1
|
Zhang XD, Liu ZY, Wang MS, Guo YX, Wang XK, Luo K, Huang S, Li RF. Mechanisms and regulations of ferroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269451. [PMID: 37868994 PMCID: PMC10587589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell mortality for disease treatment has been the focus of research. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death whose mechanism has been extensively studied since its discovery. A large number of studies have shown that regulation of ferroptosis brings new strategies for the treatment of various benign and malignant diseases. Iron excess and lipid peroxidation are its primary metabolic features. Therefore, genes involved in iron metabolism and lipid metabolism can regulate iron overload and lipid peroxidation through direct or indirect pathways, thereby regulating ferroptosis. In addition, glutathione (GSH) is the body's primary non-enzymatic antioxidants and plays a pivotal role in the struggle against lipid peroxidation. GSH functions as an auxiliary substance for glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) to convert toxic lipid peroxides to their corresponding alcohols. Here, we reviewed the researches on the mechanism of ferroptosis in recent years, and comprehensively analyzed the mechanism and regulatory process of ferroptosis from iron metabolism and lipid metabolism, and then described in detail the metabolism of GPX4 and the main non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Zhang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Liu
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mao-Sen Wang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Guo
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ren-Feng Li
- Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gorina SS, Egorova AM, Lantsova NV, Toporkova YY, Grechkin AN. Discovery of α-Linolenic Acid 16( S)-Lipoxygenase: Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Vegetative Lipoxygenase 3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12977. [PMID: 37629162 PMCID: PMC10454662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The GC-MS profiling of the endogenous oxylipins (Me/TMS) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves, flowers, and fruit peels revealed a remarkable abundance of 16-hydroxy-9,12,14-octadecatrienoic acid (16-HOT). Incubations of homogenates from these organs with α-linolenic acid yielded 16(S)-hydroperoxide (16-HPOT) as a predominant product. Targeted proteomic analyses of these tissues revealed the presence of several highly homologous isoforms of the putative "9S-lipoxygenase type 6". One of these isoenzymes (CsLOX3, an 877 amino acid polypeptide) was prepared by heterologous expression in E. coli and exhibited 16(S)- and 13(S)-lipoxygenase activity toward α-linolenic and linoleic acids, respectively. Furthermore, α-linolenate was a preferred substrate. The molecular structures of 16(S)-HOT and 16(S)-HPOT (Me or Me/TMS) were unequivocally confirmed by the mass spectral data, 1H-NMR, 2D 1H-1H-COSY, TOCSY, HMBC, and HSQC spectra, as well as enantiomeric HPLC analyses. Thus, the vegetative CsLOX3, biosynthesizing 16(S)-HPOT, is the first 16(S)-LOX and ω3-LOX ever discovered. Eicosapentaenoic and hexadecatrienoic acids were also specifically transformed to the corresponding ω3(S)-hydroperoxides by CsLOX3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alevtina M Egorova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia V Lantsova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Javidi MR, Maali-Amiri R, Poormazaheri H, Sadeghi Niaraki M, Kariman K. Cold stress-induced changes in metabolism of carbonyl compounds and membrane fatty acid composition in chickpea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:10-19. [PMID: 36201983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, changes in membrane fatty acid (FA) composition and damage indices contents as well as the transcript patterns of carbonyl-detoxifying genes were evaluated in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, cold-tolerant Sel96th11439 and cold-sensitive ILC533 under cold stress (CS; 4 °C). During CS, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased (by 47% and 57%, respectively) in the sensitive genotype, while these contents remained unchanged in the tolerant genotype. In tolerant plants, higher content of linoleic, linolenic, unsaturated FAs (UFAs), total FAs and double bond index (DBI) (by 23, 21, 19, 17 and 9%, respectively) was observed at 6 days after stress (DAS) compared to sensitive plants, which, along with alterations of the damage indices, indicate their enhanced tolerance to CS. Compared with the sensitive genotype, less lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (by 59%) in the tolerant genotype was accompanied by decreased MDA and increased levels of UFAs and DBI during CS, particularly at 6 DAS. Upregulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldo-keto reductase genes (by 9- and 10-fold, respectively) at 1 DAS, along with the enhanced transcript levels of aldehyde reductase and 2-alkenal reductase (by 3- and 14.7-fold, respectively) at 6 DAS were accompanied by increased UFAs and reduced MDA contents in the tolerant genotype. Overall, the results suggest that cold tolerance in chickpea was partly associated with regulation of membrane FA compositions and the potential metabolic networks involved in synthesis and degradation of carbonyl compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Javidi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Helen Poormazaheri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mina Sadeghi Niaraki
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Khalil Kariman
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu B, Zhao FM, Cao Y, Wang XY, Li Z, Shentu Y, Zhou H, Xia YP. Photoprotection contributes to freezing tolerance as revealed by RNA-seq profiling of rhododendron leaves during cold acclimation and deacclimation over time. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab025. [PMID: 35039836 PMCID: PMC8801717 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation (CA) and deacclimation (DA), which are often accompanied by changes in freezing tolerance (FT), carbohydrates and hormones, are crucial for winter survival, especially under global warming. Plants with weak CA and premature DA caused by warm winters and/or unseasonal warm spells can be easily injured by adverse reactions to cold. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of FT is imperative. In this study, we used high-throughput RNA-seq to profile the CA and DA of leaves of overwintering Rhododendron "Miyo-no-Sakae" over time; these leaves do not undergo dormancy but do undergo photoprotection during CA, and they do not grow during DA. Using Mfuzz and weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we identified specific transcriptional characteristics in each phase of CA and DA and proposed networks involving coexpressed genes and physiological traits. In particular, we discovered that the circadian rhythm is critical for obtaining the strongest FT, and high expression of circadian rhythm-related genes might be linked to sugar accumulation during winter. Furthermore, evergreen leaves exhibited robust photoprotection during winter, as revealed by high values of nonphotochemical quenching, high expression of transcripts annotated as "early light-induced proteins", loss of granum stacks and destacking of thylakoids, all of which were alleviated during DA. The strong requirement of photoprotection could be the reason for decreased abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents during CA, and decreases in ABA and JA contents may contribute to decreases in lignin content. Our data suggest that the molecular mechanisms of FT in overwintering leaves are unique, which may be due to the high requirements for photoprotection during winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fang-Meng Zhao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuanyue Shentu
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi-Ping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biochemical Characterization of 13-Lipoxygenases of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910237. [PMID: 34638573 PMCID: PMC8508710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
13-lipoxygenases (13-LOX) catalyze the dioxygenation of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), of which α-linolenic acid (LeA) is converted to 13-S-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9, 11, 15-trienoic acid (13-HPOT), the precursor for the prostaglandin-like plant hormones cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ). This study aimed for characterizing the four annotated A. thaliana 13-LOX enzymes (LOX2, LOX3, LOX4, and LOX6) focusing on synthesis of 12-OPDA and 4Z,7Z,10Z)-12-[[-(1S,5S)-4-oxo-5-(2Z)-pent-2-en-1yl] cyclopent-2-en-1yl] dodeca-4,7,10-trienoic acid (OCPD). In addition, we performed interaction studies of 13-LOXs with ions and molecules to advance our understanding of 13-LOX. Cell imaging indicated plastid targeting of fluorescent proteins fused to 13-LOXs-N-terminal extensions, supporting the prediction of 13-LOX localization to plastids. The apparent maximal velocity (Vmax app) values for LOX-catalyzed LeA oxidation were highest for LOX4 (128 nmol·s−1·mg protein−1), with a Km value of 5.8 µM. A. thaliana 13-LOXs, in cascade with 12-OPDA pathway enzymes, synthesized 12-OPDA and OCPD from LeA and docosahexaenoic acid, previously shown only for LOX6. The activities of the four isoforms were differently affected by physiologically relevant chemicals, such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+, and by 12-OPDA and MJ. As demonstrated for LOX4, 12-OPDA inhibited enzymatic LeA hydroperoxidation, with half-maximal enzyme inhibition at 48 µM. Biochemical interactions, such as the sensitivity of LOX toward thiol-reactive agents belonging to cyclopentenone prostaglandins, are suggested to occur in human LOX homologs. Furthermore, we conclude that 13-LOXs are isoforms with rather specific functional and regulatory enzymatic features.
