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Guo Y, Cao F, Li F. Impacts of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency on gut microbiota. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:271-279. [PMID: 38584090 PMCID: PMC11009442 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) can be induced by various kinds of diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, and post-pancreatectomy. The main pathogenetic mechanism of PEI involves the decline of trypsin synthesis, disorder of pancreatic fluid flow, and imbalance of secretion feedback. Animal studies have shown that PEI could induce gut bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis, with the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increasing the most, which could be partially reversed by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Clinical studies have also confirmed the association between PEI and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Pancreatic exocrine secretions and changes in duodenal pH as well as bile salt malabsorption brought about by PEI may affect and shape the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota may impact the pancreatic exocrine acinus through potential bidirectional crosstalk. Going forward, more and higher-quality studies are needed that focus on the mechanism underlying the impact of PEI on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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2
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Old but New: Group IIA Phospholipase A 2 as a Modulator of Gut Microbiota. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040352. [PMID: 35448539 PMCID: PMC9029192 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) family contains 11 mammalian isoforms that exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties. Current studies using sPLA2-deficient or -overexpressed mouse strains, along with mass spectrometric lipidomics to determine sPLA2-driven lipid pathways, have revealed the diverse pathophysiological roles of sPLA2s in various biological events. In general, individual sPLA2s exert their specific functions within tissue microenvironments, where they are intrinsically expressed through hydrolysis of extracellular phospholipids. Recent studies have uncovered a new aspect of group IIA sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIA), a prototypic sPLA2 with the oldest research history among the mammalian PLA2s, as a modulator of the gut microbiota. In the intestine, Paneth cell-derived sPLA2-IIA acts as an antimicrobial protein to shape the gut microbiota, thereby secondarily affecting inflammation, allergy, and cancer in proximal and distal tissues. Knockout of intestinal sPLA2-IIA in BALB/c mice leads to alterations in skin cancer, psoriasis, and anaphylaxis, while overexpression of sPLA2-IIA in Pla2g2a-null C57BL/6 mice induces systemic inflammation and exacerbates arthritis. These phenotypes are associated with notable changes in gut microbiota and fecal metabolites, are variable in different animal facilities, and are abrogated after antibiotic treatment, co-housing, or fecal transfer. These studies open a new mechanistic action of this old sPLA2 and add the sPLA2 family to the growing list of endogenous factors capable of affecting the microbe–host interaction and thereby systemic homeostasis and diseases.
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3
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Wang F, Xiao Y, Lu Y, Deng ZY, Deng XY, Lin LB. Bacteriophage Lytic Enzyme P9ly as an Alternative Antibacterial Agent Against Antibiotic-Resistant Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821989. [PMID: 35237249 PMCID: PMC8882861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new strategies to replace or supplement antibiotics to combat bacterial infection is a pressing task in the field of microbiological research. In this study, we report a lytic enzyme named P9ly deriving from the bacteriophage PSD9 that could infect multidrug-resistant Shigella. This enzyme was identified through whole-genome sequencing of PSD9. The results show that P9ly contains a conserved T4-like_lys domain and belongs to the phage lysozyme family. Recombinant P9ly obtained from protein purification presented biological activity and could digest bacterial cell walls (CW), resulting in the destruction of cell structure and leakage of intracellular components. Furthermore, P9ly exhibited bacteriolytic and bactericidal activity on different strains, especially multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Shigella dysenteriae and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, combined use of P9ly with ceftriaxone sodium (CRO) could decrease necessary dose of the antibiotic used and improve the antibacterial effect. In summary, under the current backdrop of extensive antibiotic usage and the continuous emergence of bacterial resistance, this study provides an insight into developing bacteriophage-based antibacterial agents against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xian-Yu Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Lian-Bing Lin,
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4
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Miki Y, Taketomi Y, Kidoguchi Y, Yamamoto K, Muramatsu K, Nishito Y, Park J, Hosomi K, Mizuguchi K, Kunisawa J, Soga T, Boilard E, B. Gowda SG, Ikeda K, Arita M, Murakami M. Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 controls skin carcinogenesis and psoriasis by shaping the gut microbiota. JCI Insight 2022; 7:152611. [PMID: 35076024 PMCID: PMC8855835 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides promoting inflammation by mobilizing lipid mediators, group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) prevents bacterial infection by degrading bacterial membranes. Here, we show that, despite the restricted intestinal expression of sPLA2-IIA in BALB/c mice, its genetic deletion leads to amelioration of cancer and exacerbation of psoriasis in distal skin. Intestinal expression of sPLA2-IIA is reduced after treatment with antibiotics or under germ-free conditions, suggesting its upregulation by gut microbiota. Metagenome, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses have revealed that sPLA2-IIA deficiency alters the gut microbiota, accompanied by notable changes in the intestinal expression of genes related to immunity and metabolism, as well as in the levels of various blood metabolites and fecal bacterial lipids, suggesting that sPLA2-IIA contributes to shaping of the gut microbiota. The skin phenotypes in Pla2g2a–/– mice are lost (a) when they are cohoused with littermate WT mice, resulting in the mixing of the microbiota between the genotypes, or (b) when they are housed in a more stringent pathogen-free facility, where Pla2g2a expression in WT mice is low and the gut microbial compositions in both genotypes are nearly identical. Thus, our results highlight a potentially new aspect of sPLA2-IIA as a modulator of gut microbiota, perturbation of which affects distal skin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (TMIMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (TMIMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuh Kidoguchi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (TMIMS), Tokyo, Japan
- School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (TMIMS), Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Muramatsu
- School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Jonguk Park
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research and
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research and
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Centre de Recherche Arthrite de l’Université Laval, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (TMIMS), Tokyo, Japan
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Antimicrobial Properties of Lysostaphin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020125. [PMID: 35203727 PMCID: PMC8868216 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis and de novo short-read assembly of S. aureus Newman strains revealed significant transcriptional changes in response to the exposure to triple-acting staphylolytic peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) 1801. Most altered transcriptions were associated with the membrane, cell wall, and related genes, including amidase, peptidase, holin, and phospholipase D/transphosphatidylase. The differential expression of genes obtained from RNA-seq was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Moreover, some of these gene expression changes were consistent with the observed structural perturbations at the DNA and RNA levels. These structural changes in the genes encoding membrane/cell surface proteins and altered gene expressions are the candidates for resistance to these novel antimicrobials. The findings in this study could provide insight into the design of new antimicrobial agents.
