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Zahedipour F, Jamialahmadi K, Zamani P, Reza Jaafari M. Improving the efficacy of peptide vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110721. [PMID: 37543011 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide vaccines have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy by targeting tumor antigens and activating the patient's immune system to mount a specific response against cancer cells. However, the efficacy of peptide vaccines in inducing a sustained immune response and achieving clinical benefit remains a major challenge. In this review, we discuss the current status of peptide vaccines in cancer immunotherapy and strategies to improve their efficacy. We summarize the recent advancements in the development of peptide vaccines in pre-clinical and clinical settings, including the use of novel adjuvants, neoantigens, nano-delivery systems, and combination therapies. We also highlight the importance of personalized cancer vaccines, which consider the unique genetic and immunological profiles of individual patients. We also discuss the strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines such as multivalent peptides, conjugated peptides, fusion proteins, and self-assembled peptides. Although, peptide vaccines alone are weak immunogens, combining peptide vaccines with other immunotherapeutic approaches and developing novel approaches such as personalized vaccines can be promising methods to significantly enhance their efficacy and improve the clinical outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Pérez-Baños A, Gleisner MA, Flores I, Pereda C, Navarrete M, Araya JP, Navarro G, Quezada-Monrás C, Tittarelli A, Salazar-Onfray F. Whole tumour cell-based vaccines: tuning the instruments to orchestrate an optimal antitumour immune response. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:572-585. [PMID: 37355722 PMCID: PMC10421921 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, particularly those based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has become a useful approach for many neoplastic diseases. Despite the improvements of ICIs in supporting tumour regression and prolonging survival, many patients do not respond or develop resistance to treatment. Thus, therapies that enhance antitumour immunity, such as anticancer vaccines, constitute a feasible and promising therapeutic strategy. Whole tumour cell (WTC) vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical studies as intact or genetically modified cells or tumour lysates, injected directly or loaded on DCs with distinct adjuvants. The essential requirements of WTC vaccines include the optimal delivery of a broad battery of tumour-associated antigens, the presence of tumour cell-derived molecular danger signals, and adequate adjuvants. These factors trigger an early and robust local innate inflammatory response that orchestrates an antigen-specific and proinflammatory adaptive antitumour response capable of controlling tumour growth by several mechanisms. In this review, the strengths and weaknesses of our own and others' experiences in studying WTC vaccines are revised to discuss the essential elements required to increase anticancer vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarilis Pérez-Baños
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Araya
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giovanna Navarro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Section for Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Graham PT, Nowak AK, Cornwall SMJ, Larma I, Nelson DJ. The STING agonist, DMXAA, reduces tumor vessels and enhances mesothelioma tumor antigen presentation yet blunts cytotoxic T cell function in a murine model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969678. [PMID: 36466911 PMCID: PMC9716460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the murine Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist, DMXAA, for anti-mesothelioma potential using the AE17-sOVA model that expresses ovalbumin (OVA) as a neo tumor antigen. Dose response experiments alongside testing different routes of administration identified a safe effective treatment regimen that induced 100% cures in mice with small or large tumors. Three doses of 25mg/kg DMXAA given intra-tumorally every 9 days induced tumor regression and long-term survival (>5 months). Re-challenge experiments showed that tumor-free mice developed protective memory. MTT and propidium-iodide assays showed that DMXAA exerted direct cytotoxic effects at doses >1mg/ml on the murine AE17 and AB1 mesothelioma cell lines. In-vivo studies using a CFSE-based in-vivo proliferation assay showed that DMXAA improved tumor-antigen presentation in tumor-draining lymph nodes, evidenced by OVA-specific OT-1 T cells undergoing more divisions. An in-vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay showed that DMXAA blunted the lytic quality of CTLs recognizing the dominant (SIINFEKL) and a subdominant (KVVRFDKL) OVA epitopes. DMXAA reduced tumor vessel size in-vivo and although the proportion of T cells infiltrating tumors reduced, the proportion of tumor-specific T cells increased. These data show careful dosing and treatment protocols reduce mesothelioma cell viability and modulate tumor vessels such that tumor-antigen specific CTLs access the tumor site. However, attempts to enhance DMXAA-induced anti-tumor responses by combination with an agonist anti-CD40 antibody or IL-2 reduced efficacy. These proof-of-concept data suggest that mesothelioma patients could benefit from treatment with a STING agonist, but combination with immunotherapy should be cautiously undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Graham
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Irma Larma
- Becton Dickinson Pty Limited, Osborne Park, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J. Nelson
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
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4
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Li R, Zheng C, Wang Q, Bi E, Yang M, Hou J, Fu W, Yi Q, Qian J. Identification of an immunogenic DKK1 long peptide for immunotherapy of human multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2021; 106:838-846. [PMID: 32079700 PMCID: PMC7927895 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), broadly expressed by tumor cells from human
multiple myeloma (MM) and other cancers but absent from most
normal tissues, may be an ideal target for immunotherapy. Our previous
studies have shown that DKK1 (peptide)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
can effectively lyse primary MM cells in vitro. To develop DKK1-based
vaccines that can be easily and inexpensively made and used by all patients,
we identified a DKK1 long peptide (LP), DKK13-76-LP, that contains 74 amino
acids and epitopes that can potentially bind to all major MHC class I and II
molecules. Using HLA-A*0201- and HLA-DR*4-transgenic mouse models,
we found that DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, detected by
DKK1 short peptide (P20 and P66v)-HLA-A*0201 tetramer staining and cytotoxic
assay for CD8+ T cells or by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl
ester (CSFE) dilution and IFN-g secretion for CD4+ T cells, respectively, can
be induced in vivo by immunizing mice with the DKK13-76-LP. In addition,
DKK13-76-LP also induced anti-DKK1 humoral immunity in the transgenic
mice and the DKK1 antibodies were functional. Finally, DKK13-76-LP stimulated
human blood T cells ex vivo to generate DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+
T-cell responses from 8 out of 10 MM patients with different MHC backgrounds.
The generated DKK1-specific CD8+ cells efficiently lysed autologous
MM cells from these patients. Thus, these results confirm the immunogenicity
of the DKK13-76-LP in eliciting DKK1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell
responses in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that the DKK13-76-LP can be used for
immunotherapy of MM and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA,The Center of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma, ChangZheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China,Navy Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Enguang Bi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Maojie Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Jian Hou
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Fu
- The Center of Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma, ChangZheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Jianfei Qian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
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6
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Tumor Heterogeneity: A Great Barrier in the Age of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040806. [PMID: 33671881 PMCID: PMC7918981 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the history of oncology research, tumor heterogeneity has been a major hurdle for the successful treatment of cancer. As a result of aberrant changes in the tumor microenvironment such as high mutational burden, hypoxic conditions and abnormal vasculature, several malignant subpopulations often exist within a single tumor mass. Therapeutic intervention can also increase selective pressure towards subpopulations with acquired resistance. This phenomenon is often the cause of relapse in previously responsive patients, drastically changing the expected outcome of therapy. In the case of cancer immunotherapy, tumor heterogeneity is a substantial barrier as acquired resistance often takes the form of antigen escape and immunosuppression. In an effort to combat intrinsic resistance mechanisms, therapies are often combined as a multi-pronged approach to target multiple pathways simultaneously. These multi-therapy regimens have long been a mainstay of clinical oncology with chemotherapy cocktails but are more recently being investigated in the emerging landscape of immunotherapy. Furthermore, as high throughput technology becomes more affordable and accessible, researchers continue to deepen their understanding of the factors that influence tumor heterogeneity and shape the TME over the course of treatment regimens. In this review, we will investigate the factors that give rise to tumor heterogeneity and the impact it has on the field of immunotherapy. We will discuss how tumor heterogeneity causes resistance to various treatments and review the strategies currently being employed to overcome this challenging clinical hurdle. Finally, we will outline areas of research that should be prioritized to gain a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and develop appropriate solutions.
