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Guth S, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Engel KH, Engeli B, Epe B, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Hengstler JG, Henle T, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lachenmeier DW, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Roth A, Spranger J, Stadler R, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Eisenbrand G. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of acrylamide: Arguments for the derivation of a tolerable daily intake (TDI value). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113632. [PMID: 36708862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) presents arguments for an updated risk assessment of diet-related exposure to acrylamide (AA), based on a critical review of scientific evidence relevant to low dose exposure. The SKLM arrives at the conclusion that as long as an appropriate exposure limit for AA is not exceeded, genotoxic effects resulting in carcinogenicity are unlikely to occur. Based on the totality of the evidence, the SKLM considers it scientifically justified to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) as a health-based guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Henle
- Department of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Route du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Effect of sampling time on somatic and germ cell mutations induced by acrylamide in gpt delta mice. Genes Environ 2021; 43:4. [PMID: 33597036 PMCID: PMC7890838 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acrylamide (AA) is a rodent carcinogen and classified by the IARC into Group 2A (probable human carcinogen). AA has been reported to induce mutations in transgenic rodent gene mutation assays (TGR assays), the extent of which is presumed to depend on exposure length and the duration of expression after exposure. In particular, it is not clear in germ cells. To investigate mutagenicity with AA in somatic and germ cells at different sampling times, we conducted TGR assays using gpt delta transgenic mice. Results The male gpt delta mice at 8 weeks of age were treated with AA at 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day by gavage for 28 days. Peripheral blood was sampled on the last day of the treatment for micronucleus tests and tissues were sampled for gene mutation assays at day 31 and day 77, those being 3 and 49 days after the final treatment (28 + 3d and 28 + 49d), respectively. Another group of mice was treated with N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) at 50 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal administration for 5 consecutive days and tissues were sampled at the day 31 and day 77 (5 + 26d and 5 + 72d). Frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood significantly increased at AA doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg/day. Two- to three-fold increases in gpt mutation frequencies (MFs) compared to vehicle control were observed in the testes and lung treated with 30 mg/kg/day of AA at both sampling time. In the sperm, the gpt MFs and G:C to T:A transversions were significantly increased at 28 + 3d, but not at 28 + 49d. ENU induced gpt mutations in these tissues were examined at both 5 + 26d and 5 + 72d. A higher mutant frequency in the ENU-treated sperm was observed at 5 + 72d than that at 5 + 26d. Conclusions The gpt MFs in the testes, sperm and lung of the AA-treated mice were determined and compared between different sampling times (3 days or 49 days following 28 day-treatment). These results suggest that spermatogonial stem cells are less sensitive to AA mutagenicity under the experimental condition. Prolonged expression time after exposure to AA to detect mutagenicity may be effective in somatic cells but not in germ cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-021-00175-5.
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Motwani HV, Westberg E, Lindh C, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Törnqvist M. Serum albumin adducts, DNA adducts and micronuclei frequency measured in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed mice for estimation of genotoxic potency. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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In vivo assessment of the protection conferred by β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus against the harmful effects of acrylamide intake (Part I). NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:850-854. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Elhelaly AE, AlBasher G, Alfarraj S, Almeer R, Bahbah EI, Fouda MMA, Bungău SG, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM. Protective effects of hesperidin and diosmin against acrylamide-induced liver, kidney, and brain oxidative damage in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35151-35162. [PMID: 31686333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-induced toxin formed during thermal processing of many commonly consumed foods, including meat products, French fries, potato crisps, bread, cereals, cookies, and coffee. There is thus potentially high dietary exposure of humans to AA, which can induce significant oxidative stress. Hesperidin (HS) and diosmin (DS) are flavone glycosides that have antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of HS and DS against AA toxicity. Fifty-six adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into seven groups. The first group was orally administered 0.5% (w/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and considered as the control group. The second and third groups were orally administered 10 mg/kg/day of HS or DS, respectively. The fourth group received 20 mg/kg/day of AA orally for 14 days. The fifth and sixth groups were given 10 mg/kg/day of HS or DS, respectively, followed by AA. The seventh group was given both HS and DS after AA administration. AA intoxication significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased serum levels of liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), kidney function products (urea and creatinine), oxidative DNA damage marker (OHdG), proinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde), and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, it significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver, kidney, and brain. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues were also reduced. HS and DS supplementation prevented lipid peroxidation, normalized the serum parameters altered by AA, and enhanced the tissue concentrations and activities of antioxidant biomarkers. It could be concluded that HS and DS have potent protective effects against oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage induced by AA toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazim E Elhelaly
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Gadah AlBasher
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Maged M A Fouda
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Simona G Bungău
