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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Malla A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Harnessing the advances of genetic engineering in microalgae for the production of cannabinoids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:823-834. [PMID: 35762029 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is widely recognized as a medicinal plant owing to bioactive cannabinoids. However, it is still considered a narcotic plant, making it hard to be accessed. Since the biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids is disclosed, biotechnological methods can be employed to produce cannabinoids in heterologous systems. This would pave the way toward biosynthesizing any cannabinoid compound of interest, especially minor substances that are less produced by a plant but have a high medicinal value. In this context, microalgae have attracted increasing scientific interest given their unique potential for biopharmaceutical production. In the present review, the current knowledge on cannabinoid production in different hosts is summarized and the biotechnological potential of microalgae as an emerging platform for synthetic production is put in perspective. A critical survey of genetic requirements and various transformation approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Crucial carotenogenic genes elevate hyperaccumulation of both fucoxanthin and β-carotene in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Kato Y, Hasunuma T. Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoid Production Using Eukaryotic Microalgae and Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:121-135. [PMID: 33783735 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria are diverse photosynthetic organisms that produce various useful compounds. Due to their rapid growth and efficient biomass production from carbon dioxide and solar energy, microalgae and cyanobacteria are expected to become cost-effective, sustainable bioresources in the future. These organisms also abundantly produce various carotenoids, but further improvement in carotenoid productivity is needed for a successful commercialization. Metabolic engineering via genetic manipulation and mutational breeding is a powerful tool for generating carotenoid-rich strains. This chapter focuses on carotenoid production in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as strategies and potential target genes for metabolic engineering. Recent achievements in metabolic engineering that improved carotenoid production in microalgae and cyanobacteria are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe-city, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe-city, Hyogo, Japan.
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4
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Larrea-Alvarez M, Purton S. Multigenic engineering of the chloroplast genome in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:510-515. [PMID: 32250732 PMCID: PMC7376270 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast of microalgae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents an attractive chassis for light-driven production of novel recombinant proteins and metabolites. Methods for the introduction and expression of transgenes in the chloroplast genome (=plastome) of C. reinhardtii are well-established and over 100 different proteins have been successfully produced. However, in almost all reported cases the complexity of the genetic engineering is low, and typically involves introduction into the plastome of just a single transgene together with a selectable marker. In order to exploit fully the potential of the algal chassis it is necessary to establish methods for multigenic engineering in which many transgenes can be stably incorporated into the plastome. This would allow the synthesis of multi-subunit proteins and the introduction into the chloroplast of whole new metabolic pathways. In this short communication we report a proof-of-concept study involving both a combinatorial and serial approach, with the goal of synthesizing five different test proteins in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast. Analysis of the various transgenic lines confirmed the successful integration of the transgenes and accumulation of the gene products. However, the work also highlights an issue of genetic instability when using the same untranslated region for each of the transgenes. Our findings therefore help to define appropriate strategies for robust multigenic engineering of the algal chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Larrea-Alvarez
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences and Engineering. Yachay-Tech University Hacienda San José, Urcuquí-Imbabura, Ecuador
| | - Saul Purton
- Algal Research Group, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Papaefthimiou D, Diretto G, Demurtas OC, Mini P, Ferrante P, Giuliano G, Kanellis AK. Heterologous production of labdane-type diterpenes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 167:112082. [PMID: 31421542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Labdane diterpenes (LDs), and especially sclareol, are important feedstocks for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and therefore several lines of research have led to their heterologous production in non-photosynthetic microbes and higher plants. The potential of microalgae as bioreactors of natural products has been established for a variety of bioactive metabolites, including terpenes. In this work, a codon optimized sequence encoding a key plant labdane-type diterpene (LD) cyclase, copal-8-ol diphosphate synthase from Cistus creticus (CcCLS), was introduced into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Of 49 transplastomic algal lines, 12 produced variable amounts of four LD compounds, namely ent-manoyl oxide, sclareol, labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol and ent-13-epi-manoyl oxide. The total LD concentrations measured in the transplastomic lines reached 1.172 ± 0.05 μg/mg cell DW for the highest overall producer, while the highest yield for sclareol was 0.038 ± 0.001 μg/mg cell DW. Thus, transplastomic expression of a key plant labdane diterpene cyclase in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome enabled the production of important plant-specific LD compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Mini