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7
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Inderberg-Suso EM, Trachsel S, Lislerud K, Rasmussen AM, Gaudernack G. Widespread CD4+ T-cell reactivity to novel hTERT epitopes following vaccination of cancer patients with a single hTERT peptide GV1001. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:670-686. [PMID: 22934259 PMCID: PMC3429571 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the basis of a successful clinical response after treatment with therapeutic cancer vaccines is essential for the development of more efficacious therapy. After vaccination with the single telomerase (hTERT) 16-mer peptide, GV1001, some patients experienced clinical responses and long-term survival. This study reports in-depth immunological analysis of the T-cell response against telomerase (hTERT) in clinically responding patients compared with clinical non-responders following vaccination with the single hTERT 16-mer peptide, GV1001. Extensive characterization of CD4+ T-cell clones specific for GV1001 generated from a lung cancer patient in complete remission after vaccination demonstrated a very broad immune response to this single peptide vaccine with differences in fine specificity, HLA restriction, affinity and function. Some CD4+ T-cell clones were cytotoxic against peptide-loaded target cells and also recognized processed recombinant hTERT protein. Furthermore, T-cell responses against several unrelated hTERT epitopes, some of which are novel, were detected, indicating extensive epitope spreading which was confirmed in other clinical responders. In contrast, patients responding immunologically, but not clinically, after vaccination did not display this intramolecular epitope spreading. Multifunctional CD4+ T-cell clones specific for novel hTERT epitopes were generated and shown to recognize a melanoma cell line. Pentamer analysis of T cells in peripheral blood also demonstrated the presence of an important CD8+ T-cell response recognizing an HLA-B7 epitope embedded in GV1001 not previously described. These results indicate that the highly diverse hTERT-specific T-cell response, integrating both T helper and CTL responses, is essential for tumor regression and the generation of long-term T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else-Marit Inderberg-Suso
- Unit for Immunotherapy; Section for Immunology; Institute for Cancer Research; Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Radium Hospital; Oslo, Norway
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8
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Zhuang X, Maione F, Robinson J, Bentley M, Kaul B, Whitworth K, Jumbu N, Jinks E, Bystrom J, Gabriele P, Garibaldi E, Delmastro E, Nagy Z, Gilham D, Giraudo E, Bicknell R, Lee SP. CAR T cells targeting tumor endothelial marker CLEC14A inhibit tumor growth. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138808. [PMID: 33004686 PMCID: PMC7566713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for antigens on hematological cancers has yielded remarkable clinical responses, but with solid tumors, benefit has been more limited. This may reflect lack of suitable target antigens, immune evasion mechanisms in malignant cells, and/or lack of T cell infiltration into tumors. An alternative approach, to circumvent these problems, is targeting the tumor vasculature rather than the malignant cells directly. CLEC14A is a glycoprotein selectively overexpressed on the vasculature of many solid human cancers and is, therefore, of considerable interest as a target antigen. Here, we generated CARs from 2 CLEC14A-specific antibodies and expressed them in T cells. In vitro studies demonstrated that, when exposed to their target antigen, these engineered T cells proliferate, release IFN-γ, and mediate cytotoxicity. Infusing CAR engineered T cells into healthy mice showed no signs of toxicity, yet these T cells targeted tumor tissue and significantly inhibited tumor growth in 3 mouse models of cancer (Rip-Tag2, mPDAC, and Lewis lung carcinoma). Reduced tumor burden also correlated with significant loss of CLEC14A expression and reduced vascular density within malignant tissues. These data suggest the tumor vasculature can be safely and effectively targeted with CLEC14A-specific CAR T cells, offering a potent and widely applicable therapy for cancer. T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor specific for the tumor vascular marker CLEC14A inhibited tumor growth in three mouse cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Maione
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy, and Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Joseph Robinson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bentley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Baksho Kaul
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Whitworth
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Jumbu
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Gabriele
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Garibaldi
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elena Delmastro
- Radiation Therapy Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gilham
- Clinical and Experimental Immunotherapy Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy, and Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roy Bicknell
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Lee
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Shemesh CS, Hsu JC, Hosseini I, Shen BQ, Rotte A, Twomey P, Girish S, Wu B. Personalized Cancer Vaccines: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Ther 2020; 29:555-570. [PMID: 33038322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous innovation is underway among a rapidly expanding repertoire of promising personalized immune-based treatments. Therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) are attractive systemic immunotherapies that activate and expand antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Our review highlights key issues impacting TCVs in clinical practice and reports on progress in development. We review the mechanism of action, immune-monitoring, dosing strategies, combinations, obstacles, and regulation of cancer vaccines. Most trials of personalized TCVs are ongoing and represent diverse platforms with predominantly early investigations of mRNA, DNA, or peptide-based targeting strategies against neoantigens in solid tumors, with many in combination immunotherapies. Multiple delivery systems, routes of administration, and dosing strategies are used. Intravenous or intramuscular administration is common, including delivery by lipid nanoparticles. Absorption and biodistribution impact antigen uptake, expression, and presentation, affecting the strength, speed, and duration of immune response. The emerging trials illustrate the complexity of developing this class of innovative immunotherapies. Methodical testing of the multiple potential factors influencing immune responses, as well as refined quantitative methodologies to facilitate optimal dosing strategies, could help resolve uncertainty of therapeutic approaches. To increase the likelihood of success in bringing these medicines to patients, several unique development challenges must be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby S Shemesh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Joy C Hsu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Iraj Hosseini
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anand Rotte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Twomey
- Department of Product Development Safety, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sandhya Girish
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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10
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Zhao X, Yang F, Mariz F, Osen W, Bolchi A, Ottonello S, Müller M. Combined prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses against human papillomaviruses induced by a thioredoxin-based L2-E7 nanoparticle vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008827. [PMID: 32886721 PMCID: PMC7498061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global burden of cervical cancer, the most common cause of mortality caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is expected to increase during the next decade, mainly because current alternatives for HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening programs are costly to be established in low-and-middle income countries. Recently, we described the development of the broadly protective, thermostable vaccine antigen Trx-8mer-OVX313 based on the insertion of eight different minor capsid protein L2 neutralization epitopes into a thioredoxin scaffold from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and conversion of the resulting antigen into a nanoparticle format (median radius ~9 nm) upon fusion with the heptamerizing OVX313 module. Here we evaluated whether the engineered thioredoxin scaffold, in addition to humoral immune responses, can induce CD8+ T-cell responses upon incorporation of MHC-I-restricted epitopes. By systematically examining the contribution of individual antigen modules, we demonstrated that B-cell and T-cell epitopes can be combined into a single antigen construct without compromising either immunogenicity. While CD8+ T-cell epitopes had no influence on B-cell responses, the L2 polytope (8mer) and OVX313-mediated heptamerization of the final antigen significantly increased CD8+ T-cell responses. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we found that vaccinated mice remained tumor-free even after two consecutive tumor challenges, while unvaccinated mice developed tumors. A cost-effective, broadly protective vaccine with both prophylactic and therapeutic properties represents a promising option to overcome the challenges associated with prevention and treatment of HPV-caused diseases. Currently, there are three licensed prophylactic vaccines available against HPV, but none of them shows a therapeutic effect on pre-existing infections. Thus, a prophylactic vaccine also endowed with a therapeutic activity presents application potentials to individuals regardless of their HPV-infection status. Such a dual-purpose vaccine would be particularly valuable for post-exposure prophylaxis and shields population from recurrent HPV infections. Here, we constructed a combined vaccine relying on L2- and E7-specific epitopes grafted onto the surface of a hyper-stable thioredoxin scaffold. The resulting antigen was converted into a nanoparticle format with the use of a heptamerization domain. Our data document that the modular design of the antigen allows combination of B-cell and T-cell epitopes in one antigen without compromising either’s immunogenicity. The antigen retains its ability to provide broad protection against different HPV types but also presents strong therapeutic effects in a mouse tumor model. Therefore, the vaccine is potentially capable of resolving productive infection as well as HPV-related malignancies, and thus benefitting both uninfected and already infected individuals. Moreover, our vaccine utilizes E. coli as protein producer and distribution does not require cold-chain, which reduces costs making it applicable to less-affluent countries.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Archaeal Proteins/chemistry
- Archaeal Proteins/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemistry
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Papillomaviridae/chemistry
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/chemistry
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/pharmacology
- Pyrococcus furiosus/chemistry
- Thioredoxins/chemistry
- Thioredoxins/pharmacology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhao
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Filipe Mariz
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Chemical Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Chemical Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martin Müller
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Brossart P. The Role of Antigen Spreading in the Efficacy of Immunotherapies. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4442-4447. [PMID: 32357962 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction and the unexpected efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) and more recently of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T-cells) in the treatment of malignant diseases boosted the efforts in the development and clinical application of immunotherapeutic approaches. However, the definition of predictive factors associated with clinical responses as well as the identification of underlying mechanisms that promote the therapeutic efficacy remain to be determined. Starting from the first immunotherapeutic trials, it became evident that vaccine-induced tumor-specific T cells or the adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded T lymphocytes can recognize and eliminate malignant cells leading to long-lasting remissions in some patients. In addition, a phenomenon called epitope spreading, which was observed in responding patients, seemed to increase the efficiency possibly representing an important predictive factor. This review will focus on experimental and clinical evidence for the induction of epitope spreading and its role in the maintenance of an efficient antitumor immune response in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brossart
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatogy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Xin G, Khatun A, Topchyan P, Zander R, Volberding PJ, Chen Y, Shen J, Fu C, Jiang A, See WA, Cui W. Pathogen-Boosted Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy Induces Endogenous Antitumor Immunity through Antigen Spreading. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:7-18. [PMID: 31719059 PMCID: PMC6946848 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of target antigens in tumor cells has become one of the major hurdles limiting the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT)-based immunotherapies. The optimal approach to overcome this challenge includes broadening the immune response from the initially targeted tumor-associated antigen (TAA) to other TAAs expressed in the tumor. To induce a more broadly targeted antitumor response, we utilized our previously developed Re-energized ACT (ReACT), which capitalizes on the synergistic effect of pathogen-based immunotherapy and ACT. In this study, we showed that ReACT induced a sufficient endogenous CD8+ T-cell response beyond the initial target to prevent the outgrowth of antigen loss variants in a B16-F10 melanoma model. Sequentially, selective depletion experiments revealed that Batf3-driven cDC1s were essential for the activation of endogenous tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. In ReACT-treated mice that eradicated tumors, we observed that endogenous CD8+ T cells differentiated into memory cells and facilitated the rejection of local and distal tumor rechallenge. By targeting one TAA with ReACT, we provided broader TAA coverage to counter antigen escape and generate a durable memory response against local relapse and metastasis.See related Spotlight on p. 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Achia Khatun
