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Wang H. Practical updates in clinical antiviral resistance testing. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0072823. [PMID: 39051778 PMCID: PMC11323466 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00728-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The laboratory diagnosis of antiviral resistance is a quickly changing field due to new drug availability, the sunsetting of older drugs, the development of novel technologies, rapid viral evolution, and the financial/logistic pressures of the clinical laboratory. This mini-review summarizes the current state of clinically available antiviral resistance testing in the United States in 2024, covering the most commonly used test methods, mechanisms, and clinical indications for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus drug resistance testing. Common themes include the move away from phenotypic to genotypic methods for first-line clinical testing, as well as uncertainty surrounding the clinical meaningfulness of minority variant detection as next-generation sequencing methods have become more commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Antony F, Kinha D, Nowińska A, Rouse BT, Suryawanshi A. The immunobiology of corneal HSV-1 infection and herpetic stromal keratitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0000624. [PMID: 39078136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic replication in the oral, ocular, and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, HSV-1 establishes life-long latency in neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Patients with compromised immune systems experience frequent reactivation of HSV-1 from latency, leading to virus entry in the sensory neurons, followed by anterograde transport and lytic replication at the innervated mucosal epithelial surface. Although recurrent infection of the corneal mucosal surface is rare, it can result in a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HSK leads to gradual vision loss and can cause permanent blindness in severe untreated cases. Currently, there is no cure or successful vaccine to prevent latent or recurrent HSV-1 infections, posing a significant clinical challenge to managing HSK and preventing vision loss. The conventional clinical management of HSK primarily relies on anti-virals to suppress HSV-1 replication, anti-inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroids) to provide symptomatic relief from pain and inflammation, and surgical interventions in more severe cases to replace damaged cornea. However, each clinical treatment strategy has limitations, such as local and systemic drug toxicities and the emergence of anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains. In this review, we summarize the factors and immune cells involved in HSK pathogenesis and highlight alternate therapeutic strategies for successful clinical management of HSK. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of immunoregulatory cytokines and immunometabolism modulators as promising HSK therapies against emerging anti-viral-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferrin Antony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Divya Kinha
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Nowińska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Ophthalmology Department, Railway Hospital in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Barry T Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Chianese A, Giugliano R, Palma F, Nastri BM, Monti A, Doti N, Zannella C, Galdiero M, De Filippis A. The antiherpetic and anti-inflammatory activity of the frog-derived peptide Hylin-a1. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae165. [PMID: 38991986 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM The high incidence of virus-related infections and the large diffusion of drug-resistant pathogens stimulate the search and identification of new antiviral agents with a broad spectrum of action. Antivirals can be designed to act on a single target by interfering with a specific step in the viral lifecycle. On the contrary, antiviral peptides (AVPs) are known for acting on a wide range of viruses, with a diversified mechanism of action targeting virus and/or host cell. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral potential of the peptide Hylin-a1 secreted by the frog Hypsiobas albopunctatus against members of the Herpesviridae family. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibitory capacity of the peptide was evaluated in vitro by plaque assays in order to understand the possible mechanism of action. The results were also confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot evaluating the expression of viral genes. Hylin-a1 acts to block the herpetic infection interfering at the early stages of both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 infection. Its mechanism is mainly directed on the membrane, probably by damaging the viral envelope. The same effect was also observed against HSV-1 strains resistant to acyclovir. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this study, such as the increased activity of the peptide when combined to acyclovir, a weak hemolytic profile, an anti-inflammatory effect, and a tolerable half-life in serum, indicates Hylin-a1 as a novel antiherpetic molecule with promising potential in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Rosa Giugliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Bianca M Nastri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico De Crecchio, 7, Naples 80138, Italy
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Moon S, Lee KW, Park M, Moon J, Park SH, Kim S, Hwang J, Yoon JW, Jeon SM, Kim JS, Jeon YJ, Kweon DH. 3-Fucosyllactose-mediated modulation of immune response against virus infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107187. [PMID: 38697577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Viral pathogens, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, pose a significant global health challenge. Given the immunomodulatory properties of human milk oligosaccharides, in particular 2'-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), we investigated their dietary supplementation effects on antiviral responses in mouse models. This study revealed distinct immune modulations induced by 3-FL. RNA-sequencing data showed that 3-FL increased the expression of interferon receptors, such as Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor (IFNAR) and Interferon Gamma Receptor (IFNGR), while simultaneously downregulating interferons and interferon-stimulated genes, an effect not observed with 2'-fucosyllactose supplementation. Such modulation enhanced antiviral responses in both cell culture and animal models while attenuating pre-emptive inflammatory responses. Nitric oxide concentrations in 3-FL-supplemented A549 cells and mouse lung tissues were elevated exclusively upon infection, reaching 5.8- and 1.9-fold increases over control groups, respectively. In addition, 3-FL promoted leukocyte infiltration into the site of infection upon viral challenge. 3-FL supplementation provided protective efficacy against lethal influenza challenge in mice. The demonstrated antiviral efficacy spanned multiple influenza strains and extended to SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, 3-FL is a unique immunomodulator that helps protect the host from viral infection while suppressing inflammation prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokoh Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghui Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ullah S, Ullah A, Waqas M, Halim SA, Pasha AR, Shafiq Z, Mali SN, Jawarkar RD, Khan A, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Kashtoh H, Al-Harrasi A. Structural, dynamic behaviour, in-vitro and computational investigations of Schiff's bases of 1,3-diphenyl urea derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12588. [PMID: 38822113 PMCID: PMC11143201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 has had a significant influence on people's lives across the world. The viral genome has undergone numerous unanticipated changes that have given rise to new varieties, raising alarm on a global scale. Bioactive phytochemicals derived from nature and synthetic sources possess lot of potential as pathogenic virus inhibitors. The goal of the recent study is to report new inhibitors of Schiff bases of 1,3-dipheny urea derivatives against SARS COV-2 spike protein through in-vitro and in-silico approach. Total 14 compounds were evaluated, surprisingly, all the compounds showed strong inhibition with inhibitory values between 79.60% and 96.00% inhibition. Here, compounds 3a (96.00%), 3d (89.60%), 3e (84.30%), 3f (86.20%), 3g (88.30%), 3h (86.80%), 3k (82.10%), 3l (90.10%), 3m (93.49%), 3n (85.64%), and 3o (81.79%) exhibited high inhibitory potential against SARS COV-2 spike protein. While 3c also showed significant inhibitory potential with 79.60% inhibition. The molecular docking of these compounds revealed excellent fitting of molecules in the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) with good interactions with the key residues of RBD and docking scores ranging from - 4.73 to - 5.60 kcal/mol. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation for 150 ns indicated a strong stability of a complex 3a:6MOJ. These findings obtained from the in-vitro and in-silico study reflect higher potency of the Schiff bases of 1,3-diphenyl urea derivatives. Furthermore, also highlight their medicinal importance for the treatment of SARS COV-2 infection. Therefore, these small molecules could be a possible drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Atta Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Anam Rubbab Pasha
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Suraj N Mali
- School of Pharmacy, D.Y. Patil University (Deemed to be University), Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, 400706, India
| | - Rahul D Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, University Mardi Road, Amravati, 444603, India
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy Kashtoh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