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Abramsson-Zetterberg L. Strongly heated carbohydrate-rich food is an overlooked problem in cancer risk evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:151-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Aasa J, Törnqvist M, Abramsson-Zetterberg L. Measurement of micronuclei and internal dose in mice demonstrates that 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) has no genotoxic potency in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:414-420. [PMID: 28917435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), a compound that appears as contaminant in refined cooking oils, has been studied with regard to genotoxicity in vivo (mice) with simultaneous measurement of internal dose using state-of-the-art methodologies. Genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations) was measured by flow cytometry with dual lasers as the frequency of micronuclei in erythrocytes in peripheral blood from BalbC mice intraperitoneally exposed to 3-MCPD (0, 50, 75, 100, 125 mg/kg). The internal doses of 3-MCPD in the mice were calculated from N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-valine adducts to hemoglobin (Hb), quantified at very low levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Convincing evidence for absence of genotoxic potency in correlation to measured internal doses in the mice was demonstrated, despite relatively high administered doses of 3-MCPD. The results are discussed in relation to another food contaminant that is formed as ester in parallel to 3-MCPD esters in oil processing, i.e. glycidol, which has been studied previously by us in a similar experimental setup. Glycidol has been shown to be genotoxic, and in addition to have ca. 1000 times higher rate of adduct formation compared to that observed for 3-MCPD. The conclusion is that at simultaneous exposure to 3-MCPD and glycidol the concern about genotoxicity would be glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Aasa
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Lilianne Abramsson-Zetterberg
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden; National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Aasa J, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Carlsson H, Törnqvist M. The genotoxic potency of glycidol established from micronucleus frequency and hemoglobin adduct levels in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evaluation of mutagenicity of acrylamide using RBC Pig-a and PIGRET assays by single peroral dose in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 811:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao M, Liu X, Luo Y, Guo H, Hu X, Chen F. Evaluation of Protective Effect of Freeze-Dried Strawberry, Grape, and Blueberry Powder on Acrylamide Toxicity in Mice. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H869-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Natl. Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education; China Agricultural Univ; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Natl. Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education; China Agricultural Univ; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science; Univ. of Maryland; College Park MD 20742-7640 U.S.A
| | - Huan Guo
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Natl. Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education; China Agricultural Univ; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Natl. Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education; China Agricultural Univ; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, Natl. Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education; China Agricultural Univ; Beijing 100083 China
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Abdel-Daim MM, Abd Eldaim MA, Hassan AGA. Trigonella foenum-graecum ameliorates acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats: Roles of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and DNA damage. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:192-8. [PMID: 25607344 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is a hazardous substance inducing oxidative stress. Based on some evidence on the antioxidant properties of fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum, this study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of fenugreek seed oil against acrylamide toxicity. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups. The control group was given normal saline. The second group was administered acrylamide (20 mg/kg bw orally). The third and fourth groups were administered acrylamide (20 mg/kg bw) and supplemented with 2.5% and 5% fenugreek seed oil in their diets, respectively. Acrylamide intoxication significantly increased serum levels of LDH, AST, ALT, APL, γ-GT, cholesterol, uric acid, urea, creatinine, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α. Moreover, it increased hepatic, renal, and brain lipid peroxidation, while it impaired the activities and concentrations of the antioxidant biomarkers. Fenugreek oil supplementation normalized the altered serum parameters, prevented lipid peroxidation, and enhanced the antioxidant biomarker concentrations and activities in the hepatic, renal, and brain tissues of acrylamide-intoxicated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these results indicate that Trigonella foenum-graecum oil has a protective effect against acrylamide-induced toxicity through its free radical scavenging and potent antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Carlsson R, Sand S. The use of immunomagnetic separation of erythrocytes in the in vivo flow cytometer-based micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 752:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Wang E, Chen F, Yan H, Yuan Y. Potential protective effects of oral administration of allicin on acrylamide-induced toxicity in male mice. Food Funct 2013; 4:1229-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Miao Y, Wu S, Ye H, Yuan Y. Protective effect of allicin against acrylamide-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3306-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cloning and sequence analysis of the heat-stable acrylamidase from a newly isolated thermophilic bacterium, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius AUT-01. Biodegradation 2012; 24:57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arribas-Lorenzo G, Morales FJ. Recent Insights in Acrylamide as Carcinogen in Foodstuffs. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Chromosome aberration assays are employed to detect the induction of chromosome breakage (clastogenesis) in somatic and germ cells by direct observation of the chromosomal damage during metaphase analysis, or by indirect observation of chromosomal fragments. Thus, various types of cytogenetic change can be detected such as structural chromosome aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), ploidy changes, and micronuclei. Following the induction of the chromosomal damage, most of the aberrations and abnormalities detected by these assays can be detrimental or even lethal to the cell. Their presence, however, indicates a potential to also induce more subtle and therefore transmissible chromosomal damage which survives cell division to produce heritable cytogenetic changes. Usually, induced cytogenetic damage is accompanied by other genotoxic damage such as gene mutations.