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Peter J Volberding
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chunmei Fu
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - William A See
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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13
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Shibata T, Lieblong BJ, Sasagawa T, Nakagawa M. The promise of combining cancer vaccine and checkpoint blockade for treating HPV-related cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 78:8-16. [PMID: 31302573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated intraepithelial neoplasia or cancers are ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapy since HPV oncoproteins, such as E6 and E7 proteins of high-risk HPVs, could be utilized as foreign antigens. In HPV-associated cancers as well as nonviral cancers, the cancer cells may evade host immunity through the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, downregulation of human leukocyte antigen, and activation of immune regulatory cells. Because of these immune suppressive mechanisms, HPV therapeutic vaccines have shown little efficacy against HPV-associated cancers, although they have shown efficacy in treating HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasias. Recently, checkpoint blockade emerged as a promising new treatment for solid cancers; however, these therapies have shown only modest efficacy against HPV-associated cancers. Here we reviewed literature analyzing a combinatory therapy using an immune checkpoint inhibitor and an HPV therapeutic vaccine for treating HPV-associated cancers to compensate for shortfalls of each monotherapy. Complimentary modes of T cell activation would be deployed; as vaccines would directly stimulate the T cells, while checkpoint inhibitors would do so by releasing inhibition. Some promising studies using animal models and early human clinical trials raised a possibility that such combinations may be efficacious in regressing HPV-associated cancers. Epitope spreading (the phenomenon in which non-targeted antigens become new targets of immune response) may play a critical role mechanistically. Currently ongoing studies will shed light as to whether such combination therapy would indeed be a promising new treatment paradigm. Current and future studies must also determine the adverse effect profile of such a combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Benjamin J Lieblong
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Toshiyuki Sasagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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14
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Abstract
It has been known for decades that the immune system can be spontaneously activated against melanoma. The presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor deposits is a positive prognostic factor. Cancer vaccination includes approaches to generate, amplify, or skew antitumor immunity. To accomplish this goal, tested approaches involve administration of tumor antigens, antigen presenting cells or other immune modulators, or direct modulation of the tumor. Because the success of checkpoint blockade can depend in part on an existing antitumor response, cancer vaccination may play an important role in future combination therapies. In this review, we discuss a variety of melanoma vaccine approaches and methods to determine the biological impact of vaccination.
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15
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Savelyeva N, Allen A, Chotprakaikiat W, Harden E, Jobsri J, Godeseth R, Wang Y, Stevenson F, Ottensmeier C. Linked CD4 T Cell Help: Broadening Immune Attack Against Cancer by Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 405:123-143. [PMID: 27704269 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting immunological check points has become a breakthrough therapeutic modality for solid cancers. However, only up to 50 % of patients benefit from this powerful approach. For others vaccination might provide a plausible addition or alternative. For induction of effective anticancer immunity CD4+ T cell help is required, which is often difficult to induce to self cancer targets because of tolerogenic mechanisms. Our approach for cancer vaccines has been to incorporate into the vaccine design sequences able to activate foreign T cell help, through genetically linking cancer targets to microbial sequences (King et al. in Nat Med 4(11):1281-1286, 1998; Savelyeva et al. in Nat Biotechnol 19(8):760-764, 2001). This harnesses the non-tolerized CD4 T cell repertoire available in patients to help induction of effective immunity against fused cancer antigens. Multiple immune effector mechanisms including antibody, CD8+ T cells as well as CD4 effector T cells can be activated using this strategy. Delivery via DNA vaccines has already indicated clinical efficacy. The same principle of linked T cell help has now been transferred to other novel vaccine modalities to further potentiate immunity against cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Alex Allen
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Warayut Chotprakaikiat
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Oral Biology Department, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Elena Harden
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jantipa Jobsri
- Oral Biology Department, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rosemary Godeseth
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yidao Wang
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Freda Stevenson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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16
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Pampena MB, Cartar HC, Cueto GR, Levy EM, Blanco PA, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. Dissecting the Immune Stimulation Promoted by CSF-470 Vaccine Plus Adjuvants in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients: Long Term Antitumor Immunity and Short Term Release of Acute Inflammatory Reactants. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2531. [PMID: 30450100 PMCID: PMC6224428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As cutaneous melanoma (CM) currently remains with a bleak prognosis, thorough investigation of new treatment options are of utmost relevance. In the phase II/III randomized clinical trial (CASVAC-0401), the repeated immunization of stages IIB-III CM patients with the irradiated, allogeneic cellular CSF-470 vaccine plus the adjuvants bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) demonstrated a significant benefit over IFN-alpha2B treatment in distant metastasis-free survival. Here we present on the short and long term immune monitoring results after completing the 2-year protocol; a continuation of the previous report by Mordoh et al. (1). We demonstrate that the repeated CSF-470 vaccinations stimulated a long term cellular and humoral immunity response directed against the vaccine antigens. In the case of 2 patients, we are able to show that a similar immune response was generated against autologous antigens. Evaluation of inhibitory receptor co-expression on patient's T cells indicates that the vaccination protocol did not stimulate T cell exhaustion. In order to better understand the basis for the efficacious vaccine responses observed, we investigated the short term immune events following vaccine injection. A significant increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 was observed 24 h after vaccination, with in vitro studies suggesting IL-6 production occurs in the vaccine site. We demonstrate that CRP enhances the cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against melanoma cells in an in vitro model. Additionally, CRP stimulates the release of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines from PBMC. As our results demonstrate that successive vaccinations with CSF-470 plus adjuvants promoted an increase in both anti-tumor innate and adaptive immunity, we propose a subsequent model of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Pampena
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Holliday C Cartar
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Rubén Cueto
- Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA-UBA/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estrella M Levy
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Biotherapy, Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Lin AG, Xiang B, Merlino DJ, Baybutt TR, Sahu J, Fridman A, Snook AE, Miller V. Non-thermal plasma induces immunogenic cell death in vivo in murine CT26 colorectal tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1484978. [PMID: 30228954 PMCID: PMC6140551 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1484978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death is characterized by the emission of danger signals that facilitate activation of an adaptive immune response against dead-cell antigens. In the case of cancer therapy, tumor cells undergoing immunogenic death promote cancer-specific immunity. Identification, characterization, and optimization of stimuli that induce immunogenic cancer cell death has tremendous potential to improve the outcomes of cancer therapy. In this study, we show that non-thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma can be operated to induce immunogenic cell death in an animal model of colorectal cancer. In vitro, plasma treatment of CT26 colorectal cancer cells induced the release of classic danger signals. Treated cells were used to create a whole-cell vaccine which elicited protective immunity in the CT26 tumor mouse model. Moreover, plasma treatment of subcutaneous tumors elicited emission of danger signals and recruitment of antigen presenting cells into tumors. An increase in T cell responses targeting the colorectal cancer-specific antigen guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) were also observed. This study provides the first evidence that non-thermal plasma is a bone fide inducer of immunogenic cell death and highlights its potential for clinical translation for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham G. Lin
- C. & J. Nyheim Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dante J. Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trevor R. Baybutt
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joya Sahu
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- C. & J. Nyheim Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Camden, NJ, USA
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18
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Chapuis AG, Roberts IM, Thompson JA, Margolin KA, Bhatia S, Lee SM, Sloan HL, Lai IP, Farrar EA, Wagener F, Shibuya KC, Cao J, Wolchok JD, Greenberg PD, Yee C. T-Cell Therapy Using Interleukin-21-Primed Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphocytes Combined With Cytotoxic T-Cell Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Blockade Results in Long-Term Cell Persistence and Durable Tumor Regression. J Clin Oncol 2017; 34:3787-3795. [PMID: 27269940 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.65.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peripheral blood-derived antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) provide a readily available source of effector cells that can be administered with minimal toxicity in an outpatient setting. In metastatic melanoma, this approach results in measurable albeit modest clinical responses in patients resistant to conventional therapy. We reasoned that concurrent cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) checkpoint blockade might enhance the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred CTLs. Patients and Methods Autologous MART1-specific CTLs were generated by priming with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells in the presence of interleukin-21 and enriched by peptide-major histocompatibility complex multimer-guided cell sorting. This expeditiously yielded polyclonal CTL lines uniformly expressing markers associated with an enhanced survival potential. In this first-in-human strategy, 10 patients with stage IV melanoma received the MART1-specific CTLs followed by a standard course of anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab). Results The toxicity profile of the combined treatment was comparable to that of ipilimumab monotherapy. Evaluation of best responses at 12 weeks yielded two continuous complete remissions, one partial response (PR) using RECIST criteria (two PRs using immune-related response criteria), and three instances of stable disease. Infused CTLs persisted with frequencies up to 2.9% of CD8+ T cells for as long as the patients were monitored (up to 40 weeks). In patients who experienced complete remissions, PRs, or stable disease, the persisting CTLs acquired phenotypic and functional characteristics of long-lived memory cells. Moreover, these patients also developed responses to nontargeted tumor antigens (epitope spreading). Conclusion We demonstrate that combining antigen-specific CTLs with CTLA-4 blockade is safe and produces durable clinical responses, likely reflecting both enhanced activity of transferred cells and improved recruitment of new responses, highlighting the promise of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude G Chapuis
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ilana M Roberts
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - John A Thompson