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Kapoor D, Sharma P, Shukla D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2024; 29:113-126. [PMID: 38603466 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2024.2339899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex keratitis stands as a prominent factor contributing to infectious blindness among developed nations. On a global scale, over 60% of the population tests positive for herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Despite these statistics, there is currently no vaccine available for the virus. Moreover, the conventional nucleoside drugs prescribed to patients are proving ineffective in addressing issues related to drug resistance, recurrence, latency, and the escalating risk of vision loss. Hence, it is imperative to continually explore all potential avenues to restrict the virus. This review article centers on the present treatment methods for HSV-1 keratitis (HSK), highlighting the ongoing clinical trials. It delves into the emerging drugs, their mode-of-action and future therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on the significance of a variety of small molecules targeting HSV-1 lifecycle at multiple steps. Peer-reviewed articles and abstracts were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and clinical trial websites. EXPERT OPINION The exploration of small molecules that target specific pathways within the herpes lifecycle holds the potential for substantial impact on the antiviral pharmaceutical market. Simultaneously, the pursuit of disease-specific biomarkers has the capacity to usher in a transformative era in diagnostics within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz A, Esteban J, Jabłońska-Trypuć A. Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Activity of Plant Materials Derived from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Species. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:705. [PMID: 38931371 PMCID: PMC11206715 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of natural plant materials in modern medicine is considerable, and raw materials with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties are still sought because of microbe resistance and difficulties in anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. and on the lemongrass oil properties and applications. Multiple applications of this plant were described in different latitudes and cultures, including cases of digestive disorders and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, stimulating, and antispasmodic conditions. Data from the literature on the composition of essential oil and extracts from C. citratus were analyzed, and the results of research on the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral effects were quoted. Essential oil inhibits the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida spp.) and has an antibacterial effect (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). It also shows antiviral activity and deters insects. Lemongrass contains active substances with potential anticancer effects. This plant has apoptosis-stimulating properties, mainly through the activity of apigenin, which is the main active flavonoid in this plant. This active substance helps inhibit cell proliferation by stopping the cell cycle and directing cancer cells toward apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz
- Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodities Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Garden of Cosmetic Plants and Raw Materials, Research and Science Innovation Centre, 20-819 Lublin, Poland
| | - Javier Esteban
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Garden of Cosmetic Plants and Raw Materials, Research and Science Innovation Centre, 20-819 Lublin, Poland
- Division of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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Zheng S, Rümke LW, Tello Rubio B, Rogers MRC, van Sluis GL, Kuball JHE, Riezebos-Brilman A, Lebbink RJ, Verduyn Lunel FM. Reactivation of Multidrug-Resistant HSV-1 in a Post-Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patient: Dynamic Detection of the Rare A605V Mutation by Next-Generation Sequencing. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae250. [PMID: 38798899 PMCID: PMC11127484 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We present an immunocompromised patient with a multiresistant herpes simplex virus-1 reactivation with a rare mutation (A605V) in the viral DNA polymerase gene. Next-generation sequencing suggests the presence of multiple drug-resistant strains before treatment and altered ratios during treatment, affecting the clinical response to aciclovir and foscarnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidewij W Rümke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tello Rubio
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malbert R C Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ullah A, Ullah S, Halim SA, Waqas M, Ali B, Ataya FS, El-Sabbagh NM, Batiha GES, Avula SK, Csuk R, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Identification of new pharmacophore against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by multi-fold computational and biochemical techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3590. [PMID: 38351259 PMCID: PMC10864406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 appeared as a highly contagious disease after its outbreak in December 2019 by the virus, named SARS-CoV-2. The threat, which originated in Wuhan, China, swiftly became an international emergency. Among different genomic products, spike protein of virus plays a crucial role in the initiation of the infection by binding to the human lung cells, therefore, SARS-CoV-2's spike protein is a promising therapeutic target. Using a combination of a structure-based virtual screening and biochemical assay, this study seeks possible therapeutic candidates that specifically target the viral spike protein. A database of ~ 850 naturally derived compounds was screened against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to find natural inhibitors. Using virtual screening and inhibitory experiments, we identified acetyl 11-keto-boswellic acid (AKBA) as a promising molecule for spike protein, which encouraged us to scan the rest of AKBA derivatives in our in-house database via 2D-similarity searching. Later 19 compounds with > 85% similarity with AKBA were selected and docked with receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein. Those hits declared significant interactions at the RBD interface, best possess and excellent drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties with high gastrointestinal absorption (GIA) without toxicity and allergenicity. Our in-silico observations were eventually validated by in vitro bioassay, interestingly, 10 compounds (A3, A4, C3, C6A, C6B, C6C, C6E, C6H, C6I, and C6J) displayed significant inhibitory ability with good percent inhibition (range: > 72-90). The compounds C3 (90.00%), C6E (91.00%), C6C (87.20%), and C6D (86.23%) demonstrated excellent anti-SARS CoV-2 spike protein activities. The docking interaction of high percent inhibition of inhibitor compounds C3 and C6E was confirmed by MD Simulation. In the molecular dynamics simulation, we observed the stable dynamics of spike protein inhibitor complexes and the influence of inhibitor binding on the protein's conformational arrangements. The binding free energy ΔGTOTAL of C3 (-38.0 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) and C6E (-41.98 ± 0.08 kcal/mol) respectively indicate a strong binding affinity to Spike protein active pocket. These findings demonstrate that these molecules particularly inhibit the function of spike protein and, therefore have the potential to be evaluated as drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saeed Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Basharat Ali
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M El-Sabbagh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rene Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-Ul-Mouz, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
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10
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Bar Ilan M, Dovrat S, Cohen R, Georgaki M, Papadopoulou E, Nikitakis NG, Yarom N. Virucidal effect of mouthwash on acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 38151043 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The symptoms of herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) infections might be severe and persistent in immunocompromised patients in whom they reactivate at a high frequency. The development of Acyclovir (ACV) resistant strains due to long-term treatment with antiviral agents in those patients is not uncommon. The aim of the present study was to assess the virucidal effect of commercially available mouthwashes against ACV-resistant HSV-1 strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains were exposed for 30 s to essential oil-based (Listerine Fresh Burst® and Listerine Zero®), chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% (Hexidyl®) and povidone-iodine 7.5% (Betadine Gargle®) mouthwashes. Loss of virus infectivity was determined by means of plaque reduction assays in a cell culture system. RESULTS All 4 of the tested solutions significantly reduced virus infectivity, with the essential oil-based and povidone-iodine mouthwashes being slightly more efficacious, compared to chlorhexidine. CONCLUSION The findings of this analysis revealed that the tested oral rinses demonstrated in-vitro antiviral activity against ACV-resistant HSV. Comparative clinical trials are required to establish the clinical effectiveness of daily use of oral rinses in reducing the appearance of oral HSV lesions in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bar Ilan
- Oral Medicine Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - S Dovrat
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - R Cohen
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Papadopoulou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N Yarom
- Oral Medicine Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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11
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Wang Z, Yan H, He F, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sun L, Hao C, Wang W. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus by wedelolactone via targeting viral envelope and cellular TBK1/IRF3 and SOCS1/STAT3 pathways. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:107000. [PMID: 37838148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Development of novel antiherpes simplex virus (HSV) agents with active mechanisms different from nucleoside analogues is of high importance. Herein, we investigated the anti-HSV activities and mechanisms of wedelolactone (WDL) both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay, plaque assay, and western blot assay were used to evaluate the anti-HSV effects of WDL in vitro. The immunofluorescence assay, RT-PCR assay, plaque reduction assay, sandwich ELISA assay, syncytium formation assay, tanscriptome analysis and western blot assay were used to explore the anti-HSV mechanisms of WDL. The murine encephalitis and vaginal models of HSV infection were performed to evaluate the anti-HSV effects of WDL in vivo. RESULTS WDL possessed inhibitory effects against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 in different cells with low toxicity, superior to the effects of acyclovir. WDL can directly inactivate the HSV particle via destruction of viral envelope and block HSV replication process after virus adsorption, different from the mechanisms of acyclovir. WDL may influence the host genes and signaling pathways related to HSV infection and immune responses. WDL can mainly interfere with the TBK1/IRF3 and SOCS1/STAT3 pathways to reduce HSV infection and inflammatory responses. Importantly, WDL treatment markedly improved mice survival, attenuated inflammatory symptoms, and reduced the virus titres in both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the natural compound WDL has the potential to be developed into a novel anti-HSV agent targeting both viral envelope and cellular TBK1/IRF3 and SOCS1/STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Fujie He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Lishan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Cui Hao
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
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12
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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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13
