed Zanaruddin
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei San Yee
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seen Yii Hor
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yink Heay Kong
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Stephen S. Prime
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zainal Ariff Abd Rahman
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sok-Ching Cheong
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research Team, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prevalence of K-RAS Codons 12 and 13 Mutations in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Int J Otolaryngol 2013; 2013:848021. [PMID: 23737793 PMCID: PMC3657450 DOI: 10.1155/2013/848021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. RAS gene mutations have an impact on treatment response and overall prognosis for certain types of cancer. Objectives. To determine the prevalence and impact of K-RAS codons 12 and 13 mutations in patients with locally advanced HNSCC treated with primary or adjuvant chemo-radiation. Methods. 428 consecutive patients were treated with chemo-radiation therapy and followed for a median of 37 months. From these, 199 paraffin embedded biopsy or surgical specimens were retrieved. DNA was isolated and analyzed for K-RAS mutational status. Results. DNA extraction was successful in 197 samples. Of the 197 specimens, 3.5% presented K-RAS codon 12 mutations. For mutated cases and non-mutated cases, complete initial response to chemoradiation therapy was 71 and 73% (P = 0.32). LRC was respectively 32 and 83% (P = 0.03), DFS was 27 and 68% (P = 0.12), distant metastasis-free survival was 100 and 81% (P = 0.30) and OS was 57 and 65% (P = 0.14) at three years. K-Ras codon 13 analysis revealed no mutation. Conclusion. K-RAS codon 12 mutational status, although not associated with a difference in response rate, may influence the failure pattern and the type of therapy offered to patients with HNSCC. Our study did not reveal any mutation of K-RAS codon 13.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dos Reis MB, Losi-Guembarovski R, de Souza Fonseca Ribeiro EM, Cavalli IJ, Morita MC, Ramos GHA, de Oliveira BV, Mizuno LT, Rogatto SR, de Syllos Cólus IM. Allelic variants of XRCC1 and XRCC3 repair genes and susceptibility of oral cancer in Brazilian patients. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:180-5. [PMID: 22775506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity for DNA repair is essential in maintaining cellular functions and homeostasis; however, this capacity can be altered based on DNA sequence variations in DNA repair genes, which may contribute to the onset of cancer. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in repair genes have been found to be associated with oral cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of allelic variants Arg194Trp (rs:1799782) and Arg399Gln (rs: 25487) of XRCC1 gene and Thr241Met (rs: 861539) of XRCC3 gene and susceptibility to oral cancer. We also attempted to correlate the frequencies obtained for each of the SNPs to histopathological parameters. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with genomic DNA from 150 patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas and 150 controls. SNPs were genotyped by RFLP-PCR. RESULTS The presence of the polymorphic variants of the XRCC1 gene within codon 194 (OR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.44-1.51) and codon 399 (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.59-1.50) and within the XRCC3 gene (OR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.45-1.16) were not associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. A combinational analysis of SNPs in both genes indicated no association. The presence of the allelic variants of these two genes had no statistically significant effect on tumor differentiation, lymph node invasion or tumor size. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that allelic variants of XRCC1 and XRCC3 are not suitable markers for susceptibility to carcinomas of the oral cavity and are also not related to the later stages of such tumors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dasgupta S, Dash R, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Emerging strategies for the early detection and prevention of head and neck squamous cell cancer. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:467-73. [PMID: 21465466 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in therapeutic protocols, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major health problem worldwide. The 5-year post-therapeutic survival rate is among the lowest of the major cancers with loco-regional relapse being the main cause of death. Moreover, in most instances, the quality of life of the afflicted patient is severely compromised. The poor prognosis for HNSCC is primarily due to disease detection at advanced stages. Accordingly, development of early detection and preventive strategies are essential. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and etiology of HNSCC should facilitate development of improved intervention and therapeutic approaches. The present review discusses the potential role of such factors for developing preventive and early diagnostic strategies for HNSCC management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Murugan AK, Munirajan AK, Tsuchida N. Ras oncogenes in oral cancer: the past 20 years. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:383-92. [PMID: 22240207 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of head and neck is associated with high morbidity and mortality in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are very well established, including tobacco chewing, betel quid, smoking, alcohol drinking and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Apart from these risk factors, many genetic factors such as oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and regulatory genes are identified to involve in oral carcinogenesis with these risk factors dependent and independent manner. Ras is one of the most frequently genetically deregulated oncogene in oral cancer. In this review, we analyze the past 22years of literature on genetic alterations such as mutations and amplifications of the isoforms of the ras oncogene in oral cancer. Further, we addressed the isoform-specific role of the ras in oral carcinogenesis. We also discussed how targeting the Akt and MEK, downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, respectively, would probably pave the possible molecular therapeutic target for the ras driven tumorigenesis in oral cancer. Analysis of these ras isoforms may critically enlighten specific role of a particular ras isoform in oral carcinogenesis, enhance prognosis and pave the way for isoform-specific molecular targeted therapy in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