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Heather L Sloan
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ivy P Lai
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Erik A Farrar
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Felecia Wagener
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kendall C Shibuya
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jianhong Cao
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Cassian Yee
- Aude G. Chapuis, Ilana M. Roberts, Sylvia M. Lee, Heather L. Sloan, Ivy P. Lai, Erik A. Farrar, Felecia Wagener, Kendall C. Shibuya, Jianhong Cao, Philip D. Greenberg, and Cassian Yee, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; John A. Thompson, Kim A. Margolin, and Shailender Bhatia, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington, Seattle WA; and Jedd D. Wolchok, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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19
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Mayes K, Elsayed Z, Alhazmi A, Waters M, Alkhatib SG, Roberts M, Song C, Peterson K, Chan V, Ailaney N, Malapati P, Blevins T, Lisnić B, Dumur CI, Landry JW. BPTF inhibits NK cell activity and the abundance of natural cytotoxicity receptor co-ligands. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64344-64357. [PMID: 28969075 PMCID: PMC5610007 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using syngeneic BALB/c mouse breast cancer models, we show that the chromatin remodeling subunit bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) suppresses natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In culture, BPTF suppresses direct natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) mediated NK cell cytolytic activity to mouse and human cancer cell lines, demonstrating conserved functions. Blocking mouse NCR1 in vivo rescues BPTF KD tumor weights, demonstrating its importance for the control of tumor growth. We discovered that BPTF occupies heparanase (Hpse) regulatory elements, activating its expression. Increased heparanase activity results in reduced cell surface abundance of the NCR co-ligands: heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Using gain and loss of function approaches we show that elevated heparanase levels suppress NK cell cytolytic activity to tumor cells in culture. These results suggest that BPTF activates heparanase expression, which in turn reduces cell surface HSPGs and NCR co-ligands, inhibiting NK cell activity. Furthermore, gene expression data from human breast cancer tumors shows that elevated BPTF expression correlates with reduced antitumor immune cell signatures, supporting conserved roles for BPTF in suppressing antitumor immunity. Conditional BPTF depletion in established mouse breast tumors enhances antitumor immunity, suggesting that inhibiting BPTF could provide a novel immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mayes
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Zeinab Elsayed
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Aiman Alhazmi
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Michael Waters
- The Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Suehyb G Alkhatib
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Mark Roberts
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Carolyn Song
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Kristen Peterson
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Vivian Chan
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Nikhil Ailaney
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Pumoli Malapati
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Tana Blevins
- The Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- The Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Catherine I Dumur
- The Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Joseph W Landry
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells (CAR-T cells) have yielded unprecedented efficacy in B cell malignancies, most remarkably in anti-CD19 CAR-T cells for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with up to a 90% complete remission rate. However, tumor antigen escape has emerged as a main challenge for the long-term disease control of this promising immunotherapy in B cell malignancies. In addition, this success has encountered significant hurdles in translation to solid tumors, and the safety of the on-target/off-tumor recognition of normal tissues is one of the main reasons. In this mini-review, we characterize some of the mechanisms for antigen loss relapse and new strategies to address this issue. In addition, we discuss some novel CAR designs that are being considered to enhance the safety of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors.
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22
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Selection of epitopes from self-antigens for eliciting Th2 or Th1 activity in the treatment of autoimmune disease or cancer. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:245-253. [PMID: 27975138 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been valuable tools in the prevention of infectious diseases, and the rapid development of new vectors against constantly mutating foreign antigens in viruses such as influenza has become a regular, seasonal exercise. Harnessing the immune response against self-antigens is not necessarily analogous or as achievable by iterative processes, and since the desired outcome includes leaving the targeted organism intact, requires some precision engineering. In vaccine-based treatment of autoimmunity and cancer, the proper selection of antigens and generation of the desired antigen-specific therapeutic immunity has been challenging. Both cases involve a threshold of existing, undesired immunity that must be overcome, and despite considerable academic and industry efforts, this challenge has proven to be largely refractory to vaccine approaches leveraging enhanced vectors, adjuvants, and administration strategies. There are in silico approaches in development for predicting the immunogenicity of self-antigen epitopes, which are being validated slowly. One simple approach showing promise is the functional screening of self-antigen epitopes for selective Th1 antitumor immunogenicity, or inversely, selective Th2 immunogenicity for treatment of autoimmune inflammation. The approach reveals the importance of confirming both Th1 and Th2 components of a vaccine immunogen; the two can confound one another if not parsed but may be used individually to modulate antigen-specific inflammation in autoimmune disease or cancer.
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23
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Slaney CY, von Scheidt B, Davenport AJ, Beavis PA, Westwood JA, Mardiana S, Tscharke DC, Ellis S, Prince HM, Trapani JA, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Teng MW, Ali A, Yu Z, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Neeson P, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Dual-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells and an Indirect Vaccine Eradicate a Variety of Large Solid Tumors in an Immunocompetent, Self-antigen Setting. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2478-2490. [PMID: 27965307 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: While adoptive transfer of T cells bearing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can eliminate substantial burdens of some leukemias, the ultimate challenge remains the eradication of large solid tumors for most cancers. We aimed to develop an immunotherapy approach effective against large tumors in an immunocompetent, self-antigen preclinical mouse model.Experimental Design: In this study, we generated dual-specific T cells expressing both a CAR specific for Her2 and a TCR specific for the melanocyte protein (gp100). We used a regimen of adoptive cell transfer incorporating vaccination (ACTIV), with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing gp100, to treat a range of tumors including orthotopic breast tumors and large liver tumors.Results: ACTIV therapy induced durable complete remission of a variety of Her2+ tumors, some in excess of 150 mm2, in immunocompetent mice expressing Her2 in normal tissues, including the breast and brain. Vaccinia virus induced extensive proliferation of T cells, leading to massive infiltration of T cells into tumors. Durable tumor responses required the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and exogenous IL2, but were independent of IFNγ. Mice were resistant to tumor rechallenge, indicating immune memory involving epitope spreading. Evidence of limited neurologic toxicity was observed, associated with infiltration of cerebellum by T cells, but was only transient.Conclusions: This study supports a view that it is possible to design a highly effective combination immunotherapy for solid cancers, with acceptable transient toxicity, even when the target antigen is also expressed in vital tissues. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2478-90. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bianca von Scheidt
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander J Davenport
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele W Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aesha Ali
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Dutoit V, Migliorini D, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Immunotherapy of Malignant Tumors in the Brain: How Different from Other Sites? Front Oncol 2016; 6:256. [PMID: 28003994 PMCID: PMC5141244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now advancing at remarkable pace for tumors located in various tissues, including the brain. Strategies launched decades ago, such as tumor antigen-specific therapeutic vaccines and adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are being complemented by molecular engineering approaches allowing the development of tumor-specific TCR transgenic and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In addition, the spectacular results obtained in the last years with immune checkpoint inhibitors are transfiguring immunotherapy, these agents being used both as single molecules, but also in combination with other immunotherapeutic modalities. Implementation of these various strategies is ongoing for more and more malignancies, including tumors located in the brain, raising the question of the immunological particularities of this site. This may necessitate cautious selection of tumor antigens, minimizing the immunosuppressive environment and promoting efficient T cell trafficking to the tumor. Once these aspects are taken into account, we might efficiently design immunotherapy for patients suffering from tumors located in the brain, with beneficial clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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25
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Chapuis AG, Lee SM, Thompson JA, Roberts IM, Margolin KA, Bhatia S, Sloan HL, Lai I, Wagener F, Shibuya K, Cao J, Wolchok JD, Greenberg PD, Yee C. Combined IL-21-primed polyclonal CTL plus CTLA4 blockade controls refractory metastatic melanoma in a patient. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1133-9. [PMID: 27242164 PMCID: PMC4925025 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chapuis et al. demonstrate that the combination of adoptive cellular therapy with CTLA4 blockade induces long-term remission in a melanoma patient resistant to both modalities administered serially and individually. Adoptive transfer of peripheral blood–derived, melanoma-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) alone is generally insufficient to eliminate bulky tumors. Similarly, monotherapy with anti-CTLA4 infrequently yields sustained remissions in patients with metastatic melanoma. We postulated that a bolus of enhanced IL-21–primed polyclonal antigen-specific CTL combined with CTLA4 blockade might boost antitumor efficacy. In this first-in-human case study, the combination successfully led to a durable complete remission (CR) in a patient whose disease was refractory to both monoclonal CTL and anti-CTLA4. Long-term persistence and sustained anti-tumor activity of transferred CTL, as well as responses to nontargeted antigens, confirmed mutually beneficial effects of the combined treatment. In this first-in-human study, Chapuis et al. demonstrate that the combination of adoptive cellular therapy with CTLA4 blockade induces long-term remission in a melanoma patient resistant to both modalities administered serially and individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Sylvia M Lee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John A Thompson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center/FHCRC/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ilana M Roberts
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center/FHCRC/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Shailender Bhatia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center/FHCRC/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Heather L Sloan
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ivy Lai
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Felecia Wagener
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kendall Shibuya
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jianhong Cao
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 100165
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Cassian Yee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA 98109
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Dalgleish AG. Vaccines versus immunotherapy: overview of approaches in deciding between options. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3369-74. [PMID: 25625932 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review compares the optimal use of vaccines vs. other forms of immunotherapy, which includes cytokines, such as IL-2, monoclonal antibodies, such as the 'checkpoint inhibitors', against CTLA-4 and PD-1. The review includes both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines using a variety of technologies. It is already established that vaccines can be enhanced by other immunotherapies, such as cytokines (IL-2) and there is scope for combining both of these with the 'checkpoint' antibodies. Moreover, both can be enhanced with other modalities, such as radiotherapy, ablative therapy and both high and low dose chemotherapies.