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Glasgow HL, Zhu H, Xie H, Kenkel EJ, Lee C, Huang ML, Greninger AL. Genotypic testing improves detection of antiviral resistance in human herpes simplex virus. J Clin Virol 2023; 167:105554. [PMID: 37586184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiviral resistance in human herpes simplex viruses (HSV) remains a significant clinical challenge in immunocompromised populations. Although molecular tests have largely replaced viral culture for HSV diagnosis and molecular antiviral resistance testing is available for many viruses, HSV resistance testing continues to rely on phenotypic, viral culture-based methods, requiring weeks for results. Consequently, treatment of suspected HSV resistance remains largely empiric. METHODS We used HSV whole genome sequencing and a database of previously characterized HSV acyclovir and foscarnet resistance mutations to evaluate the performance of genotypic antiviral resistance testing among 19 control strains compared to in-house plaque reduction assay (PRA) and 25 clinical isolates sent for reference lab PRA antiviral resistance testing. RESULTS Among control strains, 23/29 (79.3%) results were concordant, 5 (17.2%) were indeterminate, and 1 (3.4%) was discordant. Indeterminate results were caused by variants of uncertain significance (VUS), including mutations without published phenotypes and mutations with contradictory results. Among clinical isolates, 14/40 (35%) results were concordant, 17 (42.5%) were indeterminate, and 9 (22.5%) were discordant. All discordant results were in reportedly phenotypically-susceptible HSV-1 strains yet possessed resistance mutations. Three contained resistant subpopulations. 6/8 (75%) discordant phenotypes were concordant with resistant genotypes upon repeat PRA. CONCLUSIONS These data support the combination of genotypic and phenotypic testing to diagnose HSV resistance more accurately and likely more rapidly than phenotypic testing alone. Genotypic context of resistance mutations and the ability of viral strains to form plaques in culture may affect phenotypic resistance results, highlighting the limitations of PRA alone as a gold standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Glasgow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Kenkel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Carrie Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
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14
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Marasini S, Craig JP, Dean SJ, Leanse LG. Managing Corneal Infections: Out with the old, in with the new? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1334. [PMID: 37627753 PMCID: PMC10451842 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been multiple reports of eye infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with increasing evidence of ineffective treatment outcomes from existing therapies. With respect to corneal infections, the most commonly used antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporines) are demonstrating reduced efficacy against bacterial keratitis isolates. While traditional methods are losing efficacy, several novel technologies are under investigation, including light-based anti-infective technology with or without chemical substrates, phage therapy, and probiotics. Many of these methods show non-selective antimicrobial activity with potential development as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Multiple preclinical studies and a limited number of clinical case studies have confirmed the efficacy of some of these novel methods. However, given the rapid evolution of corneal infections, their treatment requires rapid institution to limit the impact on vision and prevent complications such as scarring and corneal perforation. Given their rapid effects on microbial viability, light-based technologies seem particularly promising in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Marasini
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (S.M.); (J.P.C.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Jennifer P. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (S.M.); (J.P.C.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Simon J. Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (S.M.); (J.P.C.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Leon G. Leanse
- Health and Sports Sciences Hub, Europa Point Campus, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Hyun J, Lee SK, Kim JH, Cho EJ, Kim HS, Kim JS, Song W, Kim HS. Variant Analysis of the Thymidine Kinase and DNA Polymerase Genes of Herpes Simplex Virus in Korea: Frequency of Acyclovir Resistance Mutations. Viruses 2023; 15:1709. [PMID: 37632051 PMCID: PMC10458183 DOI: 10.3390/v15081709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (pol) genes of the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are two important genes involved in antiviral resistance. We investigated the genetic polymorphisms of the HSV-TK and pol genes in clinical isolates from Korean HSV-infected patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the first time in Korea. A total of 81 HSV-1 and 47 HSV-2 isolates were examined. NGS was used to amplify and sequence the TK and pol genes. Among the 81 HSV-1 isolates, 12 and 17 natural polymorphisms and 9 and 23 polymorphisms of unknown significance in TK and pol were found, respectively. Two HSV-1 isolates (2.5%) exhibited the E257K amino acid substitution in TK, associated with antiviral resistance. Out of 47 HSV-2 isolates, 8 natural polymorphisms were identified in TK, and 9 in pol, with 13 polymorphisms of unknown significance in TK and 10 in pol. No known resistance-related mutations were observed in HSV-2. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic variants associated with antiviral resistance in HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Korea, with frequencies of known antiviral resistance-related mutations of 2.5% and 0% in HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.K.L.); (J.H.K.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.K.L.); (J.H.K.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.K.L.); (J.H.K.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.K.L.); (J.H.K.); (E.-J.C.)
| | - Han-Sung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (S.K.L.); (J.H.K.); (E.-J.C.)
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16
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Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Tamburello MP, Barreca D, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Mechanistic Understanding of the Antiviral Properties of Pistachios and Zeaxanthin against HSV-1. Viruses 2023; 15:1651. [PMID: 37631995 PMCID: PMC10459438 DOI: 10.3390/v15081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative clinical treatments to fight resistance and find alternative antiviral treatments for the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is of great interest. Plants are rich sources of novel antiviral, pharmacologically active agents that provide several advantages, including reduced side effects, less resistance, low toxicity, and different mechanisms of action. In the present work, the antiviral activity of Californian natural raw (NRRE) and roasted unsalted (RURE) pistachio polyphenols-rich extracts was evaluated against HSV-1 using VERO cells. Two different extraction methods, with or without n-hexane, were used. Results showed that n-hexane-extracted NRRE and RURE exerted an antiviral effect against HSV-1, blocking virus binding on the cell surface, affecting viral DNA synthesis as well as accumulation of ICP0, UL42, and Us11 viral proteins. Additionally, the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD confirmed that extraction with n-hexane exclusively accumulated tocopherols, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Amongst these, zeaxanthin exhibited strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 (CC50: 16.1 µM, EC50 4.08 µM, SI 3.96), affecting both the viral attachment and penetration and viral DNA synthesis. Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina as a macular pigment. The use of pistachio extracts and derivates should be encouraged for the topical treatment of ocular herpetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
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17
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Jiang L, Yu Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Cao W, Peng Q, Chen X. BMS-265246, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Inhibits the Infection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Viruses 2023; 15:1642. [PMID: 37631985 PMCID: PMC10459710 DOI: 10.3390/v15081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections are prevalent illnesses that can cause mucocutaneous ulcerative disease, keratitis, and genital herpes. In patients with compromised immune systems, the infection can lead to serious problems, such as encephalitis. Additionally, neonatal infections can cause brain problems and even death. Current first-line antiviral drugs are nucleoside analog inhibitors that target viral polymerase, and resistant strains have emerged. As a result, new drugs with distinct action modes are needed. Recent research indicates that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are prospective antiviral targets. Thus, CDK inhibitors may be effective antiviral agents against HSV-1 infection. In this study, we examined a panel of CDK inhibitors that target CDKs in the present study. BMS-265246 (BMS), a CDK 1/2 inhibitor, was found to effectively limit HSV-1 multiplication in Vero, HepG2, and Hela cells. A mechanism of action study suggested that BMS inhibits the early stages of viral replication when added early in the viral infection. The suppression of multiple steps in viral replication by BMS was revealed when HSV-1 infected cells were treated at different time periods in the viral life cycle. Our results suggest that BMS is a potent anti-HSV-1 agent and unique in that it may interfere with multiple steps in HSV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xulin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.)
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18
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Lewin AC, Ineck NE, Mironovich MA, Marino ME, Liu CC, Emelogu U, Mills EP, Camacho-Luna P, Carter RT. Surveillance for feline herpesvirus type 1 mutation and development of resistance in cats treated with antiviral medications. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197249. [PMID: 37275610 PMCID: PMC10232796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly causes ocular surface disease in cats and is treated with antiviral medications targeting viral DNA polymerase (UL30/42). Herein, we describe a method to assess the FHV-1 genome for mutation development and to assess the functional impact of mutations, if present. Fourteen shelter-housed domestic cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease were assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n = 3), cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution (n = 3), famciclovir oral solution (n = 5), or ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution (n = 3). Swabs were collected before (day 1) and after (day 8) 1 week of twice-daily treatments to isolate viable FHV-1. Viral DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq with subsequent genomic variant detection between paired day 1 and day 8 isolates. Plaque reduction assay was performed on paired isolates demonstrating non-synonymous variants. A total of 171 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants were identified in day 8 isolates. No variants were detected in viral UL23, UL30, or UL42 genes. Variant totals were not statistically different in animals receiving antiviral or placebo (p = 0.4997). A day 8 isolate from each antiviral treatment group contained a single non-synonymous variant in ICP4 (transcriptional regulator). These 3 isolates demonstrated no evidence of functional antiviral resistance when IC50 was assessed. Most (10/14 pairs) day 1 and 8 viral isolate pairs from the same host animal were near-identical. While functional variants were not detected in this small sample, these techniques can be replicated to assess FHV-1 isolates suspected of having developed resistance to antiviral medications.