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Ferrante
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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6
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Sun X, Liu H, Wang P, Wang L, Ni W, Yang Q, Wang H, Tang H, Zhao G, Zheng Z. Construction of a novel MK-4 biosynthetic pathway in Pichia pastoris through heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:169. [PMID: 31601211 PMCID: PMC6786277 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With a variety of physiological and pharmacological functions, menaquinone is an essential prenylated product that can be endogenously converted from phylloquinone (VK1) or menadione (VK3) via the expression of Homo sapiens UBIAD1 (HsUBIAD1). The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, is an attractive expression system that has been successfully applied to the efficient expression of heterologous proteins. However, the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway has not been discovered in P. pastoris. Results Firstly, we constructed a novel synthetic pathway in P. pastoris for the production of menaquinone-4 (MK-4) via heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1. Then, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase constitutive promoter (PGAP) appeared to be mostsuitable for the expression of HsUBIAD1 for various reasons. By optimizing the expression conditions of HsUBIAD1, its yield increased by 4.37 times after incubation at pH 7.0 and 24 °C for 36 h, when compared with that under the initial conditions. We found HsUBIAD1 expressed in recombinant GGU-23 has the ability to catalyze the biosynthesis of MK-4 when using VK1 and VK3 as the isopentenyl acceptor. In addition, we constructed a ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-mediated multi-copy expression vector for the fusion expression of SaGGPPS and PpIDI, and the recombinant GGU-GrIG afforded higher MK-4 production, so that it was selected as the high-yield strain. Finally, the yield of MK-4 was maximized at 0.24 mg/g DCW by improving the GGPP supply when VK3 was the isopentenyl acceptor. Conclusions In this study, we constructed a novel synthetic pathway in P. pastoris for the biosynthesis of the high value-added prenylated product MK-4 through heterologous expression of HsUBIAD1 and strengthened accumulation of GGPP. This approach could be further developed and accomplished for the biosynthesis of other prenylated products, which has great significance for theoretical research and industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfang Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Kwon YM, Kim KW, Choi TY, Kim SY, Kim JYH. Manipulation of the microalgal chloroplast by genetic engineering for biotechnological utilization as a green biofactory. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:183. [PMID: 30478596 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast is an essential organelle in microalgae for conducting photosynthesis, thus enabling the photoautotrophic growth of microalgae. In addition to photosynthesis, the chloroplast is capable of various biochemical processes for the synthesis of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and terpenoids. Due to these attractive characteristics, there has been increasing interest in the biotechnological utilization of microalgal chloroplast as a sustainable alternative to the conventional production platforms used in industrial biotechnology. Since the first demonstration of microalgal chloroplast transformation, significant development has occurred over recent decades in the manipulation of microalgal chloroplasts through genetic engineering. In the present review, we describe the advantages of the microalgal chloroplast as a production platform for various bioproducts, including recombinant proteins and high-value metabolites, features of chloroplast genetic systems, and the development of transformation methods, which represent important factors for gene expression in the chloroplast. Furthermore, we address the expression of various recombinant proteins in the microalgal chloroplast through genetic engineering, including reporters, biopharmaceutical proteins, and industrial enzymes. Finally, we present many efforts and achievements in the production of high-value metabolites in the microalgal chloroplast through metabolic engineering. Based on these efforts and advances, the microalgal chloroplast represents an economically viable and sustainable platform for biotechnological applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Kwon
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101-75, Seocheon, Chungcheongnamdo, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Kim
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101-75, Seocheon, Chungcheongnamdo, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101-75, Seocheon, Chungcheongnamdo, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101-75, Seocheon, Chungcheongnamdo, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaoon Young Hwan Kim
- Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Jangsan-ro 101-75, Seocheon, Chungcheongnamdo, 33662, Republic of Korea.