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Ao L, Cao J. Genotoxicity of Acrylamide and Glycidamide: A Review of the Studies by HPRT Gene and TK Gene Mutation Assays. Genes Environ 2012. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.34.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Koyama N, Yasui M, Kimura A, Takami S, Suzuki T, Masumura K, Nohmi T, Masuda S, Kinae N, Matsuda T, Imai T, Honma M. Acrylamide genotoxicity in young versus adult gpt delta male rats. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:545-9. [PMID: 21441395 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery that the potent carcinogen acrylamide (AA) is present in a variety of fried and baked foods raises health concerns, particularly for children, because AA is relatively high in child-favoured foods such as potato chips and French fries. To compare the susceptibility to AA-induced genotoxicity of young versus adult animals, we treated 3- and 11-week-old male gpt delta transgenic F344 rats with 0, 20, 40 or 80 p.p.m. AA via drinking water for 4 weeks and then examined genotoxicity in the bone marrow, liver and testis. We also analysed the level of N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-guanine (N7-GA-Gua), the major DNA adduct induced by AA, in the liver, testis and mammary gland. At 40 and 80 p.p.m., both age groups yield similar results in the comet assay in liver; but at 80 p.p.m., the bone marrow micronucleus frequency and the gpt-mutant frequency in testis increased significantly only in the young rats, and N7-GA-Gua adducts in the testis was significantly higher in the young rats. These results imply that young rats are more susceptible than adult rats to AA-induced testicular genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Koyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Koyama N, Yasui M, Oda Y, Suzuki S, Satoh T, Suzuki T, Matsuda T, Masuda S, Kinae N, Honma M. Genotoxicity of acrylamide in vitro: Acrylamide is not metabolically activated in standard in vitro systems. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:11-19. [PMID: 20209648 DOI: 10.1002/em.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent finding that acrylamide (AA), a genotoxic rodent carcinogen, is formed during the frying or baking of a variety of foods raises human health concerns. AA is known to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to glycidamide (GA), which is responsible for AA's in vivo genotoxicity and probable carcinogenicity. In in-vitro mammalian cell tests, however, AA genotoxicity is not enhanced by rat liver S9 or a human liver microsomal fraction. In an attempt to demonstrate the in vitro expression of AA genotoxicity, we employed Salmonella strains and human cell lines that overexpress human CYP2E1. In the umu test, however, AA was not genotoxic in the CYP2E1-expressing Salmonella strain or its parental strain. Moreover, a transgenic human lymphoblastoid cell line overexpressing CYP2E1 (h2E1v2) and its parental cell line (AHH-1) both showed equally weak cytotoxic and genotoxic responses to high (>1 mM) AA concentrations. The DNA adduct N7-GA-Gua, which is detected in liver following AA treatment in vivo, was not substantially formed in the in vitro system. These results indicate that AA was not metabolically activated to GA in vitro. Thus, AA is not relevantly genotoxic in vitro, although its in vivo genotoxicity was clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Koyama
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Berger FI, Feld J, Bertow D, Eisenbrand G, Fricker G, Gerhardt N, Merz KH, Richling E, Baum M. Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: A study in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:387-99. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Characterization of Acrylamidase Isolated from a Newly Isolated Acrylamide-Utilizing Bacterium, Ralstonia eutropha AUM-01. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:671-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Hogervorst JGF, Baars BJ, Schouten LJ, Konings EJM, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. The carcinogenicity of dietary acrylamide intake: a comparative discussion of epidemiological and experimental animal research. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:485-512. [PMID: 20170357 DOI: 10.3109/10408440903524254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since 2002, it is known that the probable human carcinogen acrylamide is present in commonly consumed carbohydrate-rich foods, such as French fries and potato chips. In this review, the authors discuss the body of evidence on acrylamide carcinogenicity from both epidemiological and rodent studies, including variability, strengths and weaknesses, how both types of evidence relate, and possible reasons for discrepancies. In both rats and humans, increased incidences of various cancer types were observed. In rats, increased incidences of mammary gland, thyroid tumors and scrotal mesothelioma were observed in both studies that were performed. In humans, increased risks of ovarian and endometrial cancers, renal cell cancer, estrogen (and progesterone) receptor-positive breast cancer, and oral cavity cancer (the latter in non-smoking women) were observed. Some cancer types were found in both rats and humans, e.g., endometrial cancer (observed in one of the two rat studies), but there are also some inconsistencies. Interestingly, in humans, some indications for inverse associations were observed for lung and bladder cancers in women, and prostate and oro- and hypopharynx cancers in men. These latter observations indicate that genotoxicity may not be the only mechanism by which acrylamide causes cancer. The estimated risks based on the epidemiological studies for the sites for which a positive association was observed were considerably higher than those based on extrapolations from the rat studies. The observed pattern of increased risks in the rat and epidemiological studies and the decreased risks in the epidemiological studies suggests that acrylamide might influence hormonal systems, for which rodents may not be good models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke G F Hogervorst
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Alzahrani HAS. Protective effect of l-carnitine against acrylamide-induced DNA damage in somatic and germ cells of mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 18:29-36. [PMID: 23961101 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of acrylamide (AA) in many common foods have sparked renewed interest in assessing human health hazards. AA was evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably carcinogenic to humans. For this reason, the aim of this study is to evaluate the potential genotoxic effect of AA using chromosomal aberration analysis and micronucleus (MN) test in mouse bone-marrow cells and morphological sperm abnormalities. The result of the present work indicated that treatment with a single dose of 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg b.wt. of AA for 24 h and the repeated dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt. for 1and 2 weeks induced a statistically significant increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in bone- marrow cells. These percentages reduced significantly in all groups treated with AA and the protective agent l-carnitine. Also the results indicated that the dose 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg b.wt. of AA induced a statistically significant percentage of morphological sperm abnormalities compared with the control group. Such effect reached its maximum (7.24 ± 0.61) with the highest tested dose which reduced to (4.02 ± 0.58) in the group treated with the same dose of AA and l-carnitine. In conclusion, the results confirm the protective role of LC against the mutagenicity of AA.