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6
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Ung L, Chodosh J. Foundational concepts in the biology of bacterial keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108647. [PMID: 34097906 PMCID: PMC8595513 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of the cornea, or bacterial keratitis (BK), are notorious for causing rapidly fulminant disease and permanent vision loss, even among treated patients. In the last sixty years, dramatic upward trajectories in the frequency of BK have been observed internationally, driven in large part by the commercialization of hydrogel contact lenses in the late 1960s. Despite this worsening burden of disease, current evidence-based therapies for BK - including broad-spectrum topical antibiotics and, if indicated, topical corticosteroids - fail to salvage vision in a substantial proportion of affected patients. Amid growing concerns of rapidly diminishing antibiotic utility, there has been renewed interest in urgently needed novel treatments that may improve clinical outcomes on an individual and public health level. Bridging the translational gap in the care of BK requires the identification of new therapeutic targets and rational treatment design, but neither of these aims can be achieved without understanding the complex biological processes that determine how bacterial corneal infections arise, progress, and resolve. In this chapter, we synthesize the current wealth of human and animal experimental data that now inform our understanding of basic BK pathophysiology, in context with modern concepts in ocular immunology and microbiology. By identifying the key molecular determinants of clinical disease, we explore how novel treatments can be developed and translated into routine patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawson Ung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Infectious Disease Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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A New Group II Phospholipase A2 from Walterinnesia aegyptia Venom with Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Potential. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many venomous species, especially snakes, contain a variety of secreted phospholipases A2 that contribute to venom toxicity and prey digestion. We characterized a novel highly toxic phospholipase A2 of group II, WaPLA2-II, from the snake venom of Saudi Walterinnesia aegyptia (W. aegyptia). The enzyme was purified using a reverse phase C18 column. It is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa and an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence exhibiting similarity to the PLA2 group II enzymes. WaPLA2-II, which contains 2.5% (w/w) glycosylation, reached a maximal specific activity of 1250 U/mg at pH 9.5 and 55 °C in the presence of Ca2+ and bile salts. WaPLA2-II was also highly stable over a large pH and temperature range. A strong correlation between antimicrobial and indirect hemolytic activities of WaPLA2 was observed. Additionally, WaPLA2-II was found to be significantly cytotoxic only on cancerous cells. However, chemical modification with para-Bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB) inhibited WaPLA2-II enzymatic activity without affecting its antitumor effect, suggesting the presence of a separate ‘pharmacological site’ in snake venom phospholipase A2 via its receptor binding affinity. This enzyme is a candidate for applications including the treatment of phospholipid-rich industrial effluents and for the food production industry. Furthermore, it may represent a new therapeutic lead molecule for treating cancer and microbial infections.
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8
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Manukyan AK. Structural aspects and activation mechanism of human secretory group IIA phospholipase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:511-531. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Tjørnelund HD, Madsen JJ, Peters GHJ. Water-Intake and Water-Molecule Paths to the Active Site of Secretory Phospholipase A 2 Studied Using MD Simulations and the Tracking Tool AQUA-DUCT. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1881-1891. [PMID: 32064878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are a subclass of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In this study, different phospholipids with structural modifications close to the scissile sn-2 ester bond were studied to determine the effect of the structural changes on the formation of the Michaelis-Menten complex and the water entry/exit pathways using molecular dynamics simulations and the computational tracking tool AQUA-DUCT. Structural modifications include methylation, dehydrogenation, and polarization close to the sn-2 scissile bond. We found that all water molecules reaching the active site of sPLA2-IIA pass by the aromatic residues Phe5 and Tyr51 and enter the active site through an active-site cleft. The relative amount of water available for the enzymatic reaction of the different phospholipid-sPLA2 complexes was determined together with the distance between key atoms in the catalytic machinery. The results showed that (Z)-unsaturated phospholipid is a good substrate for sPLA2-IIA. The computational results are in good agreement with previously reported experimental data on the ability of sPLA2-IIA to hydrolyze liposomes made from the different phospholipids, and the results provide new insights into the necessary active-site solvation of the Michaelis-Menten complex and can pave the road for rational design in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Tjørnelund
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper J Madsen
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Dore E, Boilard E. Roles of secreted phospholipase A 2 group IIA in inflammation and host defense. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:789-802. [PMID: 30905346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IIA sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIA) is possibly the most studied enzyme. Since its discovery, many names have been associated with sPLA2-IIA, such as "non-pancreatic", "synovial", "platelet-type", "inflammatory", and "bactericidal" sPLA2. Whereas the different designations indicate comprehensive functions or sources proposed for this enzyme, the identification of the precise roles of sPLA2-IIA has remained a challenge. This can be attributed to: the expression of the enzyme by various cells of different lineages, its limited activity towards the membranes of immune cells despite its expression following common inflammatory stimuli, its ability to interact with certain proteins independently of its catalytic activity, and its absence from multiple commonly used mouse models. Nevertheless, elevated levels of the enzyme during inflammatory processes and associated consistent release of arachidonic acid from the membrane of extracellular vesicles suggest that sPLA2-IIA may contribute to inflammation by using endogenous substrates in the extracellular milieu. Moreover, the remarkable potency of sPLA2-IIA towards bacterial membranes and its induced expression during the course of infections point to a role for this enzyme in the defense of the host against invading pathogens. In this review, we present current knowledge related to mammalian sPLA2-IIA and its roles in sterile inflammation and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Dore
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada; Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Phospholipases A2 purified from cottonmouth snake venoms display no antibacterial effect against four representative bacterial species. Toxicon 2018; 151:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Boost M, Cho P, Wang Z. Disturbing the balance: effect of contact lens use on the ocular proteome and microbiome. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 100:459-472. [PMID: 28771841 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lens wear is a popular, convenient and effective method for vision correction. In recent years, contact lens practice has expanded to include new paradigms, including orthokeratology; however, their use is not entirely without risk, as the incidence of infection has consistently been reported to be higher in contact lens wearers. The explanations for this increased susceptibility have largely focused on physical damage, especially to the cornea, due to a combination of hypoxia, mechanical trauma, deposits and solution cytotoxicity, as well as poor compliance with care routines leading to introduction of pathogens into the ocular environment. However, in recent years, with the increasing availability and reduced cost of molecular techniques, the ocular environment has received greater attention with in-depth studies of proteins and other components. Numerous proteins were found to be present in the tears and their functions and interactions indicate that the tears are far more complex than formerly presumed. In addition, the concept of a sterile or limited microbial population on the ocular surface has been challenged by analysis of the microbiome. Ocular microbiome was not considered as one of the key sites for the Human Microbiome Project, as it was thought to be limited compared to other body sites. This was proven to be fallacious, as a wide variety of micro-organisms were identified in the analyses of human tears. Thus, the ocular environment is now recognised to be more complicated and interference with this ecological balance may lead to adverse effects. The use of contact lenses clearly changes the situation at the ocular surface, which may result in consequences which disturb the balance in the healthy eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Boost