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19
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Bosetti D, Bernardi C, Maulini M, Giannotti F, Mamez AC, Masouridi-Levrat S, Chalandon Y, Neofytos D. Salvage Treatment of Refractory HSV Oral Lesions with Pritelivir in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0173222. [PMID: 36971558 PMCID: PMC10112206 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01732-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present two allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients (HCTr) treated with pritelivir for acyclovir-resistant/refractory (r/r) HSV infection based on the expanded access program of the pritelivir manufacturer. Outpatient treatment with pritelivir was administered, with partial response by week 1 of treatment and complete response by week 4 of treatment in both patients. No adverse events were noted. Pritelivir appears to be an effective and safe option for the management of acyclovir-r/r HSV infections in highly immunocompromised patients in an outpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bosetti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Bernardi
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Maulini
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federica Giannotti
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Claire Mamez
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavroula Masouridi-Levrat
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios Neofytos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Abdelnabi R, Jochmans D, Donckers K, Trüeb B, Ebert N, Weynand B, Thiel V, Neyts J. Nirmatrelvir-resistant SARS-CoV-2 is efficiently transmitted in female Syrian hamsters and retains partial susceptibility to treatment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2124. [PMID: 37059708 PMCID: PMC10101821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro) is one of the promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir is the first 3CLpro inhibitor authorized for treatment of COVID-19 patients at high risk of hospitalization. We recently reported on the in vitro selection of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro resistant virus (L50F-E166A-L167F; 3CLprores) that is cross-resistant with nirmatrelvir and other 3CLpro inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that the 3CLprores virus replicates efficiently in the lungs of intranasally infected female Syrian hamsters and causes lung pathology comparable to that caused by the WT virus. Moreover, hamsters infected with 3CLprores virus transmit the virus efficiently to co-housed non-infected contact hamsters. Importantly, at a dose of 200 mg/kg (BID) of nirmatrelvir, the compound was still able to reduce the lung infectious virus titers of 3CLprores-infected hamsters by 1.4 log10 with a modest improvement in the lung histopathology as compared to the vehicle control. Fortunately, resistance to Nirmatrelvir does not readily develop in clinical setting. Yet, as we demonstrate, in case drug-resistant viruses emerge, they may spread easily which may thus impact therapeutic options. Therefore, the use of 3CLpro inhibitors in combination with other drugs may be considered, especially in immunodeficient patients, to avoid the development of drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Donckers
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bettina Trüeb
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Weynand
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- The VirusBank Platform, Gaston Geenslaan, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Global Virus Network, GVN, Baltimore, US.
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21
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Moshirfar M, Kelkar N, Peterson T, Bradshaw J, Parker L, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC. The Impact of Antiviral Resistance on Herpetic Keratitis. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:127-134. [PMID: 36374154 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Herpes simplex keratitis resistance to antiviral treatment presents a growing concern. The herpes simplex virus has many different mechanisms of resistance to antiviral treatment, which have been well described. Resistance to acyclovir occurs because of mutations in the viral thymidylate kinase and DNA polymerase that decrease this enzyme's affinity for its substrate. This article discusses factors that explain the prevalence of this resistance, the ability for recurrences in immunocompromised populations, current treatments for acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex keratitis, and novel therapies for this growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center (M.M., Y.C.R., P.C.H.), Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT; John A. Moran Eye Center (M.M.), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Utah Lions Eye Bank (M.M.), Murray, UT; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix (N.K.), Phoenix, AZ; and Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine (T.P., J.B., L.P.), Ivins, UT
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22
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In Vitro Screening of Antiviral Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Fermented Foods. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of newly isolated strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a good basis for expanding the potential for their applications in functional foods, probiotic food supplements, and other probiotic products. They exhibit various functional properties, including such with antiviral activity. Probiotic strains can manifest their antiviral effects by various mechanisms, including direct interaction with viruses, production of antiviral compounds, or immune system modulation. Ten newly isolated LAB strains from traditional fermented food products have been tested for the determination of their antiviral activity. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from the studied strains for the effect on viral replication of Human alphaherpesvirus—HHV-1 and HHV-2 as well as for direct virucidal activity. The CFSs of the LAB strains were used in non-toxic concentrations of 25%, 6.25%, and 1.6%. No direct virucidal activity was observed in tested CFSs, but five of the strains observed a well-defined effect of viral replication inhibition with the selective index (SI) from 4.40 to >54. For two of these five strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus KZM 2-11-3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KC 5-12 strong activity against HHV-2 with a selective index (SI) over 45 was detected, which is a good basis for further research.
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23
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Oh PS, Han YH, Lim S, Jeong HJ. Blue light irradiation exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112632. [PMID: 36608399 PMCID: PMC9771843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory functions of blue light (BL) in cutaneous viral infections. Previously, we examined the photo-biogoverning role of 450 nm BL in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, which showed that photo-energy could inhibit viral activation depending on the number of photons. However, the communication network between photo-energy irradiation and immune cells involved in viral infections has not been clarified. We verified viral activation, inflammatory responses, and relevant downstream cascades caused by human simplex virus type I (HSV-1) after BL irradiation. To examine the antiviral effect of BL, we further tested whether BL could disturb viral absorption or entry into host cells. The results showed that BL irradiation, but not green light (GL) exposure, specifically decreased plaque-forming activity and viral copy numbers in HSV-1-infected cells. Accumulated BL irradiation inhibited the localization of viral proteins and the RNA expression of characteristic viral genes such as UL19, UL27, and US6, thus exerting to an anti-viral effect. The results also showed that BL exposure during viral absorption interfered with viral entry or destroyed the virus, as assessed by plaque formation and quantitative PCR assays. The levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β in M1-polarized macrophages were increased by HSV-1 infection. However, these increases were attenuated by BL irradiation. Importantly, BL irradiation decreased cGAS and STING expression, as well as downstream NF-κB p65, in M1-polarized HSV-1-infected macrophages, demonstrating anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that BL could serve as an anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic candidate to treat HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Sun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokTae Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.
