1
|
Gebrie H, Yimer M, Ayehu A, Mohammed H, Hailgiorgis H, Wuletaw Y, Hailu M, Tolera G, Tasew G, Kassa M, Gidey B. Efficacy and safety of chloroquine plus primaquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Hamusit site, Northwestern Ethiopia. Malar J 2024; 23:202. [PMID: 38971786 PMCID: PMC11227712 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria is still an important public health problem in Ethiopia. Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax has a dormant liver stage (hypnozoite) that can be a risk of recurrent vivax malaria unless treated by radical cure with primaquine. Drug resistance to chloroquine is threatening malaria control and elimination efforts. This study assessed the therapeutic efficacy and safety of chloroquine plus 14 days of primaquine on P. vivax infection based on parasitological, clinical, and haematological parameters. METHODS A single-arm in vivo prospective therapeutic efficacy study was conducted to assess the clinical and parasitological response to the first-line treatment of P. vivax in Ethiopia, chloroquine plus 14 days low dose of (0.25 mg/kg/day) primaquine between December 2022 and March 2023 at Hamusit Health Centre using the standard World Health Organization (WHO) protocol. A total of 100 study participants with P. vivax mono-infection who were over 6 months old were enrolled and monitored for adequate clinical and parasitological responses for 42 days. The WHO double-entry Excel sheet and SPSS v.25 software were used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and a paired t-test was used for analysis of haemoglobin improvements between follow up days. RESULTS A total of 100 patients were enrolled among those, 96% cases were rural residents, 93% had previous malaria exposure, and predominant age group was 5-15 years (61%). 92.6% (95% CI 85.1-96.4%) of enrolled patients were adequate clinical and parasitological response, and 7.4% (95% CI 3.6-14.9%) recurrences were observed among treated patients. The fever and parasite clearance rate on day 3 were 98% and 94%, respectively. The baseline haemoglobin levels improved significantly compared to those days 14 and 42 (p < 0.001). No serious adverse event was observed during the study period. CONCLUSIONS In this study, co-administration of chloroquine with primaquine was efficacious and well-tolerated with fast resolution of fever and high parasites clearance rate. However, the 7.4% failure is reported is alarming that warrant further monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy study of P. vivax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Gebrie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Animen Ayehu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Yonas Wuletaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesay Hailu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Geremew Tasew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mogess Kassa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adum P, Agyare VA, Owusu-Marfo J, Agyeman YN. Knowledge, attitude and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under five years in a rural setting of Ghana. Malar J 2023; 22:268. [PMID: 37700321 PMCID: PMC10498521 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern around the world, particularly in resource-constrained countries. Malaria still accounts for 40% of all Out-Patient Department (OPD) cases in Ghana, with children under the age of five being the most vulnerable group. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of malaria preventive measures among mothers with children under 5 years old in a rural setting in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study design with a quantitative approach was used in this study. The study was facility based and involved the use of interviewer administered questionnaires to collect data from 281 mothers with children under the age of five. Simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. The data collected was analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and results presented in tables. RESULTS There were 281 mothers, with 59.4% having children at the age of a year. The findings revealed that the majority of participants have a high level of knowledge about malaria's causes, signs, and symptoms. Again, the majority of participants demonstrated a positive attitude toward malaria prevention, such as seeking treatment at a hospital within 24 h of suspecting their children had malaria and demonstrating good knowledge of malaria prevention practices. Despite this, 35.5% of respondents were not actively engaged in malaria prevention practices in a day prior to the interview. Respondents' occupation, level of education, and religion had a statistically significant association with mothers' attitude towards prevention (p-values < 0.05 and 0.01). CONCLUSION The study's findings clearly demonstrate that the majority of mothers were knowledgeable about the causes, signs and symptoms, and preventive measures of malaria in children under the age of five. There was also statistically significant association between mothers' demographic information, including level of education, occupation, religion, and their attitude towards malaria prevention. A keen interest should be directed toward the consistent application of low-cost preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Adum
- Kintampo Municipal Government Hospital, Bono East Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Veronica Adwoa Agyare
- Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
- Ministry of Health Training Institution, SDA Nursing & Midwifery Training College Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joseph Owusu-Marfo
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana.
