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Zhou Y, Xu Y, Tan J, Huang L, Zhu G, Ye Y. Role of anthocyanin metabolic diversity in bract coloration of Curcuma alismatifolia varieties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109156. [PMID: 39341180 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are one of the key metabolites influencing the coloration of ornamental bracts in plants. Curcuma alismatifolia is an emerging ornamental plant, known for the rich diversity in the coloration of its bracts and the variety of anthocyanins present. However, the specific anthocyanin metabolites contributing to this diversity are not entirely clear. This study examines the bract color variation across 19 C. alismatifolia varieties using colorimetric analysis and spectrophotometric determination of total anthocyanin content. The 19 accessions were categorized into four color groups: white, light pink, pink, and purple. Further analysis using anthocyanin metabolomics and transcriptomics was conducted on five C. alismatifolia varieties with significant differences in coloration and total anthocyanin content. In addition to previously reported anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-rutinoside were identified for the first time as important contributors to the diverse bract coloration in C. alismatifolia. Fifty-three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and two significant gene modules were determined through WGCNA analysis. Correlation network analysis revealed two BZ1 genes that may be key terminal enzyme genes affecting anthocyanin synthesis in C. alismatifolia bracts. Multiple transcription factors, including MYB, NAC, WRKY, ERF, and bHLH, may be involved in regulating the accumulation of different anthocyanin contents in the bracts. This research sheds light on the genetic and metabolic factors that influence bract coloration in C. alismatifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianjun Tan
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lishan Huang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanjun Ye
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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2
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Li M, Xiong Y, Yang X, Gao Y, Li K. Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analysis Reveals Genes and Pathways Associated with Flesh Pigmentation in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) Tubers. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10335-10350. [PMID: 39329967 PMCID: PMC11430057 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, flavonoid pigments, are responsible for the purple and red hues in potato tubers. This study analyzed tubers from four potato cultivars-red RR, purple HJG, yellow QS9, and white JZS8-to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying tuber pigmentation. Our transcriptomic analysis identified over 2400 differentially expressed genes between these varieties. Notably, genes within the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched in HJG and RR compared to the non-pigmented JZS8, correlating with their higher levels of anthocyanin precursors and related substances. Hierarchical clustering revealed inverse expression patterns for the key genes involved in anthocyanin metabolism between pigmented and non-pigmented varieties. Among these, several MYB transcription factors displayed strong co-expression with anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, suggesting a regulatory role. Specifically, the expression of 16 MYB genes was validated using qRT-PCR to be markedly higher in pigmented HJG and RR versus JZS8, suggesting that these MYB genes might be involved in tuber pigmentation. This study comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome of diverse potato cultivars, highlighting specific genes and metabolic pathways involved in tuber pigmentation. These findings provide potential molecular targets for breeding programs focused on enhancing tuber color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuting Xiong
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuliang Gao
- Yanbian Agricultural Sciences Academy, Longjing 133400, China
| | - Kuihua Li
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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3
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Fattorini R, Khojayori FN, Mellers G, Moyroud E, Herrero E, Kellenberger RT, Walker R, Wang Q, Hill L, Glover BJ. Complex petal spot formation in the Beetle Daisy (Gorteria diffusa) relies on spot-specific accumulation of malonylated anthocyanin regulated by paralogous GdMYBSG6 transcription factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:240-257. [PMID: 38725421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Gorteria diffusa has elaborate petal spots that attract pollinators through sexual deception, but how G. diffusa controls spot development is largely unknown. Here, we investigate how pigmentation is regulated during spot formation. We determined the anthocyanin composition of G. diffusa petals and combined gene expression analysis with protein interaction assays to characterise R2R3-MYBs that likely regulate pigment production in G. diffusa petal spots. We found that cyanidin 3-glucoside pigments G. diffusa ray floret petals. Unlike other petal regions, spots contain a high proportion of malonylated anthocyanin. We identified three subgroup 6 R2R3-MYB transcription factors (GdMYBSG6-1,2,3) that likely activate the production of spot pigmentation. These genes are upregulated in developing spots and induce ectopic anthocyanin production upon heterologous expression in tobacco. Interaction assays suggest that these transcription factors regulate genes encoding three anthocyanin synthesis enzymes. We demonstrate that the elaboration of complex spots in G. diffusa begins with the accumulation of malonylated pigments at the base of ray floret petals, positively regulated by three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Our results indicate that the functional diversification of these GdMYBSG6s involved changes in the spatial control of their transcription, and modification of the duration of GdMYBSG6 gene expression contributes towards floral variation within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Farahnoz N Khojayori
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gregory Mellers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Bateman St., Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Eva Herrero
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rachel Walker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Zhou W, Ding W, Wu X, Sun J, Bai W. Microbial synthesis of anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins: current bottlenecks and potential solutions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38935054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2369703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are secondary metabolites found in plants. Due to their impressive biological activities, ACNs have gained significant popularity and extensive application within the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. A derivative of ACNs: pyranoanthocyanins (PACNs) possesses more stable properties and interesting biological activities. However, conventional methods for the production of ACNs, including chemical synthesis and plant extraction, involve organic solvents. Microbial synthesis of ACNs from renewable biomass, such as amino acids or flavonoids, is considered a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for large-scale production of ACNs. Recently, the construction of microbial cell factories (MCFs) for the efficient biosynthesis of ACNs and PACNs has attracted much attention. In this review, we summarize the cases of microbial synthesis of ACNs, and analyze the bottlenecks in reconstructing the metabolic pathways for synthesizing PACNs in microorganisms. Consequently, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms behind the development of MCFs for PACNs synthesis. Such research also holds significant promise for advancing the production of food pigments. Meanwhile, we propose potential solutions to the bottleneck problem based on metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering. Finally, the development prospects of natural food and biotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiu Ding
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyuan Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
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Barreda L, Brosse C, Boutet S, Perreau F, Rajjou L, Lepiniec L, Corso M. Specialized metabolite modifications in Brassicaceae seeds and plants: diversity, functions and related enzymes. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:834-859. [PMID: 38323463 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Specialized metabolite (SM) modifications and/or decorations, corresponding to the addition or removal of functional groups (e.g. hydroxyl, methyl, glycosyl or acyl group) to SM structures, contribute to the huge diversity of structures, activities and functions of seed and plant SMs. This review summarizes available knowledge (up to 2023) on SM modifications in Brassicaceae and their contribution to SM plasticity. We give a comprehensive overview on enzymes involved in the addition or removal of these functional groups. Brassicaceae, including model (Arabidopsis thaliana) and crop (Brassica napus, Camelina sativa) plant species, present a large diversity of plant and seed SMs, which makes them valuable models to study SM modifications. In this review, particular attention is given to the environmental plasticity of SM and relative modification and/or decoration enzymes. Furthermore, a spotlight is given to SMs and related modification enzymes in seeds of Brassicaceae species. Seeds constitute a large reservoir of beneficial SMs and are one of the most important dietary sources, providing more than half of the world's intake of dietary proteins, oil and starch. The seed tissue- and stage-specific expressions of A. thaliana genes involved in SM modification are presented and discussed in the context of available literature. Given the major role in plant phytochemistry, biology and ecology, SM modifications constitute a subject of study contributing to the research and development in agroecology, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Barreda
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Céline Brosse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Stéphanie Boutet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France.