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Lappin M, Wotman K, Chow L, Williams M, Hawley J, Dow S. Nanoparticle ocular immunotherapy for herpesvirus surface eye infections evaluated in cat infection model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279462. [PMID: 36607992 PMCID: PMC9821494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infections can trigger conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and occasionally retinitis, and is a major cause of blindness worldwide. The infections are lifelong and can often recrudesce during periods of stress or immune suppression. Currently HSV-1 infections of the eye are managed primarily with anti-viral eye drops, which require frequent administration, can cause irritation, and may take weeks for full resolution of symptoms. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of an ocular immune activating nanoparticle eye drop as a novel approach to treating HSV-1 infection, using a cat feline herpesvirus -1 (FHV-1) ocular infection model. In vitro studies demonstrated significant induction of both type I and II interferon responses by the liposome-dual TLR 3/9 agonist nanoparticles, along with suppression of FHV-1 replication. In cats with naturally occurring eye infections either proven or suspected to involve FHV-1, ocular nanoparticle treated animals experienced resolution of signs within several days of treatment, including resolution of keratitis and corneal ulcers. In a cat model of recrudescent FHV-1 infection, cats treated twice daily with immune nanoparticle eye drops experienced significant lessening of ocular signs of infection and significantly fewer episodes of viral shedding compared to control cats. Treatment was well-tolerated by all cats, without signs of drug-induced ocular irritation. We concluded therefore that non-specific ocular immunotherapy offers significant promise as a novel approach to treatment of HSV-1 and FHV-1 ocular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lappin
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (ML)
| | - Kathryn Wotman
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lyndah Chow
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Maggie Williams
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Steven Dow
- From the Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (ML)
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Parigger L, Krassnigg A, Schopper T, Singh A, Tappler K, Köchl K, Hetmann M, Gruber K, Steinkellner G, Gruber CC. Recent changes in the mutational dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease substantiate the danger of emerging resistance to antiviral drugs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1061142. [PMID: 36590977 PMCID: PMC9794616 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current coronavirus pandemic is being combated worldwide by nontherapeutic measures and massive vaccination programs. Nevertheless, therapeutic options such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main-protease (Mpro) inhibitors are essential due to the ongoing evolution toward escape from natural or induced immunity. While antiviral strategies are vulnerable to the effects of viral mutation, the relatively conserved Mpro makes an attractive drug target: Nirmatrelvir, an antiviral targeting its active site, has been authorized for conditional or emergency use in several countries since December 2021, and a number of other inhibitors are under clinical evaluation. We analyzed recent SARS-CoV-2 genomic data, since early detection of potential resistances supports a timely counteraction in drug development and deployment, and discovered accelerated mutational dynamics of Mpro since early December 2021. Methods We performed a comparative analysis of 10.5 million SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available by June 2022 at GISAID to the NCBI reference genome sequence NC_045512.2. Amino-acid exchanges within high-quality regions in 69,878 unique Mpro sequences were identified and time- and in-depth sequence analyses including a structural representation of mutational dynamics were performed using in-house software. Results The analysis showed a significant recent event of mutational dynamics in Mpro. We report a remarkable increase in mutational variability in an eight-residue long consecutive region (R188-G195) near the active site since December 2021. Discussion The increased mutational variability in close proximity to an antiviral-drug binding site as described herein may suggest the onset of the development of antiviral resistance. This emerging diversity urgently needs to be further monitored and considered in ongoing drug development and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Parigger
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Tappler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Hetmann
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian C. Gruber
- Innophore GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Evaluation of (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin Inhibitor of Herpes Simplex Type 1 Identified from Screening of a Library of Natural Products. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-130237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes serious illness in humans, especially in newborns and immunocompromised hosts. Public health requires the development of new, less toxic anti-HSV-1 drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products in an extensive library of 133 compounds by examining viral titers and the number of viral plaques. Methods: (S)-10-hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) as an inhibitor against viral DNA replication in the lowest concentration ranges from a set of natural products consisting of screening 133 compounds. Each step of the viral replication cycle of HSV-1 on A549 cells was evaluated with different assays, including adsorption, penetration, time-of-addition assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The respective antiviral effects on HSV-1AN95 infection were assessed in vitro. Results: 10-HCPT was found to be a potent inhibitor of HSV-1 infection in the lowest concentration range from screening of a natural product library. The results showed that 10-HCPT significantly affects HSV-1 viral plaque formation inhibition, with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.07 μM. The time of addition assay suggested that 10-HCPT had a viral inhibitory effect when added 8 hours after infection. It was further confirmed by reducing the expression of late viral genes including glycoprotein (g) and viral protein (VP) (gB, gD, gH, VP1/2, and VP16) 4 hours after infection in the 10-HCPT treatment group compared to positive controls by quantitative real-time PCR. The Western blotting results are inconsistent with other reported results. It showed that 10-HCPT did not affect gD and ICP4 during HSV-1 infection, and 10-HCPT appeared to affect other genes in the immediate-early (IE) and late (L) steps. Conclusions: 10-HCPT demonstrated anti-HSV activity on HSV-1. Their dose-dependent antiviral activity showed that specific cellular components might mediate their function rather than cytotoxicity. This survey suggests a new outlook in exploring effective treatment options for HSV-1 infections.
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Hou J, Gao H, Fan Y, Wang Y, Qin M, Di Y, Wang L, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Qin D, Hill G. Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of HN0037, a Novel Anti-Human Herpes Simplex Virus Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1467-1473. [PMID: 35794079 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HN0037 is a helicase-primase inhibitor developed to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of HN0037, following oral administration in healthy volunteers. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study comprised two parts. In part 1, a single escalating dose of 10, 30, 60, 120, 200, 300, and 400 mg was assessed, and the food effect was evaluated in the 200-mg cohort. In part 2, a multiple dose evaluation involving 30 and 100 mg once a day was conducted for 14 days. Following single oral doses, the systemic exposure of HN0037 increased in a proportional manner over the lower dose range (10-120 mg) and in a subproportional manner over the higher dose range (200-400 mg). Following multiple oral doses, significant drug accumulation of systemic exposure was found at steady state, and the half-life ranged 50.4-61.0 h. The food effect study results indicated that a high-fat meal had a marginal impact on HN0037's pharmacokinetics. No differences were observed in the incidence of adverse events between HN0037 and placebo groups in either study. These results demonstrate that HN0037 is safe and well-tolerated, supporting further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- PKU Care Luzhong Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingzhe Fan
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Di
- PKU Care Luzhong Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- PKU Care Luzhong Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Qin
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - George Hill
- Phaeno Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex viruses: Prevalence and therapeutic alternatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Xu L, Zhong XL, Xi ZC, Li Y, Xu HX. Medicinal plants and natural compounds against acyclovir-resistant HSV infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025605. [PMID: 36299732 PMCID: PMC9589345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), an alphaherpesvirus, is highly prevalent in the human population and is known to cause oral and genital herpes and various complications. Represented by acyclovir (ACV), nucleoside analogs have been the main clinical treatment against HSV infection thus far. However, due to prolonged and excessive use, HSV has developed ACV-resistant strains. Therefore, effective treatment against ACV-resistant HSV strains is urgently needed. In this review, we summarized the plant extracts and natural compounds that inhibited ACV-resistant HSV infection and their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan-Lei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Li,
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Hong-Xi Xu,
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Zannella C, Chianese A, De Bernardo M, Folliero V, Petrillo F, De Filippis A, Boccia G, Franci G, Rosa N, Galdiero M. Ophthalmic Solutions with a Broad Antiviral Action: Evaluation of Their Potential against Ocular Herpetic Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091728. [PMID: 36144330 PMCID: PMC9506079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 can be associated with severe and recurrent eye infections characterized by a strong inflammatory response that leads to blepharoconjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, and retinal necrosis. The incidence of HSV-1 keratitis is 1.5 million every year worldwide, including more than 40,000 new cases exhibiting serious visual failures. Generally, the therapy uses antiviral drugs to promote healing; however, there are currently no compounds that are able to completely eradicate the virus. In addition, the phenomenon of resistance is rapidly spreading among HSV-1 strains, creating mutants developing resistance to the common antiviral drugs; therefore, deep research on this issue is warranted. The efficacy of different ophthalmic solutions already on the market was evaluated for reducing HSV-1 infection. Different plaque assays were set up on epithelial cells, revealing that two ophthalmic solutions were able to inhibit viral replication in the early stages of infection. The data were further confirmed by molecular tests analyzing the expression levels of the principal genes involved in HSV-1 infection, and a strong reduction was observed after only 1 min of eye-drop treatment. Collectively, these results suggested the use of ophthalmic solutions as potential antiviral options for the treatment of ocular herpetic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena De Bernardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Nicola Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (M.G.)
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Hoogewoud F, Rossi DC, Stappler T, Guex-Crosier Y. Acute retinal necrosis: A mini review. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:916113. [PMID: 38983554 PMCID: PMC11182167 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.916113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Acute retinal necrosis is a rare but potentially devastating disease. Even in the era of modern medicine, retinal detachment is a frequent complication leading to vison loss, as well as phthisis bulbi. Whereas IV acyclovir still remains the standard of care, high doses of valacyclovir with/without additional intravitreal injections of foscarnet have been used. In an attempt to reduce the retinal detachment rate, prophylactic laser treatment and early vitrectomy have been proposed. In this article, we aim to review current diagnostic and treatment modalities.
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In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of Shouchella clausii probiotic strain and bacterial supernatant against herpes simplex virus type 1. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:522. [PMID: 35879582 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is an important human neurotropic virus infecting 70% of the world population. Due to the emergence of viral resistance via mutations in HSV-1 genes and some of the adverse effects of antiviral compounds, there is a growing need for safe, novel, and effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the potential antiviral activity of Shouchella clausii probiotic strain and bacterial supernatant against HSV-1. The MTT assay was used to determine the possible cytotoxicity of the S. clausii and bacterial supernatant. Vero cells were treated by S. clausii, bacterial supernatant, and HSV-1 under pre-treatment (incubation of Vero cells with S. clausii then HSV-1 inoculation), pre-incubation (mixture of co-incubated HSV-1/S. clausii added to Vero cell), competition (adding HSV-1 and S. clausii into Vero cells simultaneously) and post-treatment (Vero cells inoculated with HSV-1 then incubated with S. clausii) assays. Viral titer reduction (TCID50) and viral DNA relative quantification by real-time PCR were measured in each experimental condition. The results indicated that S. clausii and its supernatant had the greatest inhibitory activity toward HSV-1 in pre-treatment assay. The HSV-1 titer treated with S. clausii, and bacterial supernatant was 3.6 and 2.2 Log10TCID50/mL lower compared to the control (7.66 Log10TCID50/mL). Results showed an antiviral effect of S. clausii and its supernatant. S. clausii could be considered as a novel inhibitor for HSV-1 infection.