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Key Words
- BCG, Bacillus Colmette Guerin
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine
- GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HBV, Human hepatitis virus
- HPV, Human papilloma virus
- IL-2, Interleukin-2
- PFS, progression free survival
- PSA, Prostate-specific antigen
- TGFβ, Tumour growth factor beta
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- antibodies
- checkpoint inhibitors
- cytokines
- immune modulators
- immunotherapy
- therapeutic vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Dalgleish
- a Institute of Infection and Immunity ; St George's University of London ; Tooting , London, UK
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Yu B, Shi L, Zhang BZ, Zhang KE, Peng X, Niu HB, Qu JLE. Obligate anaerobic Salmonella typhimurium strain YB1 treatment on xenograft tumor in immunocompetent mouse model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1069-1074. [PMID: 26622627 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present authors have previously reported a novel approach to genetically engineer Salmonella typhimurium for the medically important therapeutic strategy of using bacterial agents to target malignant tumors in a breast cancer tumor-bearing nude mouse model. However, studying an immunocompromised mouse model for cancer therapy is insufficient, as certain crucial information about the influence of the immune system may be missing. In the present study, inoculation of the Salmonella strain, YB1, into a colon cancer tumor-bearing immunocompetent mouse model was investigated. The present study determined the tumor targeting efficiency, antitumor potential, the effects of multiple treatments and the systemic toxicity. Intravenous inoculation of YB1 in BALB/c mice exhibited high antitumor effects and also greatly increased the tumor targeting ability and safety compared with the previously-reported nude mouse model. In addition, repeated administration of YB1 further enhanced this effect. Furthermore, no marked toxicity was observed with YB1 treatment, while the VNP20009 and SL7207 strains demonstrated certain adverse effects. The findings of the present study indicate that the YB1 strain is effective and safe in targeting a colon cancer tumor in an immunocompetent mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China ; Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - K E Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Han-Ben Niu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Jun-LE Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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28
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Greenfield WW, Stratton SL, Myrick RS, Vaughn R, Donnalley LM, Coleman HN, Mercado M, Moerman-Herzog AM, Spencer HJ, Andrews-Collins NR, Hitt WC, Low GM, Manning NA, McKelvey SS, Smith D, Smith MV, Phillips AM, Quick CM, Jeffus SK, Hutchins LF, Nakagawa M. A phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of a peptide-based human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccine with Candida skin test reagent as a novel vaccine adjuvant for treating women with biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1031439. [PMID: 26451301 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1031439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Non-surgical treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3) are needed as surgical treatments have been shown to double preterm delivery rate. The goal of this study was to demonstrate safety of a human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccine called PepCan, which consists of four current good-manufacturing production-grade peptides covering the HPV type 16 E6 protein and Candida skin test reagent as a novel adjuvant. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was a single-arm, single-institution, dose-escalation phase I clinical trial, and the patients (n = 24) were women with biopsy-proven CIN2/3. Four injections were administered intradermally every 3 weeks in limbs. Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) was performed 12 weeks after the last injection for treatment and histological analysis. Six subjects each were enrolled (50, 100, 250, and 500 μg per peptide). RESULTS: The most common adverse events (AEs) were injection site reactions, and none of the patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities. The best histological response was seen at the 50 μg dose level with a regression rate of 83% (n = 6), and the overall rate was 52% (n = 23). Vaccine-induced immune responses to E6 were detected in 65% of recipients (significantly in 43%). Systemic T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells were significantly increased after four vaccinations (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that PepCan is safe. A significantly increased systemic level of Th1 cells suggests that Candida, which induces interleukin-12 (IL-12) in vitro, may have a Th1 promoting effect. A phase II clinical trial to assess the full effect of this vaccine is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Greenfield
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Shawna L Stratton
- College of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Rebecca S Myrick
- College of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Rita Vaughn
- College of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Lisa M Donnalley
- College of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Hannah N Coleman
- Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Maria Mercado
- Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | | | - Horace J Spencer
- Biostatistics; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Nancy R Andrews-Collins
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Wilbur C Hitt
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Gordon M Low
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Nirvana A Manning
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Samantha S McKelvey
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Dora Smith
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Michael V Smith
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Amy M Phillips
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - C Matthew Quick
- Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Susanne K Jeffus
- Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Laura F Hutchins
- Medicine (Hematology-Oncology Division); University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Mayumi Nakagawa
- Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences ; Little Rock, AR USA
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Cross-Reactivity, Epitope Spreading, and De Novo Immune Stimulation Are Possible Mechanisms of Cross-Protection of Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types in Recipients of HPV Therapeutic Vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:679-87. [PMID: 25947147 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00149-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous versions of human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccines designed to treat individuals with established HPV infection, including those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), are in development because approved prophylactic vaccines are not effective once HPV infection is established. As human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) is the most commonly detected type worldwide, all versions of HPV therapeutic vaccines contain HPV-16, and some also contain HPV-18. While these two HPV types are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases, there are other high-risk HPV types known to cause malignancy. Therefore, it would be of interest to assess whether these HPV therapeutic vaccines may confer cross-protection against other high-risk HPV types. Data available from a few clinical trials that enrolled subjects with CINs regardless of the HPV type(s) present demonstrated clinical responses, as measured by CIN regression, in subjects with both vaccine-matched and nonvaccine HPV types. The currently available evidence demonstrating cross-reactivity, epitope spreading, and de novo immune stimulation as possible mechanisms of cross-protection conferred by investigational HPV therapeutic vaccines is discussed.