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Pauline Cho
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,Squina International Centre for Infection Control, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoran Wang
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Madsen JJ, Fristrup P, Peters GH. Theoretical Assessment of Fluorinated Phospholipids in the Design of Liposomal Drug-Delivery Systems. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9661-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fristrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Blachechen LS, Fardim P, Petri DFS. Multifunctional cellulose beads and their interaction with gram positive bacteria. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3440-8. [PMID: 25100636 DOI: 10.1021/bm5009876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose beads with ∼3 mm of diameter and high circularity were obtained by dripping cellulose solutions (5, 6, and 7 wt %) dissolved in NaOH7%/urea12%, into HCl 2 M coagulation bath. Carboxylic groups were generated on beads surface through NaClO/NaClO2/TEMPO oxidation method, achieving total charge density of ∼0.77 mmol/g. Pristine (CB) and oxidized (OCB) beads were characterized by means of optical images analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compression tests. Both types of beads, CB and OCB, were used as adsorbent for poly(4-vinyl-N-pentylpyridinium) bromide, QPVP-C5, a bactericidal agent. The adsorption of QPVP-C5 on CB and OCB was evaluated by means of FTIR-ATR, UV-vis, CHN elemental analyses, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorbed amount of QPVP-C5 was remarkably higher on OCB than on CB due to ionic interactions. Desorption was less than 5%. The interaction between neat OCB or OCB coated and two different amounts of QPVP-C5 and Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus was assessed by changes in turbidimetry, SEM, and elemental analyses. Bacteria adsorbed on the surface of neat OCB and weakly QPVP-C5 coated OCB due to hydrogen bonding or ion-dipole interaction. Notorious bactericidal action was observed for OCB samples coated with large amount of QPVP-C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Blachechen
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
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15
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Quach ND, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Secretory phospholipase A2 enzymes as pharmacological targets for treatment of disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:338-48. [PMID: 24907600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cleave phospholipids preferentially at the sn-2 position, liberating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. They are classified into six main groups based on size, location, function, substrate specificity and calcium requirement. These classes include secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), cytosolic (cPLA2), Ca(2+)-independent (iPLA2), platelet activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AH), lysosomal PLA2 (LyPLA2) and adipose specific PLA2 (AdPLA2). It is hypothesized that PLA2 can serve as pharmacological targets for the therapeutic treatment of several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, immune disorders and cancer. Special emphasis has been placed on inhibitors of sPLA2 isoforms as pharmacological moieties, mostly due to the fact that these enzymes are activated during inflammatory events and because their expression is increased in several diseases. This review focuses on understanding how sPLA2 isoform expression is altered during disease progression and the possible therapeutic interventions to specifically target sPLA2 isoforms, including new approaches using nano-particulate-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat D Quach
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5503, United States
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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16
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McDermott AM. Antimicrobial compounds in tears. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:53-61. [PMID: 23880529 PMCID: PMC3844110 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The tear film coats the cornea and conjunctiva and serves several important functions. It provides lubrication, prevents drying of the ocular surface epithelia, helps provide a smooth surface for refracting light, supplies oxygen and is an important component of the innate defense system of the eye providing protection against a range of potential pathogens. This review describes both classic antimicrobial compounds found in tears such as lysozyme and some more recently identified such as members of the cationic antimicrobial peptide family and surfactant protein-D as well as potential new candidate molecules that may contribute to antimicrobial protection. As is readily evident from the literature review herein, tears, like all mucosal fluids, contain a plethora of molecules with known antimicrobial effects. That all of these are active in vivo is debatable as many are present in low concentrations, may be influenced by other tear components such as the ionic environment, and antimicrobial action may be only one of several activities ascribed to the molecule. However, there are many studies showing synergistic/additive interactions between several of the tear antimicrobials and it is highly likely that cooperativity between molecules is the primary way tears are able to afford significant antimicrobial protection to the ocular surface in vivo. In addition to effects on pathogen growth and survival some tear components prevent epithelial cell invasion and promote the epithelial expression of innate defense molecules. Given the protective role of tears a number of scenarios can be envisaged that may affect the amount and/or activity of tear antimicrobials and hence compromise tear immunity. Two such situations, dry eye disease and contact lens wear, are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M McDermott
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Road, 505 J Davis Armistead Bldg, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
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17
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Alexander DB, Iigo M, Yamauchi K, Suzui M, Tsuda H. Lactoferrin: an alternative view of its role in human biological fluids. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:279-306. [PMID: 22553915 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a major component of biologically important mucosal fluids and of the specific granules of neutrophils. Understanding its biological function is essential for understanding neutrophil- and mucosal-mediated immunity. In this review, we reevaluate the in vivo functions of human lactoferrin (hLF) emphasizing in vivo studies and in vitro studies performed in biologically relevant fluids. We discuss the evidence in the literature that supports (or does not support) proposed roles for hLF in mucosal immunity and in neutrophil function. We argue that the current literature supports a microbiostatic role, but not a microbicidal role, for hLF in vivo. The literature also supports a role for hLF in inhibiting colonization and infection of epithelial surfaces by microorganisms and in protecting tissues from neutrophil-mediated damage. Using this information, we briefly discuss hLF in the context of the complex biological fluids in which it is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Alexander
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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18
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Fonseca-Maldonado R, Ferreira TL, Ward RJ. The bactericidal effect of human secreted group IID phospholipase A2 results from both hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic activities. Biochimie 2012; 94:1437-40. [PMID: 22490726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Human Secreted Group IID Phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA2GIID) may be involved in the human acute immune response. Here we have demonstrated that the hsPLA2GIID presents bactericidal and Ca(2+)-independent liposome membrane-damaging activities and we have compared these effects with the catalytic activity of active-site mutants of the protein. All mutants showed reduced hydrolytic activity against DOPC:DOPG liposome membranes, however bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus were less affected, with the D49K mutant retaining 30% killing of the Gram-negative bacteria at a concentration of 10μg/mL despite the absence of catalytic activity. The H48Q mutant maintained Ca(2+)-independent membrane-damaging activity whereas the G30S and D49K mutants were approximately 50% of the wild-type protein, demonstrating that phospholipid bilayer permeabilization by the hsPLA2GIID is independent of catalytic activity. We suggest that this Ca(2+)-independent damaging activity may play a role in the bactericidal function of the protein.