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Li F, Zhang Q. Hypopyon after Periocular Corticosteroid Injection: A Case Series. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022:1-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2073237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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34
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Aliabadi N, Jamalidoust M, Pouladfar G, Ziyaeyan A, Ziyaeyan M. Antiviral activity of triptolide on herpes simplex virus in vitro. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e667. [PMID: 35759241 PMCID: PMC9208287 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus‐type 1 (HSV‐1) can cause diseases, especially amongst neonates and immunocompromised hosts. Hence, developing a novel anti‐HSV‐1 drug with low‐level toxicity is vital. Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide is a natural product with range of bioactivity qualities. Methods In this study, viral infection was assessed in different phases of the HSV‐1 replication cycle on A549 cells, using various assays, such as adsorption inhibition assay, penetration inhibition assay, time‐of‐addition assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results The results indicate that TP can effectively inhibit HSV‐1 infection in the lowest range of concentration. TP exhibited significant inhibitory effect on HSV‐1 plaque formation, with 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.05 µM. Furthermore, the time‐of‐addition assay suggests that TP has viral inhibitory effects when it was added less than 8 h postinfection (h.p.i.). This result is further confirmed by decline in the expression viral immediate‐early genes (ICP4, ICP22, and ICP27) in 6 h.p.i in the TP‐treated group compared to the control group, evaluated by real‐time qPCR. The Western blotting result was also consistent with the previous findings, which confirms that TP can positively affect ICP4 during HSV‐1 infection. Conclusions The TP also showed antiviral activity against HSV‐1. This dose‐dependent activity is an indication of a particular cellular component, rather than cytotoxicity that has mediated its function. Finally, the result suggest a new approach for an effective treatment option of the HSV‐1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Aliabadi
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atoosa Ziyaeyan
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Dochnal S, Merchant HY, Schinlever AR, Babnis A, Depledge DP, Wilson AC, Cliffe AR. DLK-Dependent Biphasic Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency Established in the Absence of Antivirals. J Virol 2022; 96:e0050822. [PMID: 35608347 PMCID: PMC9215246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latent infection and reactivation in neurons requires the use of in vitro model systems. Establishing a quiescent infection in cultured neurons is problematic, as any infectious virus released can superinfect the cultures. Previous studies have used the viral DNA replication inhibitor acyclovir to prevent superinfection and promote latency establishment. Data from these previous models have shown that reactivation is biphasic, with an initial phase I expression of all classes of lytic genes, which occurs independently of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication but is dependent on the cell stress protein DLK. Here, we describe a new model system using HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, a reporter virus that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and establishes latent infections without the need for acyclovir. The establishment of a latent state requires a longer time frame than previous models using DNA replication inhibitors. This results in a decreased ability of the virus to reactivate using established inducers, and as such, a combination of reactivation triggers is required. Using this system, we demonstrate that biphasic reactivation occurs even when latency is established in the absence of acyclovir. Importantly, phase I lytic gene expression still occurs in a histone demethylase and viral DNA replication-independent manner and requires DLK activity. These data demonstrate that the two waves of viral gene expression following HSV-1 reactivation are independent of secondary infection and not unique to systems that require acyclovir to promote latency establishment. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) enters a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates. Reactivation manifests as a variety of clinical symptoms. Studying latency and reactivation in vitro is invaluable, allowing the molecular mechanisms behind both processes to be targeted by therapeutics that reduce the clinical consequences. Here, we describe a novel in vitro model system using a cell-to-cell spread-defective HSV-1, known as Stayput-GFP, which allows for the study of latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. We anticipate this new model system will be an incredibly valuable tool for studying the establishment and reactivation of HSV-1 latent infection in vitro. Using this model, we find that initial reactivation events are dependent on cellular stress kinase DLK but independent of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication. Our data therefore further validate the essential role of DLK in mediating a wave of lytic gene expression unique to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Husain Y. Merchant
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Austin R. Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angus C. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Rathbun MM, Shipley MM, Bowen CD, Selke S, Wald A, Johnston C, Szpara ML. Comparison of herpes simplex virus 1 genomic diversity between adult sexual transmission partners with genital infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010437. [PMID: 35587470 PMCID: PMC9119503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes chronic infection in the human host, characterized by self-limited episodes of mucosal shedding and lesional disease, with latent infection of neuronal ganglia. The epidemiology of genital herpes has undergone a significant transformation over the past two decades, with the emergence of HSV-1 as a leading cause of first-episode genital herpes in many countries. Though dsDNA viruses are not expected to mutate quickly, it is not yet known to what degree the HSV-1 viral population in a natural host adapts over time, or how often viral population variants are transmitted between hosts. This study provides a comparative genomics analysis for 33 temporally-sampled oral and genital HSV-1 genomes derived from five adult sexual transmission pairs. We found that transmission pairs harbored consensus-level viral genomes with near-complete conservation of nucleotide identity. Examination of within-host minor variants in the viral population revealed both shared and unique patterns of genetic diversity between partners, and between anatomical niches. Additionally, genetic drift was detected from spatiotemporally separated samples in as little as three days. These data expand our prior understanding of the complex interaction between HSV-1 genomics and population dynamics after transmission to new infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M. Rathbun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie M. Shipley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Moriah L. Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Chuerduangphui J, Nukpook T, Pientong C, Aromdee C, Suebsasana S, Khunkitti W, So-in C, Proyrungroj K, Ekalaksananan T. Activity of 3,19-isopropylidinyl andrographolide against herpes simplex virus type 1 in an animal model. Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221089724. [PMID: 35379009 PMCID: PMC8988668 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221089724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our previous study, the semi-synthetic analog of andrographolide, 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide (IPAD), acts more effectively against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in cell culture than does acyclovir. IPAD inhibits cytopathic effect and production of HSV wild types and drug-resistant strains. Its effect is associated with the reduction of immediate-early regulatory protein (ICP27) and early proteins (ICP8 and UL42), indicating a mode of action different from that of acyclovir. Therefore, studies of the anti-HSV activity of IPAD in animal models are required before further application. Material & Method Prednisolone-treated BALB/c mice were cutaneously infected with HSV-1 wild-type KOS strain. Experimental groups included control groups (untreated or treated only with the cream base) and treatment groups (with acyclovir or IPAD creams). Creams were applied four times daily for 10 days after infection to the relevant groups. The skin lesion score was assessed twice a day for 10 days. In addition, the effect of IPAD on HSV copy number and HSV late gene (gD) expression was investigated in skin lesion cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Result IPAD cream was significantly effective in delaying the development of skin lesions and regression of the skin lesion score by day 5 (P < 0.01) compared with untreated controls. In addition, this IPAD cream significantly reduced HSV DNA copy number and gD gene expression (P < 0.01). No signs of irritation were observed at the application site. Conclusion Topical administration of IPAD cream reduced skin lesions in mice cutaneously infected with HSV-1 KOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jureeporn Chuerduangphui
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thawaree Nukpook
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chantana Aromdee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Watcharee Khunkitti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Charinya So-in
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Animal Health Science, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Kanisara Proyrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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38