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Wong DCJ, Wang Z, Perkins J, Jin X, Marsh GE, John EG, Peakall R. The road less taken: Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase inactivation and delphinidin anthocyanin loss underpins a natural intraspecific flower colour variation. Mol Ecol 2024:e17334. [PMID: 38651763 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Visual cues are of critical importance for the attraction of animal pollinators, however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underpinning intraspecific floral colour variation. Here, we combined comparative spectral analysis, targeted metabolite profiling, multi-tissue transcriptomics, differential gene expression, sequence analysis and functional analysis to investigate a bee-pollinated orchid species, Glossodia major with common purple- and infrequent white-flowered morphs. We found uncommon and previously unreported delphinidin-based anthocyanins responsible for the conspicuous and pollinator-perceivable colour of the purple morph and three genetic changes underpinning the loss of colour in the white morph - (1) a loss-of-function (LOF; frameshift) mutation affecting dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR1) coding sequence due to a unique 4-bp insertion, (2) specific downregulation of functional DFR1 expression and (3) the unexpected discovery of chimeric Gypsy transposable element (TE)-gene (DFR) transcripts with potential consequences to the genomic stability and post-transcriptional or epigenetic regulation of DFR. This is one of few known cases where regulatory changes and LOF mutation in an anthocyanin structural gene, rather than transcription factors, are important. Furthermore, if TEs prove to be a frequent source of mutation, the interplay between environmental stress-induced TE evolution and pollinator-mediated selection for adaptive colour variation may be an overlooked mechanism maintaining floral colour polymorphism in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - James Perkins
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Grace Emma Marsh
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Emma Grace John
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Yuan J, Ma L, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Wang C, Meng W, Tian Z, Zhou Y, Wang G. A recently evolved BAHD acetyltransferase, responsible for bitter soyasaponin A production, is indispensable for soybean seed germination. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2490-2504. [PMID: 37548097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soyasaponins are major small molecules that accumulate in soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Among them, type-A soyasaponins, fully acetylated at the terminal sugar of their C22 sugar chain, are responsible for the bitter taste of soybean-derived foods. However, the molecular basis for the acetylation of type-A soyasaponins remains unclear. Here, we identify and characterize GmSSAcT1, encoding a BADH-type soyasaponin acetyltransferase that catalyzes three or four consecutive acetylations on type-A soyasaponins in vitro and in planta. Phylogenetic analysis and biochemical assays suggest that GmSSAcT1 likely evolved from acyltransferases present in leguminous plants involved in isoflavonoid acylation. Loss-of-function mutants of GmSSAcT1 exhibited impaired seed germination, which attribute to the excessive accumulation of null-acetylated type-A soyasaponins. We conclude that GmSSAcT1 not only functions as a detoxification gene for high accumulation of type-A soyasaponins in soybean seeds but is also a promising target for breeding new soybean varieties with lower bitter soyasaponin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xindan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institute of Pasteur of Shanghai, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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Xu D, Wang Z, Zhuang W, Wang T, Xie Y. Family characteristics, phylogenetic reconstruction, and potential applications of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218914. [PMID: 37868312 PMCID: PMC10585174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The BAHD acyltransferase family is a class of proteins in plants that can acylate a variety of primary and specialized secondary metabolites. The typically acylated products have greatly improved stability, lipid solubility, and bioavailability and thus show significant differences in their physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities. Here, we review the protein structure, catalytic mechanism, and phylogenetic reconstruction of plant BAHD acyltransferases to describe their family characteristics, acylation reactions, and the processes of potential functional differentiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the BAHD family in human activities are discussed from the perspectives of improving the quality of economic plants, enhancing the efficacy of medicinal plants, improving plant biomass for use in biofuel, and promoting stress resistance of land plants. This review provides a reference for the research and production of plant BAHD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Wang L, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Chen K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Wang B, Ye M, Qiao X. Characterization and structure-based protein engineering of a regiospecific saponin acetyltransferase from Astragalus membranaceus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5969. [PMID: 37749089 PMCID: PMC10519980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylation contributes to the bioactivity of numerous medicinally important natural products. However, little is known about the acetylation on sugar moieties. Here we report a saponin acetyltransferase from Astragalus membranaceus. AmAT7-3 is discovered through a stepwise gene mining approach and characterized as the xylose C3'/C4'-O-acetyltransferse of astragaloside IV (1). To elucidate its catalytic mechanism, complex crystal structures of AmAT7-3/1 and AmAT7-3A310G/1 are obtained, which reveal a large active pocket decided by a specific sequence AADAG. Combining with QM/MM computation, the regiospecificity of AmAT7-3 is determined by sugar positioning modulated by surrounding amino acids including #A310 and #L290. Furthermore, a small mutant library is built using semi-rational design, where variants A310G and A310W are found to catalyze specific C3'-O and C4'-O acetylation, respectively. AmAT7-3 and its variants are also employed to acetylate other bioactive saponins. This work expands the understanding of saponin acetyltransferases, and provide efficient catalytic tools for saponin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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10
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Aktar S, Bai P, Wang L, Xun H, Zhang R, Wu L, He M, Cheng H, Wang L, Wei K. Identification of a BAHD Acyltransferase Gene Involved in Plant Growth and Secondary Metabolism in Tea Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192483. [PMID: 36235354 PMCID: PMC9572432 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant acyl-CoA dominated acyltransferases (named BAHD) comprise a large appointed protein superfamily and play varied roles in plant secondary metabolism like synthesis of modified anthocyanins, flavonoids, volatile esters, etc. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important non-alcoholic medicinal and fragrancy plant synthesizing different secondary metabolites, including flavonoids. In the tea (C.A sinensis) cultivar Longjing 43 (LJ43), eight samples were performed into three groups for transcriptome analysis under three biological replications. Among the BAHD acyltransferase genes in tea cultivars, the expression of TEA031065 was highest in buds and young leaves following the RNA sequencing data, which was coincident with the tissue rich in catechins and other flavonoids. We then transformed this gene into wild-type Arabidopsis as an over-expression (OX) line 1 and line 2 in ½ MS media to verify its function. In the wild types (WT), the primary root length, number of secondary roots, and total root weight were significantly higher at 24%, 15%, and 53.92%, respectively, compared to the transgenic lines (OX1 and OX2). By contrast, the leaves displayed larger rosettes (21.58%), with higher total leaf weight (32.64%) in the transgenic lines than in the wild type (WT). This result is consistent with DCR mutant At5g23940 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, anthocyanin content in transgenic lines was also increased (21.65%) as compared to WT. According to the RNA sequencing data, a total of 22 growth regulatory genes and 31 structural genes with TFs (transcription factors) that are correlative with plant growth and anthocyanin accumulation were identified to be differentially expressed in the transgenic lines. It was found that some key genes involved in IAA (Auxin) and GA (Gibberellin) biosynthesis were downregulated in the transgenic lines, which might be correlated with the phenotype changes in roots. Moreover, the upregulation of plant growth regulation genes, such as UGT73C4 (zeatin), ARR15, GH3.5, ETR2, ERS2, APH4, and SAG113 might be responsible for massive leaf growth. In addition, transgenic lines shown high anthocyanin accumulation due to the upregulation of the (1) 3AT1 and (3) GSTF, particularly, GSTF12 genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the TFs such as, CCoAMT, bHLH, WRKY, CYP, and other MYBs were also significantly upregulated in transgenic lines, which increased the content of anthocyanins in A. thaliana seedlings. In conclusion, a BAHD acyltransferase (TEA031065) was identified, which might play a vital role in tea growth and secondary metabolites regulation. This study increases our knowledge concerning the combined functionality of the tea BAHD acyltransferase gene (TEA031065).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Aktar
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liubin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hanshuo Xun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mengdi He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
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11
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Qiang TY, Liu JS, Dong YQ, Mu XL, Chen Y, Luo HM, Zhang BG, Liu HT. Identification, Molecular Cloning, and Functional Characterization of a Coniferyl Alcohol Acyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans in Schisandra chinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881342. [PMID: 35812978 PMCID: PMC9260284 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis owes its therapeutic efficacy to the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, which are limited to the Schisandraceae family and whose biosynthetic pathway has not been elucidated. Coniferyl alcohol is the synthetic precursor of various types of lignans and can be acetylated to form coniferyl acetate by coniferyl alcohol acyltransferase (CFAT), which belongs to the BAHD acyltransferase family. This catalytic reaction is important because it is the first committed step of the hypothetical biosynthetic pathway in which coniferyl alcohol gives rise to dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans. However, the gene encoding CFAT in S. chinensis has not been identified. In this study, firstly we identified 37 ScBAHD genes from the transcriptome datasets of S. chinensis. According to bioinformatics, phylogenetic, and expression profile analyses, 1 BAHD gene, named ScBAHD1, was cloned from S. chinensis. The heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and in vitro activity assays revealed that the recombinant enzyme of ScBAHD1 exhibits acetyltransferase activity with coniferyl alcohol and some other alcohol substrates by using acetyl-CoA as the acetyl donor, which indicates ScBAHD1 functions as ScCFAT. Subcellular localization analysis showed that ScCFAT is mainly located in the cytoplasm. In addition, we generated a three-dimensional (3D) structure of ScCFAT by homology modeling and explored the conformational interaction between protein and ligands by molecular docking simulations. Overall, this study identified the first enzyme with catalytic activity from the Schisandraceae family and laid foundations for future investigations to complete the biosynthetic pathway of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yan Qiang