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Cammerer Z, Schumacher MM, Kirsch-Volders M, Suter W, Elhajouji A. Flow cytometry peripheral blood micronucleus test in vivo: determination of potential thresholds for aneuploidy induced by spindle poisons. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:278-284. [PMID: 19950395 DOI: 10.1002/em.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-DNA binding genotoxins (e.g., aneugens), unlike DNA-binding genotoxins, are theoretically expected to show thresholded concentration-effect response curves. This is a major issue in genetic toxicology testing because the identification of thresholds in vivo can provide a safety margin for exposure to a particular compound. In the current study we measured micronucleus induction by flow cytometry to determine the dose-response curves for tubulin interacting agents, a specific class of aneugens. All experiments with aneugens, which include colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine, as well as the clastogen cyclophosphamide (CP) were performed in mice to avoid the splenic elimination of micronucleated reticulocytes, which has been described in rats. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a non-linear dose-dependent increase in micronuclei frequencies for all tested aneugens, and a linear dose response curve for the clastogen, CP. To determine whether micronucleus induction at higher doses was due to chromosome loss (aneuploidy) or chromosome breakage (clastogenicity), flow sorting of the micronucleated reticulocytes and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a mouse pan centromeric probe were performed for vinblastine, vincristine, and colchicine. Statistical evaluation of the flow cytometry and FISH data was performed to determine the threshold levels for chromosome loss in vivo. The threshold concentrations for vinblastine, vincristine, and colchicine were found at 0.35, 0.017, and 0.49 mg kg(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoryana Cammerer
- Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Cyanobacterial extracts and microcystin-LR are inactive in the micronucleus assay in vivo and in vitro. Mutat Res 2010; 699:5-10. [PMID: 20381641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are sometimes widespread in lakes and can produce potent toxins, which can be dangerous for animals that drink the water, e.g. cattle and dogs. If the toxins are taken up by fish and other organisms in the food chain, or occur in drinking-water, they may pose a problem also for humans. Microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic cyclic peptide, is one of the most frequently found cyanobacterial toxins. Data on the genotoxic potential of microcystin-LR and other cyanobacterial toxins are contradictory. Here we report results of the micronucleus assay carried out in vivo and in vitro with these toxins. To increase the sensitivity, we used the flow cytometry-based micronucleus assay in the mouse. In this study both pure microcystin-LR and cyanobacterial extracts originating from four different lakes in Sweden were analysed. Although doses up to near lethality were used and an average of 200,000 young erythrocytes, polychromatic erythrocytes, were analysed from each animal, no genotoxic effect was observed, nor could any effect be shown in the in vitro micronucleus study, using human lymphocytes. These results show that the low concentration of microcystins that now and then occur in drinking-water does not increase the cancer risk through chromosome breaks or mal-distribution of chromosomes.
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Michael Bolger P, Leblanc JC, Woodrow Setzer R. Application of the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pottenger LH, Schisler MR, Zhang F, Bartels MJ, Fontaine DD, McFadden LG, Bhaskar Gollapudi B. Dose-response and operational thresholds/NOAELs for in vitro mutagenic effects from DNA-reactive mutagens, MMS and MNU. Mutat Res 2009; 678:138-47. [PMID: 19616119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dose-response relationships for in vitro mutagenicity induced by methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) or methylnitrosourea (MNU) in L5178Y mouse lymphoma (ML) cells were examined. DNA adducts (N7-methylguanine, N7MeG and O(6)-methylguanine, O(6)MeG) were quantified as biomarkers of exposure. Both endpoints were assessed using 5replicates/dose (4-h treatment) with MMS or MNU (0.0069-50muM), or vehicle (1% DMSO). Mutant frequency (MF) (thymidine kinase (TK) locus) was determined using the soft agar cloning methodology and a 2-day expression period; in addition, microwell and Sequester-Express-Select (SES) methods were used for MMS. Isolated DNA was acid-hydrolyzed, and adducts quantified by LC/ESI-MS/MS, using authentic and internal standards. MF dose-responses were analyzed using several statistical approaches, all of which confirmed that a threshold dose-response model provided the best fit. NOAELs for MF were 10muM MMS and 0.69muM MNU, based on ANOVA and Dunnett's test (p<0.05). N7MeG adducts were present in all cell samples, including solvent-control cells, and were increased over control levels in cells treated with >/=10muM MMS or 3.45muM MNU. O(6)MeG levels were only quantifiable at >/=10muM MNU; O(6)MeG was not quantifiable in control or MMS-treated cells at current detection limits. Thus, (1) cells treated with </=0.69muM MNU or </=10muM MMS did not demonstrate increases in TK(-) MF, but did demonstrate quantifiable levels of N7MeG adducts; and (2) the levels of N7MeG adducts did not correlate with induced MF, as MNU-treated cells had fewer N7MeG adducts but higher MF compared with MMS-treated cells, for quasi-equimolar doses. Taken together, these results demonstrate operational thresholds, defined as the highest dose for which the response is not significantly (statistically or biologically) distinguishable from the control/background values, for induction of mutations and N7MeG adducts in ML cells treated with MMS or MNU, and a lack of correlation between induced MF and levels of N7MeG adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn H Pottenger
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
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Keshava N, Chen C, White P, Sonawane B, Bussard D. Biomarkers in toxicology and risk assessment: informing critical dose-response relationships by Swenberg et al., 2008. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 22:8-10; author reply 10-2. [PMID: 19053183 DOI: 10.1021/tx800356t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Swenberg JA, Starr TB, Albertini RJ, Walker VE. Response to Keshava et al. (2008). Chem Res Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Swenberg
- Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina—Chapel HillCB 7431 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas B. Starr
- TBS Associates7500 Rainwater RoadRaleigh, North Carolina 27615
| | - Richard J. Albertini
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory665 Spear StreetDepartment of PathologyUniversity of VermontBurlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Vernon E. Walker
- BioMosaics, Inc. 655 Spear StreetBuilding C Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Dourson M, Hertzberg R, Allen B, Haber L, Parker A, Kroner O, Maier A, Kohrman M. Evidence-based dose–response assessment for thyroid tumorigenesis from acrylamide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:264-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zeiger E, Recio L, Fennell TR, Haseman JK, Snyder RW, Friedman M. Investigation of the Low-Dose Response in the In Vivo Induction of Micronuclei and Adducts by Acrylamide. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:247-57. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Ao L, Liu SX, Yang MS, Fong CC, An H, Cao J. Acrylamide-induced molecular mutation spectra at HPRT locus in human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 and NB4 cell lines. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:309-15. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Differences in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in humans in relation to consumption of fried carbohydrate-rich food. Mutat Res 2008; 653:50-6. [PMID: 18485803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if consumption of ordinary carbohydrate-rich food prepared in different ways has an impact on chromosome stability, i.e., on the formation of micronucleated young erythrocytes in humans. Twenty-four persons, divided into two groups, participated during 4 days in a semi-controlled food-consumption study. One group (low-heated-food-group, LowHF-group) consumed only food boiled in water (max 100 degrees C) and the other group (high-heated-food-group, HighHF-group) consumed preferentially strongly heated (fried) food. From each of the subjects, blood samples were drawn, before and after 4 days. The frequency (f) of micronucleated (MN) very young erythrocytes (transferrin-positive reticulocytes, Trf-Ret), fMNTrf-Ret, was determined, and the difference in the frequency, before and after the eating period, was calculated. The obtained mean differences for the two groups were compared. As an indicator of highly heated food the acrylamide (AA) content in part of the consumed foodstuffs was analysed by use of LC/MS-MS and the AA intake estimated. In the blood samples the hemoglobin-adduct levels from AA were analysed as a measure of the internal AA dose. The differences between the mean fMNTrf-Ret, before and after the eating period, were -0.15 per thousand for the LowHF-group and +0.17 per thousand for the HighHF-group, p<0.005 (t-test, one-tailed). The mean total AA intake in the HighHF-group during 4 days was estimated to about 3000+/-450microg per person. For the LowHF-group, the mean AA intake was low, 20+/-10microg per person. The lowest dose of AA that caused a significant increase of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice is more than a hundred times higher than the AA level in this study. Thus, it is unlikely that the exposure to AA is the major cause behind the observed difference. The answer is probably to be found in other compounds produced at the same time during heating of the food.