Collapse
|
6
|
Clemente SM, Martínez-Costa OH, Monsalve M, Samhan-Arias AK. Targeting Lipid Peroxidation for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E5144. [PMID: 33167334 PMCID: PMC7663840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the highest prevalent diseases in humans. The chances of surviving cancer and its prognosis are very dependent on the affected tissue, body location, and stage at which the disease is diagnosed. Researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide are pursuing many attempts to look for compounds to treat this malignancy. Most of the current strategies to fight cancer implicate the use of compounds acting on DNA damage checkpoints, non-receptor tyrosine kinases activities, regulators of the hedgehog signaling pathways, and metabolic adaptations placed in cancer. In the last decade, the finding of a lipid peroxidation increase linked to 15-lipoxygenases isoform 1 (15-LOX-1) activity stimulation has been found in specific successful treatments against cancer. This discovery contrasts with the production of other lipid oxidation signatures generated by stimulation of other lipoxygenases such as 5-LOX and 12-LOX, and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activities, which have been suggested as cancer biomarkers and which inhibitors present anti-tumoral and antiproliferative activities. These findings support the previously proposed role of lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites as cancer cell mediators. Depletion or promotion of lipid peroxidation is generally related to a specific production source associated with a cancer stage or tissue in which cancer originates. This review highlights the potential therapeutical use of chemical derivatives to stimulate or block specific cellular routes to generate lipid hydroperoxides to treat this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Clemente
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou X, Wang Z, Zhu C, Yue J, Yang H, Li J, Gao J, Xu R, Deng X, Cheng Y. Variations of membrane fatty acids and epicuticular wax metabolism in response to oleocellosis in lemon fruit. Food Chem 2020; 338:127684. [PMID: 32916584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oleocellosis is a physiological disorder causing blemishes on fruit surface. This study investigated the influence of oleocellosis on the membrane fatty acids and wax in lemon fruit rinds at the morphological, physiological, metabolic and molecular levels by using a variety with a high incidence rate of oleocellosis (green lemon). Oleocellosis-damaged rinds showed loose and flaky wax layers with more fissures on the surface, as well as higher contents of C16 and C18 fatty acids and very long chain (VLC) fatty alkanes while lower contents of VLC fatty aldehydes. The main differentially expressed genes, including FabZ, FAD2 and SAD6 involved in the accumulation of C16 and C18 fatty acids and CER1 involved in the transformation of VLC fatty aldehydes to VLC fatty alkanes, were up-regulated by oleocellosis. These results indicate that oleocellosis accelerates the accumulation of membrane free fatty acids and transformation of VLC fatty aldehydes to VLC fatty alkanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Yue
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinxue Li
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Junyan Gao
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan 675800, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allies or Enemies: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Developmental Processes of Black Cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030199. [PMID: 32120843 PMCID: PMC7139288 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to aboveground organs (stems and leaves), developmental events and their regulation in underground organs, such as pioneer and fine roots, are quite poorly understood. The objective of the current study was to achieve a better understanding of the physiological and molecular role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-related enzymes in the process of stem and pioneer root development in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), as well as in the senescence of leaves and fine roots. Results of a transcriptomic analysis revealed that primary/secondary growth and senescence are accompanied by substantial changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress metabolism. We observed that some mechanisms common for above- and under-ground organs, e.g., the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and SOD activity, declined during stems' and pioneer roots' development. Moreover, the localization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•-) in the primary and secondary xylem of stems and pioneer roots confirms their involvement in xylem cell wall lignification and the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). H2O2 and O2•- in senescing fine roots were present in the same locations as demonstrated previously for ATG8 (AuTophaGy-related) proteins, implying their participation in cell degradation during senescence, while O2•- in older leaves was also localized similarly to ATG8 in chloroplasts, suggesting their role in chlorophagy. ROS and ROS-related enzymes play an integral role in the lignification of xylem cell walls in Populus trichocarpa, as well as the induction of PCD during xylogenesis and senescence.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu D, Boughton BA, Hill CB, Feussner I, Roessner U, Rupasinghe TWT. Insights Into Oxidized Lipid Modification in Barley Roots as an Adaptation Mechanism to Salinity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32117356 PMCID: PMC7011103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics is an emerging technology, which aims at the global characterization and quantification of lipids within biological matrices including biofluids, cells, whole organs and tissues. The changes in individual lipid molecular species in stress treated plant species and different cultivars can indicate the functions of genes affecting lipid metabolism or lipid signaling. Mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling has been used to track the changes of lipid levels and related metabolites in response to salinity stress. We have developed a comprehensive lipidomics platform for the identification and direct qualification and/or quantification of individual lipid species, including oxidized lipids, which enables a more systematic investigation of peroxidation of individual lipid species in barley roots under salinity stress. This new lipidomics approach has improved with an advantage of analyzing the composition of acyl chains at the molecular level, which facilitates to profile precisely the 18:3-containing diacyl-glycerophosphates and allowed individual comparison of lipids across varieties. Our findings revealed a general decrease in most of the galactolipids in plastid membranes, and an increase of glycerophospholipids and acylated steryl glycosides, which indicate that plastidial and extraplastidial membranes in barley roots ubiquitously tend to form a hexagonal II (HII) phase under salinity stress. In addition, salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars showed contrasting changes in the levels of oxidized membrane lipids. These results support the hypothesis that salt-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids can be used as an indication of salt stress tolerance in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Yu
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Camilla B. Hill
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dogra V, Rochaix JD, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1727-1738. [PMID: 29749057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a prime cause of photo-damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light-harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1 O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1 O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1 O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1 O2 -triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β-carotene and a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1 O2 , downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1 O2 . In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1 O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1 O2 , which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Costa-Broseta Á, Perea-Resa C, Castillo MC, Ruíz MF, Salinas J, León J. Nitric Oxide Controls Constitutive Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Attenuating the Levels of Osmoprotectants, Stress-Related Hormones and Anthocyanins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9268. [PMID: 29915353 PMCID: PMC6006431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant tolerance to freezing temperatures is governed by endogenous constitutive components and environmental inducing factors. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the endogenous components that participate in freezing tolerance regulation. A combined metabolomic and transcriptomic characterization of NO-deficient nia1,2noa1-2 mutant plants suggests that NO acts attenuating the production and accumulation of osmoprotective and regulatory metabolites, such as sugars and polyamines, stress-related hormones, such as ABA and jasmonates, and antioxidants, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids. Accordingly, NO-deficient plants are constitutively more freezing tolerant than wild type plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Costa-Broseta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Perea-Resa
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Fernanda Ruíz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Salinas
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pilarska M, Skowron E, Pietraś R, Krupinska K, Niewiadomska E. Changes in lipid peroxidation in stay-green leaves of tobacco with senescence-induced synthesis of cytokinins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:161-167. [PMID: 28641138 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the progress of leaf senescence has long been suggested, but there are contrasting results to either support or deny the positive correlation between the senescence progression and the level of ROS-triggered lipid peroxidation. The inconsistency among reported results can partly be attributed to the poor specificity of the most commonly employed colorimetric assay and changes in the ratio of dry weight/fresh weight during leaf senescence. In this study we determined the end-product of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) by GS-MS, and analyzed its changes during senescence of tobacco leaves as calculated on dry weight basis. In leaves of the wild type plants the MDA level did not change during senescence. In the mutant PSAG12::IPT leaves stayed green because of the elevated synthesis of cytokinins, but the MDA level was much higher in comparison to WT when leaves of the same age were compared. These results clearly show that lipid peroxidation is not associated with leaf senescence, at least in tobacco. This GS-MS method can be used to judge the involvement of lipid peroxidation in senescence in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilarska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernest Skowron
- Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Rafał Pietraś
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ewa Niewiadomska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang S, Yu J, Yin H, Lu J, Dong J, Li X, Hu S, Liu J. Optimization of kilning progress for equilibrating multiple parameters that strictly affect malt flavour and sensory evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| | - Junhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| | - Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Shumin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd; Qingdao 266100 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jajić I, Sarna T, Szewczyk G, Strzałka K. Changes in production of reactive oxygen species in illuminated thylakoids isolated during development and senescence of barley. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 184:49-56. [PMID: 26241758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed analysis of thylakoids isolated from secondary barley leaves harvested 18, 22, 25, 29, 32, 35 and 39 days after sowing (DAS). Goal of the analysis was to investigate the production of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) during development and senescence of barley. Generation of superoxide anion (O2-•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increases during development of barley reaching the highest value right after the onset of senescence (between 25 and 29 DAS), thereafter the levels of both ROS start to decrease until 35 DAS when production of H2O2 increases again. In comparison with O2-• and H2O2, generation of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) showed continuous production of low amounts thought the duration of experiment. Oxidative damage to the thylakoid membrane was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation. Results showed gradual increase in lipid peroxidation with progress of plant development with highest increase occurring at the late stages of senescence. A possible factor contributing to the elevation in the production of ROS could be an increase in membrane fluidity observed in our previous study. Fluidization of the membrane, allows for better penetration of oxygen inside the membrane, which can lead to an increase in the production of ROS. Indeed, the production of ROS started to increase together with observed fluidization of the membrane from 22 to 29 DAS. Thereafter, production of ROS started to decline till 35th DAS. On the last day of the measurement, chl is at 25% of its initial value, lipid peroxidation reaches the highest value and H2O2 increases again.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jajić
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jajic I, Sarna T, Strzalka K. Senescence, Stress, and Reactive Oxygen Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:393-411. [PMID: 27135335 PMCID: PMC4844410 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the earliest responses of plant cells to various biotic and abiotic stresses. ROS are capable of inducing cellular damage by oxidation of proteins, inactivation of enzymes, alterations in the gene expression, and decomposition of biomembranes. On the other hand, they also have a signaling role and changes in production of ROS can act as signals that change the transcription of genes that favor the acclimation of plants to abiotic stresses. Among the ROS, it is believed that H₂O₂ causes the largest changes in the levels of gene expression in plants. A wide range of plant responses has been found to be triggered by H₂O₂ such as acclimation to drought, photooxidative stress, and induction of senescence. Our knowledge on signaling roles of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) has been limited by its short lifetime, but recent experiments with a flu mutant demonstrated that singlet oxygen does not act primarily as a toxin but rather as a signal that activates several stress-response pathways. In this review we summarize the latest progress on the signaling roles of ROS during senescence and abiotic stresses and we give a short overview of the methods that can be used for their assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jajic
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Nejadsadeghi L, Maali-Amiri R, Zeinali H, Ramezanpour S, Sadeghzade B. Membrane fatty acid compositions and cold-induced responses in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:363-72. [PMID: 25266238 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process enhanced under cold acclimation. In present study, we assessed the changes of membrane fatty acid compositions along with physio-biochemical indices like H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity during cold stress (CS) phases in acclimated and non-acclimated durum (SRN and Gerdish) and bread (Norstar) wheat genotypes. During thermal treatments, MDA was an end product of lipid peroxidation via oxidative stress (H2O2 content) rather than LOX activity. LOX activity plays a double role in mechanism of cold tolerance in wheat, particularly at severe stress. With increase in severity of CS especially in non-acclimated plants, LOX activity decreased along with an increase in MDA and other responses helped increase or maintaine unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) whereas in acclimated plants (moderate CS), increasing of LOX activity along with a decrease in MDA indicates probably its role in secondary metabolites like jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Significant increase of total FAs and particularly unsaturated FAs showed distinct cell endeavor to protect against CS in Norstar and Gerdish compared to SRN genotype. Results showed that an increase in double bond index and LOX activity and low MDA under CS could be reasons for plant cold tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nejadsadeghi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Los Reyes C, Ávila-Román J, Ortega MJ, de la Jara A, García-Mauriño S, Motilva V, Zubía E. Oxylipins from the microalgae Chlamydomonas debaryana and Nannochloropsis gaditana and their activity as TNF-α inhibitors. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 102:152-161. [PMID: 24703579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical study of the microalgae Chlamydomonas debaryana and Nannochloropsis gaditana has led to the isolation of oxylipins. The samples of C. debaryana have yielded the compounds (4Z,7Z,9E,11S,13Z)-11-hydroxyhexadeca-4,7,9,13-tetraenoic acid (1), (4Z,7E,9E,13Z)-11-hydroxyhexadeca-4,7,9,13-tetraenoic acid (2), (4Z,6E,10Z,13Z)-8-hydroxyhexadeca-4,6,10,13-tetraenoic acid (3), (4Z,8E,10Z,13Z)-7-hydroxyhexadeca-4,8,10,13-tetraenoic acid (4), and (5E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-4-hydroxyhexadeca-5,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid (5), which are derived from the fatty acid 16:4Δ(4,7,10,13) together with the compound (5Z,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-5,9,11,15-tetraenoic acid (7) derived from coniferonic acid (18:4Δ(5,9,12,15)). In addition, the known polyunsaturated hydroxy acids 11-HHT (6), (5Z,9Z,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-5,9,11-trienoic acid (8), (13S)-HOTE (9), (9E,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid (10), 9-HOTE (11), 12-HOTE (12), 16-HOTE (13) and (13S)-HODE (14) have also been obtained. The chemical study of N. gaditana has led to the isolation of the hydroxy acid (15S)-HEPE (15) derived from EPA (20:5Δ(5,8,11,14,17)). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic means. The optical activity displayed by oxylipins 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, and 15 suggests the occurrence of LOX-mediated pathways in C. debaryana and N. gaditana. In anti-inflammatory assays, all the tested compounds inhibited the TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. The most active oxylipin was the C-16 hydroxy acid 1, which at 25μM caused a 60% decrease of the TNF-α level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina de Los Reyes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Ávila-Román
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Ortega
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Adelina de la Jara
- Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias, Playa de Pozo Izquierdo, 35119 Santa Lucía-Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Virginia Motilva
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Zubía