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30
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Small EJ, Lance RS, Gardner TA, Karsh LI, Fong L, McCoy C, DeVries T, Sheikh NA, GuhaThakurta D, Chang N, Redfern CH, Shore ND. A Randomized Phase II Trial of Sipuleucel-T with Concurrent versus Sequential Abiraterone Acetate plus Prednisone in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3862-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines are designed to promote tumor specific immune responses, particularly cytotoxic CD8 positive T cells that are specific to tumor antigens. The earliest vaccines, which were developed in 1994-95, tested non-mutated, shared tumor associated antigens that had been shown to be immunogenic and capable of inducing clinical responses in a minority of people with late stage cancer. Technological developments in the past few years have enabled the investigation of vaccines that target mutated antigens that are patient specific. Several platforms for cancer vaccination are being tested, including peptides, proteins, antigen presenting cells, tumor cells, and viral vectors. Standard of care treatments, such as surgery and ablation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can also induce antitumor immunity, thereby having cancer vaccine effects. The monitoring of patients' immune responses at baseline and after standard of care treatment is shedding light on immune biomarkers. Combination therapies are being tested in clinical trials and are likely to be the best approach to improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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32
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Nishimura Y, Tomita Y, Yuno A, Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M. Cancer immunotherapy using novel tumor-associated antigenic peptides identified by genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:505-11. [PMID: 25726868 PMCID: PMC4452150 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in comprehensive tumor types coupled with isolation of cancer tissues by laser-microbeam microdissection have revealed ideal tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are frequently overexpressed in various cancers including head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and lung cancer, but not in most normal tissues except for testis, placenta, and fetal organs. Preclinical studies using HLA-transgenic mice and human T cells in vitro showed that TAA-derived CTL-epitope short peptides (SPs) are highly immunogenic and induce HLA-A2 or -A24-restricted CTLs. Based on the accumulated evidence, we carried out a phase II clinical trial of the TAA-SP vaccine in advanced 37 HNSCC patients. This study showed a significant induction of TAA-specific CTLs in the majority of patients without serious adverse effects. Importantly, clinical responses including a complete response were observed in this study. Another phase II clinical trial of therapeutic TAA-SP vaccine, designed to evaluate the ability of prevention of recurrence, is ongoing in HNSCC patients who have received curative operations. Further studies in human preclinical studies and in vivo studies using HLA class I transgenic mice showed TAA-derived long peptides (TAA-LPs) have the capacity to induce not only promiscuous HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T helper type 1 cells but also tumor-specific CTLs through a cross-presentation mechanism. Moreover, we observed an augmentation of TAA-LP-specific T helper type 1 cell responses and tumor antigen-spreading in HNSCC patients vaccinated with TAA-SPs. This accumulated evidence suggests that therapeutic TAA-SPs and LPs vaccines may provide a promising cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yuno
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Itoh Maxillofacial Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Itoh Maxillofacial Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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33
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Fan LQ, Kandadi H, Meagher TC, Hall SJ, Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Small EJ, Gardner TA, Bailey K, Vu T, DeVries T, Whitmore JB, Frohlich MW, Trager JB, Drake CG. Humoral Immune Response against Nontargeted Tumor Antigens after Treatment with Sipuleucel-T and Its Association with Improved Clinical Outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3619-30. [PMID: 25649018 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antitumor activity of cancer immunotherapies may elicit immune responses to nontargeted (secondary) tumor antigens, or antigen spread. We evaluated humoral antigen spread after treatment with sipuleucel-T, an immunotherapy for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), designed to target prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP; primary antigen). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum samples from patients with mCRPC enrolled in the placebo-controlled phase III IMPACT study (evaluable n = 142) were used to assess humoral antigen spread after treatment with sipuleucel-T. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to self-antigens (including tumor antigens) were surveyed using protein microarrays and confirmed using Luminex xMAP. IgG responses were subsequently validated in ProACT (n = 33), an independent phase II study of sipuleucel-T. Association of IgG responses with overall survival (OS) was assessed using multivariate Cox models adjusted for baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and lactate dehydrogenase levels. RESULTS In patients from IMPACT and ProACT, levels of IgG against multiple secondary antigens, including PSA, KLK2/hK2, K-Ras, E-Ras, LGALS8/PCTA-1/galectin-8, and LGALS3/galectin-3, were elevated after treatment with sipuleucel-T (P < 0.01), but not control. IgG responses (≥ 2-fold elevation posttreatment) occurred in ≥ 25% of patients, appeared by 2 weeks after sipuleucel-T treatment, and persisted for up to 6 months. IgG responses to PSA and LGALS3 were associated with improved OS in sipuleucel-T-treated patients from IMPACT (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sipuleucel-T induced humoral antigen spread in patients with mCRPC. IgG responses were associated with improved OS in IMPACT. The methods and results reported may identify pharmacodynamic biomarkers of clinical outcome after sipuleucel-T treatment, and help in clinical assessments of other cancer immunotherapies. See related commentary by Hellstrom and Hellstrom, p. 3581.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li-Qun Fan
- Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Simon J Hall
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Celestia S Higano
- University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric J Small
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Tuyen Vu
- Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles G Drake
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.
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34
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Tomita Y, Yuno A, Tsukamoto H, Senju S, Yoshimura S, Osawa R, Kuroda Y, Hirayama M, Irie A, Hamada A, Jono H, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Kohrogi H, Yoshitake Y, Nakamura Y, Shinohara M, Nishimura Y. Identification of CDCA1-derived long peptides bearing both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes: CDCA1-specific CD4+ T-cell immunity in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:352-66. [PMID: 24734272 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified a novel cancer-testis antigen, cell division cycle associated 1 (CDCA1) using genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis, and CDCA1-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-epitopes. In this study, we attempted to identify CDCA1-derived long peptides (LPs) that induce both CD4+ helper T (Th) cells and CTLs. We combined information from a recently developed computer algorithm predicting HLA class II-binding peptides with CDCA1-derived CTL-epitope sequences presented by HLA-A2 (A*02:01) or HLA-A24 (A*24:02) to select candidate CDCA1-LPs encompassing both Th cell epitopes and CTL-epitopes. We studied the immunogenicity of CDCA1-LPs and the cross-priming potential of LPs bearing CTL-epitopes in both human in vitro and HLA-class I transgenic mice in vivo. Then we analyzed the Th cell response to CDCA1 in head-and-neck cancer (HNC) patients before and after vaccination with a CDCA1-derived CTL-epitope peptide using IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays. We identified two CDCA1-LPs, CDCA1(39–64)-LP and CDCA1(55–78)-LP, which encompass naturally processed epitopes recognized by Th cells and CTLs. CDCA1-specific CTLs were induced through cross-presentation of CDCA1-LPs in vitro and in vivo. In addition, CDCA1-specific Th cells enhanced induction of CDCA1-specific CTLs. Furthermore, significant frequencies of CDCA1-specific Th cell responses were detected after short-term in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with CDCA1-LPs in HNC patients (CDCA1(39–64)-LP, 74%; CDCA1(55–78)-LP, 68%), but not in healthy donors. These are the first results demonstrating the presence of CDCA1-specific Th cell responses in HNC patients and underline the possible utility of CDCA1-LPs for propagation of both CDCA1-specific Th cells and CTLs.