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Lovell DP. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis of Studies to Demonstrate a Threshold in Genetic Toxicology: A Mini-review. Genes Environ 2008. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.30.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Swenberg JA, Fryar-Tita E, Jeong YC, Boysen G, Starr T, Walker VE, Albertini RJ. Biomarkers in toxicology and risk assessment: informing critical dose-response relationships. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 21:253-65. [PMID: 18161944 DOI: 10.1021/tx700408t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances have been made in the study of biomarkers related to carcinogenesis during the past 20 years. This perspective will briefly review improvements in methodology and instrumentation that have increased our abilities to measure the formation, repair, and consequences of DNA adducts. These biomarkers of exposure, along with surrogates such as protein adducts, have greatly improved our understanding of species differences in metabolism and effects of chemical stability and DNA repair on tissue differences in molecular dose. During this same time frame, improvements in assays for biomarkers of effect have provided better data and an improved understanding of the dose responses for both gene and chromosomal mutations. A framework analysis approach was used to examine the mode of action of genotoxic chemicals and the default assumption that cancer can be expected to be linear at very low doses. This analysis showed that biomarkers of exposure are usually linear at low doses, with the exception being when identical adducts are formed endogenously. Whereas biomarkers of exposure extrapolate down to zero, biomarkers of effect can only be interpolated back to the spontaneous or background number of mutations. The likely explanation for this major difference is that at high exposures, the biology that results in mutagenesis is driven by DNA damage resulting from the chemical exposure. In contrast, at very low exposures, the biology that results in mutagenesis is driven by endogenous DNA damage. The shapes of the dose-response curves for biomarkers of exposure and effect can be very different, with biomarkers of effect better informing quantitative estimates of risk for cancer, a disease that results from multiple mutations. It is also clear, however, that low dose data on mutagenesis are needed for many more chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Hayashi M, MacGregor JT, Gatehouse DG, Blakey DH, Dertinger SD, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Krishna G, Morita T, Russo A, Asano N, Suzuki H, Ohyama W, Gibson D. In vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay III. Validation and regulatory acceptance of automated scoring and the use of rat peripheral blood reticulocytes, with discussion of non-hematopoietic target cells and a single dose-level limit test. Mutat Res 2006; 627:10-30. [PMID: 17157053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo micronucleus assay working group of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) discussed new aspects in the in vivo micronucleus (MN) test, including the regulatory acceptance of data derived from automated scoring, especially with regard to the use of flow cytometry, the suitability of rat peripheral blood reticulocytes to serve as the principal cell population for analysis, the establishment of in vivo MN assays in tissues other than bone marrow and blood (for example liver, skin, colon, germ cells), and the biological relevance of the single-dose-level test. Our group members agreed that flow cytometric systems to detect induction of micronucleated immature erythrocytes have advantages based on the presented data, e.g., they give good reproducibility compared to manual scoring, are rapid, and require only small quantities of peripheral blood. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood reticulocytes has the potential to allow monitoring of chromosome damage in rodents and also other species as part of routine toxicology studies. It appears that it will be applicable to humans as well, although in this case the possible confounding effects of splenic activity will need to be considered closely. Also, the consensus of the group was that any system that meets the validation criteria recommended by the IWGT (2000) should be acceptable. A number of different flow cytometric-based micronucleus assays have been developed, but at the present time the validation data are most extensive for the flow cytometric method using anti-CD71 fluorescent staining especially in terms of inter-laboratory collaborative data. Whichever method is chosen, it is desirable that each laboratory should determine the minimum sample size required to ensure that scoring error is maintained below the level of animal-to-animal variation. In the second IWGT, the potential to use rat peripheral blood reticulocytes as target cells for the micronucleus assay was discussed, but a consensus regarding acceptability for regulatory purposes could not be reached at that time. Subsequent validation efforts, combined with accumulated published data, demonstrate that blood-derived reticulocytes from rats as well as mice are acceptable when young reticulocytes are analyzed under proper assay protocol and sample size. The working group reviewed the results of micronucleus assays using target cells/tissues other than hematopoietic cells. We also discussed the relevance of the liver micronucleus assay using young rats, and the importance of understanding the maturation of enzyme systems involved in the processes of metabolic activation in the liver of young rats. Although the consensus of the group was that the more information with regard to the metabolic capabilities of young rats would be useful, the published literature shows that young rats have sufficient metabolic capacity for the