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang S, Apel K, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling and acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to light stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130227. [PMID: 24591714 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental changes by acclimation that activates defence mechanisms and enhances the plant's resistance against a subsequent more severe stress. Chloroplasts play an important role as a sensor of environmental stress factors that interfere with the photosynthetic electron transport and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of these ROS, singlet oxygen ((1)O2), activates a signalling pathway within chloroplasts that depends on the two plastid-localized proteins EXECUTER 1 and 2. Moderate light stress induces acclimation protecting photosynthetic membranes against a subsequent more severe high light stress and at the same time activates (1)O2-mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling. Pre-treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with moderate light stress confers cross-protection against a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain. While non-pre-acclimated seedlings are highly susceptible to the pathogen regardless of whether (1)O2- and EXECUTER-dependent signalling is active or not, pre-stressed acclimated seedlings without this signalling pathway lose part of their pathogen resistance. These results implicate (1)O2- and EXECUTER-dependent signalling in inducing acclimation but suggest also a contribution by other yet unknown signalling pathways during this response of plants to light stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, , Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hoffman P, Rauová D, Bezáková L, Obložinský M, Mikuš P. HPLC method for determination of lipoxygenase positional specific products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Montillet JL, Leonhardt N, Mondy S, Tranchimand S, Rumeau D, Boudsocq M, Garcia AV, Douki T, Bigeard J, Laurière C, Chevalier A, Castresana C, Hirt H. An abscisic acid-independent oxylipin pathway controls stomatal closure and immune defense in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001513. [PMID: 23526882 PMCID: PMC3602010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis the stomatal defense response, a feature of the innate immunity in plants, involves oxylipin-mediated mechanisms that are independent of the phytohormone abscisic acid. Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion and abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to regulate this process. Using genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that (i) the Arabidopsis thaliana nine-specific-lipoxygenase encoding gene, LOX1, which is expressed in guard cells, is required to trigger stomatal closure in response to both bacteria and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin peptide flg22; (ii) LOX1 participates in stomatal defense; (iii) polyunsaturated fatty acids, the LOX substrates, trigger stomatal closure; (iv) the LOX products, fatty acid hydroperoxides, or reactive electrophile oxylipins induce stomatal closure; and (v) the flg22-mediated stomatal closure is conveyed by both LOX1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 and involves salicylic acid whereas the ABA-induced process depends on the protein kinases OST1, MPK9, or MPK12. Finally, we show that the oxylipin and the ABA pathways converge at the level of the anion channel SLAC1 to regulate stomatal closure. Collectively, our results demonstrate that early biotic signaling in guard cells is an ABA-independent process revealing a novel function of LOX1-dependent stomatal pathway in plant immunity. Stomata are microscopic pores that are present in the epidermis of the aerial parts of higher plants, such as the leaves. These pores, which are flanked by a pair of cells called guard cells, regulate transpiration and the exchange of gas between leaves and the atmosphere. It is well documented that the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a key regulator that controls the osmotic pressure in guard cells, allowing pore size to be adjusted in response to environmental conditions. Recently, stomata have also been shown to play an important role in the innate immune response. Indeed, upon contact with microbes, plants actively close stomata to prevent the entry of microbes and the consequent colonization of host tissue. This response is known as the stomatal defense response. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this defense response are not well understood. Using a variety of approaches, we show in this study that LOX1, a gene that encodes lipoxygenase (LOX) in guard cells, plays a major role in stomatal defense in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutations in LOX1 impair stomatal closure and make plants more susceptible to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. We also show that several LOX-derived metabolites, the oxylipins, are potent inducers of stomatal closure. Finally, we provide evidence to show that ABA plays only a minor role in stomatal defense response, specifically by modulating this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Montillet
- CEA Cadarache, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementale, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heidarvand L, Maali-Amiri R. Physio-biochemical and proteome analysis of chickpea in early phases of cold stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:459-469. [PMID: 23395538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intensive and short-term strategies can aid in more rapid screening with informative and reliable results for long-term investigations under cold stress (CS). The integration of cellular analysis of chickpea during 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12h CS supplied us with novel possible responsive components and the possible interactions embedded inside, still remaining a Maze. Seedlings showed a biphasic pattern of responses over time. The transitory phase happened after 8h, when cells are presumably experiencing a new stage of responses and setting the stage for long-term adjustments. Physio-biochemical analysis confirmed the direct effect of fatty acids composition, lipoxygenase activity and antioxidant systems in cell responses under CS. Also, proteome results using MALDI-TOF-TOF and/or LC-MS/MS were able to differentiate changes in early phases of CS. Two-dimensional gel analysis results showed the possible targets of CS as mitochondria, chloroplast, organelle-nucleus communications, storage resources, stress and defense, protein degradation and signal transduction that confirmed the cell intended to re-establish a new homeostasis, in energy and primary metabolites to adapt to long-term CS. Here we propose a time course dynamic assessing multi-dimensional approaches for CS studies as one of the first studies in short-term treatment to progressively fill in the gaps between physio-biochemical and molecular events and touch the cell architecture for a better comprehension of the nature of plant stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Heidarvand
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Demmig-Adams B, Cohu CM, Amiard V, Zadelhoff G, Veldink GA, Muller O, Adams WW. Emerging trade-offs - impact of photoprotectants (PsbS, xanthophylls, and vitamin E) on oxylipins as regulators of development and defense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:720-9. [PMID: 23418633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence for a mechanistic link between plant photoprotection and the synthesis of oxylipin hormones as regulators of development and defense. Knockout mutants of Arabidopsis, deficient in various key components of the chloroplast photoprotection system, consistently produced greater concentrations of the hormone jasmonic acid or its precursor 12- oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), both members of the oxylipin messenger family. Characterized plants include several mutants deficient in PsbS (an intrinsic chlorophyll-binding protein of photosystem II) or pigments (zeaxanthin and/or lutein) required for photoprotective thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy in the chloroplast and a mutant deficient in reactive oxygen detoxification via the antioxidant vitamin E (tocopherol). Evidence is also presented that certain plant defenses against herbivores or pathogens are elevated for these mutants. This evidence furthermore indicates that wild-type Arabidopsis plants possess less than maximal defenses against herbivores or pathogens, and suggest that plant lines with superior defenses against abiotic stress may have lower biotic defenses. The implications of this apparent trade-off between abiotic and biotic plant defenses for plant ecology as well as for plant breeding/engineering are explored, and the need for research further addressing this important issue is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghanem ME, Ghars MA, Frettinger P, Pérez-Alfocea F, Lutts S, Wathelet JP, du Jardin P, Fauconnier ML. Organ-dependent oxylipin signature in leaves and roots of salinized tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1090-101. [PMID: 22664263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins have been extensively studied in plant defense mechanisms or as signal molecules. Depending on the stress origin (e.g. wounding, insect, pathogen), and also on the plant species or organ, a specific oxylipin signature can be generated. Salt stress is frequently associated with secondary stress such as oxidative damage. Little is known about the damage caused to lipids under salt stress conditions, especially with respect to oxylipins. In order to determine if an organ-specific oxylipin signature could be observed during salt stress, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Money Maker) plants were submitted to salt stress (100 mM of NaCl) for a 30-d period. A complete oxylipin profiling and LOX related-gene expression measurement were achieved in leaves and roots. As expected, salt stress provoked premature senescence in leaves, as revealed by a decrease in photosystem II efficiency (F(v)/F(m) ratio) and sodium accumulation in leaves. In roots, a significant decrease in several oxylipins (9- and 13-hydro(pero)xy linole(n)ic acids, keto and divinyl ether derivatives) was initiated at day 5 and intensified at day 21 after salt treatment, whereas jasmonic acid content increased. In leaves, the main changes in oxylipins were observed later (at day 30), with an increase in some 9- and 13-hydro(pero)xy linole(n)ic acids and a decrease in some keto-derivatives and in jasmonic acid. Oxylipin enantiomeric characterization revealed that almost all compounds were formed enzymatically, and therefore a massive auto-oxidation of lipids that can be encountered in abscission processes can be excluded here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Edmond Ghanem