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Beressa TB, Deyno S, Mtewa AG, Aidah N, Tuyiringire N, Lukubye B, Weisheit A, Tolo CU, Ogwang PE. Potential Benefits of Antiviral African Medicinal Plants in the Management of Viral Infections: Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:682794. [PMID: 35002686 PMCID: PMC8740180 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viruses cause various human diseases, some of which become pandemic outbreaks. This study synthesized evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could potentially be further studied for viral infections including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. Methods: PUBMED, CINAHIL, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google databases were searched through keywords; antiviral, plant, herb, and Africa were combined using “AND” and “OR”. In-vitro studies, in-vivo studies, or clinical trials on botanical medicine used for the treatment of viruses in Africa were included. Results: Thirty-six studies were included in the evidence synthesis. Three hundred and twenty-eight plants were screened for antiviral activities of which 127 showed noteworthy activities against 25 viral species. These, were Poliovirus (42 plants), HSV (34 plants), Coxsackievirus (16 plants), Rhinovirus (14plants), Influenza (12 plants), Astrovirus (11 plants), SARS-CoV-2 (10 plants), HIV (10 plants), Echovirus (8 plants), Parvovirus (6 plants), Semiliki forest virus (5 plants), Measles virus (5 plants), Hepatitis virus (3 plants), Canine distemper virus (3 plants), Zika virus (2 plants), Vesicular stomatitis virus T2 (2 plants). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1), Enterovirus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, Yellow fever virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Human cytomegalovirus each showed sensitivities to one plant. Conclusion: The current study provided a list of African medicinal plants which demonstrated antiviral activities and could potentially be candidates for COVID-19 treatment. However, all studies were preliminary and in vitro screening. Further in vivo studies are required for plant-based management of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Bekele Beressa
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Serawit Deyno
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Andrew G Mtewa
- Chemistry Section, Department of Applied Studies, Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Namuli Aidah
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Naasson Tuyiringire
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Ben Lukubye
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Anke Weisheit
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Casim Umba Tolo
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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39
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Liu Y, Chen L, Liu W, Li D, Zeng J, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Luan F, Zeng N. Cepharanthine Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Through the Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:795756. [PMID: 34956164 PMCID: PMC8696181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP) is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata. Although its underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood, this compound is reported as a promising antiviral drug. In the present study, we explore the anti-HSV-1 effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CEP in vitro. Our results show that CEP could significantly inhibit the formation of plaque and the expression of viral proteins and exhibit a general suppression of replication-associated genes. Whereas HSV-1 infection increases the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in host cells, CEP was effective indirectly inhibiting phosphorylation levels of the targets in PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, CEP markedly decreased G0/G1 phase and increased G2/M phase cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1) and cyclinB1 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, CEP increased apoptosis in infected cells, reduced B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels, and increased the protein levels of Bcl-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase3, and nuclear IκB kinaseα (IκBα). Collectively, CEP could arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in infected cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, hence further reducing HSV-1 infection and subsequent reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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40
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Nguyen PHA, Yamada S, Harada S, Fukushi S, Mizuguchi M, Saijo M. Virulence of herpes simplex virus 1 harbouring a UAG stop codon between the first and second initiation codon in the thymidine kinase gene. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:368-373. [PMID: 34980708 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-TK(8UAG) expresses a truncated thymidine kinase (TK) translated from the second initiation codon due to a stop UAG codon at the 8th position (counted from the first initiation codon). Here, we showed that the sensitivity of HSV-1-TK(8UAG) to acyclovir (ACV) is similar to that of control HSV-1 wild-type (WT), which expresses an intact TK protein. However, HSV-1-TK(44UAG), which expresses a truncated TK due to a UAG codon at position 44, showed lower sensitivity to ACV. A mouse infection model was used to compare the virulence of HSV-1-TK(8UAG) and HSV-1-TK(44UAG) with that of HSV-1 wild-type (WT). The 50% lethal dose (LD50) value of HSV-1-TK(44UAG) was 7.8-fold higher than that of HSV-1-TK(8UAG), whereas the LD50 value of HSV-1-TK(8UAG) was the same as that of the parental HSV-1 WT. There were no statistically significant differences between HSV-1-TK(44UAG), HSV-1-TK(8UAG), and HSV-1 WT with respect to replication capacity and viral TK mRNA expression in mouse brain. Thus, the virulence of HSV-1 expressing a truncated viral TK translated from the second initiation codon might depend on the position of the UAG stop codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu Hoang Anh Nguyen
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Yamada
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shizuko Harada
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Helicase primase inhibitors (HPIs) are efficacious for therapy of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease in an infection mouse model. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105190. [PMID: 34666109 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the seroprevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) currently amounts to ∼ 67% worldwide, the annual incidence of a severe disease progression, particularly herpes encephalitis, is approximately 2-4 cases per 1,000,000 infections. Nucleoside analogues, such as acyclovir (ACV), valacyclovir (VACV) or famciclovir, are still the therapeutic treatment of choice for HSV infections. However, nucleoside drugs have limited efficacy against severe HSV disease and for treatment of nucleoside-resistant viral strains, alternative therapies such as helicase-primase inhibitors (HPIs) which are highly potent by inhibiting viral replication are under development. In preclinical studies we analyzed the antiviral efficacy of drug candidates of a novel compound class of HPIs for the treatment of HSV to identify the most active eutomer structure in an intranasal infection mouse lethal challenge model. HSV-1 infected BALB/c mice treated with vehicle control developed fatal disease according to humane endpoints after 5-7 days. In contrast, the animals dosed orally once daily with the HPI compounds at 10 or 4 mg/kg/day showed a significantly increased survival (70% and 100% for 10 mg/kg/day; 90% and 100% for 4 mg/kg/day, respectively) compared to the vehicle treatment (0-10%), when therapy was initiated 6 h post HSV-1 inoculation. We observed a significantly improved outcome in clinical parameters and survival over 21 days in the group receiving novel HPI candidates using even the lowest dose of 4 mg/kg/day. With VACV treatment of 75 mg/kg daily survival was also significantly increased (80%-90% for 75 mg/kg/day) but to lesser extent. Initial IM-250 therapy at 10 mg/kg/day could be delayed up to 72 h resulting in significantly increased survival compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, we detected significantly fewer viral genome copies in the lungs and brains of HPI treated animals compared to vehicle (440-fold reduction for 4 mg/kg/day IM-250 in the brain) or VACV controls by quantitative PCR. In conclusion the preclinical studies of the novel HPI compounds showed superior efficacy in comparison to the current standard HSV treatment represented by VACV with respect to the survival according humane endpoints, the clinical score and virus load in lungs and brains. Thus, candidates of this new drug class are promising antivirals of HSV infections and further translation into clinical trials is warranted.
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42
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Susceptibility Evaluation of Clinically Isolated HSV-1 Strains to Acyclovir: A Phenotypic and Genotypic Study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.117928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in herpes simplex virus Thymidine kinase (TK, UL23) and DNA polymerase (pol, UL30) genes may confer resistance to acyclovir (ACV). Phenotypic resistance must be determined along with genotypic resistance to achieve complete acyclovir susceptibility. Objectives: The present study aimed to characterize HSV-1 clinical isolates from outpatients and organ transplant recipients in terms of phenotypic ACV resistance. Moreover, genotypic resistance to ACV was assessed through sequencing the viral TK and pol genes amplified from virus-infected cell DNA. Methods: Twenty-six HSV-1 clinical isolates collected between 2016 and 2019 were examined for drug susceptibility. The samples were collected from eyes, oropharyngeal, facial, and other skin parts of immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Phenotypic susceptibility was determined by using three different concentrations of ACV. The results were expressed based on the ability of ACV in reducing viral plaques by 50%. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of TK and pol genes. Results: All the strains were characterized as sensitive at 0.01 and 0.05 µg.ml-1 concentrations to ACV. Seventy percent inhibition was observed at ≥ 0.1 µg.mL-1 of ACV for three isolates (two from patients who received transplants and one from an outpatient). Nine natural polymorphisms were detected in the TK gene and 31 in the Pol gene. Furthermore, four susceptible-associated mutations in the DNA pol gene were analyzed. A substitution was encoded in the conserved region of the pol Exo III motif (M553L), and nine amino acid substitutions in TK were detected. The phylogenetic analysis of partial genome sequences revealed high diversity in the TK and pol genes of HSV-1. Conclusions: A higher number of mutations were observed in patients who received transplants and underwent long-term treatment compared with outpatients. The high genetic variability of HSV-1 TK and DNA pol was not associated with phenotypic resistance.