- Department of Molecular Cellular Oncology and Microbiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cohen Y, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Shalmon B, Shani T, Oren S, Amariglio N, Dratviman-Storobinsky O, Shnaiderman-Shapiro A, Yahalom R, Kaplan I, Hirshberg A. Mutational analysis of PTEN/PIK3CA/AKT pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:946-50. [PMID: 21824802 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma (AKT) viral oncogene pathway is involved in regulating the signaling of multiple biological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, cell proliferation, and cell growth. Mutations in the genes associated with the PI3K/AKT pathway including PI3K, AKT, RAS and PTEN, are infrequently found within head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and more specifically are rarely reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases. We aimed to investigate the frequency of mutations in AKT1, PTEN, PIK3CA, and RAS (K-RAS, N-RAS, H-RAS) genes in 37 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Mutational analysis of PTEN, RAS, PIK3CA and AKT genes was performed using chip-based matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and by direct sequencing. The only gene mutated in our series was the PIK3CA. Missense mutations of the PIK3CA gene were found in 4 of our cases (10.8%); no correlation has been found with oral location, stage and survival. The absence of mutations in AKT1, PTEN, and RAS genes in the present study is in accordance with previous studies confirming that these genes are rarely mutated in OSCC. Our data confirm that PIK3CA is important to OSCC tumorigenesis and can contribute to oncogene activation of the PIK3CA/AKT pathway in OSCC. The knowledge of the PIK3CA's involvement in OSCC is important because a specific kinase inhibitor could be considered as a future therapeutic option for OSCC patients with PIK3CA mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Cohen
- Cancer Research Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mutational analysis of HRAS and KRAS genes in oral carcinoma cell lines. Odontology 2011; 100:149-55. [PMID: 21607592 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RAS overexpression and its active mutations are involved in malignant tumorigenesis. However, the mutation rates in oral carcinoma cells differ between populations. In the present study, genomic DNA of oral carcinoma cells (HOC313, TSU, HSC2, HSC3, KOSC2, KOSC3, SCCKN, OSC19, Ca9.22, and Ho1u1 cells) or normal gingival fibroblasts (GF12 cells) derived from a Japanese population were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primer sets, spanning HRAS and KRAS exons. Nucleotide substitutions were analyzed by single strand conformation polymorphism. In contrast to no substitutions in KRAS, nine different substitutions were detected in HRAS. Of the nine, six substitutions were located at intron 1 (HSC2 and HSC3 cells) or intron 2 (HSC3, SCCKN and Ca9.22 cells), and one each of exon 1 (all cells), exon 2 (HOC313, TSU, HSC2 and HSC3 cells) and the 5' upstream region (all cells). Substitutions at exons 1 and 2 did not affect the amino acid sequence; the exon 1 substitution was positioned at the 5' untranslated region, which may be a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequence because all the cells were isolated from a Japanese population, and the mutations at exon 2 was a silent mutation. A substitution at the 5' upstream region was an SNP. These data demonstrate that SNPs and point mutations observed in HRAS do not change the amino acid sequence, and suggest that the mutations affecting the amino acid sequence may be a rare event in oral carcinomas of the Japanese population.
Collapse
|
23
|
van der Weyden L, Alcolea MP, Jones PH, Rust AG, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Acute sensitivity of the oral mucosa to oncogenic K-ras. J Pathol 2011; 224:22-32. [PMID: 21381032 PMCID: PMC3627303 DOI: 10.1002/path.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of cancer represent powerful tools for analysing the role of genetic alterations in carcinogenesis. Using a mouse model that allows tamoxifen-inducible somatic activation (by Cre-mediated recombination) of oncogenic K-rasG12D in a wide range of tissues, we observed hyperplasia of squamous epithelium located in moist or frequently abraded mucosa, with the most dramatic effects in the oral mucosa. This epithelium showed a sequence of squamous hyperplasia followed by squamous papilloma with dysplasia, in which some areas progressed to early invasive squamous cell carcinoma, within 14 days of widespread oncogenic K-ras activation. The marked proliferative response of the oral mucosa to K-rasG12D was most evident in the basal layers of the squamous epithelium of the outer lip with hair follicles and wet mucosal surface, with these cells staining positively for pAKT and cyclin D1, showing Ras/AKT pathway activation and increased proliferation with Ki-67 and EdU positivity. The stromal cells also showed gene activation by recombination and immunopositivity for pERK indicating K-Ras/ERK pathway activation, but without Ki-67 positivity or increase in stromal proliferation. The oral neoplasms showed changes in the expression pattern of cytokeratins (CK6 and CK13), similar to those observed in human oral tumours. Sporadic activation of the K-rasG12D allele (due to background spontaneous recombination in occasional cells) resulted in the development of benign oral squamous papillomas only showing a mild degree of dysplasia with no invasion. In summary, we show that oral mucosa is acutely sensitive to oncogenic K-ras, as widespread expression of activated K-ras in the murine oral mucosal squamous epithelium and underlying stroma can drive the oral squamous papilloma–carcinoma sequence. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grimminger CM, Danenberg PV. Update of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 268:5-16. [PMID: 20827554 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-010-1369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) constitute about 5% of all cancers in the western world and the incidence and mortality rates of this tumor have shown little improvement over the last 30 years. Molecular targeted therapy, a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC and other cancers, requires the understanding of specific molecular events of carcinogenesis and the different pathological, partly interrelated pathways. Extended knowledge of the prognostic or predictive value of molecular biomarkers in oropharyngeal cancer is necessary to allow a better characterization and classification of the tumor, improve the appraisal of clinical outcome and help to specify individual multimodal therapy with increased efficiency. This work affords an updated summary regarding recent data about tissue biomarkers in patients with OSCC, based on the six essential hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan and Weinberg (Cell 100(1):57-70, 2000) providing the characterization of a malignant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Grimminger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruckman KC, Schönleben F, Qiu W, Woo VL, Su GH. Mutational analyses of the BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:632-7. [PMID: 20813562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a complex, multistep process. To date, numerous oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have been implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Of particular interest in this regard are genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis, such BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes. STUDY DESIGN Mutations of BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA were evaluated by direct genomic sequencing of exons 1 of KRAS, 11 and 15 of BRAF, and 9 and 20 of PIK3CA in OSCC specimens. RESULTS Both BRAF and KRAS mutations were detected with a mutation frequency of 2% (1/42). PIK3CA mutations were detected at 3% (1/35). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report implicating BRAF mutation in OSCC. Our study supports that mutations in the BRAF, KRAS, and PIK3CA genes make at least a minor contribution to OSCC tumorigenesis, and pathway-specific therapies targeting these 2 pathways should be considered for OSCC in a subset of patients with these mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl C Bruckman
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Damme N, Deron P, Van Roy N, Demetter P, Bols A, Van Dorpe J, Baert F, Van Laethem JL, Speleman F, Pauwels P, Peeters M. Epidermal growth factor receptor and K-RAS status in two cohorts of squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:189. [PMID: 20459770 PMCID: PMC2887399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the availability of effective anti-EGFR therapies for various solid malignancies, such as non-cell small lung cancer, colorectal cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the knowledge of EGFR and K-RAS status becomes clinically important. The aim of this study was to analyse EGFR expression, EGFR gene copy number and EGFR and K-RAS mutations in two cohorts of squamous cell carcinomas, specifically anal canal and tonsil carcinomas. Methods Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from anal and tonsil carcinoma were used. EGFR protein expression and EGFR gene copy number were analysed by means of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The somatic status of the EGFR gene was investigated by PCR using primers specific for exons 18 through 21. For the K-RAS gene, PCR was performed using exon 2 specific primers. Results EGFR immunoreactivity was present in 36/43 (83.7%) of anal canal and in 20/24 (83.3%) of tonsil squamous cell carcinomas. EGFR amplification was absent in anal canal tumours (0/23), but could be identified in 4 of 24 tonsil tumours. From 38 anal canal specimens, 26 specimens were successfully analysed for exon 18, 30 for exon 19, 34 for exon 20 and 30 for exon 21. No EGFR mutations were found in the investigated samples. Thirty samples were sequenced for K-RAS exon 2 and no mutation was identified. From 24 tonsil specimens, 22 were successfully analysed for exon 18 and all 24 specimens for exon 19, 20 and 21. No EGFR mutations were found. Twenty-two samples were sequenced for K-RAS exon 2 and one mutation c.53C > A was identified. Conclusion EGFR mutations were absent from squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and tonsils, but EGFR protein expression was detected in the majority of the cases. EGFR amplification was seen in tonsil but not in anal canal carcinomas. In our investigated panel, only one mutation in the K-RAS gene of a tonsil squamous cell carcinoma was identified. This indicates that EGFR and K-RAS mutation analysis is not useful as a screening test for sensitivity to anti-EGFR therapy in anal canal and tonsil squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Van Damme
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Digestive Oncology Unit, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185 1K12IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brandon JL, Conti CJ, Goldstein LS, DiGiovanni J, Gimenez-Conti IB. Carcinogenic effects of MGP-7 and B[a]P on the hamster cheek pouch. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:733-40. [PMID: 19679887 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309344203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the carcinogenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and manufactured gas plant (MGP) residues on the hamster cheek pouch (HCP). Syrian hamsters were treated topically with a suspension of 2%, 10%, or 20% B[a]P or 50% or 100% MGP-7 (a mixture of residues from 7 MGP sites) in mineral oil for eight (short-term study) and sixteen, twenty, twenty-eight, and thirty-two weeks (long-term study). The short-term study showed that B[a]P induced p53 protein accumulation, indicative of genotoxic damage, as well as increased cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and inflammation, which is usually associated with promotional activity. In contrast, the MGP-7 presented only marginal p53 accumulation and induction of BrdU incorporation. In the long-term experiments, animals treated with 2% and 10% of B[a]P continued to show p53 protein accumulation as well as hyperplasia and increased cell proliferation and inflammation. By thirty weeks, all the animals treated with B[a]P had a 100% incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Animals treated with 50% and 100% MGP-7 showed only weak hyperplasia and a low proliferation rate and accumulation of p53 protein through thirty-two weeks. Benzo[a]pyrene was highly carcinogenic when used at adequate doses. Manufactured gas plant residue, however, was not carcinogenic in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Lynn Brandon