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale-GRPV, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy-ELI-A, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5 Bte 13 Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Liengprayoon S, Sriroth K, Dubreucq E, Vaysse L. Glycolipid composition of Hevea brasiliensis latex. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1902-1913. [PMID: 21605880 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids of fresh latex from three clones of Hevea brasiliensis were characterized and quantified by HPLC/ESI-MS. Their fatty acyl and sterol components were further confirmed by GC/MS after saponification. The four detected glycolipid classes were steryl glucosides (SG), esterified steryl glucosides (ESG), monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerols (DGDG). Sterols in SG, ESG and total latex unsaponifiable were stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and Δ⁵-avenasterol. The latter was found instead of fucosterol formerly described. Galactolipids were mainly DGDG and had a fatty acid composition different from that of plant leaves as they contained less than 5% C18:3. Glycolipids, which represented 27-37% of total lipids, displayed important clonal variations in the proportions of the different fatty acids. ESG, MGDG and DGDG from clone PB235 differed notably by their higher content in furan fatty acid, which accounted for more than 40% of total fatty acids. Clonal variation was also observed in the relative proportions of glycolipid classes except MGDG (8%), with 43-51% DGDG, 30-34% SG and 7-19% ESG. When compared with other plant cell content, the unusual glycolipid composition of H. brasiliensis latex may be linked to the peculiar nature of this specialized cytoplasm expelled from laticiferous system, especially in terms of functional and structural properties.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kilaru A, Herrfurth C, Keereetaweep J, Hornung E, Venables BJ, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15205-14. [PMID: 21372125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive fatty acid derivatives that occur in all eukaryotes. In plants, NAEs have potent negative growth-regulating properties, and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-mediated hydrolysis is a primary catabolic pathway that operates during seedling establishment to deplete these compounds. Alternatively, polyunsaturated (PU)-NAEs may serve as substrates for lipid oxidation. In Arabidopsis, PU-NAEs (NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3) were the most abundant NAE species in seeds, and their levels were depleted during seedling growth even in FAAH tDNA knock-out plants. Therefore, we hypothesized that lipoxygenase (LOX) participated in the metabolism of PU-NAEs through the formation of NAE-oxylipins. Comprehensive chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods were developed to identify NAE hydroperoxides and -hydroxides. Recombinant Arabidopsis LOX enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli utilized NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 as substrates with AtLOX1 and AtLOX5 exhibiting 9-LOX activity and AtLOX2, AtLOX3, AtLOX4, and AtLOX6 showing predominantly 13-LOX activity. Feeding experiments with exogenous PU-NAEs showed they were converted to hydroxide metabolites indicating that indeed Arabidopsis seedlings had the capacity for LOX-mediated metabolism of PU-NAEs in planta. Detectable levels of endogenous NAE-oxylipin metabolites were identified in FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase seedlings but not in wild-type or FAAH overexpressors, suggesting that NAE hydroxide pools normally do not accumulate unless flux through hydrolysis is substantially reduced. These data suggest that Arabidopsis LOXs indeed compete with FAAH to metabolize PU-NAEs during seedling establishment. Identification of endogenous amide-conjugated oxylipins suggests potential significance of these metabolites in vivo, and FAAH mutants may offer opportunities to address this in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ma W, Smigel A, Walker RK, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Berkowitz GA. Leaf senescence signaling: the Ca2+-conducting Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide gated channel2 acts through nitric oxide to repress senescence programming. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:733-43. [PMID: 20699402 PMCID: PMC2949008 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) and nitric oxide (NO) are essential components involved in plant senescence signaling cascades. In other signaling pathways, NO generation can be dependent on cytosolic Ca(2+). The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant dnd1 lacks a plasma membrane-localized cation channel (CNGC2). We recently demonstrated that this channel affects plant response to pathogens through a signaling cascade involving Ca(2+) modulation of NO generation; the pathogen response phenotype of dnd1 can be complemented by application of a NO donor. At present, the interrelationship between Ca(2+) and NO generation in plant cells during leaf senescence remains unclear. Here, we use dnd1 plants to present genetic evidence consistent with the hypothesis that Ca(2+) uptake and NO production play pivotal roles in plant leaf senescence. Leaf Ca(2+) accumulation is reduced in dnd1 leaves compared to the wild type. Early senescence-associated phenotypes (such as loss of chlorophyll, expression level of senescence-associated genes, H(2)O(2) generation, lipid peroxidation, tissue necrosis, and increased salicylic acid levels) were more prominent in dnd1 leaves compared to the wild type. Application of a Ca(2+) channel blocker hastened senescence of detached wild-type leaves maintained in the dark, increasing the rate of chlorophyll loss, expression of a senescence-associated gene, and lipid peroxidation. Pharmacological manipulation of Ca(2+) signaling provides evidence consistent with genetic studies of the relationship between Ca(2+) signaling and senescence with the dnd1 mutant. Basal levels of NO in dnd1 leaf tissue were lower than that in leaves of wild-type plants. Application of a NO donor effectively rescues many dnd1 senescence-related phenotypes. Our work demonstrates that the CNGC2 channel is involved in Ca(2+) uptake during plant development beyond its role in pathogen defense response signaling. Work presented here suggests that this function of CNGC2 may impact downstream basal NO production in addition to its role (also linked to NO signaling) in pathogen defense responses and that this NO generation acts as a negative regulator during plant leaf senescence signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerald A. Berkowitz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269–4163 (W. Ma, A.S., R.K.W., G.A.B.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology and Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 (W. Moeder, K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang MP, Zhang CJ, Yu GH, Jiang YZ, Strasser RJ, Yuan ZY, Yang XS, Chen GX. Changes in chloroplast ultrastructure, fatty acid components of thylakoid membrane and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in flag leaves of a super-high-yield hybrid rice and its parents during the reproductive stage. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:277-85. [PMID: 20004497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, it is well established that chloroplast is one of the early targgeted organelles to breakdown during leaves senescing. Here we applied a newly developed super-high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) LiangYouPeiJiu (LYPJ) and its parents lines to investigate changes in ultrastructure of chloroplasts, fatty acid composition of thylakoid membrane lipids and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence transient in natural senescing leaves. We found that at full expansion of flag leaves in three lines, chloroplasts often showed oblong shapes with a typical membrane system of stroma and grana thylakoids, whereas their shapes had been changed from oblong to spherical during senescence. Our data showed that the initiation of senescence displayed accumulation of starch and an increase in the number and size of plastoglobuli with the damaged thylakoid membranes; subsequently, swollen thylakoid membranes in stroma and in grana with a significant increase in MDA content, and disorganization of thylakoid membrane system with significant changes in fatty acid composition of thylakoid membrane lipids were developed. Compared with its parents, the newly developed hybrid rice LYPJ had the highest capacity of carbohydrate transport from leaves (sources) to ears (sink), marked with the lowest accumulation of starch grains in the leaf chloroplasts, and the slowest senescing rate of chloroplast in overall leaf senescence process. Chl a fluorescence transients of three kinds of flag leaves were analyzed by so-called JIP-test. The results of analysis suggest that these findings inculding a high inherited activity of antioxidant enzymes and high photosynthetate transport to pretect chloroplast structure in the hybrid rice LYPJ have close relations to its super-high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Zhang
- Key Lab of Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dietz KJ. Redox-dependent regulation, redox control and oxidative damage in plant cells subjected to abiotic stress. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 639:57-70. [PMID: 20387040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress development intricately involves uncontrolled redox reactions and oxidative damage to functional macromolecules. Three phases characterize progressing abiotic stress and the stress strength; in the first phase redox-dependent deregulation in metabolism, in the second phase detectable development of oxidative damage and in the third phase cell death. Each phase is characterized by traceable biochemical features and specific molecular responses that reflect on the one hand cell damage but on the other hand indicate specific regulation and redox signalling aiming at compensation of stress impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barley grain development toward an integrative view. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 281:49-89. [PMID: 20460183 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)81002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are complex structures composed of several maternal and filial tissues which undergo rapid changes during development. In this review, the barley grain is taken as a cereal seed model. Following a brief description of the developing grain, recent progress in grain development modeling is described. 3-D/4-D models based on histological sections or nondestructive NMR measurements can be used to integrate a variety of datasets. Extensive transcriptome data are taken as a frame to augment our understanding of various molecular-physiological processes. Discussed are maternal influences on grain development and the role of different tissues (pericarp, nucellus, nucellar projection, endosperm, endosperm transfer cells). Programmed cell death (PCD) is taken to pinpoint tissue specificities and the importance of remobilization processes for grain development. Transcriptome data have also been used to derive transcriptional networks underlying differentiation and maturation in endosperm and embryo. They suggest that the "maturation hormone" ABA is important also in early grain development. Massive storage product synthesis during maturation is dependent on sufficient energy, which can only be provided by specific metabolic adaptations due to severe oxygen deficiencies within the seed. To integrate the great variety of data from different research areas in complex, predictive computational modeling as part of a systems biology approach is an important challenge of the future. First attempts of modeling barley grain metabolism are summarized.