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19
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Margalit M, Yogev L, Yavetz H, Lehavi O, Hauser R, Botchan A, Barda S, Levitin F, Weiss M, Pastan I, Wreschner DH, Paz G, Kleiman SE. Involvement of the prostate and testis expression (PATE)-like proteins in sperm-oocyte interaction. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1238-48. [PMID: 22402205 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate and testis expression (PATE)-like family of proteins are expressed mainly in the male genital tract. They are localized in the sperm head and are homologous to SP-10, the acrosomal vesicle protein also named ACRV1. Our aim was to characterize the expression and functional role of three PATE-like proteins in the testis and ejaculated sperm. METHODS The expression and localization of PATE-like proteins in human testis biopsies (n= 95) and sperm cells were assessed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining (at least 600 sperm cells per specimen). The function of the PATE protein was tested by the hemizona assay and hamster egg penetration test (HEPT). RESULTS PATE and PATE-M genes and proteins were present almost exclusively in germ cells in the testis: immunoflourescence showed that the percentage of germ cells positive for PATE, PATE-M and PATE-B was 85, 50 and 2%, respectively. PATE and PATE-M proteins were localized in the equatorial segment of the sperm head, while PATE-B protein was localized in the post-acrosomal region. A polyclonal antibody (Ab, at 1:50 and 1:200 dilutions) against the PATE protein did not inhibit sperm-zona binding in the hemizona assay (hemizona index of 89.6 ± 10 and 87 ± 36%, respectively). However, there was inhibition of sperm-oolemma fusion and penetration in the HEPT (penetration index: without Ab 7 ± 3.9; Ab dilution of 1:100, 4 ± 3.5; Ab dilution of 1:20, 0.6 ± 1.2, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PATE protein is involved in sperm-oolemma fusion and penetration but not sperm-zona binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margalit
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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20
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Microarray Analyses of Genes Differentially Expressed by Diet (Black Beans and Soy Flour) during Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:351796. [PMID: 22496968 PMCID: PMC3306975 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that black bean (BB) and soy flour (SF)-based diets inhibit azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer. The objective of this study was to identify genes altered by carcinogen treatment in normal-appearing colonic mucosa and those attenuated by bean feeding. Ninety-five male F344 rats were fed control (AIN) diets upon arrival. At 4 and 5 weeks, rats were injected with AOM (15 mg/kg) or saline and one week later administered an AIN, BB-, or SF-based diet. Rats were sacrificed after 31 weeks, and microarrays were conducted on RNA isolated from the distal colonic mucosa. AOM treatment induced a number of genes involved in immunity, including several MHC II-associated antigens and innate defense genes (RatNP-3, Lyz2, Pla2g2a). BB- and SF-fed rats exhibited a higher expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and water and sodium absorption and lower expression of innate (RatNP-3, Pla2g2a, Tlr4, Dmbt1) and cell cycle-associated (Cdc2, Ccnb1, Top2a) genes. Genes involved in the extracellular matrix (Col1a1, Fn1) and innate immunity (RatNP-3, Pla2g2a) were induced by AOM in all diets, but to a lower extent in bean-fed animals. This profile suggests beans inhibit colon carcinogenesis by modulating cellular kinetics and reducing inflammation, potentially by preserving mucosal barrier function.
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Characterization of suramin binding sites on the human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 519:17-22. [PMID: 22248627 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Suramin is a polysulphonated naphthylurea with inhibitory activity against the human secreted group IIA phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA2GIIA), and we have investigated suramin binding to recombinant hsPLA2GIIA using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The changes in suramin binding affinity of 13 cationic residue mutants of the hsPLA2GIIA was strongly correlated with alterations in the inhibition of membrane damaging activity of the protein. Suramin binding to hsPLA2GIIA was also studied by MD simulations, which demonstrated that altered intermolecular potential energy of the suramin/mutant complexes was a reliable indicator of affinity change. Although residues in the C-terminal region play a major role in the stabilization of the hsPLA2GIIA/suramin complex, attractive and repulsive hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with residues throughout the protein together with the adoption of a bent suramin conformation, all contribute to the stability of the complex. Analysis of the hsPLA2GIIA/suramin interactions allows the prediction of the properties of suramin analogues with improved binding and higher affinities which may be candidates for novel phospholipase A(2) inhibitors.
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22
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Leidy C, Ocampo J, Duelund L, Mouritsen OG, Jørgensen K, Peters GH. Membrane restructuring by phospholipase A2 is regulated by the presence of lipid domains. Biophys J 2011; 101:90-9. [PMID: 21723818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids. This enzyme is sensitive to membrane structure, and its activity has been shown to increase in the presence of liquid-crystalline/gel (L(α)/L(β)) lipid domains. In this work, we explore whether lipid domains can also direct the activity of the enzyme by inducing hydrolysis of certain lipid components due to preferential activity of the enzyme toward lipid domains susceptible to sPLA(2). Specifically, we show that the presence of L(α)/L(β) and L(α)/P(β') phase coexistence in a 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)/1,2 distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) system results in the preferential hydrolysis of the shorter-chained lipid component in the mixture, leading to an enrichment in the longer-chained component. The restructuring process is monitored by atomic force microscopy on supported single and double bilayers formed by vesicle fusion. We observe that during preferential hydrolysis of the DMPC-rich L(α) regions, the L(β) and P(β') regions grow and reseal, maintaining membrane integrity. This result indicates that a sharp reorganization of the membrane structure can occur during sPLA(2) hydrolysis without necessarily destroying the membrane. We confirm by high-performance liquid chromatography the preferential hydrolysis of DMPC within the phase coexistence region of the DMPC/DSPC phase diagram, showing that this preferential hydrolysis is accentuated close to the solidus phase boundary. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that this preferential hydrolysis in the presence of lipid domains leads to a membrane system with a higher-temperature melting profile due to enrichment in DSPC. Together, these results show that the presence of lipid domains can induce specificity in the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme, resulting in marked differences in the physical properties of the membrane end-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Leidy
- Department of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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23
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Dennis EA, Cao J, Hsu YH, Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6130-85. [PMID: 21910409 PMCID: PMC3196595 DOI: 10.1021/cr200085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601
| | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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24
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Active site mutants of human secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A2 lacking hydrolytic activity retain their bactericidal effect. Biochimie 2011; 94:132-6. [PMID: 21986368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Human Secreted Group IIA Phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA2GIIA) presents potent bactericidal activity, and is considered to contribute to the acute-phase immune response. Hydrolysis of inner membrane phospholipids is suggested to underlie the bactericidal activity, and we have evaluated this proposal by comparing catalytic activity with bactericidal and liposome membrane damaging effects of the G30S, H48Q and D49K hsPLA2GIIA mutants. All mutants showed severely impaired hydrolytic activities against mixed DOPC:DOPG liposome membranes, however the bactericidal effect against Micrococcus luteus was less affected, with 50% killing at concentrations of 1, 3, 7 and 9 μg/mL for the wild-type, D49K, H48Q and G30S mutants respectively. Furthermore, all proteins showed Ca(2+)-independent damaging activity against liposome membranes demonstrating that in addition to the hydrolysis-dependent membrane damage, the hsPLA2GIIA presents a mechanism for permeabilization of phospholipid bilayers that is independent of catalytic activity, which may play a role in the bactericidal function of the protein.