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43
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Rose R, Brunnemann AK, Baukmann S, Bühler S, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Zell R, Krumbholz A. Antiviral susceptibility of recombinant Herpes simplex virus 1 strains with specific polymerase amino acid changes. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105166. [PMID: 34419483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) and penciclovir and their prodrugs are recommended for therapy or prophylaxis of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections. Their administration, however, can lead to the emergence of resistant strains with altered viral thymidine kinase (TK) function, especially in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, amino acid (aa) changes of the viral deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase (POL) may contribute to resistance to the aforementioned nucleoside analogues. Given this, treatment with foscarnet (FOS) or cidofovir (CDV) may represent an important alternative. Both drugs directly affect POL activity. Several aa changes of POL, such as L49I, E70K, L359I, E421V, P829S, T1121M, and M1226I, have been observed in ACV-resistant clinical strains which also carried relevant aa changes in their TK. Their contribution to ACV, FOS, and CDV resistance is not fully understood. In this study, these seven aa changes with unknown significance for ACV, FOS and CDV resistance were introduced separately into the POL of a recombinant HSV-1 strain rHSV-1(17+)Lox, equipped with or without information for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The GFP-expressing variants were tested for susceptibility to ACV, FOS and CDV. An rHSV-1(17+)Lox GFP strain with the S724N change conferring resistance to ACV and FOS was generated and included as a control. Only the S724N change was confirmed to induce ACV and FOS resistance, whereas the other changes did not contribute to resistance. The underlying nucleotide substitutions of the POL gene should be therefore considered as natural polymorphism. These data will improve sequence-based prediction of antiviral susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Baukmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Bühler
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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44
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UL25 capsid binding facilitates mechanical maturation of the Herpesvirus capsid and allows retention of pressurized DNA. J Virol 2021; 95:e0075521. [PMID: 34346766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00755-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation process that occurs in most viruses is evolutionarily driven as it resolves several conflicting virion assembly requirements. During herpesvirus assembly in a host cell nucleus, micron-long double-stranded herpes DNA is packaged into a nanometer-sized procapsid. This leads to strong confinement of the viral genome with resulting tens of atmospheres of intra-capsid DNA pressure. Yet, the procapsid is unstable due to weak, reversible interactions between its protein subunits, which ensures free energy minimization and reduces assembly errors. In this work we show that herpesviruses resolve these contradictory capsid requirements through a mechanical capsid maturation process facilitated by multi-functional auxiliary protein UL25. Through mechanical interrogation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid with atomic force microscopy nano-indentation, we show that UL25 binding at capsid vertices post-assembly provides the critical capsid reinforcement required for stable DNA encapsidation; the absence of UL25 binding leads to capsid rupture. Furthermore, we demonstrate that gradual capsid reinforcement is a feasible maturation mechanism facilitated by progressive UL25 capsid binding, which is likely correlated with DNA packaging progression. This work provides insight into elegantly programmed viral assembly machinery where targeting of capsid assembly mechanics presents a new antiviral strategy that is resilient to development of drug resistance. Importance: Most viruses undergo a maturation process from a weakly assembled particle to a stable virion. Herpesvirus capsid undergoes mechanical maturation to withstand tens of atmospheres of DNA pressure. We demonstrate that this mechanical capsid maturation is mainly facilitated through binding of auxiliary protein UL25 in HSV-1 capsid vertices. We show that UL25 binding provides the critical capsid reinforcement required for stable DNA encapsidation. Our data also suggests that gradual capsid reinforcement by progressive UL25 binding is a feasible capsid maturation mechanism, correlated with DNA packaging progression.
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Liu Y, Tang Q, Rao Z, Fang Y, Jiang X, Liu W, Luan F, Zeng N. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus 1 by cepharanthine via promoting cellular autophagy through up-regulation of STING/TBK1/P62 pathway. Antiviral Res 2021; 193:105143. [PMID: 34303748 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP), a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the genus CEP of the Tetrandrine family, was reported to possess many biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, and immune-enhancing effects. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of CEP against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are still elusive. In this study, we explored the anti-HSV effects and mechanisms of CEP in vitro. The results showed that CEP possessed a strong inhibitory effect against HSV-1 infection with the TC50 of 5.4 μg/mL, the IC50 of 0.835 μg/mL, and the TI of 6.47. Most importantly, CEP could promote the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and P62 and the expression of LC3II without induction of interferon by directly targeting the STING/TBK1/P62 signaling pathways. Electron microscopy showed that autophagy induced by CEP could degrade viral particles and cellular components. RT-PCR results revealed that a sharp reduction of large numbers of virus gene transcription in 16 h after CEP treatment. Furthermore, CEP also reduced the HSV-1 gB and gC transcription. In conclusion, one of the effects of CEP was to promote interferon-independent autophagy through STING mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, PR China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Zhili Rao
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Yang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
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Radhakrishnan N, Smit D, Venkatesh Prajna N, S R R. Corneal Involvement in HIV-infected Individuals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:1177-1182. [PMID: 34232799 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1887283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Corneal involvement in HIV-infected individuals may be broadly classified into two categories, namely, infectious and noninfectious with the vast majority of manifestations occurring in the former. In this article, we shall focus on these two categories and strive to highlight those presentations that should alert the clinician to suspect underlying HIV infection. Infectious group mainly consists of Herpitic group of viral infections. Bacterial causes may be due to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, alpha hemolytic Streptococcus, Micrococcus and Bacillus. Fungalf keratitis in HIV-infected individuals depends on the geographic locations from which patient comes. Microsporidia and Acanthamoeba are common Protozoal causes. Non-infective inflammatory causes include peripheral ulcerative keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Severity which is abnormally severe or very minimally reactive makes the clinician suspect of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derrick Smit
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Rathinam S R
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India
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Current Drugs to Treat Infections with Herpes Simplex Viruses-1 and -2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071228. [PMID: 34202050 PMCID: PMC8310346 DOI: 10.3390/v13071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and -2) are two of the three human alphaherpesviruses that cause infections worldwide. Since both viruses can be acquired in the absence of visible signs and symptoms, yet still result in lifelong infection, it is imperative that we provide interventions to keep them at bay, especially in immunocompromised patients. While numerous experimental vaccines are under consideration, current intervention consists solely of antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. This review explores all of the clinically approved drugs used to prevent the worst sequelae of recurrent outbreaks by these viruses.
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Shadyro O, Samovich S, Edimecheva I, Novitsky R, Khrutskin V, Ihnatovich L, Boreko E, Dubovik B. Potential role of free-radical processes in biomolecules damage during COVID-19 and ways of their regulation. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:745-756. [PMID: 34085882 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1938024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that the development of coronavirus infection (COVID-19), especially in severe cases, is accompanied by hypoxia as a result of several pathological processes: alveolar blood supply disorders, hemolysis, COVID-associated coagulopathy. Under these conditions, the level of reactive oxygen species is increased and it is more likely that free-radical damage to biomolecules is caused by the process of free-radical fragmentation than oxidation. In contrast to the oxidation process, free-radical fragmentation reactions are more effectively inhibited by oxidizing agents than reducing agents. Therefore, the use of substances possessing both reducing and oxidizing properties, such as natural and synthetic quinones, bioflavonoids, curcuminoids, should reduce the probability of biomolecule destruction by oxidation as well as free-radical fragmentation processes.HighlightsCOVID-19 is accompanied by the iron release from the heme and «silent» hypoxiaROS initiate fragmentation reactions of biomolecules under conditions of hypoxiaBlocking of fragmentation process by oxidizers may lead to mitigation of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Shadyro
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.,Research Institute for Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Svetlana Samovich
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.,Research Institute for Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Irina Edimecheva
- Research Institute for Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Roman Novitsky
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Valery Khrutskin
- Research Institute for Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Lana Ihnatovich
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.,Research Institute for Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Eugene Boreko
- The Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Boris Dubovik
- Department of Pharmacology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
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Nisha S, Joe IH. Quantum chemical computation and spectroscopic investigation on antiviral drug Acyclovir:-In-silico and in-vitro analysis. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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50
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Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Rather MA, Venkatesalu V, Muzamil Bashir S, Nabi SU. Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3447-3483. [PMID: 33590931 PMCID: PMC8013762 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of viral diseases like novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) prompted the scientific world to examine antiviral bioactive compounds rather than nucleic acid analogous, protease inhibitors, or other toxic synthetic molecules. The emerging viral infections significantly associated with 2019-nCoV have challenged humanity's survival. Further, there is a constant emergence of new resistant viral strains that demand novel antiviral agents with fewer side effects and cell toxicity. Despite significant progress made in immunization and regenerative medicine, numerous viruses still lack prophylactic vaccines and specific antiviral treatments that are so often influenced by the generation of viral escape mutants. Of importance, medicinal herbs offer a wide variety of therapeutic antiviral chemotypes that can inhibit viral replication by preventing viral adsorption, adhering to cell receptors, inhibiting virus penetration in the host cell, and competing for pathways of activation of intracellular signals. The present review will comprehensively summarize the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it will elucidate their mechanism of action and possible implications in the treatment/prevention of viral diseases even when their mechanism of action is not fully understood, which could serve as the base for the future development of novel or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Imtiyaz Ali
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Wajid Mohammad Sheikh
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Muzafar Ahmad Rather
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Lab, Division of veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
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