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mosblech A, Feussner I, Heilmann I. Oxylipins: structurally diverse metabolites from fatty acid oxidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:511-7. [PMID: 19167233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are lipophilic signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Initial fatty acid oxidation occurs mainly by the enzymatic or chemical formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides. An array of alternative reactions further converting fatty acid hydroperoxides gives rise to a multitude of oxylipin classes, many with reported signaling functions in plants. Oxylipins include the phytohormone, jasmonic acid, and a number of other molecules including hydroxy-, oxo- or keto-fatty acids or volatile aldehydes that may perform various biological roles as second messengers, messengers in inter-organismic signaling, or even as bactericidal agents. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by esterification of the compounds in plastidial glycolipids, for instance the Arabidopsides, or by conjugation of oxylipins to amino acids or other metabolites. The enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and comprise a multitude of examples with interesting and unusual catalytic properties. In addition, the interplay of different subcellular compartments during oxylipin biosynthesis suggests complex mechanisms of regulation that are not well understood. This review aims at giving an overview of plant oxylipins and the multitude of enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mosblech
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tamás L, Dudíková J, Durceková K, Halusková L, Huttová J, Mistrík I. Effect of cadmium and temperature on the lipoxygenase activity in barley root tip. PROTOPLASMA 2009; 235:17-25. [PMID: 19067105 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of different cell fractions isolated from barley roots revealed that lipoxygenase (LOX) activity occurred both extra- and intracellulary. Cadmium (Cd)-induced LOX activity was observed in the fraction containing cell walls, plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. High temperature-induced root growth inhibition and elevated LOX activity did not induce lipid peroxidation. In contrast, Cd inhibited root growth and caused both enhanced lipid peroxidation and elevated LOX activity at each of the temperatures analyzed. Spatial distribution studies revealed that the patterns of apoplastic LOX activity were different from those of cytoplasmic activity. Cd-induced intracellular LOX activity increased equally along the barley root tip, while Cd-induced apoplastic LOX activity was associated mainly with the differentiation zone of the barley root tip. Our results suggest the involvement of Cd-induced LOX activity in the premature differentiation of the barley root tip during Cd stress. We hypothesize that the role of LOX in plant metabolic processes in the root may depend on the level of reactive oxygen species in the roots: at physiological concentrations of ROS, LOX may be involved in the processes of root growth, while at the elevated harmful concentrations of ROS induced by different stress conditions, it may be involved in root growth inhibition through ectopic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Tamás
- Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, 84523, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abbasi AR, Saur A, Hennig P, Tschiersch H, Hajirezaei M, Hofius D, Sonnewald U, Voll LM. Tocopherol deficiency in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants leads to accelerated senescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:144-57. [PMID: 19021891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Tocopherol constitutes the major lipophilic antioxidant in thylakoid membranes, which cooperates with the soluble antioxidant system to alleviate oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxygenic photosynthesis. Tocopherol accumulates during leaf senescence, indicating the necessity for increased redox buffer capacity in senescent leaves, and tocopherol deficiency has been shown to restrict sugar export from source leaves by inducing callose plugging in the vasculature. We have generated tocopherol-deficient tobacco plants that contain as few as 1% of wild-type (WT) tocopherol in leaves by silencing homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Employing HPT : RNAi plants, we have assessed the importance of tocopherol during leaf senescence and for sugar export. Irrespective of whorl position, the content of free sugars and starch was lower in HPT : RNAi leaves than in WT during the vegetative phase, and no accumulation of callose or a reduction in sugar exudation compared to WT was evident. Based on our observations, we discuss lipid peroxidation as a potential modulator of tocopherol-mediated signalling. Furthermore, senescence was accelerated in lower leaves of HPT transgenics, as indicated by elevated GS1 and reduced rbcS transcript amounts. Oxidative stress was increased in virescent lower source leaves, suggesting that the lack of tocopherol triggers premature senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Abbasi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gosset V, Göbel C, Laine G, Delaplace P, du Jardin P, Feussner I, Fauconnier ML. The role of oxylipins and antioxidants on off-flavor precursor formation during potato flake processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11285-11292. [PMID: 18989974 DOI: 10.1021/jf802167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The impact of processing on nonenzymatic antioxidant degradation and lipid oxidation leading to off-flavor development in potato flakes during storage was investigated. Lipoxygenase activity measurements in parallel with the analysis of lipid oxidation products (oxylipins) profiles using HPLC showed that the processing conditions used inhibited efficiently enzymatic lipid oxidation. However, nonenzymatic lipid oxidation products were found throughout processing and in fresh potato flakes. Furthermore, these autoxidative processes cannot be inactivated by the main endogenous nonenzymatic antioxidants in potato tubers (ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and carotenoids), as these antioxidants are degraded during processing. Indeed, leaching and thermal treatments taking place during processing lead to a decrease of about 95%, 82% and 27% in the content of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and carotenoids, respectively. Therefore, storage is a critical step to prevent off-flavor development in potato flakes. Specific attention has thus to be paid on the use of efficient exogenous antioxidants as well as on storage conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Delaplace P, Rojas-Beltran J, Frettinger P, du Jardin P, Fauconnier ML. Oxylipin profile and antioxidant status of potato tubers during extended storage at room temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:1077-1084. [PMID: 18930658 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Potato tubers (cv. Bintje) (Solanum tuberosum L.) were stored under extreme conditions at 20 degrees C for 350 days without sprout inhibitors in order to assess whether aging- and/or senescence-related processes occurred. Under these extreme storage conditions, multiple sprouting followed by the formation of daughter tubers occurs. At the same time, an increase in respiration intensity, as evidenced by cytochrome c oxidase activity (E.C. 1.9.3.1), is observed, leading to a potential increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. As polyunsaturated fatty acids are priority targets of oxidative attacks, the damage to lipids was assessed by oxylipin profiling in both free and esterified forms. Oxylipin profiling showed a predominance of linoleic acid-derived oxylipins and of 9-hydroxy and 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids in both free and esterified forms. No significant accumulation of individual oxylipin was observed 350 days after harvest. To further understand the absence of lipid breakdown products accumulation, the main enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were assessed. Antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (E.C. 1.15.1.1), catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6.), ascorbate peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.11)] were enhanced during the advanced phase of aging. The main non-enzymatic antioxidant compound, ascorbate, decreased markedly in the early stages of storage, followed by a slower decline. Total radical scavenging activity was also maintained at the end of the storage period. Our results indicate that the enhanced aging process occurring during storage at room temperature does not seem to be associated with the changes classically encountered during leaf senescence or seed aging and that the observed degenerative processes do not surpass the protective potential of the tubers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Delaplace
- Plant Biology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bannenberg G, Martínez M, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Diversity of the enzymatic activity in the lipoxygenase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana. Lipids 2008; 44:85-95. [PMID: 18949503 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the first step in the biosynthesis of a large group of biologically active fatty acid metabolites collectively named oxylipins. In the present study we report the characterization of the enzymatic activity of the six lipoxygenases found in the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recombinant expressed AtLOX-1 and AtLOX-5 had comparable oxygenase activity with either linoleic acid or linolenic acid. AtLOX-2, AtLOX-3, AtLOX-4 and AtLOX-6 displayed a selective oxygenation of linolenic acid. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that AtLOX-1 and AtLOX-5 are 9S-lipoxygenases, and AtLOX-2, AtLOX-3, AtLOX-4 and AtLOX-6 are 13S-lipoxygenases. None of the enzymes had dual positional specificity. The determined activities correlated with that predicted by their phylogenetic relationship to other biochemically-characterized plant lipoxygenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bannenberg