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Shi Liu
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qing Dong
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Lu Mu
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Luo
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Gang Zhang
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Kharb A, Sharma S, Sharma A, Nirwal N, Pandey R, Bhattacharyya D, Chauhan RS. Capturing acyltransferase(s) transforming final step in the biosynthesis of a major Iridoid Glycoside, (Picroside-II) in a Himalayan Medicinal Herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5567-5576. [PMID: 35581509 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picrorhiza kurroa has been reported as an age-old ayurvedic hepato-protection to treat hepatic disorders due to the presence of iridoids such as picroside-II (P-II), picroside-I, and kutkoside. The acylation of catalpol and vanilloyl coenzyme A by acyltransferases (ATs) is critical step in P-II biosynthesis. Since accumulation of P-II occurs only in roots, rhizomes and stolons in comparison to leaves uprooting of this critically endangered herb has been the only source of this compound. Recently, we reported that P-II acylation likely happen in roots, while stolons serve as the vital P-II storage compartment. Therefore, developing an alternate engineered platform for P-II biosynthesis require identification of P-II specific AT/s. METHODS AND RESULTS In that direction, egg-NOG function annotated 815 ATs from de novo RNA sequencing of tissue culture based 'shoots-only' system and nursery grown shoots, roots, and stolons varying in P-II content, were cross-compared in silico to arrive at ATs sequences unique and/or common to stolons and roots. Verification for organ and accession-wise upregulation in gene expression of these ATs by qRT-PCR has shortlisted six putative 'P-II-forming' ATs. Further, six-frame translation, ab initio protein structure modelling and protein-ligand molecular docking of these ATs signified one MBOAT domain containing AT with preferential binding to the vanillic acid CoA thiol ester as well as with P-II, implying that this could be potential AT decorating final structure of P-II. CONCLUSIONS Organ-wise comparative transcriptome mining coupled with reverse transcription real time qRT-PCR and protein-ligand docking led to the identification of an acyltransferases, contributing to the final structure of P-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Kharb
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeti Nirwal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roma Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Bennett University, 201310, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Kumar G, Kumar P, Kapoor R, Lore JS, Bhatia D, Kumar A. Characterization of evolutionarily distinct rice BAHD-Acyltransferases provides insight into their plausible role in rice susceptibility to Rhizoctonia solani. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20140. [PMID: 34498798 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse secondary metabolites in response to different environmental cues including pathogens. The modification of secondary metabolites, including acylation, modulates their biological activity, stability, transport, and localization. A plant-specific BAHD-acyltransferase (BAHD-AT) gene family members catalyze the acylation of secondary metabolites. Here we characterized the rice (Oryza sativa L.) BAHD-ATs at the genome-wide level and endeavor to define their plausible role in the tolerance against Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. We identified a total of 85 rice OsBAHD-AT genes and classified them into five canonical clades based on their phylogenetic relationship with characterized BAHD-ATs from other plant species. The time-course RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of OsBAHD-AT genes and qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation showed higher expression in sheath blight susceptible rice genotype. Furthermore, the DNA methylation analysis revealed higher hypomethylation of OsBAHD-AT genes that corresponds to their higher expression in susceptible rice genotype, indicating epigenetic regulation of OsBAHD-AT genes in response to R. solani AG1-IA inoculation. The results shown here indicate that BAHD-ATs may have a negative role in rice tolerance against R. solani AG1-IA possibly mediated through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Altogether, the present analysis suggests the putative functions of several OsBAHD-AT genes, which will provide a blueprint for their functional characterization and to understand the rice-R. solani AG1-IA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh Lore
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
| | - Dharminder Bhatia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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14
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Berardi AE, Esfeld K, Jäggi L, Mandel T, Cannarozzi GM, Kuhlemeier C. Complex evolution of novel red floral color in Petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2273-2295. [PMID: 33871652 PMCID: PMC8364234 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Red flower color has arisen multiple times and is generally associated with hummingbird pollination. The majority of evolutionary transitions to red color proceeded from purple lineages and tend to be genetically simple, almost always involving a few loss-of-function mutations of major phenotypic effect. Here we report on the complex evolution of a novel red floral color in the hummingbird-pollinated Petunia exserta (Solanaceae) from a colorless ancestor. The presence of a red color is remarkable because the genus cannot synthesize red anthocyanins and P. exserta retains a nonfunctional copy of the key MYB transcription factor AN2. We show that moderate upregulation and a shift in tissue specificity of an AN2 paralog, DEEP PURPLE, restores anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. exserta. An essential shift in anthocyanin hydroxylation occurred through rebalancing the expression of three hydroxylating genes. Furthermore, the downregulation of an acyltransferase promotes reddish hues in typically purple pigments by preventing acyl group decoration of anthocyanins. This study presents a rare case of a genetically complex evolutionary transition toward the gain of a novel red color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Berardi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Korinna Esfeld
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Lea Jäggi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | - Therese Mandel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
| | | | - Cris Kuhlemeier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3013, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence:
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15
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Colicchio JM, Hamm LN, Verdonk HE, Kooyers NJ, Blackman BK. Adaptive and nonadaptive causes of heterogeneity in genetic differentiation across the Mimulus guttatus genome. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6486-6507. [PMID: 34289200 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity becomes structured among populations over time due to genetic drift and divergent selection. Although population structure is often treated as a uniform underlying factor, recent resequencing studies of wild populations have demonstrated that diversity in many regions of the genome may be structured quite dissimilar to the genome-wide pattern. Here, we explored the adaptive and nonadaptive causes of such genomic heterogeneity using population-level, whole genome resequencing data obtained from annual Mimulus guttatus individuals collected across a rugged environment landscape. We found substantial variation in how genetic differentiation is structured both within and between chromosomes, although, in contrast to other studies, known inversion polymorphisms appear to serve only minor roles in this heterogeneity. In addition, much of the genome can be clustered into eight among-population genetic differentiation patterns, but only two of these clusters are particularly consistent with patterns of isolation by distance. By performing genotype-environment association analysis, we also identified genomic intervals where local adaptation to specific climate factors has accentuated genetic differentiation among populations, and candidate genes in these windows indicate climate adaptation may proceed through changes affecting specialized metabolism, drought resistance, and development. Finally, by integrating our findings with previous studies, we show that multiple aspects of plant reproductive biology may be common targets of balancing selection and that variants historically involved in climate adaptation among populations have probably also fuelled rapid adaptation to microgeographic environmental variation within sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Colicchio
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lauren N Hamm
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hannah E Verdonk
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kooyers
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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16
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Wang L, Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Catalytic function, mechanism, and application of plant acyltransferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:125-144. [PMID: 34151663 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acyltransferases (ATs) are important tailoring enzymes that contribute to the diversity of natural products. They catalyze the transfer of acyl groups to the skeleton, which improves the lipid solubility, stability, and pharmacological activity of natural compounds. In recent years, a number of ATs have been isolated from plants. In this review, we have summarized 141 biochemically characterized ATs during the period July 1997 to October 2020, including their function, heterologous expression systems, and catalytic mechanisms. Their catalytic performance and application potential has been further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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17
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Tian MB, Yuan L, Zheng MY, Xi ZM. Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051073. [PMID: 34066198 PMCID: PMC8151246 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bo Tian
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (M.-B.T.); (M.-Y.Z.)