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25
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Low LY, Yang C, Perego M, Osterman A, Liddington R. Role of net charge on catalytic domain and influence of cell wall binding domain on bactericidal activity, specificity, and host range of phage lysins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34391-403. [PMID: 21816821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant lysins of lytic phages, when applied externally to Gram-positive bacteria, can be efficient bactericidal agents, typically retaining high specificity. Their development as novel antibacterial agents offers many potential advantages over conventional antibiotics. Protein engineering could exploit this potential further by generating novel lysins fit for distinct target populations and environments. However, access to the peptidoglycan layer is controlled by a variety of secondary cell wall polymers, chemical modifications, and (in some cases) S-layers and capsules. Classical lysins require a cell wall-binding domain (CBD) that targets the catalytic domain to the peptidoglycan layer via binding to a secondary cell wall polymer component. The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria generally have a negative charge, and we noticed a correlation between (positive) charge on the catalytic domain and bacteriolytic activity in the absence of the CBD (nonclassical behavior). We investigated a physical basis for this correlation by comparing the structures and activities of pairs of lysins where the lytic activity of one of each pair was CBD-independent. We found that by engineering a reversal of sign of the net charge of the catalytic domain, we could either eliminate or create CBD dependence. We also provide evidence that the S-layer of Bacillus anthracis acts as a molecular sieve that is chiefly size-dependent, favoring catalytic domains over full-length lysins. Our work suggests a number of facile approaches for fine-tuning lysin activity, either to enhance or reduce specificity/host range and/or bactericidal potential, as required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieh Yoon Low
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Santos-Filho NA, Fernandes CAH, Menaldo DL, Magro AJ, Fortes-Dias CL, Estevão-Costa MI, Fontes MRM, Santos CR, Murakami MT, Soares AM. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a myotoxin inhibitor from Bothrops alternatus snake plasma. Biochimie 2010; 93:583-92. [PMID: 21144879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are important components of Bothrops snake venoms, that can induce several effects on envenomations such as myotoxicity, inhibition or induction of platelet aggregation and edema. It is known that venomous and non-venomous snakes present PLA(2) inhibitory proteins (PLIs) in their blood plasma. An inhibitory protein that neutralizes the enzymatic and toxic activities of several PLA(2)s from Bothrops venoms was isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake plasma by affinity chromatography using the immobilized myotoxin BthTX-I on CNBr-activated Sepharose. Biochemical characterization of this inhibitory protein, denominated αBaltMIP, showed it to be a glycoprotein with Mr of ~24,000 for the monomeric subunit. CD spectra of the PLA(2)/inhibitor complexes are considerably different from those corresponding to the individual proteins and data deconvolution suggests that the complexes had a relative gain of helical structure elements in comparison to the individual protomers, which may indicate a more compact structure upon complexation. Theoretical and experimental structural studies performed in order to obtain insights into the structural features of αBaltMIP indicated that this molecule may potentially trimerize in solution, thus strengthening the hypothesis previously raised by other authors about snake PLIs oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norival A Santos-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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Sugita M, Kuwata H, Kudo I, Hara S. Differential contributions of protein kinase C isoforms in the regulation of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 expression in cytokine-stimulated rat fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Catalytic and non-catalytic functions of human IIA phospholipase A2. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 35:28-35. [PMID: 19818633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a low-molecular-mass secreted PLA2 enzyme that has been identified as an acute phase protein with a role in the inflammatory response to infection and trauma. The protein is possibly unique in being highly cationic and having a global distribution of surface arginine and lysine residues. This structure supports two functions of the protein. (1) An anti-bacterial role where the enzyme is targeted to the anionic cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria and phospholipid hydrolysis assists in bacterial killing. (2) A proposed non-catalytic role in which the protein forms supramolecular aggregates with anionic phospholipid vesicles or debris. These aggregates are then internalized via interactions with cell surface heparin sulphate proteoglycans and macropinocytosis for disposal by macrophages.
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29
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Vieira DS, Aragão EA, Lourenzoni MR, Ward RJ. Mapping of suramin binding sites on the group IIA human secreted phospholipase A2. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:41-5. [PMID: 19251299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Suramin is a polysulphonated napthylurea used as an antiprotozoal/anthelminitic drug, which also inhibits a broad range of enzymes. Suramin binding to recombinant human secreted group IIA phospholipase A(2) (hsPLA(2)GIIA) was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). MD indicated two possible bound suramin conformations mediated by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with amino-acids in three regions of the protein, namely the active-site and residues located in the N- and C-termini, respectively. All three binding sites are located on the phospholipid membrane recognition surface, suggesting that suramin may inhibit the enzyme, and indeed a 90% reduction in hydrolytic activity was observed in the presence of 100nM suramin. These results correlated with ITC data, which demonstrated 2.7 suramin binding sites on the hsPLA(2)GIIA, and indicates that suramin represents a novel class of phospholipase A(2) inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi Serradella Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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30
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Kaasgaard T, Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Holte RO, Jensen LT, Jørgensen K. Liposomes containing alkylated methotrexate analogues for phospholipase A2 mediated tumor targeted drug delivery. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 157:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily consists of many different groups of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in a variety of different phospholipids. The products of this reaction, a free fatty acid, and lysophospholipid have many different important physiological roles. There are five main types of PLA(2): the secreted sPLA(2)'s, the cytosolic cPLA(2)'s, the Ca(2+)independent iPLA(2)'s, the PAF acetylhydrolases, and the lysosomal PLA(2)'s. This review focuses on the superfamily of PLA(2) enzymes, and then uses three specific examples of these enzymes to examine the differing biochemistry of the three main types of these enzymes. These three examples are the GIA cobra venom PLA(2), the GIVA cytosolic cPLA(2), and the GVIA Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0601, USA
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32
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Linderoth L, Andresen TL, Jørgensen K, Madsen R, Peters GH. Molecular basis of phospholipase A2 activity toward phospholipids with sn-1 substitutions. Biophys J 2007; 94:14-26. [PMID: 17827229 PMCID: PMC2134884 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied secretory phospholipase A(2) type IIA (sPLA(2)) activity toward phospholipids that are derivatized in the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. We explored what type of side group (small versus bulky groups, hydrophobic versus polar groups) can be introduced at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids and at the same time be hydrolyzed by sPLA(2). The biophysical characterization revealed that the modified phospholipids can form multilamellar vesicles, and several of the synthesized sn-1 functionalized phospholipids were hydrolyzed by sPLA(2). Molecular dynamics simulations provided detailed insight on an atomic level that can explain the observed sPLA(2) activity toward the different phospholipid analogs. The simulations revealed that, depending on the nature of the side chain located at the sn-1 position, the group may interfere with an incoming water molecule that acts as the nucleophile in the enzymatic reaction. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimentally observed sPLA(2) activity toward the different phospholipid analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Linderoth
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Brueseke TJ, Bell JD. A new hat for an old enzyme: Waste management. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1270-9. [PMID: 16828338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The history of research regarding secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) has often focused in one of two directions. Originally, the enzyme was studied biophysically in terms of its fundamental structure, enzymology, and the relationship between membrane physics and catalytic activity. More recently, a large and growing body of information has accumulated concerning regulatory factors, tissue distribution, and physiological/pathological roles of sPLA(2). Evidence is presented that suggests an additional function for the protein in which it helps to clear dead and damaged cells while avoiding digestion of those that are healthy. Apparently, the ability of the enzyme to discriminate between susceptible and resistant cells depends on physical properties of membrane lipids related to order, distribution, and neighbor/neighbor interactions. Investigations into this action of the enzyme offer the rare opportunity to apply biophysical approaches and principles to a physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Brueseke
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Biology and Agriculture, 302C WIDB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Zhou L, Beuerman RW, Foo Y, Liu S, Ang LPK, Tan DTH. Characterisation of Human Tear Proteins Using High-resolution Mass Spectrometry. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2006. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v35n6p400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The proteins found in tears play an important role in maintaining the ocular surface and changes in tear protein components may reflect changes in the health of the ocular surface. Proteomics provides a comprehensive approach for cataloguing all the proteins of the tear proteome, which will help to elucidate disease pathogenesis, make clinical diagnoses and evaluate the influence of medications on the structure, composition and secretion of tear proteins. In this study, an alternative proteomic strategy was investigated to explore the human tear proteome.