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Macedo-Osorio KS, Pérez-España VH, Garibay-Orijel C, Guzmán-Zapata D, Durán-Figueroa NV, Badillo-Corona JA. Intercistronic expression elements (IEE) from the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can be used for the expression of foreign genes in synthetic operons. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:303-317. [PMID: 30225747 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two intercistronic regions were identified as functional intercistronic expression elements (IEE) for the simultaneous expression of aphA-6 and gfp in a synthetic operon in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a biflagellate photosynthetic microalga, has been widely used in basic and applied science. Already three decades ago, Chlamydomonas had its chloroplast genome transformed and to this day constitutes the only alga routinely used in transplastomic technology. Despite the fact that over a 100 foreign genes have been expressed from the chloroplast genome, little has been done to address the challenge of expressing multiple genes in the form of operons, a development that is needed and crucial to push forward metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in this organism. Here, we studied five intercistronic regions and investigated if they can be used as intercistronic expression elements (IEE) in synthetic operons to drive the expression of foreign genes in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii. The intercistronic regions were those from the psbB-psbT, psbN-psbH, psaC-petL, petL-trnN and tscA-chlN chloroplast operons, and the foreign genes were the aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (aphA-6), which confers resistance to kanamycin, and the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp). While all the intercistronic regions yielded lines that were resistant to kanamycin, only two (obtained with intercistronic regions from psbN-psbH and tscA-chlN) were identified as functional IEEs, yielding lines in which the second cistron (gfp) was translated and generated GFP. The IEEs we have identified could be useful for the stacking of genes for metabolic engineering or synthetic biology circuits in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla S Macedo-Osorio
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto SN, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor H Pérez-España
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Escuela Superior de Apan, Carretera Apan Calpulalpan km 8, Col. Chimalpa-Tlalayote, Apan, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Claudio Garibay-Orijel
- Labcitec, Camino a Atzacoalco 99, Col. Constitución de la República, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Guzmán-Zapata
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto SN, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noé V Durán-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto SN, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús A Badillo-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto SN, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Specht EA, Karunanithi PS, Gimpel JA, Ansari WS, Mayfield SP. Host Organisms: Algae. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Specht
- University of California; California Center for Algae Biotechnology; Division of Biological Sciences; 9500 Gilman Drive San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Prema S. Karunanithi
- University of California; California Center for Algae Biotechnology; Division of Biological Sciences; 9500 Gilman Drive San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Javier A. Gimpel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile; 851 Beaucheff Santiago USA
| | - William S. Ansari
- University of California; California Center for Algae Biotechnology; Division of Biological Sciences; 9500 Gilman Drive San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Stephen P. Mayfield
- University of California; California Center for Algae Biotechnology; Division of Biological Sciences; 9500 Gilman Drive San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of isoprenoids synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms as well as by some non-photosynthetic bacteria and fungi with broad applications in food, feed and cosmetics, and also in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae represent an important source of high-value products, which include carotenoids, among others. Carotenoids play key roles in light harvesting and energy transfer during photosynthesis and in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against photooxidative damage. Carotenoids are generally divided into carotenes and xanthophyls, but accumulation in microalgae can also be classified as primary (essential for survival) and secondary (by exposure to specific stimuli).In this chapter, we outline the high value carotenoids produced by commercially important microalgae, their production pathways, the improved production rates that can be achieved by genetic engineering as well as their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalia Henríquez
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Janeth Galarza
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier Gimpel
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
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11