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ming-Yuan Zheng
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (M.-B.T.); (M.-Y.Z.)
| | - Zhu-Mei Xi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (M.-B.T.); (M.-Y.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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19
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S JK, B S, E BT, Chithiraikannu R, K G. Optimization of extraction parameters and stabilization of anthocyanin from onion peel. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2560-2567. [PMID: 33274649 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of onion waste is produced by the food industries. This onion waste contains high-value functional ingredients, since several compounds and nutrients are present in onion peel. The objective of this work is to extract and stabilize the anthocyanin from onion peel waste in various forms. The major component present in onion peel is anthocyanin. The anthocyanin was extracted from onion peel by the microwave-assisted extraction process. A fractional factorial experiment was used to carry out 16 possible extractions instead of 64 possible extractions. The highest yield of total anthocyanin content such as 21.99 attains when using 2 g of onion peel with the extraction time 5 minutes, power as 700 W, ethanol concentration as 75 mL, and solvent feed ratio as 20 g/mL. The anthocyanin was stabilized in three ways such as co-pigmentation, a combination of buffer and hardpan coating. The most stable and colorless anthocyanin was observed by the co-pigmentation method. Stable and red color anthocyanin is obtained using a combination of buffer and dark brown color stable anthocyanin is perceived using hard pan coating. The antioxidant activity of each sample was studied during 3 weeks of storage. Sample A (co-pigmented sample) showed 75% of antioxidant activity, sample B (hardpan coating) exhibited 60% of antioxidant activity and sample C (buffer combination) confirmed 81% of antioxidant activity. This anthocyanin study can be used in future studies for various applications such as the preservation of meat and natural colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeya Krithika S
- Department of Food Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sathiyasree B
- Department of Food Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Beniz Theodore E
- Department of Food Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramarajan Chithiraikannu
- Department of Food Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gurushankar K
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.,Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
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Enzymatic acylation of cyanidin-3-glucoside with fatty acid methyl esters improves stability and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2020; 343:128482. [PMID: 33160770 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a major anthocyanin in legumes, black rice, and purple potato, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, the effect of acylation on cyanidin-3-glucoside lipophilicity, stability, and antioxidant capacity was investigated. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was enzymatically acylated through transesterification with fatty acid esters to produce three monoacylated cyanidin-3-glucoside esters, cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6″-lauroyl)-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-(6″-myristoyl)-glucoside. Cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside had the highest thermostability and photostability of the three cyanidin-3-glucoside esters. While the in vitro antioxidant activity of cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside was 7.5%-14.3% lower than that of cyanidin-3-glucoside (p < 0.05), its cellular antioxidant activity increased by 33.3% (p < 0.05). Further, while cyanidin-3-(6″-lauroyl)-glucoside had lower stability and in vitro antioxidant activity than that of cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, its cellular antioxidant capacity was 125.9% and 69.4% higher than cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside, respectively (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that transesterification can be used to improve the stability and in vivo antioxidant activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside.
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Lara MV, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Vizzotto G, Walker RP, Drincovich MF. Stone Fruit as Biofactories of Phytochemicals With Potential Roles in Human Nutrition and Health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:562252. [PMID: 32983215 PMCID: PMC7492728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.562252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites present in fruit are key components contributing to sensory attributes like aroma, taste, and color. In addition, these compounds improve human nutrition and health. Stone fruits are an important source of an array of secondary metabolites that may reduce the risk of different diseases. The first part of this review is dedicated to the description of the main secondary organic compounds found in plants which include (a) phenolic compounds, (b) terpenoids/isoprenoids, and (c) nitrogen or sulfur containing compounds, and their principal biosynthetic pathways and their regulation in stone fruit. Then, the type and levels of bioactive compounds in different stone fruits of the Rosaceae family such as peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica, P. salicina and P. cerasifera), sweet cherries (P. avium), almond kernels (P. dulcis, syn. P. amygdalus), and apricot (P. armeniaca) are presented. The last part of this review encompasses pre- and postharvest treatments affecting the phytochemical composition in stone fruit. Appropriate management of these factors during pre- and postharvest handling, along with further characterization of phytochemicals and the regulation of their synthesis in different cultivars, could help to increase the levels of these compounds, leading to the future improvement of stone fruit not only to enhance organoleptic characteristics but also to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valeria Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Alseekh S, Perez de Souza L, Benina M, Fernie AR. The style and substance of plant flavonoid decoration; towards defining both structure and function. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 174:112347. [PMID: 32203741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 8000 different flavonoids have been described and a considerable number of new flavonoid structures are being elucidated every year. The advent of metabolomics alongside the development of phytochemical genetics - wherein the genetic basis underlying the regulation of the levels of plant metabolites is determined - has provided a massive boost to such efforts. That said our understanding of the individual function(s) of the vast majority of the metabolites that constitute this important class of phytochemicals remains unknown. Here we review what is known concerning the major decorative modifications of flavonoids in plants, namely hydroxylation, glycosylation, methylation and acylation. Our major focus is with regard to the in planta function of these modified compounds, however, we also highlight the demonstrated bioactive roles which they possess. We additionally performed a comprehensive survey of the flavonoids listed in the KNApSAcK database in order to assess the frequency of occurrence of each type of flavonoid modification. We conclude that whilst considerable research has been carried out regarding the biological roles of flavonoids most studies to date have merely provided information on the compound class or sub-classes thereof as a whole with too little currently known on the specific role of individual metabolites. We, therefore, finally suggest a framework based on currently available tools by which the relative importance of the individual compounds can be assessed under various biological conditions in order to fill this knowledge-gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maria Benina
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Sun L, Li S, Tang X, Fan X, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Liu J, Liu C. Transcriptome analysis reveal the putative genes involved in light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in grape ‘Red Globe’ (V. vinifera L.). Gene 2020; 728:144284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Chatham LA, Paulsmeyer M, Juvik JA. Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2927-2946. [PMID: 31451836 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments from maize offer a natural yet economical alternative to artificial dyes. Breeding for optimal colorant production requires understanding and integrating all facets of anthocyanin chemistry and genetics research. Replacing artificial dyes with natural colorants is becoming increasingly popular in foods and beverages. However, natural colorants are often expensive, have lower stability, and reduced variability in hue. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins and offers a scalable and affordable alternative to synthetic dyes ranging in color from orange to reddish-purple. This diversity is attributable to differences in anthocyanin composition and concentration. Here we review the chemistry, biosynthesis, and genetics of purple corn and outline key factors associated with the feasibility of producing an economical source of natural colorants. Anthocyanin compositional modifications including acylation, methylation, and polymerization with flavan-3-ols can influence color stability and hue, yet there is more to learn regarding the genetic factors responsible for these modifications. Activators and repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes as well as factors controlling trafficking and storage largely control anthocyanin yield. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will allow breeders to apply molecular strategies that accelerate the production of purple corn hybrids to meet growing demands for natural colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | | | - John A Juvik