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Carcinogenesis, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Molinolo AA, Amornphimoltham P, Squarize CH, Castilho RM, Patel V, Gutkind JS. Dysregulated molecular networks in head and neck carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:324-34. [PMID: 18805044 PMCID: PMC2743485 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetic and epigenetic events, including the aberrant expression and function of molecules regulating cell signaling, growth, survival, motility, angiogenesis, and cell cycle control, underlie the progressive acquisition of a malignant phenotype in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). In this regard, there has been a recent explosion in our understanding on how extracellular components, cell surface molecules, and a myriad of intracellular proteins and second messenger systems interact with each other, and are organized in pathways and networks to control cellular and tissue functions and cell fate decisions. This emerging ability to understand the basic mechanism controlling inter- and intra-cellular communication has provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand how their dysregulation contributes to the growth and dissemination of human cancers. Here, we will discuss the emerging information on how the use of modern technologies, including gene array and proteomic studies, combined with the molecular dissection of aberrant signaling networks, including the EGFR, ras, NFkappaB, Stat, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta, and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways, can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying HNSCC progression. Ultimately, we can envision that this knowledge may provide tremendous opportunities for the diagnosis of premalignant squamous lesions, and for the development of novel molecular-targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo A. Molinolo
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Panomwat Amornphimoltham
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cristiane H. Squarize
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rogerio M. Castilho
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sheikh Ali MAL, Gunduz M, Nagatsuka H, Gunduz E, Cengiz B, Fukushima K, Beder LB, Demircan K, Fujii M, Yamanaka N, Shimizu K, Grenman R, Nagai N. Expression and mutation analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1589-94. [PMID: 18754871 PMCID: PMC11158168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade is an important pathway in cancer development and recent reports show that EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules are mutated in a number of cancers. We have analyzed 91 Japanese head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and 12 HNSCC cell lines for mutations in EGFR, ErbB2, and K-ras. Exons encoding the hot-spot regions in the tyrosine kinase domain of both EGFR (exons 18, 19, and 21) and ErbB2 (exons 18-23), as well as exons 1 and 2 of K-ras were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced directly. EGFR expression was also analyzed in 65 HNSCC patients using immunohistochemistry. Only one silent mutation, C836T, was found in exon 21 of EGFR in the UT-SCC-16A cell line and its corresponding metastasic cell line UT-SCC-16B. No other mutation was found in EGFR, ErbB2, or K-ras. All tumors showed EGFR expression. In 21 (32%) tumors, EGFR was expressed weakly (+1). In 27 (42%) tumors it was expressed (+2) moderately, and in 17 (26%) tumors high expression (+3) was detected. Overexpression (+2, +3) was found in 44 tumors (68%). A worse tumor differentiation and a positive nodal stage were significantly associated with EGFR overexpression (P = 0.02, P = 0.032, respectively). Similar to patients from western ethnicity, mutations are absent or rare in Japanese HNSCC. Protein overexpression rather than mutation might be responsible for activation of the EGFR pathway in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A L Sheikh Ali
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine. Okayama University, Shikatacho 2-5-1, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Báez A. Genetic and environmental factors in head and neck cancer genesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2008; 26:174-200. [PMID: 18569329 DOI: 10.1080/10590500802129431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) include squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Epidemiologic data suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of HNSCC are influenced by environmental and lifestyle-related factors, such as tobacco use, ethanol consumption, papilloma virus infection, dietary factors and exposure to toxic substances. DNA repair systems and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes can increase the risk for HNSCC but no definite causal mechanism has been demonstrated. There are several well-characterized entities that are associated with risk and prognosis of head and neck cancer, including Lynch-II syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi's anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This review aims to present the current status in our understanding of HNSCC and highlight controversies relating to the role of several factors in the genesis of the cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Báez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Choi S, Myers JN. Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications for therapy. J Dent Res 2008; 87:14-32. [PMID: 18096889 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a multistep process requiring the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations, influenced by a patient's genetic predisposition as well as by environmental influences, including tobacco, alcohol, chronic inflammation, and viral infection. Tumorigenic genetic alterations consist of two major types: tumor suppressor genes, which promote tumor development when inactivated; and oncogenes, which promote tumor development when activated. Tumor suppressor genes can be inactivated through genetic events such as mutation, loss of heterozygosity, or deletion, or by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation or chromatin remodeling. Oncogenes can be activated through overexpression due to gene amplification, increased transcription, or changes in structure due to mutations that lead to increased transforming activity. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis and the use of biologic therapy to specifically target molecules altered in OSCC. The rapid progress that has been made in our understanding of the molecular alterations contributing to the development of OSCC is leading to improvements in the early diagnosis of tumors and the refinement of biologic treatments individualized to the specific characteristics of a patient's tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Choi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 441, [corrected] Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miyamoto S, Yasui Y, Kim M, Sugie S, Murakami A, Ishigamori-Suzuki R, Tanaka T. A novel rasH2 mouse carcinogenesis model that is highly susceptible to 4-NQO-induced tongue and esophageal carcinogenesis is useful for preclinical chemoprevention studies. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:418-26. [PMID: 18174262 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the susceptibility of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male CB6F1-Tg-rasH2 @Jcl mice (Tg mice). The Tg mice were administered 4-NQO (20 p.p.m. in drinking water) for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks, and thereafter they were untreated up to week 24. At week 24, a higher incidence (80%) of tongue neoplasm with dysplasia was noted in the mice that received 4-NQO for 8 weeks in comparison with the other groups (20% incidence for each) treated with 4-NQO for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Esophageal tumors also developed in the Tg mice were 4-NQO. Immunohistochemical observation revealed that the EP receptors, especially EP(1) and EP(2), expressed in the tongue and esophageal lesions induced by 4-NQO, thus suggesting the involvement of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) and EP(1,2) receptors in the tongue and esophageal carcinogenesis. Using this animal model, we investigated the potential chemopreventive ability of pitavastatin (1, 5 and 10 p.p.m. in diet for 15 weeks), starting 1 week after the cessation of 4-NQO-exposure (20 p.p.m. in drinking water for 8 weeks). Dietary pitavastatin at 10 p.p.m. significantly reduced the incidence and multiplicity of the tongue, but not esophageal neoplasms by the modulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, EP(1) and EP(2) expression and proliferation. Our results thus suggest that a rasH2 mouse model of 4-NQO-induced tongue and esophageal carcinogenesis can be utilized for investigating the pathogenesis of cancer development in these tissues and may well prove to be useful for identifying candidate cancer chemopreventive agents for the upper digestive organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sathyan KM, Nalinakumari KR, Kannan S. H-Ras mutation modulates the expression of major cell cycle regulatory proteins and disease prognosis in oral carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:1141-8. [PMID: 17767136 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the Ras is a moderately frequent event in oral carcinogenesis in Indian patients. Ras pathway has essential roles in regulation of various phases of the cell cycle, especially at G1 phase. Despite a large body of in vitro evidence, the multidimensional interaction between mutated Ras pathway and G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins in tumours in vivo is poorly determined. In the present study, DNA samples were screened for mutations in hot spot exons of B-Raf and hot spot codons 12, 13 and 61 of H-, K- and N-Ras by PCR-SSCP. Mutations were confirmed by direct sequencing. Expression of G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins-cyclin D1, CDK4, Rb, p53, p16 and p21 and proliferation marker PCNA was analysed immunohistochemically. The results revealed the absence of B-Raf mutations in oral carcinoma in spite of 12.5% of the samples showing H-Ras mutation. The H-Ras mutant cases showed significantly low cyclin D1 (P=0.027) and CDK4 (P=0.046) expression and overexpression of Rb (P=0.011) and p16 (P=0.026). H-Ras mutant carriers also had significantly high recurrence-free survival (P=0.033). In summary the present study demonstrated an epistatic interaction between H-Ras mutation and G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins in vivo. H-Ras mutation, thus, defines a molecular subtype of oral carcinoma with favourable outcome and unique biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Sathyan
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Molecular Oncology, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsuda H, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Ueda S, Ohshima Y, Fukamachi K, Shirai T, Hirano S, Matsuda E, Wakabayashi K. Possible enhancing activity of diacylglycerol on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced carcinogenesis of the tongue in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1013-9. [PMID: 17258375 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) is involved in cell proliferation as an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and has been shown to stimulate growth of cancer cells, raising the possibility of a role in tumor promotion. Ingested DAG oil, containing 70% 1,3-DAG and 30% 1,2-DAG, is digested and considered to be safe as edible oil. However, DAG may directly contact with oral cavity mucosa in undigested form. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of DAG oil on carcinogenesis in c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Tg) rats administered 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO, 10 ppm) in their drinking water for 10 weeks for initiation of mainly upper digestive organs. DAG oil added in basal diet at 5.5%, 2.75%, 1.38% and 0% with total fat made up to 5.5% with triacylglycerol (TAG) was administered during the initiation and post-initiation period. The study was terminated at week 12 (Tg females) and 20 (Tg males, wild females and males). The fatty acid composition of DAG oil was similar to TAG (linoleic acid 46.6% and oleic acid 38.9%). In Tg male rats, DAG oil administration was associated with significant increase (P<0.05) in the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the tongue (5.5% DAG, 43.8%; 2.75% DAG, 20%; 1.38% DAG, 14.3%; 0%, 12.3%) with the Cochran-Armitage trend test and also number of tumors in coefficients for linear contrast trend tests. Tongue SCC induction of wild males and all females was not significant. The present results suggest that DAG oil may have enhancing and/or promotion potential for tongue carcinogenesis in male Tg featuring elevated ras expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:523-34. [PMID: 17258495 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral cancer remains high and is associated with many deaths in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are now well known, including smoking, drinking and consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Genetic predisposition to oral cancer has been found in certain cases but its components are not yet entirely clear. In accordance with the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis, the natural history of oral cancer seems to gradually evolve through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. A number of genomic lesions accompany this transformation and a wealth of related results has appeared in recent literature and is being summarized here. Furthermore, several key genes have been implicated, especially well-known tumor suppressors like the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, TP53 and RB1 and oncogenes like the cyclin family, EGFR and ras. Viral infections, particularly with oncogenic HPV subtypes and EBV, can have a tumorigenic effect on oral epithelia and their role is discussed, along with potential therapeutic interventions. A brief explanatory theoretical model of oral carcinogenesis is provided and potential avenues for further research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Tsantoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str., Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vairaktaris E, Papageorgiou G, Derka S, Moulavassili P, Nkenke E, Kessler P, Vassiliou S, Papakosta V, Spyridonidou S, Vylliotis A, Lazaris AC, Anagnostopoulou S, Mourouzis C, Yapijakis C, Patsouris E. Expression of ets-1 is not affected by N-ras or H-ras during oral oncogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 133:227-33. [PMID: 17072648 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether ras-activated cascades lead to activation of ets-1 expression in sequential histological stages of oral oncogenesis in an experimental animal model. METHODS Thirty-seven Syrian golden hamsters were divided into three experimental groups (A, B, C) and one control group. The hamsters' buccal pouches in experimental groups were treated with 0.5% 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) for 14 weeks and were excised at 10, 14, 19 weeks, respectively. The biopsies were classified pathologically (normal mucosa, hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, dysplasia, early invasion, well and moderately differentiated carcinoma) and studied immunohistochemically. The two-tailed Student's t test was performed for each animal group and for each histological category. RESULTS The ets-1 expression increased in early stages of oral tumor formation and invasion. The expression of N-ras gradually decreased during oral oncogenesis, as previously observed with H-ras. CONCLUSIONS Neither N-ras nor H-ras affects ets-1 expression in contrast to other types of cancer in which N-ras and ets-1 are implicated in the same signalling pathway. Therefore, the existing pathway implicating these proteins might be somehow altered in oral cancer. It seems that ets-1 is a good prognostic marker for invasiveness and progression of oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Vairaktaris
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 93 and Dim. Soutsou 1, Athens 11521, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sathyan KM, Nalinakumari KR, Abraham T, Kannan S. Influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in H-Ras and cyclin D1 genes on oral cancer susceptibility. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:607-13. [PMID: 16488657 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although tobacco usage and alcohol consumption are the major risk factors for oral cancer, there are individual variations in genetic susceptibility to oral cancer. The Ras pathway plays an important role in oral carcinogenesis. High percentage of Ras mutation in oral carcinoma was reported from India. Cyclin D1, a downstream member of the Ras pathway, was also shown to be overexpressed in the majority of oral cancers and the overexpression was shown to be associated with poor prognosis. In the present study, we have evaluated the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the H-Ras (C81T) and cyclin D1 (A870G and C1722G) genes and oral cancer risk in 176 oral cancer cases and 142 hospital based controls matched by age and sex. All the polymorphisms studied conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The comparison of the CCND1 A870G and C1722G genotype frequencies in cases and controls did not show any significant association with oral cancer risk. In H-Ras C81T polymorphism, TC+CC genotype showed a one and half fold increased risk (OR=1.59) for oral cancer. On stratified analysis, the observed increased risk was more evident among men (OR=2), while such an increased risk was not seen among women. Thus, our data suggests that the variant 'C' allele of the H-Ras (C81T) is associated with a higher risk for oral carcinoma, particularly in male population and thus, this polymorphism could be a low penetrance gene predisposition factor for oral carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Sathyan
- Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thomas GR, Smith LP. Animal models for the study of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: A historical perspective with review of their utility and limitations part B. Transgenic mouse models. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2379-80. [PMID: 16380988 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana R Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Suzuki R, Kohno H, Suzui M, Yoshimi N, Tsuda H, Wakabayashi K, Tanaka T. An animal model for the rapid induction of tongue neoplasms in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic rats by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: its potential use for preclinical chemoprevention studies. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:619-30. [PMID: 16219633 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common human neoplasms, and prevention of this malignancy requires a better understanding of its carcinogenesis process. To this end, we tried to establish an animal model using the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene-carrying transgenic (Tg) rats and the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO). 4-NQO (20 p.p.m.) was administered to Tg and non-Tg rats for 8 weeks in their drinking water, and then the occurrence of tongue carcinogenesis was compared during the experimental period of 22 weeks. In addition, we determined the DNA ploidy in tongue lesions and examined the immunohistochemical expression of five biomarkers such as cyclin D1, glutathione S-transferase placental form, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and beta-catenin. Next, the cancer chemopreventive effects of nimesulide, pioglitazone and a synthetic geranylated derivative, which have been reported to be inhibitors of tongue carcinogenesis, were examined in Tg rats treated with 4-NQO. Either during or after treatment with 4-NQO in the drinking water, tongue dysplasia and tumors were observed on the tongues of both Tg and non-Tg rats, with a greater incidence and multiplicity in Tg rats. Histopathologically, squamous cell dysplasia, papilloma and carcinoma with or without invasion were present in the tongue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that expression levels against five biomarkers increase with disease progression, and the changes correlated with those of the DNA ploidy pattern. Interestingly, a strong expression of COX-2, iNOS and beta-catenin was observed on the invasive front of squamous cell carcinomas. A subsequent chemoprevention study using Tg rats showed that the chemicals tested suppressed the occurrence of tongue carcinomas when they were administered after 4-NQO-exposure. These results may thus indicate that our 4-NQO-induced Tg rat tongue carcinogenesis model simulates many aspects of human oral carcinogenesis and it can be applied for an analysis of oral cancer development while also helping to identify potentially effective cancer chemopreventive agents against oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikako Suzuki
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Patmore HS, Cawkwell L, Stafford ND, Greenman J. Unraveling the chromosomal aberrations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12:831-42. [PMID: 16132373 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Information from the genetic analysis of head and neck cancer has grown enormously in the last 20 years. The advent of high-resolution genetic analysis techniques such as microarray technology will further expand this field in the future. Here we review the data on chromosomal aberrations of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on the data generated by comparative genomic hybridization analysis, and suggest how such findings will be taken forward over the next decade. With the search engine PUBMED, the key words "comparative genomic hybridisation," "head and neck," "oral," "hypopharyngeal," "laryngeal," and "squamous cell carcinoma" were used. Publications unavailable in English were excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet S Patmore
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute in Association with Hull York Medical School, University of Hull Wolfson Building, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom, HU6 7RX
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vitale-Cross L, Amornphimoltham P, Fisher G, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. Conditional Expression of K-ras in an Epithelial Compartment that Includes the Stem Cells Is Sufficient to Promote Squamous Cell Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8804-7. [PMID: 15604235 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ras genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. However, the contribution of ras to tumor initiation still is unclear because ras expression in primary cells can cause cell cycle arrest and even cell death by apoptosis. Furthermore, when expressed in the epidermis of mice, mutant ras promotes the formation of benign papillomas, only few of which will progress into carcinomas. However, in these cases, ras-transgene expression often is restricted to suprabasal or follicular epithelial cells that may lack self-renewal capacity. Thus, it still is conceivable that expression of active ras in other epithelial compartments may exert a distinct ability to promote malignant progression. To address this possibility, transgenic mice carrying the tetracycline-inducible system (tet-on receptor) targeted to the basal layer of stratified epithelium, which includes the epithelial stem cells, were engineered and crossed with mice expressing the K-ras(G12D) oncogene under the control of tet-regulated responsive elements. On doxycycline administration, proliferative lesions ranging from hyperplasias, papillomas, and dysplasias to metastatic carcinomas developed in squamous epithelia of the skin, oral mucosa, salivary glands, tongue, esophagus, forestomach, and uterine cervix within just 10 to 20 days. The most noticeable lesions were invasive squamous carcinomas of the skin and oral mucosa. These findings suggest that the expression of oncogenes in an epithelial compartment that includes the stem cells may be sufficient to promote squamous carcinogenesis. They also provide a molecularly defined conditional animal model system in which the mechanisms responsible for cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastatic spread can be readily investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Vitale-Cross
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