purposes of this assay. The use of young rats as a model for detecting MN induction in the liver offers a good alternative methodology to the use of partial hepatectomy or mitogenic stimulation. Additional data obtained from colon and skin MN models have been integrated into the data bases, enhancing confidence in the utility of these models. A fourth topic discussed by the working group was the regulatory acceptance of the single-dose-level assay. There was no consensus regarding the acceptability of a single dose level protocol when dose-limiting toxicity occurs. The use of a single dose level can lead to problems in data interpretation or to the loss of animals due to unexpected toxicity, making it necessary to repeat the study with additional doses. A limit test at a single dose level is currently accepted when toxicity is not dose-limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- Division of Genetics & Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Mateuca R, Lombaert N, Aka PV, Decordier I, Kirsch-Volders M. Chromosomal changes: induction, detection methods and applicability in human biomonitoring. Biochimie 2006; 88:1515-31. [PMID: 16919864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this state of the art paper is to review the mechanisms of induction, the fate, the methodology, the sensitivity/specificity and predictivity of two major cytogenetic endpoints applied for genotoxicity studies and biomonitoring purposes: chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) are changes in normal chromosome structure or number that can occur spontaneously or as a result of chemical/radiation treatment. Structural CAs in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), as assessed by the chromosome aberration (CA) assay, have been used for over 30 years in occupational and environmental settings as a biomarker of early effects of genotoxic carcinogens. A high frequency of structural CAs in lymphocytes (reporter tissue) is predictive of increased cancer risk, irrespective of the cause of the initial CA increase. Micronuclei (MN) are small, extranuclear bodies that arise in dividing cells from acentric chromosome/chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes/chromatids that lag behind in anaphase and are not included in the daughter nuclei in telophase. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is the most extensively used method for measuring MN in human lymphocytes, and can be considered as a "cytome" assay covering cell proliferation, cell death and chromosomal changes. The key advantages of the CBMN assay lie in its ability to detect both clastogenic and aneugenic events and to identify cells which divided once in culture. Evaluation of the mechanistic origin of individual MN by centromere and kinetochore identification contributes to the high sensitivity of the method. A number of findings support the hypothesis of a predictive association between the frequency of MN in cytokinesis-blocked lymphocytes and cancer development. Recent advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microarray technologies are modifying the nature of cytogenetics, allowing chromosome and gene identification on metaphase as well as in interphase. Automated scoring by flow cytometry and/or image analysis will enhance their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mateuca
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Zamorano-Ponce E, Morales C, Ramos D, Sepúlveda C, Cares S, Rivera P, Fernández J, Carballo MA. Anti-genotoxic effect of Aloysia triphylla infusion against acrylamide-induced DNA damage as shown by the comet assay technique. Mutat Res 2006; 603:145-50. [PMID: 16413820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aloysia triphylla a perennial, bushy plant originally from South America has long been used in traditional medicine. Its aqueous extract contains considerable amounts of polyphenolic compounds, namely flavonoids and phenolic acids. In view of the interest in natural phenolic compounds as antioxidant in preventive medicine, this study was undertaken to investigate the chemoprotective effects of cedron leaves infusion against the genetic damage induced by acrylamide (AA) by using the alkaline version of the comet assay technique. Mice were separated in nine groups (eight animals each): (I) untreated, (II) negative control, (III) treated with infusion of cedron leaves 5%, 20 days twice a day, (IV) treated with AA (5 mg/kg b.w.), (V) treated with AA (20 mg/kg b.w.), (VI) treated with AA (30 mg/kg b.w.), (VII) treated with AA (50 mg/kg b.w.), (VIII) pretreated with infusion and treated with AA (50 mg/kg b.w.) and (IX) positive control (cyclophosphamide, 20 mg/kg b.w.). Three hundred blast cells were digitally evaluated per animal from three different slides (100 each). Media of tail moment (TM) values were analyzed by ANOVA test. No statistical differences (p>0.05) were found between untreated animals, negative control and infusion-treated mice. A single dose of AA-induced genetic damage as revealed by a statistically significant increase in TM values (p<0.01). Pretreatment with infusion prior to AA injection significantly reduces the capacity of AA to induce genetic damage. In these conditions, tail moments values did not differ from data obtained in negative control (p>0.05) and exhibit statistical differences from animals treated only with AA (p<0.01). Cell viability was at least 90% in all cases as measured by the trypan blue exclusion method. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method reveals that the plasma of infusion-treated mice has a significantly higher antioxidant capacity than plasma from controls (p<0.01). The results suggest that the infusion could exerts an in vivo chemo protective action, probably due to its scavenging potency towards free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zamorano-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 447-Chillán, Chile.