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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25
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Wang S, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Luo J. The Structure and Function of Major Plant Metabolite Modifications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:899-919. [PMID: 31200079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that play many different roles in plant growth and development and in plant response to continually changing environmental conditions as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. This metabolic diversity is, to a large extent, due to chemical modification of the basic skeletons of metabolites. Here, we review the major known plant metabolite modifications and summarize the progress that has been achieved and the challenges we are facing in the field. We focus on discussing both technical and functional aspects in studying the influences that various modifications have on biosynthesis, degradation, transport, and storage of metabolites, as well as their bioactivity and toxicity. Finally, we discuss some emerging insights into the evolution of metabolic pathways and metabolite functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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26
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Ju YL, Yang BH, He S, Tu TY, Min Z, Fang YL, Sun XY. Anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis are modulated by regulated deficit irrigation in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis Vinifera L.) grapes and wines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:469-479. [PMID: 30473422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins contents and compositions play an important role in grape berries and wines. Grapevines are widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid areas, and water shortage restricts the development of wine industry. The aim of this work was to gain insight on the effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the accumulation and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis Vinifera L.) grapes and wines. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for anthocyanins profiles analyses and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used for the genes expressions measurement. The grapevines were treated with 60% (RDI-1), 70% (RDI-2), 80% (RDI-3), 100% (CK, traditional drip irrigation) of their estimated evapotranspiration (ETc) respectively. RDI treatments significantly reduced titration acid and increased pH with higher total soluble solids. RDI-1 treatment increased total anthocyanins contents in berries and wines in both two vintages. RDI-1 and RDI-2 treatments significantly increased the contents of acylated anthocyanins in berries and wines, especially Malvidin-3-acetly-glucoside. RDI treatments significantly increased non-acylated anthocyanins contents in wines, such as Delphinidin-3-gliucoside and Malvidin-3-glucoside. RDI treatments upregulated the expressions of VvPAL, VvC4H, VvCHS, VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H, VvLDOX, and VvOMT in both two vintages. Correlation analysis showed the accumulation of anthocyanins was closely related to the key genes expressions, including VvPAL, VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H etc. The present results provided direct evidence and detailed data to explain that RDI treatments regulated the accumulation of anthocyanins by regulating genes expressions in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lun Ju
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Bo-Han Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shuang He
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Ting-Yao Tu
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhuo Min
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiang-Yu Sun
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
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27
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Zhao JH, Yang Y, Che JX, Zuo J, Li XH, Hu YZ, Dong XW, Gao L, Liu XY. Compartmentalization of Incompatible Polymers within Metal-Organic Frameworks towards Homogenization of Heterogeneous Hybrid Catalysts for Tandem Reactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:9903-9909. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hao Zhao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029 P.R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029 P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Che
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Jun Zuo
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute; South University of Science and Technology of China; Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Zhou Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wu Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute; South University of Science and Technology of China; Shenzhen 518055 P.R. China
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28
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Inter- and intra-seasonal changes in anthocyanin accumulation and global metabolite profiling of six blueberry genotypes. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Paulsmeyer M, Chatham L, Becker T, West M, West L, Juvik J. Survey of Anthocyanin Composition and Concentration in Diverse Maize Germplasms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4341-4350. [PMID: 28446022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients in foods and beverages justifies investigations into more economic sources of natural colorants. In this study, 398 genetically diverse pigmented accessions of maize were analyzed using HPLC to characterize the diversity of anthocyanin composition and concentration in maize germplasm. One hundred and sixty-seven accessions were identified that could produce anthocyanins in the kernel pericarp or aleurone and were classified into compositional categories. Anthocyanin content was highest in pericarp-pigmented accessions with flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms, similar to the Andean Maı́z Morado landraces. A selected subset of accessions exhibited high broad-sense heritability estimates for anthocyanin production, indicating this trait can be manipulated through breeding. This study represents the most comprehensive screening of pigmented maize lines to date and will provide information to plant breeders looking to develop anthocyanin-rich maize hybrids as an economic source of natural colorants in foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paulsmeyer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura Chatham
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Talon Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Megan West
- Kraft Heinz Company , 801 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025, United States
| | - Leslie West
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Ahmad MZ, Li P, Wang J, Rehman NU, Zhao J. Isoflavone Malonyltransferases GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 Differently Modify Isoflavone Glucosides in Soybean ( Glycine max) under Various Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:735. [PMID: 28559900 PMCID: PMC5433297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonylated isoflavones are the major forms of isoflavonoids in soybean plants, the genes responsible for their biosyntheses are not well understood, nor their physiological functions. Here we report a new benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (BAHD) family isoflavone glucoside malonyltransferase GmIMaT1, and GmIMaT3, which is allelic to the previously characterized GmMT7 and GmIF7MaT. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 enzymes used malonyl-CoA and several isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as substrates. The Km values of GmIMaT1 for glycitin, genistin, and daidzin were 13.11, 23.04, and 36.28 μM, respectively, while these of GmIMaT3 were 12.94, 26.67, and 30.12 μM, respectively. Transgenic hairy roots overexpressing both GmIMaTs had increased levels of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin, and contents of daidzin and glycitin increased only in GmIMaT1-overexpression lines. The increased daidzein and genistein contents were detected only in GmIMaT3-overexpression lines. Knockdown of GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 reduced malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin contents, and affected other isoflavonoids differently. GmIMaT1 is primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum while GmIMaT3 is primarily in the cytosol. By examining their transcript changes corresponding to the altered isoflavone metabolic profiles under various environmental and hormonal stresses, we probed the possible functions of GmIMaTs. Two GmIMaTs displayed distinct tissue expression patterns and respond differently to various factors in modifying isoflavone 7-O-glucosides under various stresses.