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35
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Tomita Y, Yuno A, Tsukamoto H, Senju S, Kuroda Y, Hirayama M, Imamura Y, Yatsuda J, Sayem MA, Irie A, Hamada A, Jono H, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Daigo Y, Kohrogi H, Yoshitake Y, Nakamura Y, Shinohara M, Nishimura Y. Identification of immunogenic LY6K long peptide encompassing both CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell epitopes and eliciting CD4 + T-cell immunity in patients with malignant disease. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28100. [PMID: 25340007 PMCID: PMC4203508 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of peptides that activate both tumor-specific helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important for the induction of effective antitumor immune responses. We focused on a long peptide (LP) derived from lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus K (LY6K) encompassing both candidate Th epitopes and a known CTL epitope. Using IFNγ ELISPOT assays as a marker of activated T cells, we studied the immunogenicity and cross-priming potential of LY6K-LP, assaying human immune cell responses in vitro and immunologic activities in HLA-A24 transgenic mice in vivo. We identified LY6K172–191-LP as an effective immunogen spanning naturally processed epitopes recognized by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and CTLs. LY6K-specific CTLs were induced through cross-presentation of LY6K172–191-LP in vitro and in vivo. In addition, LY6K172–191-LP enhanced induction of LY6K-specific CTLs among the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of head-and-neck malignant tumor (HNMT) patients. LY6K172–191-LP-specific Th1 immunologic response following 1 week in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with LY6K172–191-LP were detected in 16 of 21 HNMT patients (76%) vaccinated with CTL-epitope peptides and 1 of 11 HNMT patients (9%) prior to vaccination, but not in 9 healthy donors. Our results are the first to demonstrate the presence of LY6K-specific Th1 cell responses in HNMT patients and underscore the possible utility of LY6K172–191-LP for the induction and propagation of both LY6K-specific Th1 cells and CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Respiratory Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yuno
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Imamura
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Yatsuda
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abu Sayem
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University; Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Human Genome Center; Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; OncoTherapy Science Incorporation; Research and Development Division; Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Human Genome Center; Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; OncoTherapy Science Incorporation; Research and Development Division; Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine; Human Genome Center; Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kohrogi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Medicine; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto, Japan
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Facciponte JG, Ugel S, De Sanctis F, Li C, Wang L, Nair G, Sehgal S, Raj A, Matthaiou E, Coukos G, Facciabene A. Tumor endothelial marker 1-specific DNA vaccination targets tumor vasculature. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1497-511. [PMID: 24642465 DOI: 10.1172/jci67382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1; also known as endosialin or CD248) is a protein found on tumor vasculature and in tumor stroma. Here, we tested whether TEM1 has potential as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy by immunizing immunocompetent mice with Tem1 cDNA fused to the minimal domain of the C fragment of tetanus toxoid (referred to herein as Tem1-TT vaccine). Tem1-TT vaccination elicited CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cell responses against immunodominant TEM1 protein sequences. Prophylactic immunization of animals with Tem1-TT prevented or delayed tumor formation in several murine tumor models. Therapeutic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice reduced tumor vascularity, increased infiltration of CD3+ T cells into the tumor, and controlled progression of established tumors. Tem1-TT vaccination also elicited CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses against murine tumor-specific antigens. Effective Tem1-TT vaccination did not affect angiogenesis-dependent physiological processes, including wound healing and reproduction. Based on these data and the widespread expression of TEM1 on the vasculature of different tumor types, we conclude that targeting TEM1 has therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microvessels/immunology
- Microvessels/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Pregnancy
- Tetanus Toxoid/genetics
- Tetanus Toxoid/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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37
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GuhaThakurta D, Sheikh NA, Meagher TC, Letarte S, Trager JB. Applications of systems biology in cancer immunotherapy: from target discovery to biomarkers of clinical outcome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:387-401. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Stromnes IM, Schmitt TM, Chapuis AG, Hingorani SR, Greenberg PD. Re-adapting T cells for cancer therapy: from mouse models to clinical trials. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:145-64. [PMID: 24329795 PMCID: PMC4015625 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy involves the isolation, expansion, and reinfusion of T lymphocytes with a defined specificity and function as a means to eradicate cancer. Our research has focused on specifying the requirements for tumor eradication with antigen-specific T cells and T cells transduced to express a defined T-cell receptor (TCR) in mouse models and then translating these strategies to clinical trials. Our design of T-cell-based therapy for cancer has reflected efforts to identify the obstacles that limit sustained effector T-cell activity in mice and humans, design approaches to enhance T-cell persistence, develop methods to increase TCR affinity/T-cell functional avidity, and pursue strategies to overcome tolerance and immunosuppression. With the advent of genetic engineering, a highly functional population of T cells can now be rapidly generated and tailored for the targeted malignancy. Preclinical studies in faithful and informative mouse models, in concert with knowledge gained from analyses of successes and limitations in clinical trials, are shaping how we continue to develop, refine, and broaden the applicability of this approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Schmitt
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aude G. Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sunil R. Hingorani
- Clinical Research Division and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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39
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Tomita Y, Yuno A, Tsukamoto H, Senju S, Kuroda Y, Hirayama M, Irie A, Kawahara K, Yatsuda J, Hamada A, Jono H, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Kohrogi H, Yoshitake Y, Nakamura Y, Shinohara M, Nishimura Y. Identification of promiscuous KIF20A long peptides bearing both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes: KIF20A-specific CD4+ T-cell immunity in patients with malignant tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4508-20. [PMID: 23714729 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify long peptides (LP) derived from a novel tumor-associated antigen (TAA), kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A), which induce tumor-specific T-helper type 1 (TH1) cells and CTLs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We combined information from a recently developed computer algorithm predicting HLA class II-binding peptides with KIF20A-derived CTL-epitope sequences presented by HLA-A2 (A*02:01) or HLA-A24 (A*24:02) to select candidate promiscuous TH1-cell epitopes containing CTL epitopes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from healthy donors or patients with head-and-neck malignant tumor (HNMT) were used to study the immunogenicity of KIF20A-LPs, and the in vitro cross-priming potential of KIF20A-LPs bearing CTL epitopes. We used HLA-A24 transgenic mice to address whether vaccination with KIF20A-LP induces efficient cross-priming of CTLs in vivo. The TH1-cell response to KIF20A-LPs in HNMT patients receiving immunotherapy with TAA-derived CTL-epitope peptides was analyzed using IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS We identified promiscuous KIF20A-LPs bearing naturally processed epitopes recognized by CD4(+) T cells and CTLs. KIF20A-specific CTLs were induced by vaccination with a KIF20A-LP in vivo. KIF20A expression was detected in 55% of HNMT by immunohistochemistry, and significant frequencies of KIF20A-specific TH1 cell responses were detected after short-term in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with KIF20A-LPs in 50% of HNMT patients, but not in healthy donors. Furthermore, these responses were associated with KIF20A expression in HNMT tissues. CONCLUSIONS These are the first results showing the presence of KIF20A-specific TH1 cell responses in HNMT patients and underline the possible utility of KIF20A-LPs for propagation of TH1 cells and CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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40
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Ishikawa T, Kokura S, Sakamoto N, Okayama T, Endo M, Tsuchiya R, Okajima M, Matsuyama T, Adachi S, Kamada K, Katada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Takagi T, Yagi N, Ando T, Uno K, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Whole blood interferon-γ levels predict the therapeutic effects of adoptive T-cell therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1119-25. [PMID: 23420507 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A core challenge in administering immune-based treatments for cancer is the establishment of easily accessible immunological assays that can predict patients' clinical responses to immunotherapy. In this study, our aim was to predict the therapeutic effects of adoptive T-cell therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. To do this, we evaluated whole blood cytokine levels and peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs) in 46 patients with unresectable or recurrent pancreatic cancer who received adoptive T-cell therapy at 2-week intervals. To test immune function, venous blood was obtained from patients before the start of therapy and 2 weeks after the 4th treatment. Whole blood interferon (IFN)-α levels (after stimulation with the Sendai virus) were evaluated, as well as the levels of 9 cytokines stimulated with phytohemagglutinin [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor]. Peripheral Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Using the obtained data, we then observed the relationship between these immunological parameters and clinical outcome of patients. We found that the whole blood production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 significantly increased after adoptive T-cell therapy, whereas the number of peripheral Tregs did not change. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses indicated that the number of peripheral Tregs before receiving adoptive T-cell therapy and the change in IFN-γ levels after adoptive T-cell therapy were independent variables predicting overall survival. The findings of this study indicate that the assay of whole blood IFN-γ production offers promise for evaluating the clinical response of patients to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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Ma C, Cheung AF, Chodon T, Koya RC, Wu Z, Ng C, Avramis E, Cochran AJ, Witte ON, Baltimore D, Chmielowski B, Economou JS, Comin-Anduix B, Ribas A, Heath JR. Multifunctional T-cell analyses to study response and progression in adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:418-29. [PMID: 23519018 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of genetically engineered T cells expressing cancer-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) is a promising cancer treatment. Here, we investigate the in vivo functional activity and dynamics of the transferred cells by analyzing samples from 3 representative patients with melanoma enrolled in a clinical trial of ACT with TCR transgenic T cells targeted against the melanosomal antigen MART-1. The analyses included evaluating 19 secreted proteins from individual cells from phenotypically defined T-cell subpopulations, as well as the enumeration of T cells with TCR antigen specificity for 36 melanoma antigens. These analyses revealed the coordinated functional dynamics of the adoptively transferred, as well as endogenous, T cells, and the importance of highly functional T cells in dominating the antitumor immune response. This study highlights the need to develop approaches to maintaining antitumor T-cell functionality with the aim of increasing the long-term efficacy of TCR-engineered ACT immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE A longitudinal functional study of adoptively transferred TCR–engineered lymphocytes yielded revealing snapshots for understanding the changes of antitumor responses over time in ACT immunotherapy of patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- NanoSystems Biology Cancer Center, Division of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Jackaman C, Majewski D, Fox SA, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Chemotherapy broadens the range of tumor antigens seen by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2343-56. [PMID: 22714286 PMCID: PMC11029427 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapies may expose the immune system to high levels of tumor antigens and expand the CD8(+) T-cell response to include weak or subdominant antigens. Here, we evaluated the in vivo CTL response to tumor antigens using a murine mesothelioma tumor cell line transfected with a neotumor antigen, ovalbumin, that contains a known hierarchy of epitopes for MHC class I molecules. We show that as tumors progress, effector CTLs are generated in vivo that focus on the dominant epitope SIINFEKL, although a weak response was seen to one (KVVRFDKL) subdominant epitope. These CTLs did not prevent tumor growth. Cisplatin treatment slowed tumor growth, slightly improved in vivo SIINFEKL presentation to T cells and reduced SIINFEKL-CTL activity. However, the CTL response to KVVRFDKL was amplified, and a response to another subdominant epitope, NAIVFKGL, was revealed. Similarly, gemcitabine cured most mice, slightly enhanced SIINFEKL presentation, reduced SIINFEKL-CTL activity yet drove a significant CTL response to NAIVFKGL, but not KVVRFDKL. These NAIVFKGL-specific CTLs secreted IFNγ and proliferated in response to in vitro NAIVFKGL stimulation. IL-2 treatment during chemotherapy refocused the response to SIINFEKL and simultaneously degraded the cisplatin-driven subdominant CTL response. These data show that chemotherapy reveals weaker tumor antigens to the immune system, a response that could be rationally targeted. Furthermore, while integrating IL-2 into the chemotherapy regimen interfered with the hierarchy of the response, IL-2 or other strategies that support CTL activity could be considered upon completion of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - David Majewski
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Simon A. Fox
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Kent St., Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Perth, WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Delia J. Nelson
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
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Ichikawa K, Kagamu H, Koyama K, Miyabayashi T, Koshio J, Miura S, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I. Epitope diversification driven by non-tumor epitope-specific Th1 and Th17 mediates potent antitumor reactivity. Vaccine 2012; 30:6190-7. [PMID: 22889826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted peptide-based vaccination therapies have been conducted to treat cancer patients, because CD8⁺ CTL can efficiently induce apoptosis of tumor cells in an MHC class I-restricted epitope-specific manner. Interestingly, clinical responders are known to demonstrate reactivity to epitopes other than those used for vaccination; however, the mechanism underlying how antitumor T cells with diverse specificity are induced is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) that engulfed apoptotic tumor cells in the presence of non-tumor MHC class II-restricted epitope peptides, OVA(323-339), efficiently presented tumor-associated antigens upon effector-dominant CD4⁺ T cell balance against regulatory T cells (Treg) for the OVA(323-339) epitope. Th1 and Th17 induced tumor-associated antigens presentation of DC, while Th2 ameliorated tumor-antigen presentation for CD8⁺ T cells. Blocking experiments with anti-IL-23p19 antibody and anti-IL-23 receptor indicated that an autocrine mechanism of IL-23 likely mediated the diverted tumor-associated antigens presentation of DC. Tumor-associated antigens presentation of DC induced by OVA(323-339) epitope-specific CD4⁺ T cells resulted in facilitated antitumor immunity in both priming and effector phase in vivo. Notably, this immunotherapy did not require pretreatment to reduce Treg induced by tumor. This strategy may have clinical implications for designing effective antitumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ichikawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Course for Biological Functions and Medical Control, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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Abstract
Immunotherapy with therapeutic idiotype vaccines offers promise for treatment of B-cell malignancies. However, identification of novel immunogenic lymphoma-associated antigens that are universally expressed is necessary to overcome the barriers of patient-specific idiotype vaccines. Here, we determined whether T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) oncoprotein encoded by the TCL1 gene could be a target for immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies. We show that TCL1 mRNA and protein are selectively expressed in normal B cells but markedly hyperexpressed in multiple human B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. We demonstrated that TCL1-specific CD8(+) T cells can be generated from HLA-A*0201 (HLA-A2)(+) normal donors and identified TCL1(71-78) (LLPIMWQL) as the minimal epitope recognized by these T cells. More importantly, TCL1(71-78) peptide-specific T cells were present in the peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of lymphoma patients, could be expanded in vitro, and lysed autologous tumor cells but not normal B cells in an HLA-A2-restricted manner. Our results suggest that TCL1 is naturally processed and presented on the surface of lymphoma cells for recognition by cytotoxic T cells and can serve as a novel target for development of immunotherapeutic strategies against common B-cell lymphomas.
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45
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Schlom J. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: current status and moving forward. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:599-613. [PMID: 22395641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, a wide spectrum of other cancer vaccine platforms that target a diverse range of tumor-associated antigens is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II and phase III trials. The profound influence of the tumor microenvironment and other immunosuppressive entities, however, can limit the effectiveness of these vaccines. Numerous strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically to counteract these immunosuppressive entities, including the combined use of vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, certain chemotherapeutics, small-molecule targeted therapies, and radiation. The potential influence of the appropriate patient population and clinical trial endpoint in vaccine therapy studies is discussed, as well as the potential importance of biomarkers in future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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46
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Hardwick N, Chain B. Epitope spreading contributes to effective immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma patients. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:731-3. [PMID: 21668310 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been reports of immunotherapy inducing objective clinical responses in limited numbers of cancer patients. More frequently, however, clinical responses are not observed. Understanding the immunological mechanisms underlying successful immunotherapy are crucial if the field is to move forward. In the article under evaluation, Coulie et al. examine the T-cell receptor repertoire in a melanoma patient showing durable remission after MAGE-specific immunotherapy. The paper provides convincing evidence that the phenomenon of epitope spreading is critical to the development of effective antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hardwick
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Jacobs C, Duewell P, Heckelsmiller K, Wei J, Bauernfeind F, Ellermeier J, Kisser U, Bauer CA, Dauer M, Eigler A, Maraskovsky E, Endres S, Schnurr M. An ISCOM vaccine combined with a TLR9 agonist breaks immune evasion mediated by regulatory T cells in an orthotopic model of pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:897-907. [PMID: 20473889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOM) induce T-cell responses against tumor antigen (Ag). However, immune responses are impaired in pancreatic cancer patients. We investigated the efficacy of an ISCOM vaccine in a murine pancreatic carcinoma model. Panc02 cells expressing OVA as a model Ag were induced subcutaneously or orthotopically in the pancreas of C57BL/6 mice. Treatment consisted of an OVA containing ISCOM vaccine, either used alone or in combination with the TLR9 agonist CpG. The ISCOM vaccine effectively induced Ag-specific CTL capable of killing tumor cells. However, in mice with established tumors CTL induction by the vaccine was inefficient and did not affect tumor growth. Lack of efficacy correlated with increased numbers of Treg. Depletion of Treg with anti-CD25 mAb restored CTL induction and prolonged survival. Adding low-dose CpG to the ISCOM vaccine reduced Treg numbers, enhanced CTL responses and induced regression of pancreatic tumors in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent manner. Mice cured from the primary tumor mounted a memory T-cell response against wild-type Panc02 tumors, indicative of epitope spreading. Combining ISCOM vaccines with TLR agonists is a promising strategy for breaking tumor immune evasion and deserves further evaluation for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Preise D, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Antitumor immunity promoted by vascular occluding therapy: lessons from vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:681-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00315h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhu X, Zhou P, Cai J, Yang G, Liang S, Ren D. Tumor antigen delivered by Salmonella III secretion protein fused with heat shock protein 70 induces protection and eradication against murine melanoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2621-8. [PMID: 20880334 PMCID: PMC11159612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium possess the ability to stimulate innate immune responses and preferentially allocate within the solid tumor. These two main characteristics make attenuated Salmonella one of the most attractive vehicles for development of vaccine and also targeted cancer therapies. However, location of Salmonella prevents the process of antigen presentation. Salmonella Type III secretion system can be utilized to circumvent this problem because this system secretes the protein it encoded outside the cells. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is referred to as an "immunochaperone" for its capacity to elicit tumor-specific adaptive immune responses in the form of Hsp70-TAA (tumor associated antigen) complex. Hsp70 facilitates the cross-presentation of exogenous antigens through its receptor on antigen-presenting cells and therefore activates an antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, which can directly contribute to potent anti-tumor immunity. Here, we designed a novel therapeutic vaccine utilizing the type III secretion system and Hsp70 to deliver and present the tumor-specific antigen. This live recombinant bacteria vaccine, when administrated orally, successfully broke the immune tolerance, induced a specific CTL response against tumor cells, and therefore revealed protective and therapeutic effects against generation and growth of B16F10 melanoma in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B, Chmielowski B, Jalil J, de la Rocha P, McCannel TA, Ochoa MT, Seja E, Villanueva A, Oseguera DK, Straatsma BR, Cochran AJ, Glaspy JA, Hui L, Marincola FM, Wang E, Economou JS, Gomez-Navarro J. Dendritic cell vaccination combined with CTLA4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6267-76. [PMID: 19789309 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) are believed to activate antitumor immunity by stimulating T cells, and CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)-blocking antibodies should release a key negative regulatory pathway on T cells. The combination was tested in a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Autologous DC were pulsed with MART-1(26-35) peptide and administered with a dose escalation of the CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab. Sixteen patients were accrued to five dose levels. Primary end points were safety and immune effects; clinical efficacy was a secondary end point. RESULTS Dose-limiting toxicities of grade 3 diarrhea and grade 2 hypophysitis developed in two of three patients receiving tremelimumab at 10 mg/kg monthly. Four patients had an objective tumor response, two partial responses and two complete responses, all melanoma free between 2 and 4 years after study initiation. There was no difference in immune monitoring results between patients with an objective tumor response and those without a response. Exploratory gene expression analysis suggested that immune-related gene signatures, in particular for B-cell function, may be important in predicting response. CONCLUSION The combination of MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC and tremelimumab results in objective and durable tumor responses at the higher range of the expected response rate with either agent alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1782, USA.
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