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Asano N, Torous DK, Tometsko CR, Dertinger SD, Morita T, Hayashi M. Practical threshold for micronucleated reticulocyte induction observed for low doses of mitomycin C, Ara-C and colchicine. Mutagenesis 2005; 21:15-20. [PMID: 16364928 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronucleus induction was studied for the DNA target clastogens mitomycin C (MMC) and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), and also the non-DNA target aneugen colchicine (COL) in order to evaluate the dose-response relationship at very low dose levels. The acridine orange (AO) supravital staining method was used for microscopy and the anti-CD71-FITC based method was used for flow cytometric analysis. In the AO method, 2000 reticulocytes were analysed as commonly advised, but in the flow cytometric method, 2000, 20,000, 200,000 and 1,000,000 reticulocytes were analysed for each sample to increase the detecting power (i.e. sensitivity) of the assay. The present data show that increasing the number of cells scored increases the statistical power of the assay when the cell was considered as a statistical unit. Even so, statistically significant differences from respective vehicle controls were not observed at the lowest dose level for MMC and Ara-C, or the lower four dose levels for COL, even after one million cells were analysed. When the animal was considered as a statistical unit, only the top dose group for each chemical showed significant increase of micronucleated reticulocytes frequency. As non-linear dose-response curves were obtained for each of the three chemicals studied, these observations provide evidence for the existence of a practical threshold for the DNA target clastogens as well as the non-DNA target aneugen studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Asano
- Toxicological Research Center, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki Osaka 567-8680, Japan.
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Imai T, Cho YM, Hasumura M, Hirose M. Enhancement by acrylamide of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumor development—possible application for a model to detect co-modifiers of carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2005; 230:25-32. [PMID: 16253758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) has recently been reported to be spontaneously formed in fried and baked foods with various concentrations. Although carcinogenicity in humans is as yet equivocal, numerous positive genotoxicity data in vitro and in vivo and results of rat long-term carcinogenicity studies demonstrating tumor induction at multiple sites, like the mammary gland, thyroid and testes, suggest the risk with dietary exposure may not be negligible. In the present study, to establish a medium-term carcinogenesis model for screening of agents with the potential to modify AA effects on the mammary gland and thyroid, we pretreated rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), in combination with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) alone and then administered AA at 20 and 40 ppm in the drinking water for 30 weeks. The incidence and multiplicity of mammary tumors were increased at the high dose (P<0.05) in MNU- but not DMBA+DHPN-treated rats. No thyroid tumors were induced in any case. The results indicate that the MNU model is suitable for detection of modifiers of AA actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Imai
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Kütting B, Schettgen T, Beckmann MW, Angerer J, Drexler H. Influence of Diet on Exposure to Acrylamide – Reflections on the Validity of a Questionnaire. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2005; 49:173-7. [PMID: 16006786 DOI: 10.1159/000086881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM This pilot study attempts to assess how far the standardized questionnaires are a valid tool to detect the food-related burden of acrylamide. Acrylamide is a toxic substance classified by the International Agency of Research on Cancer, as well as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, as a probable human carcinogen. METHODS A venous blood sample was taken in order to determine the smoking-specific acrylnitrile adduct N-cyanoethylvaline and the acrylamide adduct N-2-carbamoylethylvaline in a female study population expecting delivery soon. A standardized questionnaire was used to determine the consumption of acrylamide-contaminated food. The results of our questionnaire were transferred to a linear evaluation system. Finally, anamnestic data of the questionnaire were correlated to objective parameters such as blood levels of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and acrylonitrile. RESULTS A positive correlation between the acrylamide intake and the levels of hemoglobin adducts in our study population was not proven. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of food-related exposure to acrylamide is difficult due to several reasons. Firstly, the validity of anamnestic data strongly depends on the patient's ability to remember precisely all consumed food (quality as well as quantity) over a 3-month period. In addition, the contamination of acrylamide in food varies from one product to another; even the contamination of the same product is variable. Therefore, the missing correlation between the questionnaire and hemoglobin adduct rates is rather due to restricted validity of anamnestic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Kütting
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friederich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Manson J, Brabec MJ, Buelke-Sam J, Carlson GP, Chapin RE, Favor JB, Fischer LJ, Hattis D, Lees PSJ, Perreault-Darney S, Rutledge J, Smith TJ, Tice RR, Working P. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of acrylamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 74:17-113. [PMID: 15729727 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Manson
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Wong J, Ilbäck NG. Acrylamide tissue distribution and genotoxic effects in a common viral infection in mice. Toxicology 2005; 211:70-6. [PMID: 15863249 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) has been shown to cause neurotoxic effects in humans and neurotoxic, genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. Infection with the human coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) in the murine model results in changed uptake and tissue distribution of several environmental pollutants, which may result in aggravated disease. In the present study female Balb/c mice were infected with CB3, and on day 1 of the infection, dosed orally with approximately 50 microg/kg bw of [(14)C]acrylamide ((14)AA) and subsequently sacrificed on day 3 of the infection for studies of the distribution of radioactivity and genotoxic effects in terms of the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes. Infected mice developed an expected clinical signs of disease. The infection decreased the radioactivity by 45% (p<0.05) in the pancreas but increased it by 70% (p<0.05) in the blood and more than two-fold in the thymus (p<0.01). However, the infection caused no changes in the radioactivity in the brain, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, or kidneys. As a response to the infection the proportion of young red blood cells (PCE) decreased to about a third (p<0.001) of that in the control mice, but no genotoxic effects were observed. Thus, the tissue radioactivity after (14)AA administration indicated an infection-induced change in the metabolism of AA, the exact pathogenic interpretation of which warrants further studies.