From a histopathologic perspective, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a relatively straightforward diagnosis. However, the clinically useful information presently provided by pathologists is embarrassingly limited. Similarly, our ability to accurately identify the earliest premalignant lesions as well as predict which premalignant lesions are likely to progress to HNSCC is limited. Over the last decade, an explosive growth of knowledge related to the molecular biology of this disease has occurred, which is now being used to address these issues. For example, we now appreciate that there are multiple etiologies and multiple molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of HNSCC. New techniques have improved our ability to identify molecularly premalignant, but histologically benign lesions. Similarly, recent studies have been able to predict which premalignant lesions are likely to progress to HNSCC. In addition to having utility in the realm of early diagnosis, molecular diagnostics may have a profound impact on how we diagnose and report HNSCC. While still in the developmental stage, molecular protocols are being used to evaluate surgical margins, determine the location of unknown primary tumors, identify histologically undetectable lymph node metastasis, and predict which tumors are more likely to respond to a particular postsurgical adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Hasina
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hung KF, Lin SC, Liu CJ, Chang CS, Chang KW, Kao SY. The biphasic differential expression of the cellular membrane protein, caveolin-1, in oral carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:461-7. [PMID: 12901727 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased expression of Cav-1 is seen in various cancers from prostate, esophagus, colon, breast and pancreas yet the information regarding the correlation between the expression of Cav-1 and oral cancer is blind. Thus, the expression profile of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in oral carcinogenesis and the correlation to the clinicopathologic covariates are examined in this study. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Cav-1 expression in non-cancerous matched tissues (NCMT; n=12), and tissue from normal oral mucosa (NOM; n=12), oral pre-cancer lesions (OPL; n=17), primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (POSCC; n=47) and metastatic OSCC (MOSCC; n=8). The Cav-1 expression was correlated to the age, site, areca use, stage, size, nodal involvement, and differentiation stage. Western blot was used to confirm the specificity of antibody and to follow changes in Cav-1 expression. RESULTS The Cav-1 immunoreactivity increased significantly from 8% in NOM and 17% in NCMT to 53% in OPL and 79% in POSCC. In addition, lymph node metastasis (LNM) was present in 62% of Cav-1(+) POSCCs, but only in 10% of Cav-1(-) POSCCs. Remarkably, only 38% of MOSCCs had Cav-1 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION An increased Cav-1 expression is seen in the stepwise carcinogenesis from NOM, NCMT, OPL to POSCC. The decrease in expression from the POSCC to MOSCC indicates the value to explore its biphasic functions in oral carcinogenesis. Whether Cav-1 is an important predictor or prognosis for survival still awaits the extension of clinical follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Hung
- Department of Dentistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Raybaud H, Odin G, Fafet A, Santini J, Monteil RA. [Genic alterations in oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: analysis of international literature]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:176-84. [PMID: 12781800 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas occurs in relation with multiple events including mainly: loss of cycle cell control, evasion from apoptosis, telomerase reactivation. Complex interactions between a set of molecules, cell cycle proteins, tumour suppressor genes, oncogenes and the telomerase, occur in the multiple step process of carcinogenesis. The 2 main ways of control of the cell cycle rely on 2 tumour suppressor genes: the P53 gene and the retinoblastoma gene or RB gene. One of the regulation pathways or the 2 regulation pathways are disabled during the development of oral and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Most of the time, the inactivation of the P53 pathway results from a loss of function of the p53 protein, secondary to mutation and/or deletion of the P53 gene; It may also result of the amplification of the MDM2 gene and of the inactivation of the arf protein. The RB pathway leads to cell proliferation by loss of the p16 protein, by amplification of the cyclin D1 gene and less frequently by mutation of the RB gene or loss of the retinoblastoma protein. In India and South-East Asia, the activation of RAS and MYC oncogenes appears to be related with the presence of specific carcinogens in snuff and tobacco. By blocking apoptosis, the Bcl2 protein seems to increase the resistance of tumours to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Raybaud
- Laboratoire de pathobiologie orale, université de Nice, 24, avenue des Diables-Bleus, 06357 Nice cedex 4, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mishima K, Inoue K, Hayashi Y. Overexpression of extracellular-signal regulated kinases on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2002; 38:468-74. [PMID: 12110341 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(01)00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consist of major three subfamilies, extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK MAPKs), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress activated protein kinases (JNK MAPKs/SAP MAPKs), and p38 MAPKs. ERK MAPKs pathway is one of the most important pathways for cell proliferation. ERK MAPKs are located at downstream of a lot of growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), etc.), the overexpressions and activation of which are frequently detected on a number of cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These data indicate that overexpression and activation of ERK MAPKs play an important role in cancer progression. On the contrary, JNK MAPKs are possible regulators of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents. p38 MAPKs are activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), which are known to suppress cancer growth. These findings imply that each MAPKs can be molecular targets for cancer therapy in OSCC and its investigation is very important things in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokushima University of Dentistry, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|