Materials and Methods: Tear samples were obtained from patients who had pterygium and were collected on the first day and third day after pterygium surgery. Tears pooled from 6 patients were used in the analysis. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) was used as the first step to separate intact proteins into 21 peaks. Each fraction was then tryptic-digested and analysed by nanoLC-nano-ESI-MS/MS to characterise the protein components in each fraction.
Results: In total, 60 tear proteins were identified with high confidence, including well-known abundant tear proteins, and tear-specific proteins such as lacritin and proline-rich proteins. Among them, proline-rich protein 5 was found for the first time in tear fluid. A large number of plasma proteins were also observed in tear fluid.
Conclusions: The results showed that the proteomic strategy used in this study was successfully applied to analyse tear proteome.
Key words: Human tear proteins, Human tear proteome, NanoLC-nanoESI-MS/MS, Tear proteomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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Menschikowski M, Hagelgans A, Siegert G. Secretory phospholipase A2 of group IIA: Is it an offensive or a defensive player during atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:1-33. [PMID: 16516807 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the serum of patients with severe inflammation and in rheumatoid arthritic fluids, the secretory phospholipase A2 of group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) has been chiefly considered as a proinflammatory enzyme, the result of which has been very intense interest in selective inhibitors of sPLA2-IIA in the hope of developing new and efficient therapies for inflammatory diseases. The recent discovery of the antibacterial properties of sPLA2-IIA, however, has raised the question of whether the upregulation of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation is to be considered uniformly negative and the hindrance of sPLA2-IIA in every instance beneficial. The aim of this review is for this reason, along with the results of various investigations which argue for the proinflammatory and proatherogenic effects of an upregulation of sPLA2-IIA, also to array data alongside which point to a protective function of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation. Thus, it could be shown that sPLA2-IIA, apart from the bactericidal effects, possesses also antithrombotic properties and indeed plays a possible role in the resolution of inflammation and the accelerated clearance of oxidatively modified lipoproteins during inflammation via the liver and adrenals. Based on these multipotent properties the knowledge of the function of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation is a fundamental prerequisite for the development and establishment of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat severe inflammatory diseases up to and including sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menschikowski
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Institut für Klinische Chemie and Laboratoriumsmedizin, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Piris-Gimenez A, Paya M, Lambeau G, Chignard M, Mock M, Touqui L, Goossens PL. In Vivo Protective Role of Human Group IIA Phospholipase A2against Experimental Anthrax. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6786-91. [PMID: 16272335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is an acute disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Some animal species are relatively resistant to anthrax infection. This trait has been correlated to the extent of the local inflammatory reaction, suggesting innate immunity to be the first line of defense against B. anthracis infection in nonimmunized hosts. Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) is produced in particular by macrophages and possesses potent antibacterial activity especially against Gram-positive bacteria. We have previously shown in vitro that sPLA2-IIA kills both germinated B. anthracis spores and encapsulated bacilli. Here we show that sPLA2-IIA plays in vivo a protective role against experimental anthrax. Transgenic mice expressing human sPLA2-IIA are resistant to B. anthracis infection. In addition, in vivo administration of recombinant human sPLA2-IIA protects mice against B. anthracis infection. The protective effect was observed both with a highly virulent encapsulated nontoxinogenic strain and a wild-type encapsulated toxinogenic strain, showing that toxemia did not hinder the sPLA2-IIA-afforded protection. sPLA2-IIA, a natural component of the immune system, may thus be considered a novel therapeutic agent to be used in adjunct with current therapy for treating anthrax. Its anthracidal activity would be effective even against strains resistant to multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Piris-Gimenez
- Unité Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 2172, Paris, France
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Soler-García AA, Maitra R, Kumar V, Ise T, Nagata S, Beers R, Bera TK, Pastan I. The PATE gene is expressed in the accessory tissues of the human male genital tract and encodes a secreted sperm-associated protein. Reproduction 2005; 129:515-24. [PMID: 15798027 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ThePATEgene is expressed in prostate and testis. To determine if PATE is expressed in other accessory tissues of the male genital tract, RT-PCR of the epididymis and seminal vesicle was performed. PATE mRNA was highly expressed in the epididymis and seminal vesicle.In situhybridization of the testis showed PATE mRNA is strongly expressed in the spermatogonia. ThePATEgene encodes a 14-kDa protein with a predicted signal sequence and a cleavage site between residues G21 and S22. To determine if PATE is a secreted protein, 293T cells were transfected with a pcDNA-PATE-myc-His plasmid and protein immunoprecipitated with anti-myc monoclonal antibody. Western blot analysis showed the presence of PATE-myc-His protein was in the medium and the cell lysate. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that PATE-myc-His protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. The polyclonal antibody SOL-1 was generated by immunization of rabbits with recombinant PATE protein expressed and purified fromEscherichia coli.Western blots were performed on extracts of prostate, testis, seminal vesicle and ejaculated spermatozoa, but PATE protein was only detected in the spermatozoa. Immunostaining of sperm smears revealed that PATE is located in a band-like pattern in the sperm head. Our data indicate that PATE is made by various sexual accessory tissues and secreted into the semen where it becomes associated with sperm, suggesting that PATE is a novel sperm-associated protein with a possible role in mammalian sperm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Soler-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA
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Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Jørgensen K. Advanced strategies in liposomal cancer therapy: problems and prospects of active and tumor specific drug release. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:68-97. [PMID: 15748655 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor specific drug delivery has become increasingly interesting in cancer therapy, as the use of chemotherapeutics is often limited due to severe side effects. Conventional drug delivery systems have shown low efficiency and a continuous search for more advanced drug delivery principles is therefore of great importance. In the first part of this review, we present current strategies in the drug delivery field, focusing on site-specific triggered drug release from liposomes in cancerous tissue. Currently marketed drug delivery systems lack the ability to actively release the carried drug and rely on passive diffusion or slow non-specific degradation of the liposomal carrier. To obtain elevated tumor-to-normal tissue drug ratios, it is important to develop drug delivery strategies where the liposomal carriers are actively degraded specifically in the tumor tissue. Many promising strategies have emerged ranging from externally triggered light- and thermosensitive liposomes to receptor targeted, pH- and enzymatically triggered liposomes relying on an endogenous trigger mechanism in the cancerous tissue. However, even though several of these strategies were introduced three decades ago, none of them have yet led to marketed drugs and are still far from achieving this goal. The most advanced and prospective technologies are probably the prodrug strategies where non-toxic drugs are carried and activated specifically in the malignant tissue by overexpressed enzymes. In the second part of this paper, we review our own work, exploiting secretory phospholipase A2 as a site-specific trigger and prodrug activator in cancer therapy. We present novel prodrug lipids together with biophysical investigations of liposome systems, constituted by these new lipids and demonstrate their degradability by secretory phospholipase A2. We furthermore give examples of the biological performance of the enzymatically degradable liposomes as advanced drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Jensen SS, Andresen TL, Davidsen J, Høyrup P, Shnyder SD, Bibby MC, Gill JH, Jørgensen K. Secretory phospholipase A2 as a tumor-specific trigger for targeted delivery of a novel class of liposomal prodrug anticancer etherlipids. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1451.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of many common clinically relevant chemotherapeutics is often limited due to insufficient delivery to the tumor and dose-limiting systemic toxicities. Therefore, therapeutics that specifically target tumor cells and are nontoxic to normal cells are required. Here, we report the development of a novel class of liposomes composed of lipid prodrugs, which use the increased secretory phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2) activity of the tumor microenvironment as a trigger for the release of anticancer etherlipids (AEL). Treatment of sPLA2-secreting tumor cells in vitro with liposomes consisting of proAELs resulted in growth inhibition comparable with addition of the AELs alone. Using a specific sPLA2 inhibitor, we showed the low cytotoxicity of the nonhydrolyzed proAEL liposomes and have proven the sPLA2 dependency of the activation of proAELs to cytotoxic AELs. In addition, we showed that our proAEL liposomes circumvent the inherent hemolytic toxicities associated with the use of etherlipids, thereby allowing i.v. administration of such therapeutics as nontoxic prodrug liposomes. Furthermore, using a sPLA2-secreting human colon cancer xenograft model, we showed that the proAEL liposomes are capable of inducing a tumor growth delay in vivo. Taken together, these data support the validity of this novel tumor-selective liposomal prodrug delivery strategy. This new approach also provides a promising system for tumor-selective delivery and release of conventional chemotherapeutics encapsulated in the sPLA2-degradable prodrug liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- 1LiPlasome Pharma A/S and
- 2Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark and
| | | | | | - Steven D. Shnyder
- 3Cancer Research Unit, Tom Connors Cancer Research Centre, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Bibby
- 3Cancer Research Unit, Tom Connors Cancer Research Centre, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason H. Gill
- 3Cancer Research Unit, Tom Connors Cancer Research Centre, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
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Dubouix A, Campanac C, Fauvel J, Simon MF, Salles JP, Roques C, Chap H, Marty N. Bactericidal properties of group IIa secreted phospholipase A2 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:1039-1045. [PMID: 14614061 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that human group IIa secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)), found at high levels in inflammatory fluids, displays direct bactericidal properties against Gram-positive bacteria, while activity against Gram-negative bacteria requires the complement system or additional co-factors produced by neutrophils. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an increasingly prevalent opportunistic human pathogen, is the most common Gram-negative rod found in cystic fibrosis lung infections, where it is associated with an inflammatory environment. Because murine intestinal group II sPLA(2) produced by Paneth cells has been shown to be directly bactericidal against Gram-negative bacteria, IIa sPLA(2) activity against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was evaluated and provides the first evidence that the enzyme can be fully bactericidal in a concentration- and time-dependent manner against Gram-negative rods. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that these bactericidal properties were unaffected by high protein and salt concentrations, as observed in cystic fibrosis secretions, and that bacterial killing paralleled phospholipid hydrolysis. Finally, no cytotoxicity was observed when IIa sPLA(2) was incubated with human pulmonary cells, highlighting its potential use to synergize bactericidal antibiotics by promoting sublethal alterations of the bacterial cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dubouix
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Campanac
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Josette Fauvel
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Simon
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Roques
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicole Marty
- INSERM CPTP-U563, CHU Purpan, 1 Place du Dr Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 2,4Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène2 and INSERM U5834, CHU Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 3Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Koprivnjak T, Peschel A, Gelb MH, Liang NS, Weiss JP. Role of charge properties of bacterial envelope in bactericidal action of human group IIA phospholipase A2 against Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47636-44. [PMID: 12359734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Group IIA phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) potently kill Staphylococcus aureus. Highly cationic properties of these PLA(2) are important for Ca(2+)-independent binding and cell wall penetration, prerequisites for Ca(2+)-dependent degradation of membrane phospholipids and bacterial killing. To further delineate charge properties of the bacterial envelope important in Group IIA PLA(2) action against S. aureus, we examined the effects of mutations that prevent specific modifications of cell wall (dltA) and cell membrane (mprF) polyanions. In comparison to the parent strain, isogenic dltA(-) bacteria are approximately 30-100x more sensitive to PLA(2), whereas mprF(-) bacteria are <3-fold more sensitive. Differences in PLA(2) sensitivity of intact bacteria reflect differences in cell wall, not cell membrane, properties since protoplasts from all three strains are equally sensitive to PLA(2). A diminished positive charge in PLA(2) reduces PLA(2) binding and antibacterial activity. In contrast, diminished cell wall negative charge by substitution of (lipo)teichoic acids with d-alanine reduces antibacterial activity of bound PLA(2), but not initial PLA(2) binding. Therefore, the potent antistaphylococcal activity of Group IIA PLA(2) depends on cationic properties of the enzyme that promote binding to the cell wall, and polyanionic properties of cell wall (lipo)teichoic acids that promote attack of membrane phospholipids by bound PLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Koprivnjak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