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Fohgelberg P, Rosén J, Hellenäs KE, Abramsson-Zetterberg L. The acrylamide intake via some common baby food for children in Sweden during their first year of life—an improved method for analysis of acrylamide. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:951-9. [PMID: 15811575 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The acrylamide levels in breast milk and the main categories of Swedish baby food products, i.e. breast milk substitute (infant formula), gruel, porridge and canned baby food, have been analysed. Furthermore, the acrylamide intake from these products by children up to one year of age has been estimated. Other kind of foods e.g. biscuits, are not included. Because of the expected low concentrations of acrylamide, a new sample extraction method for detection by liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 microg kg(-1) for liquid samples and 2 microg kg(-1) for other samples. The average levels found for gruel, porridge and canned baby food, all ready to eat, were 1.4, 26, and 7.8 microg/kg respectively. We found great variations in the acrylamide levels between and in different food categories, <0.5-64 microg/kg. For all breast milk samples except one the acrylamide level was below the limit of quantification (0.5 microg/kg). In three out of eight analysed samples of breast milk substitute, the acrylamide content was verified and possible to quantify. Assuming an acrylamide level of 0.25 microg/kg in breast milk, the mean acrylamide intake during the first six months for children who were exclusively breast-fed was estimated to be 0.04 microg/kg b.w./day. The mean acrylamide intake from breast milk and commercially made baby food during the whole first year varies due to the length of breast-feeding and the choice of baby food. The intake level range was estimated to be 0.04-1.2 microg/kg b.w/day. The mean intake between seven and twelve months of age was estimated to be about 0.5 microg/kg b.w./day.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fohgelberg
- National Food Administration, Toxicology Division, Box 622, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
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Decordier I, Cundari E, Kirsch-Volders M. Influence of caspase activity on micronuclei detection: a possible role for caspase-3 in micronucleation. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:173-9. [PMID: 15817572 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneugenic and clastogenic agents are good inducers of both micronuclei and apoptosis. In its turn, apoptosis may modify the threshold values for the induction of micronuclei. This is of major concern for accurate assessment of hazard related to exposure to mutagens. In the present work we studied the influence of caspases, the key regulators of the apoptotic process, on the induction of micronuclei in the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. For this, we applied a combined approach in which both human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC) and the paired human breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7, which is caspase-3 deficient, and the caspase-3 transfected MCF-7 (MCF-7casp-3) were used to study the influence of caspase activity on micronuclei. When nocodazole induced apoptosis was inhibited by the use of inhibitors of the two main apical caspases-8 and -9 in PBMC, the frequencies of micronucleated binucleates (MNCB) increased with inhibition of these caspases confirming that apoptosis can eliminate micronucleated cells. On the contrary when caspase-3 was inhibited, the frequencies of MNCB was lower, suggesting a role of caspase-3, also in micronuclei formation. To verify this hypothesis, we compared the induction of apoptosis and micronuclei by the aneugen nocodazole, the clastogen methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and the non-mutagenic apoptogen staurosporin in MCF-7 and MCF-7casp-3 cells. The results showed that when caspase-3 activity was impaired, in the parental MCF-7 cell line or in the MCF-7casp-3 cells in the presence of the caspase-3 inhibitor, the frequencies of nocodazole or MMS induced micronuclei decreased. These results suggest that caspase-3, besides its function as an effector caspase in the apoptotic pathway, is also involved in the formation of micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Decordier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium.
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Jägerstad M, Skog K. Genotoxicity of heat-processed foods. Mutat Res 2005; 574:156-72. [PMID: 15914214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions include exposure to genotoxic compounds from our diet and it is no doubt, that humans are regularly exposed to e.g. food toxicants, not least from cooked foods. This paper reviews briefly four classes of cooked food toxicants, e.g. acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Many of these compounds have been recognised for decades also as environmental pollutants. In addition cigarette smokers and some occupational workers are exposed to them. Their occurrence, formation, metabolic activation, genotoxicity and human cancer risk are briefly presented along with figures on estimated exposure. Several lines of evidence indicate that cooking conditions and dietary habits can contribute to human cancer risk through the ingestion of genotoxic compounds from heat-processed foods. Such compounds cause different types of DNA damage: nucleotide alterations and gross chromosomal aberrations. Most genotoxic compounds begin their action at the DNA level by forming carcinogen-DNA adducts, which result from the covalent binding of a carcinogen or part of a carcinogen to a nucleotide. The genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of these cooked food toxicants have been evaluated regularly by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which has come to the conclusion that several of these food-borne toxicants present in cooked foods are possibly (2A) or probably (2B) carcinogenic to humans, based on both high-dose, long-term animal studies and in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests. Yet, there is insufficient scientific evidence that these genotoxic compounds really cause human cancer, and no limits have been set for their presence in cooked foods. However, the competent authorities in most Western countries recommend minimising their occurrence, therefore this aspect is also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha Jägerstad
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Boon PE, de Mul A, van der Voet H, van Donkersgoed G, Brette M, van Klaveren JD. Calculations of dietary exposure to acrylamide. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 580:143-55. [PMID: 15668116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we calculated the usual and acute exposure to acrylamide (AA) in the Dutch population and young children (1-6 years). For this AA levels of different food groups were used as collected by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) of the European Commission's Directorate General Joint Research Centre (JRC) from April 2003 up to May 2004. This database contained about 3500 AA levels received from mainly Germany, The Netherlands, Ireland, Greece, Austria, UK and from food industry. Food consumption levels used were derived from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey of 1997/1998 (n=6250 of which 530 children aged 1-6 years). The exposure was estimated using the probabilistic approach. The results of the exposure calculations are discussed in relation to different methodological aspects of AA exposure calculations and possible uncertainties related to this. The items discussed include quality of the AA levels measured in food items, the allocation of AA levels to food categories, the quality of food consumption levels, and relevant exposure model in relation to reported toxicity of AA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that scenario studies and probabilistic modelling of exposure are potential useful tools to evaluate the effect of processing techniques to reduce AA levels in food on AA exposure. The scenarios studied reduced total AA exposure ranging from <1% up to 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly E Boon
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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