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Przybyla D, Göbel C, Imboden A, Hamberg M, Feussner I, Apel K. Enzymatic, but not non-enzymatic, 1O2-mediated peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids forms part of the EXECUTER1-dependent stress response program in the flu mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:236-48. [PMID: 18182022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The conditional flu mutant of Arabidopsis accumulates excess amounts of protochlorophyllide within plastid membranes in the dark and generates singlet oxygen upon light exposure. By varying the length of the dark period, the level of the photosensitizer protochlorophyllide may be modulated, and conditions have been established that either endorse the cytotoxicity of (1)O(2) or reveal its signaling role. Two criteria have been used to distinguish between these two modes of activity of (1)O(2): the impact of the EXECUTER1 mutation and the prevalence of either non-enzymatic or enzymatic lipid peroxidation. During illumination of etiolated flu seedlings, toxic effects of (1)O(2) prevail and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation proceeds rapidly. In contrast, in light-grown flu plants that were subjected to an 8 h dark/light shift, lipid peroxidation occurred almost exclusively enzymatically. The resulting oxidation product, 13-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT), serves as a substrate for synthesis of 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid (JA), both of which are known to control various metabolic and developmental processes in plants. Inactivation of the EXECUTER1 protein abrogates not only (1)O(2)-mediated cell death and growth inhibition of flu plants, but also enzymatic lipid peroxidation. However, inactivation of jasmonate biosynthesis in the aos/flu double mutant does not affect (1)O(2)-mediated growth inhibition and cell death. Hence, JA and OPDA do not act as second messengers during (1)O(2) signaling, but form an integral part of a stress-related signaling cascade activated by (1)O(2) that encompasses several signaling pathways known to be activated by abiotic and biotic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Przybyla
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Plant Sciences, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bañuelos GR, Argumedo R, Patel K, Ng V, Zhou F, Vellanoweth RL. The developmental transition to flowering in Arabidopsis is associated with an increase in leaf chloroplastic lipoxygenase activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 174:366-373. [PMID: 19568326 PMCID: PMC2703494 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The developmental transition from vegetative growth to flowering in Arabidopsis is associated with a precipitous decline in the activity of leaf ascorbate peroxidase (APx), an enzymatic scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, and an increase in specific lipid peroxidation leading to the accumulation of 13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15 (Z,E,Z) octadecatrienoic acid (13 HOO-FA). The appearance of this specific isomer suggests that it is of enzymatic origin and may represent the activation of an oxylipin signaling pathway. We thus hypothesized that leaf 13-lipoxygenase (LOX) activity increases at the floral transition and leads to the observed elevation of 13-HOO-FA levels. Leaf protein extracts were prepared from seven distinct life stages of Arabidopsis plants and used to assay for LOX activity. We report that leaf 13-LOX enzymatic activity increases two- to three-fold from the vegetative stage to the immediate post-floral transition stage. We found two forms of LOX activity in cell extracts and show that the higher pH optimum form is the isoenzyme activated. This increase is correlated with a small increase in H(2)O(2), perhaps resulting from the previously reported decline in leaf APx activity. Very low levels of exogenous H(2)O(2) activate the induced form in vegetative leaf extracts in vitro, suggesting that the floral transition-dependent APx decline and subsequent H(2)O(2) elevation are involved in activating plastid 13-LOX and thus a second messenger oxylipin pathway.
Collapse
|
40
|
Künstler A, Király L, Pogány M, Tóbiás I, Gullner G. Lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase activity in tobacco leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/aphyt.42.2007.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Grun C, Berger S, Matthes D, Mueller MJ. Early accumulation of non-enzymatically synthesised oxylipins in Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Pseudomonas syringae. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:65-71. [PMID: 32689332 DOI: 10.1071/fp06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of non-enzymatic oxylipins is catalysed by reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are produced in response to pathogen attack. In this study, the accumulation of non-enzymatically formed hydroxy fatty acids and F1-phytoprostanes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae was investigated and compared with the accumulation of the enzymatically formed oxylipins jasmonic acid and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Levels of all oxylipins increased after infection with a virulent and with an avirulent strain of P. syringae. Inoculation of the avirulent strain resulted in a biphasic accumulation with a first maximum around 5 h which was missing after inoculation of the virulent strain. Levels of free and esterified hydroxy fatty acids and F1-phytoprostanes increased after pathogen treatment; however, esterified compounds were 30 times more abundant than free oxylipins. The increase of the free compounds occurred later than the increase of the esterified compounds suggesting that non-enzymatic lipid oxidation occurs predominantly in membranes from which oxidised lipids can be released.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grun
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Matthes
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sattler SE, Mène-Saffrané L, Farmer EE, Krischke M, Mueller MJ, DellaPenna D. Nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation reprograms gene expression and activates defense markers in Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutants. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3706-20. [PMID: 17194769 PMCID: PMC1785394 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.044065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols (vitamin E) are lipophilic antioxidants that are synthesized by all plants and are particularly abundant in seeds. Two tocopherol-deficient mutant loci in Arabidopsis thaliana were used to examine the functions of tocopherols in seedlings: vitamin e1 (vte1), which accumulates the pathway intermediate 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMPBQ); and vte2, which lacks all tocopherols and pathway intermediates. Only vte2 displayed severe seedling growth defects, which corresponded with massively increased levels of the major classes of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation products: hydroxy fatty acids, malondialdehyde, and phytoprostanes. In the absence of pathogens, the phytoalexin camalexin accumulated in vte2 seedlings to levels 100-fold higher than in wild-type or vte1 seedlings. Similarly, gene expression profiling in wild-type, vte1, and vte2 seedlings indicated that increased levels of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation in vte2 corresponded to increased expression of many defense-related genes, which were not induced in vte1. Both biochemical and transcriptional analyses of vte2 seedlings indicate that nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation plays a significant role in modulating plant defense responses. Together, these results establish that tocopherols in wild-type plants or DMPBQ in vte1 plants limit nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation during germination and early seedling development, thereby preventing the inappropriate activation of transcriptional and biochemical defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Sattler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ochsenbein C, Przybyla D, Danon A, Landgraf F, Göbel C, Imboden A, Feussner I, Apel K. The role of EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility) during singlet oxygen-mediated stress responses of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 47:445-56. [PMID: 16790029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon a dark/light shift the conditional flu mutant of Arabidopsis starts to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) that is restricted to the plastid compartment. Distinct sets of genes are activated that are different from those induced by hydrogen peroxide/superoxide. One of the genes that is rapidly upregulated is EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility). The EDS1 protein has been shown to be required for the resistance to biotrophic pathogens and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) that enhances the defenses of a plant by inducing the synthesis of pathogen-related (PR) proteins. Because of the similarity of its N-terminal portion to the catalytic site of lipases, EDS1 has also been implicated with the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the subsequent formation of various oxylipins. The release of singlet oxygen in the flu mutant triggers a drastic increase in the concentration of free SA and activates the expression of PR1 and PR5 genes. These changes depend on the activity of EDS1 and are suppressed in flu/eds1 double mutants. Soon after the beginning of singlet oxygen production, the synthesis of oxylipins such as jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) also start and plants stop growing and induce a cell-death response. The inactivation of EDS1 does not affect oxylipin synthesis, growth inhibition and the initiation of cell death, but it does allow plants to recover much faster from singlet oxygen-mediated growth inhibition and it also suppresses the spread of necrotic lesions in leaves. Hence, singlet oxygen activates a complex stress-response program with EDS1 playing a key role in initiating and modulating several steps of it. This program includes not only responses to oxidative stress, but also responses known to be activated during plant-pathogen interactions and wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ochsenbein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mueller MJ, Mène-Saffrané L, Grun C, Karg K, Farmer EE. Oxylipin analysis methods. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:472-89. [PMID: 16441344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Practical guidelines for monitoring and measuring compounds such as jasmonates, ketols, ketodi(tri)enes and hydroxy-fatty acids as well as detecting the presence of novel oxylipins are presented. Additionally, a protocol for the penetrant analysis of non-enzymatic lipid oxidation is described. Each of the methods, which employ gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, can be applied without specialist knowledge or recourse to the latest analytical instrumentation. Additional information on oxylipin quantification and novel protocols for preparing oxygen isotope-labelled internal standards are provided. Four developing areas of research are identified: (i) profiling of the unbound cellular pools of oxylipins; (ii) profiling of esterified oxylipins and/or monitoring of their release from parent lipids; (iii) monitoring of non-enzymatic lipid oxidation; (iv) analysis of unstable and reactive oxylipins. The methods and protocols presented herein are designed to give technical insights into the first three areas and to provide a platform from which to enter the fourth area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wingler A, Brownhill E, Pourtau N. Mechanisms of the light-dependent induction of cell death in tobacco plants with delayed senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2897-905. [PMID: 16157651 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between leaf senescence and cell death was investigated using tobacco with delayed senescence due to auto-regulated production of cytokinin (SAG12-IPT). Although leaf senescence ultimately results in cell death, the results show that senescence and cell death can be uncoupled: in nutrient-deficient, but not in fertilized SAG12-IPT plants, necrotic lesions were detected in old, but otherwise green leaves. By contrast, wild-type leaves of the same age were yellow, but not necrotic. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed an over-reduction of the electron transport chain in old SAG12-IPT leaves, in combination with characteristic spatial patterns of minimum fluorescence (F0) quantum efficiency of open photosystem II centres (F(v)/F(m)) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), as determined by fluorescence imaging. The same patterns of F0, F(v)/F(m), and NPQ were induced by incubation of leaf discs from nutrient-deficient SAG12-IPT plants under illumination, but not in the dark, indicating that light-dependent reactions were responsible for the cell death. RT-PCR analysis showed that the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1b and PR-Q were strongly induced in old SAG12-IPT tobacco leaves with necrotic lesions. In addition, the ethylene-synthesis gene ACO was induced before lesions became visible in SAG12-IPT. It is proposed that over-reduction of the electron transport chain in combination with decreased electron consumption due to nutrient-deficiency led to oxidative stress, which, mediated by ethylene formation, can induce PR gene expression and hypersensitive cell death. Probably as a consequence of inefficient nutrient mobilization, flower development was prematurely aborted and reproduction thereby impaired in nutrient-deficient SAG12-IPT plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wingler
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Loeffler C, Berger S, Guy A, Durand T, Bringmann G, Dreyer M, von Rad U, Durner J, Mueller MJ. B1-phytoprostanes trigger plant defense and detoxification responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:328-40. [PMID: 15618427 PMCID: PMC548863 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.051714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2004] [Revised: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytoprostanes are prostaglandin/jasmonate-like products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation that not only occur ubiquitously in healthy plants but also increase in response to oxidative stress. In this work, we show that the two naturally occurring B(1)-phytoprostanes (PPB(1)) regioisomers I and II (each comprising two enantiomers) are short-lived stress metabolites that display a broad spectrum of biological activities. Gene expression analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell cultures treated with PPB(1)-I or -II revealed that both regioisomers triggered a massive detoxification and defense response. Interestingly, expression of several glutathione S-transferases, glycosyl transferases, and putative ATP-binding cassette transporters was found to be increased by one or both PPB(1) regioisomers, and hence, may enhance the plant's capacity to inactivate and sequester reactive products of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, pretreatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension cells with PPB(1) considerably prevented cell death caused by severe CuSO(4) poisoning. Several Arabidopsis genes induced by PPB(1), such as those coding for adenylylsulfate reductase, tryptophan synthase beta-chain, and PAD3 pointed to an activation of the camalexin biosynthesis pathway that indeed led to the accumulation of camalexin in PPB(1) treated leaves of Arabidopsis. Stimulation of secondary metabolism appears to be a common plant reaction in response to PPB(1). In three different plant species, PPB(1)-II induced a concentration dependent accumulation of phytoalexins that was comparable to that induced by methyl jasmonate. PPB(1)-I was much weaker active or almost inactive. No differences were found between the enantiomers of each regioisomer. Thus, results suggest that PPB(1) represent stress signals that improve plants capacity to cope better with a variety of stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Loeffler
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:490-498. [PMID: 15465684 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3112-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Mittler
- Department of Biochemistry, Mail Stop 200, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The paradox of aerobic life, or the 'Oxygen Paradox', is that animals and plants cannot exist without oxygen, yet oxygen is inherently dangerous to their existence. The reductive environment of cells provides ample opportunities for oxygen to undergo unscheduled reduction events, yielding free radicals that catalyze lipid peroxidation. Oxidized lipids are constitutively present in higher organisms and, notably, their levels increase in response to a variety of stresses. Recent results suggest that products of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation pathways, such as the isoprostanes/phytoprostanes in animals and plants, might have an evolutionarily ancient function in host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut of Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wingler A, Marès M, Pourtau N. Spatial patterns and metabolic regulation of photosynthetic parameters during leaf senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:781-789. [PMID: 33873714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
• To prevent premature cell death and to allow efficient nutrient mobilization from senescing leaves, the photosynthetic apparatus has to be dismantled systematically. This requires temporal, spatial and metabolic regulation of photosynthetic function and photoprotection. • Conventional pulse-modulated fluorometry and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging were used to study age- and nutrient-dependent senescence patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana. • Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) rose during leaf maturation, indicating increased energy dissipation. During later stages of senescence, overall plant NPQ declined, but NPQ remained high in the base of rosette leaves. Other fluorescence parameters also showed spatial patterns, for example minimum fluorescence (F0 ) was temporarily increased in the tips of inner rosette leaves from where high F0 spread to the base, in a zone preceding cell death. Senescence-dependent changes in chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were accelerated by growth on glucose-containing medium in combination with low, but not with high, nitrogen supply. • Our experiments revealed distinct spatial patterns of photosynthetic and photoprotective processes in senescing leaves and induction of these processes by high sugar-to-nitrogen ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wingler
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magali Marès
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gobel C, Feussner I, Rosahl S. Lipid Peroxidation during the Hypersensitive Response in Potato in the Absence of 9-Lipoxygenases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52834-40. [PMID: 14551198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310833200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitive cell death is an important defense reaction of plants to pathogen infection and is accompanied by lipid peroxidation processes. These may occur non-enzymatically by the action of reactive oxygen species or may be catalyzed by enzymes such as alpha-dioxygenases, lipoxygenases, or peroxidases. Correlative data showing increases in 9-lipoxygenase products in hyper-sensitively reacting cells have so far suggested that a large part of lipid peroxidation is mediated by a specific set of 9-lipoxygenases. To address the significance of 9-lipoxygenases for this type of pathogen response in potato, RNA interference constructs of a specific pathogen-induced potato 9-lipoxygenase were transferred to potato plants. Significantly reduced 9-lipoxygenase transcript levels were observed in transgenic plants after pathogen treatment. In addition, 9-lipoxygenase activity was hardly detectable, and levels of 9-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins were reduced up to 12-fold after pathogen infection. In contrast to wild type plants, high levels of non-enzymatically as well as 13-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins were present in 9-lipoxygenase-deficient plants. From this we conclude that during the normal hypersensitive response in potato, lipid peroxidation may occur as a controlled and directed process that is facilitated by the action of a specific 9-lipoxygenase. If 9-lipoxygenase-mediated formation of hydroperoxides is repressed, autoxidative lipid peroxidation processes and 13-lipoxygenase-mediated oxylipins synthesis become prominent. The unaltered timing and extent of necrosis formation suggests that the origin of lipid hydroperoxides does not influence pathogen-induced cell death in potato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Gobel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|