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31
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Stability-increasing effects of anthocyanin glycosyl acylation. Food Chem 2017; 214:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Sun L, Fan X, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Sun H, Liu C. Transcriptome analysis of genes involved in anthocyanins biosynthesis and transport in berries of black and white spine grapes ( Vitis davidii). Hereditas 2016; 153:17. [PMID: 28096779 PMCID: PMC5226110 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-016-0021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The color of berry skin is an important economic trait for grape and is essentially determined by the components and content of anthocyanins. The fruit color of Chinese wild grapes is generally black, and the profile of anthocyanins in Chinese wild grapes is significantly different from that of Vitis vinifera. However, V. davidii is the only species that possesses white berry varieties among Chinese wild grape species. Thus, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to compare the difference of transcriptional level in black and white V. davidii, in order to find some key genes that are related to anthocyanins accumulation in V. davidii. Results The results of anthocyanins detection revealed that 3,5-O-diglucoside anthocyanins is the predominant anthocyanins in V. davidii. It showed obvious differences from V. vinifera in the profile of the composition of anthocyanins. The transcriptome sequencing by Illumina mRNA-Seq technology generated an average of 57 million 100-base pair clean reads from each sample. Differential gene expression analysis revealed thousands of differential expression genes (DEGs) in the pairwise comparison of different fruit developmental stages between and within black and white V. davidii. After the analysis of functional category enrichment and differential expression patterns of DEGs, 46 genes were selected as the candidate genes. Some genes have been reported as being related to anthocyanins accumulation, and some genes were newly found in our study as probably being related to anthocyanins accumulation. We inferred that 3AT (VIT_03s0017g00870) played an important role in anthocyanin acylation, GST4 (VIT_04s0079g00690) and AM2 (VIT_16s0050g00910) played important roles in anthocyanins transport in V. davidii. The expression of some selected DEGs was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Conclusions The present study investigated the transcriptomic profiles of berry skin from black and white spine grapes at three fruit developmental stages by Illumina mRNA-Seq technology. It revealed the variety specificity of anthocyanins accumulation in V. davidi at the transcriptional level. The data reported here will provide a valuable resource for understanding anthocyanins accumulation in grapes, especially in V. davidii. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41065-016-0021-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
| | - Haisheng Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009 China
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Prieto G, Tüysüz H, Duyckaerts N, Knossalla J, Wang GH, Schüth F. Hollow Nano- and Microstructures as Catalysts. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14056-14119. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Prieto
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nicolas Duyckaerts
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Johannes Knossalla
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
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Shitiz K, Sharma N, Pal T, Sood H, Chauhan RS. NGS Transcriptomes and Enzyme Inhibitors Unravel Complexity of Picrosides Biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144546. [PMID: 26658062 PMCID: PMC4687646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa is an important medicinal herb valued for iridoid glycosides, Picroside-I (P-I) and Picroside-II (P-II), which have several pharmacological activities. Genetic interventions for developing a picroside production platform would require knowledge on biosynthetic pathway and key control points, which does not exist as of today. The current study reports that geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) moiety is mainly contributed by the non-mevalonate (MEP) route, which is further modified to P-I and P-II through phenylpropanoid and iridoid pathways, in total consisting of 41 and 35 enzymatic steps, respectively. The role of the MEP pathway was ascertained through enzyme inhibitors fosmidomycin and mevinolin along with importance of other integrating pathways using glyphosate, aminooxy acetic acid (AOA) and actinomycin D, which overall resulted in 17%-92% inhibition of P-I accumulation. Retrieval of gene sequences for enzymatic steps from NGS transcriptomes and their expression analysis vis-à-vis picrosides content in different tissues/organs showed elevated transcripts for twenty genes, which were further shortlisted to seven key genes, ISPD, DXPS, ISPE, PMK, 2HFD, EPSPS and SK, on the basis of expression analysis between high versus low picrosides content strains of P. kurroa so as to eliminate tissue type/ developmental variations in picrosides contents. The higher expression of the majority of the MEP pathway genes (ISPD, DXPS and ISPE), coupled with higher inhibition of DXPR enzyme by fosmidomycin, suggested that the MEP route contributed to the biosynthesis of P-I in P. kurroa. The outcome of the study is expected to be useful in designing a suitable genetic intervention strategy towards enhanced production of picrosides. Possible key genes contributing to picroside biosynthesis have been identified with potential implications in molecular breeding and metabolic engineering of P. kurroa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Shitiz
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University, Waknaghat-73234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University, Waknaghat-73234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University, Waknaghat-73234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University, Waknaghat-73234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder S Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University, Waknaghat-73234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Bontpart T, Cheynier V, Ageorges A, Terrier N. BAHD or SCPL acyltransferase? What a dilemma for acylation in the world of plant phenolic compounds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:695-707. [PMID: 26053460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in several plant growth and development processes, including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The biosynthetic pathways leading to the vast diversity of plant phenolic products often include an acylation step, with phenolic compounds being the donor or acceptor molecules. To date, two acyltransferase families using phenolic compounds as acceptor or donor molecules have been described, with each using a different 'energy-rich' acyl donor. BAHD-acyltransferases, named after the first four biochemically characterized enzymes of the group, use acyl-CoA thioesters as donor molecules, whereas SCPL (Serine CarboxyPeptidase Like)-acyltransferases use 1-O-β-glucose esters. Here, common and divergent specifications found in the literature for both enzyme families were analyzed to answer the following questions. Are both acyltransferases involved in the synthesis of the same molecule (or same group of molecules)? Are both acyltransferases recruited in the same plant? How does the subcellular localization of these enzymes impact metabolite trafficking in plant cells?
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Bontpart
- INRA, UMR1083 SPO, 2, place, Viala, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Agnès Ageorges
- INRA, UMR1083 SPO, 2, place, Viala, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy Terrier
- INRA, UMR1083 SPO, 2, place, Viala, F-34060, Montpellier, France
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Petroni K, Pilu R, Tonelli C. Anthocyanins in corn: a wealth of genes for human health. PLANTA 2014; 240:901-11. [PMID: 25106530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different epidemiological and preclinical studies have demonstrated that regular consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods is associated to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and obesity. However, assigning a health property to anthocyanins or other classes of flavonoids may be limited by the influence of other metabolites of plant-based food consumed in the diet, acting as possible confounding factors. The development of model foods essentially isogenic and nutritionally identical except that in the type and quantity of plant bioactives to be studied represents an important tool in nutritional studies. The extensive knowledge of the regulation of flavonoid pathway in maize can be exploited to obtain 'near-isogenic' model foods, which differ only in the content of specific classes of flavonoids. Being obtainable by breeding strategies, maize model foods can provide functional foods that can be used for both animal feeding studies and human intervention trials for assessing the role of flavonoids or other bioactives in preventing chronic diseases. This review will be focused on recent advances regarding the anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize, the role of anthocyanins from corn in preventing chronic diseases and finally on the breeding activities to produce maize functional foods with increased anthocyanin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Sasaki N, Nakayama T. Achievements and Perspectives in Biochemistry Concerning Anthocyanin Modification for Blue Flower Coloration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:28-40. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Li Y, Ma R, Xu Z, Wang J, Chen T, Chen F, Wang Z. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in Kyoho grape juice-making pomace, Cabernet Sauvignon grape winemaking pomace and their fresh skin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1404-1411. [PMID: 23400926 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anthocyanins of Kyoho grape juice-making pomace, Cabernet Sauvignon grape winemaking pomace and their fresh skin were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the influence of processing on the anthocyanin profiles was investigated. RESULTS Twenty-three and 16 anthocyanins were found in fresh skin of Kyoho and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, respectively. Malvidin 3-(trans)-coumaroyl-5-diglucoside and malvidin 3-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanin in fresh skin of Kyoho and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, respectively. The cis and trans isomers of malvidin 3-coumaroyl-5-diglucoside are reported in Kyoho grape for the first time. In addition, the anthocyanin content of juice-making pomace of Kyoho grapes and winemaking pomace of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes was significantly lower than the fresh skin samples (p < 0.05). The percentage variation of non-acylated anthocyanins was lower than that of acylated anthocyanins in all pomace samples. CONCLUSION Kyoho grape and Cabernet Sauvignon grape showed distinctive anthocyanin profiles. Juice-making pomace is a better source of anthocyanins for use in functional foods than winemaking pomace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Manjasetty BA, Yu XH, Panjikar S, Taguchi G, Chance MR, Liu CJ. Structural basis for modification of flavonol and naphthol glucoconjugates by Nicotiana tabacum malonyltransferase (NtMaT1). PLANTA 2012; 236:781-93. [PMID: 22610270 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant HXXXD acyltransferase-catalyzed malonylation is an important modification reaction in elaborating the structural diversity of flavonoids and anthocyanins, and a universal adaptive mechanism to detoxify xenobiotics. Nicotiana tabacum malonyltransferase 1 (NtMaT1) is a member of anthocyanin acyltransferase subfamily that uses malonyl-CoA (MLC) as donor catalyzing transacylation in a range of flavonoid and naphthol glucosides. To gain insights into the molecular basis underlying its catalytic mechanism and versatile substrate specificity, we resolved the X-ray crystal structure of NtMaT1 to 3.1 Å resolution. The structure comprises two α/β mixed subdomains, as typically found in the HXXXD acyltransferases. The partial electron density map of malonyl-CoA allowed us to reliably dock the entire molecule into the solvent channel and subsequently define the binding sites for both donor and acceptor substrates. MLC bound to the NtMaT1 occupies one end of the long solvent channel between two subdomains. On superimposing and comparing the structure of NtMaT1 with that of an enzyme from anthocyanin acyltransferase subfamily from red chrysanthemum (Dm3Mat3) revealed large architectural variation in the binding sites, both for the acyl donor and for the acceptor, although their overall protein folds are structurally conserved. Consequently, the shape and the interactions of malonyl-CoA with the binding sites' amino acid residues differ substantially. These major local architectural disparities point to the independent, divergent evolution of plant HXXXD acyltransferases in different species. The structural flexibility of the enzyme and the amendable binding pattern of the substrates provide a basis for the evolution of the distinct, versatile substrate specificity of plant HXXXD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu A Manjasetty
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation and Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UJF-EMBL-CNRS, UMI 3265, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Hernández-Hierro JM, Quijada-Morín N, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, Escribano-Bailón MT. Influence of the physiological stage and the content of soluble solids on the anthocyanin extractability of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 732:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ferrandino A, Carra A, Rolle L, Schneider A, Schubert A. Profiling of hydroxycinnamoyl tartrates and acylated anthocyanins in the skin of 34 Vitis vinifera genotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4931-45. [PMID: 22533602 DOI: 10.1021/jf2045608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of berry skin flavonoids in grape genotypes has been previously widely investigated with regard to major compounds (nonacylated anthocyanins and flavonols), but much less with regard to acylated anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamoyl tartrates (HCTs). In this study, the composition of the phenolic fraction of the berry skin (free and acylated anthocyanins, flavonols, and HCTs) was assessed on 34 grapevine genotypes grown in a collection vineyard in northwestern Italy. The phenolic fraction was profiled on berries collected in the same vineyard, at the same ripening level across two successive vintages. The anthocyanin, HCT, and flavonol profiles were specific of each genotype, and the first two were relatively little affected by the vintage. A wide diversity in the polyphenolic fraction was shown among cultivars. Besides expected discriminatory effects of free anthocyanins and flavonol profiles, principal component analyses allowed a good discrimination of cultivars on the basis of coumaroylated anthocyanins and of the HCT profile. Anthocyanins were mostly acylated by aromatic acids, and acylation was independent from the anthocyanin substrate. HCTs were present mostly as coumaroyl and caffeoyl derivatives, and no correlation was observed between the same acylation patterns of tartrate and of anthocyanins. The results of this study are discussed in the light of new hypotheses on still unknown biosynthetic steps of phenolic substances and of the potential use of these substances in discrimination and identification of different grape cultivars in wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrandino
- Dipartimento Colture Arboree, Università di Torino, via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Different anthocyanin profiles of the skin and the pulp of Yan7 (Muscat Hamburg x Alicante Bouschet) grape berries. Molecules 2010; 15:1141-53. [PMID: 20335969 PMCID: PMC6263362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yan73 is a “teinturier” red wine variety cultivated in China and used in winemaking to strengthen red wine color. Here, the anthocyanin profile in both the skin and pulp of this grape variety was analyzed by HPLC-MS. The results showed that 18 anthocyanins were detected in both the skin and the pulp, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, an anthocyanin compound hardly detected in most other Vitis vinifera berries, was found. However, the contents of individual anthocyanins in the skin and the pulp were significantly different. Compared with the skin, the pulp exhibited much lower ratio of 3’,5’-substituted to 3’-substituted anthocyanins and much higher ratio of methoxylation of anthocyanin B-ring to non methoxylation, and with regard to the aromatic acylated and aliphatic acylated anthocyanins, both their contents in the skin are higher than in the pulp. The findings will provide some new insight for the tissue-specific expression and regulation of the genes involving in anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries.
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Kim DH, Kim SK, Kim JH, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Molecular characterization of flavonoid malonyltransferase from Oryza sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:991-997. [PMID: 19733090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a flavonoid malonyltransferase (OsMaT-2) was cloned from Oryza sativa, and the recombinant protein OsMaT-2 was purified via affinity chromatography. OsMaT-2 utilized a variety of flavonoid glucosides, including flavanone glucosides, flavone glucosides, flavonol glucosides, and isoflavone glucosides as substrates, but did not utilize anthocyanin. As an acyl donor, OsMaT-2 utilized only malonyl-CoA. Based on reactions with various quercetin 3-O-sugars, we identified the probable position of malonylation as the 6''-hydroxyl group of the sugar. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of the cloning of a flavonoid malonyltransferase from O. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Petersen M, Abdullah Y, Benner J, Eberle D, Gehlen K, Hücherig S, Janiak V, Kim KH, Sander M, Weitzel C, Wolters S. Evolution of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1663-79. [PMID: 19560175 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid are caffeic acid esters widely found in the plant kingdom and presumably accumulated as defense compounds. In a survey, more than 240 plant species have been screened for the presence of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. Several rosmarinic acid-containing species have been detected. The rosmarinic acid accumulation in species of the Marantaceae has not been known before. Rosmarinic acid is found in hornworts, in the fern family Blechnaceae and in species of several orders of mono- and dicotyledonous angiosperms. The biosyntheses of caffeoylshikimate, chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid use 4-coumaroyl-CoA from the general phenylpropanoid pathway as hydroxycinnamoyl donor. The hydroxycinnamoyl acceptor substrate comes from the shikimate pathway: shikimic acid, quinic acid and hydroxyphenyllactic acid derived from l-tyrosine. Similar steps are involved in the biosyntheses of rosmarinic, chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acids: the transfer of the 4-coumaroyl moiety to an acceptor molecule by a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from the BAHD acyltransferase family and the meta-hydroxylation of the 4-coumaroyl moiety in the ester by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from the CYP98A family. The hydroxycinnamoyltransferases as well as the meta-hydroxylases show high sequence similarities and thus seem to be closely related. The hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and CYP98A14 from Coleus blumei (Lamiaceae) are nevertheless specific for substrates involved in RA biosynthesis showing an evolutionary diversification in phenolic ester metabolism. Our current view is that only a few