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Gimpel JA, Henríquez V, Mayfield SP. In Metabolic Engineering of Eukaryotic Microalgae: Potential and Challenges Come with Great Diversity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1376. [PMID: 26696985 PMCID: PMC4678203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The great phylogenetic diversity of microalgae is corresponded by a wide arrange of interesting and useful metabolites. Nonetheless metabolic engineering in microalgae has been limited, since specific transformation tools must be developed for each species for either the nuclear or chloroplast genomes. Microalgae as production platforms for metabolites offer several advantages over plants and other microorganisms, like the ability of GMO containment and reduced costs in culture media, respectively. Currently, microalgae have proved particularly well suited for the commercial production of omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids. Therefore most metabolic engineering strategies have been developed for these metabolites. Microalgal biofuels have also drawn great attention recently, resulting in efforts for improving the production of hydrogen and photosynthates, particularly triacylglycerides. Metabolic pathways of microalgae have also been manipulated in order to improve photosynthetic growth under specific conditions and for achieving trophic conversion. Although these pathways are not strictly related to secondary metabolites, the synthetic biology approaches could potentially be translated to this field and will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Gimpel
- Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering Department, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Vitalia Henríquez
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Stephen P Mayfield
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Paz-Maldonado LMT, Soria-Guerra RE. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a viable platform for the production of recombinant proteins: current status and perspectives. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:479-94. [PMID: 22080228 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has many advantages compared with traditional systems for the molecular farming of recombinant proteins. These include low production costs, rapid scalability at pilot level, absence of human pathogens and the ability to fold and assemble complex proteins accurately. Currently, the successful expression of several proteins with pharmaceutical relevance has been reported from the nuclear and the chloroplastic genome of this alga, demonstrating its usefulness for biotechnological applications. However, several factors affect the level of recombinant protein expression in Chlamydomonas such as enhancer elements, codon dependency, sensitivity to proteases and transformation-associated genotypic modification. The present review outlines a number of strategies to increase protein yields and summarizes recent achievements in algal protein production including biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines, antibodies, hormones and enzymes with implications on health-related approaches. The current status of bioreactor developments for algal culture and the challenges of scale-up and optimization processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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13
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Johanningmeier U, Fischer D. Perspective for the Use of Genetic Transformants in Order to Enhance the Synthesis of the Desired Metabolites: Engineering Chloroplasts of Microalgae for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Tools and techniques for chloroplast transformation of Chlamydomonas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 616:34-45. [PMID: 18161489 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75532-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast organelle of plant and algal cells contains its own genetic system with a genome of a hundred or so genes. Stable transformation of the chloroplast was first achieved in 1988, using the newly developed biolistic method of DNA delivery to introduce cloned DNA into the genome of the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Since that time there have been significant developments in chloroplast genetic engineering using this versatile organism, and it is probable that the next few years will see increasing interest in commercial applications whereby high-value therapeutic proteins and other recombinant products are synthesized in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast. In this chapter I review the basic methodology of chloroplast transformation, the current techniques and applications, and the future possibilities for using the Chlamydomonas chloroplast as a green organelle factory.
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Kato K, Marui T, Kasai S, Shinmyo A. Artificial control of transgene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast using the lac regulation system from Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:207-13. [PMID: 17964485 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systems that can control the expression of a gene both temporally and spatially are important for the study of transgenic plants. Here, we describe an artificial, controllable gene expression system using the lac regulation system from Escherichia coli that we constructed in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast. This system consists of a controllable reporter gene expression cassette and the Lac repressor expression cassette. We created controller promoters by modifying two promoter sequences, rbcL and 16S rRNA, known to be highly active in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast. We inserted a synthetic lac operator sequence in different positions around these promoters, and both repression and induction of transcription were examined using appropriate repressor and inducer molecules. The effect of differing amounts of repressor protein on transcription was also investigated in stable chloroplast transformants. In the case of the modified rbcL promoter, although complete transcription repression was not achieved with the repressor, rapid, full induction was achieved within 1 h. In contrast, although the modified 16S rRNA promoter permitted almost complete repression, full transcription induction was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Kato
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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