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Bezzine S, Bollinger JG, Singer AG, Veatch SL, Keller SL, Gelb MH. On the Binding Preference of Human Groups IIA and X Phospholipases A2 for Membranes with Anionic Phospholipids. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48523-34. [PMID: 12244093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203137200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals contain 9-10 secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) that display widely different affinities for membranes, depending on the phospholipid composition. The much higher enzymatic activity of human group X sPLA(2) (hGX) compared with human group IIA sPLA(2) (hGIIA) on phosphatidylcholine (PC)-rich vesicles is due in large part to the higher affinity of the former enzyme for such vesicles; this result also holds when vesicles contain cholesterol and sphingomyelin. The inclusion of anionic phosphatidylserine in PC vesicles dramatically enhances interfacial binding and catalysis of hGIIA but not of hGX. This is the result of the large number of lysine and arginine residues scattered over the entire surface of hGIIA, which cause the enzyme to form a supramolecular aggregate with multiple vesicles. Thus, high affinity binding of hGIIA to anionic vesicles is a complex process and cannot be attributed to a few basic residues on its interfacial binding surface, as is also evident from mutagenesis studies. The main reason hGIIA binds poorly to PC-rich vesicles is that it lacks a tryptophan residue on its interfacial binding surface, a residue that contributes to the high affinity binding of hGX to PC-rich vesicles. Results show that the lag in the onset of hydrolysis of PC vesicles by hGIIA is due in part to the poor affinity of this enzyme for these vesicles. Binding affinity of hGIIA, hGX, and their mutants to PC-rich vesicles is well correlated to the ability of these enzymes to act on the PC-rich outer plasma membrane of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Bezzine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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Uchiyama S, Fujikawa Y, Uematsu K, Matsuda H, Aida S, Iijima N. Localization of group IB phospholipase A(2) isoform in the gills of the red sea bream, Pagrus (Chrysophrys) major. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:671-83. [PMID: 12091113 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that PLA(2) activity in the gills is higher than that in other tissues in red sea bream and purified PLA(2) from the gills belongs to the group IB PLA(2) as well as other red sea bream PLA(2)s. In this study, we reconfirmed that the level of PLA(2) activity is extremely high in the gills compared with other tissues, and gill PLA(2) was detected only in the gills by immunoblotting and inhibition test using anti-gill PLA(2) monoclonal antibody. The level of PLA(2) activity and protein expression in the gills are well correlated. Fish can be roughly divided into high and low groups based on the level of PLA(2) activity. Gill PLA(2) was detected in the gills of the high group, but not the low group by immunoblotting. In the gills of the high group, gill PLA(2) was detected in the mucous cells and pavement cells located on the surface of gill epithelia by immunohistochemistry. On the other hand, positive signals were observed only in the mucous cells by in situ hybridization. We also isolated inactive proPLA(2), having AR propeptide, preceding the mature enzyme from the gill extract. These results suggest that gill PLA(2) is synthesized as an inactive proPLA(2) in the mucous cells and is secreted to the surface of gill epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Koduri RS, Grönroos JO, Laine VJO, Le Calvez C, Lambeau G, Nevalainen TJ, Gelb MH. Bactericidal properties of human and murine groups I, II, V, X, and XII secreted phospholipases A(2). J Biol Chem 2002; 277:5849-57. [PMID: 11694541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109699200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA2) is known to display potent Gram-positive bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo. We have analyzed the bactericidal activity of the full set of recombinant murine and human groups I, II, V, X, and XII sPLA2s on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The rank order potency among human sPLA2s against Gram-positive bacteria is group IIA > X > V > XII > IIE > IB, IIF (for murine sPLA2s: IIA > IID > V > IIE > IIC, X > IB, IIF), and only human group XII displays detectable bactericidal activity against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli. These studies show that highly basic sPLA2s display potent bactericidal activity with the exception of the ability of the acidic human group X sPLA2 to kill Gram-positive bacteria. By studying the Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus bactericidal potencies of a large panel of human group IIA mutants in which basic residues were mutated to acidic residues, it was found that: 1) the overall positive charge of the sPLA2 is the dominant factor in dictating bactericidal potency; 2) basic residues on the putative membrane binding surface of the sPLA2 are modestly more important for bactericidal activity than are other basic residues; 3) relative bactericidal potency tracks well with the ability of these mutants to degrade phospholipids in the bacterial membrane; and 4) exposure of the bacterial membrane of Gram-positive bacteria by disruption of the cell wall dramatically reduces the negative effect of charge reversal mutagenesis on bactericidal potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao S Koduri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Beers SA, Buckland AG, Koduri RS, Cho W, Gelb MH, Wilton DC. The antibacterial properties of secreted phospholipases A2: a major physiological role for the group IIA enzyme that depends on the very high pI of the enzyme to allow penetration of the bacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:1788-93. [PMID: 11706041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109777200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial properties of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) against Gram-positive bacteria as a result of membrane hydrolysis have been reported. Using Micrococcus luteus as a model system, we demonstrate the very high specificity of this human enzyme for such hydrolysis compared with the group IB, IIE, IIF, V, and X human secreted phospholipase A(2)s. A unique feature of the group IIA enzyme is its very high pI due to a large excess of cationic residues on the enzyme surface. The importance of this global positive charge in bacterial cell membrane hydrolysis and bacterial killing has been examined using charge reversal mutagenesis. The global positive charge on the enzyme surface allows penetration through the bacterial cell wall, thus allowing access of this enzyme to the cell membrane. Reduced bacterial killing was associated with the loss of positive charge and reduced cell membrane hydrolysis. All mutants were highly effective in hydrolyzing the bacterial membrane of cells in which the cell wall was permeabilized with lysozyme. These same overall characteristics were also seen with suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua, where cell membrane hydrolysis and antibacterial activity of human group IIA enzyme was also lost as a result of charge reversal mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Beers
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom
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Berg OG, Gelb MH, Tsai MD, Jain MK. Interfacial enzymology: the secreted phospholipase A(2)-paradigm. Chem Rev 2001; 101:2613-54. [PMID: 11749391 DOI: 10.1021/cr990139w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O G Berg
- Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Buckland AG, Wilton DC. The antibacterial properties of secreted phospholipases A(2). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1488:71-82. [PMID: 11080678 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of evidence to support the antibacterial properties of the group IIa phospholipase A(2) as an important physiological function. This enzyme is able to act as an acute phase protein and may be part of the innate defence system of the body, acting in concert with other antibacterial proteins and peptides. The enzyme is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria whereas penetration of the lipopolysaccharide coat of Gram-negative bacteria requires bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) as an additional permeabilizing factor. The global cationic nature of this protein (pI>10.5) appears to facilitate penetration of the anionic bacterial cell wall. In addition, the considerable preference of the enzyme for anionic phospholipid interfaces provides specificity toward anionic bacterial membranes as opposed to zwitterionic eucaryotic cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Buckland
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO16 7PX, Southampton, UK
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