enzymes had to be "invented" for rosmarinic acid biosynthesis probably on the basis of genes needed for the formation of chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acid while further biosynthetic steps might have been recruited from phenylpropanoid metabolism, tocopherol/plastoquinone biosynthesis and photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Yu XH, Gou JY, Liu CJ. BAHD superfamily of acyl-CoA dependent acyltransferases in Populus and Arabidopsis: bioinformatics and gene expression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:421-42. [PMID: 19343509 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant acyl-CoA dependent acyltransferases constitute a large specific protein superfamily, named BAHD. Using the conserved sequence motifs of BAHD members, we searched the genome sequences of Populus and Arabidopsis, and identified, respectively, 94- and 61-putative genes. Subsequently, we analyzed the phylogeny, gene structure, and chromosomal distribution of BAHD members of both species; then, we profiled expression patterns of BAHD genes by "in silico" northern- and microarray-analyses based on public databases, and by RT-PCR. While our genomic- and bioinformatic- analyses provided full sets of BAHD superfamily genes, and cleaned up a few existing annotation errors, importantly it led to our recognizing several unique Arabidopsis BAHD genes that inversely overlapped with their neighboring genes on the genome, and disclosing a potential natural anti-sense regulation for gene expressions. Systemic gene-expression profiling of BAHD members revealed distinct tissue-specific/preferential expression patterns, indicating their diverse biological functions. Our study affords a strong knowledge base for understanding BAHD members' evolutionary relationships and gene functions implicated in plant growth, development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T. Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:884-915. [PMID: 19554240 DOI: 10.1039/b800165k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blue flower colors are primarily due to anthocyanin, a flavonoid pigment. Anthocyanin itself is purple in neutral aqueous solutions, ans its color is very unstable and quickly fades. Therefore, the mechanism of blue color development in living flower petals is one of the most intriguing problems in natural product chemistry. Much progress has been made in understanding blue flower coloration since the comprehensive review by Goto and Kondo in 1991. This review focuses on the advances in the last 15 years, and cites 149 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Abe Y, Tera M, Sasaki N, Okamura M, Umemoto N, Momose M, Kawahara N, Kamakura H, Goda Y, Nagasawa K, Ozeki Y. Detection of 1-O-malylglucose: Pelargonidin 3-O-glucose-6′′-O-malyltransferase activity in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:473-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yu XH, Chen MH, Liu CJ. Nucleocytoplasmic-localized acyltransferases catalyze the malonylation of 7-O-glycosidic (iso)flavones in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:382-396. [PMID: 18419782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
(Iso)flavonoids are commonly accumulated as malonylated or acetylated glycoconjugates in legumes. Sequence analysis on EST database of the model legume Medicago truncatula enabled us to identify nine cDNA sequences encoding BAHD super-family enzymes that are distinct from the most of the characterized anthocyanin/flavonol acyltransferase genes in other species. Functional characterization revealed that three of these corresponding enzymes, MtMaT1, 2 and 3, specifically recognize malonyl CoA as an acyl donor and catalyze the malonylation of a range of isoflavone 7-O-glucosides in vitro. These malonyltransferase genes displayed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and responded differentially to biotic and abiotic stresses. Consistent with gene expression, the level of the accumulated malonyl isoflavone glucoside was altered in the roots of M. truncatula grown under normal and drought-stressed conditions. Overexpression of the MtMaT1 gene in a previously engineered Arabidopsis line that accumulates genistein glycosides (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 2002:14578) led to a malonylated product. Confocal microscopy of the transiently expressed MtMaT1-GFP fusion revealed strong fluorescence in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of M. truncatula and tobacco leaf cells. A truncated MtMaT1 lacking the C-terminal polypeptide of 110 amino acid residues that include the DFGWG motif, the single conserved sequence signature of BAHD super-family members, retained considerable catalytic efficiency, but showed an altered optimum pH preference for maximum activity. Such C-terminal polypeptide deletion or deletion of the DFGWG motif alone led to improper folding of the transiently expressed GFP fusion protein in living cells, and impaired nuclear localization of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Suzuki H, Nishino T, Nakayama T. cDNA cloning of a BAHD acyltransferase from soybean (Glycine max): isoflavone 7-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonyltransferase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:2035-42. [PMID: 17602715 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), GmIF7MaT, encoding malonyl-CoA:isoflavone 7-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonyltransferase, was cloned and characterized. Soybeans produce large amounts of isoflavones, which primarily accumulate in the form of their 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucosides). The cDNA was obtained by a homology-based strategy for the cDNA cloning of some flavonoid glucoside-specific malonyltransferases of the BAHD family. The expressed gene product, GmIF7MaT, efficiently catalyzed specific malonyl transfer reactions from malonyl-CoA to isoflavone 7-O-beta-D-glucosides yielding the corresponding isoflavone 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucosides) (IF7MaT activity). The k(cat) values of GmIF7MaT were much greater than those of other flavonoid glucoside-specific malonyltransferases with their preferred substrates, while the K(m) values were at comparable levels. GmIF7MaT was expressed in the roots of G. max seedlings more abundantly than in hypocotyl and cotyledon. Native IF7MaT activity was also observed in the roots, suggesting that GmIF7MaT is involved in the biosynthesis from isoflavone 7-O-beta-D-glucosides to the corresponding isoflavone 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucosides) in G. max. This protein is a member of flavonoid glucoside-specific acyltransferases in the BAHD family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 6-6-11, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Kogawa K, Kazuma K, Kato N, Noda N, Suzuki M. Biosynthesis of malonylated flavonoid glycosides on the basis of malonyltransferase activity in the petals of Clitoria ternatea. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:886-94. [PMID: 16887235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The crude malonyltransferase from the petals of Clitoria ternatea was characterized enzymatically to investigate its role on the biosynthetic pathways of anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides. In C. ternatea, a blue flower cultivars (DB) and mauve flower variety (WM) accumulate polyacylated anthocyanins (ternatins) and delphinidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside which is one of the precursors of ternatins, respectively. Moreover, WM accumulates minor delphinidin glycosides - 3-O-beta-glucoside, 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucoside, 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl-6''-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside of delphinidin. These glycosidic patterns for minor anthocyanins in WM are also found among the minor flavonol glycosides in all the varieties including a white flower variety (WW) although the major flavonol glycosides are 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucoside, 3-O-(6''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucoside, 3-O-(2'',6''-di-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucoside of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. How do the enzymatic characteristics affect the variety of glycosidic patterns in the flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis among these varieties? While the enzyme from DB highly preferred delphinidin 3-O-beta-glucoside in the presence of malonyl-CoA, it also has a preference for other anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-glucosides. It could use flavonol 3-O-beta-glucosides in much lower specific activities than anthocyanins; however, it could not utilize 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucosides of anthocyanins and flavonols, and 3,3'-di- and 3,3',5'-tri-O-beta-glucoside of delphinidin - other possible precursors in ternatins biosynthesis. It highly preferred malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor in the presence of delphinidin 3-O-beta-glucoside. The crude enzymes prepared from WM and WW had the same enzymatic characteristics. These results suggested that 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl-6''-O-malonyl)-beta-glucosides of flavonoids were synthesized via 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-beta-glucosides rather than via 3-O-(2''-O-alpha-rhamnosyl)-beta-glucosides, and that malonylation proceeded prior to glucosylation at the B-ring of delphinidin in the early biosynthetic steps towards ternatins. It seemed that the substrate specificities largely affected the difference in the accumulated amount of malonylated glycosides between anthocyanins and flavonols although they are not simply proportional to the accumulation ratio. This enzyme might join in the production of both malonylanthocyanins and flavonol malonylglycosides as a result of broad substrate specificities towards flavonoid 3-O-beta-glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kogawa
- Division of Cell Engineering, Aomori Green BioCenter, 221-10 Nogi-Yamaguchi, Aomori, Aomori 030-0142, Japan
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