| | - Yaa Nyarko Agyeman
- Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ezezew M, Yehualaw A, Demsie DG. Assessment of availability and challenges of WHO recommended priority life-saving medicines for under five-year children in primary public health facilities of Amhara region. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:395. [PMID: 37558993 PMCID: PMC10413804 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world health organization (WHO) priority lifesaving medicines are medicines recommended for the prevention and treatment of leading causes of under-five morbidity and mortality. They should be available in all health systems and at all times. However, the availability of these medicines and its determinants is not well studied in Ethiopia in general and in primary public health facilities Amhara region in particular. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess the availability and challenges of the WHO-recommended priority lifesaving medicines for under-five children in primary public health facilities of the Amhara region. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to December 2020 in 98 health centers and 22 primary hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Facilities were selected with a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected through a pretested and structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors associated with availability of WHO-recommended priority lifesaving medicines for under-five children. RESULTS The availability of oral rehydration salt was high (82.5%) and the availability of vitamin A (47.5%), morphine tablet (13.3%), and artesunate rectal suppository (7.5%) were within low and very low WHO range respectively. Budget adequacy (AOR = 12.9 CI= (2.1-78.2)), periodic review of stock level ((AOR = 13.4,CI=(1.9-92.0)), training on integrated pharmaceutical logistic system ((AOR = 4.5,CI=(1.0-20.5)), inclusion of WHO priority under five children facility specific medicine list (AOR = 12.4,CI=(2.3-66.4)), lead time for EPSA(Ethiopia Pharmaceutical Supply Agency) procurement (AOR = 7.9,CI=(1.3-44.8)) were significantly associated with availability of all WHO priority lifesaving medicines for under- five children. CONCLUSION The average availability of WHO-recommended priority lifesaving medicines for under-five children was low. The habit of updating bincard and adoption of the life-saving medicine list were the independent predictors of medication availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adane Yehualaw
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Getnet Demsie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boni MF. Breaking the cycle of malaria treatment failure. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:1041896. [PMID: 38455307 PMCID: PMC10910953 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1041896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of symptomatic malaria became a routine component of the clinical and public health response to malaria after the second world war. However, all antimalarial drugs deployed against malaria eventually generated enough drug resistance that they had to be removed from use. Chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and mefloquine are well known examples of antimalarial drugs to which resistance did and still does ready evolve. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are currently facing the same challenge as artemisinin resistance is widespread in Southeast Asia and emerging in Africa. Here, I review some aspects of drug-resistance management in malaria that influence the strength of selective pressure on drug-resistant malaria parasites, as well as an approach we can take in the future to avoid repeating the common mistake of deploying a new drug and waiting for drug resistance and treatment failure to arrive. A desirable goal of drug-resistance management is to reduce selection pressure without reducing the overall percentage of patients that are treated. This can be achieved by distributing multiple first-line therapies (MFT) simultaneously in the population for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria, thereby keeping treatment levels high but the overall selection pressure exerted by each individual therapy low. I review the primary reasons that make MFT a preferred resistance management option in many malaria-endemic settings, and I describe two exceptions where caution and additional analyses may be warranted before deploying MFT. MFT has shown to be feasible in practice in many endemic settings. The continual improvement and increased coverage of genomic surveillance in malaria may allow countries to implement custom MFT strategies based on their current drug-resistance profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej F. Boni
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malaria Knowledge-Base and Prevalence of Parasitaemia in Asymptomatic Adults in the Forest Zone of Ghana. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1719-1731. [PMID: 36261782 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the levels of knowledge, awareness and perception of malaria, and to determine the infection status among asymptomatic adults in selected districts. METHODS This descriptive, cross-sectional study recruited 849 participants from seven districts in the malaria meso-endemic forest zone of Ghana. Questionnaires were administered to elicit responses from asymptomatic adults on malaria awareness, knowledge and insecticide-treated net (ITN) usage. Capillary blood samples were taken from study subjects for malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and microscopy. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. RESULTS Ninety-eight percent of participants were aware of malaria, 94.0% owned ITNs but only 35.5% consistently used them. Also, 56.7% correctly associated malaria with mosquitoes and 54.5% identified stagnant water as the breeding site. Twelve percent (12.2%) and 13.1% of the subjects tested positive for malaria via RDT and microscopy, respectively. Of the 111 confirmed malaria cases, 107 had Plasmodium falciparum infections, two had Plasmodium ovale infections and there were two Plasmodium falciparum-Plasmodium ovale mixed infections. CONCLUSION Awareness and knowledge of malaria was satisfactory but this did not translate into mosquito avoidance behaviour due to deep-seated perceptions and myths. With the prevalence of asymptomatic parasitaemia observed, this reservoir of infection could be dislodged with appropriate health education targeted at women in the rural communities.
Collapse
|
6
|
Krsulovic FAM, Moulton TP, Lima M, Jaksic F. Epidemic malaria dynamics in Ethiopia: the role of self-limiting, poverty, HIV, climate change and human population growth. Malar J 2022; 21:135. [PMID: 35477448 PMCID: PMC9044619 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last two decades, researchers have suggested that the changes of malaria cases in African highlands were driven by climate change. Recently, a study claimed that the malaria cases (Plasmodium falciparum) in Oromia (Ethiopia) were related to minimum temperature. Critics highlighted that other variables could be involved in the dynamics of the malaria. The literature mentions that beyond climate change, trends in malaria cases could be involved with HIV, human population size, poverty, investments in health control programmes, among others. Methods Population ecologists have developed a simple framework, which helps to explore the contributions of endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous processes on population dynamics. Both processes may operate to determine the dynamic behaviour of a particular population through time. Briefly, density-dependent (endogenous process) occurs when the per capita population growth rate (R) is determined by the previous population size. An exogenous process occurs when some variable affects another but is not affected by the changes it causes. This study explores the dynamics of malaria cases (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) in Oromia region in Ethiopia and explores the interaction between minimum temperature, HIV, poverty, human population size and social instability. Results The results support that malaria dynamics showed signs of a negative endogenous process between R and malaria infectious class, and a weak evidence to support the climate change hypothesis. Conclusion Poverty, HIV, population size could interact to force malaria models parameters explaining the dynamics malaria observed at Ethiopia from 1985 to 2007.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Maurin Krsulovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Timothy Peter Moulton
- Departamento de Ecologia, Faculdade de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Jaksic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mansourou A, Joos C, Niass O, Diouf B, Tall A, Perraut R, Niang M, Toure-Balde A. Improvement of the antibody-dependent respiratory burst assay for assessing protective immune responses to malaria. Open Biol 2022; 12:210288. [PMID: 35291880 PMCID: PMC8924748 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) assay is a sensitive isoluminol-based chemiluminescence (CL) functional assay designed to assess the capacity of opsonizing antibodies against merozoites to induce neutrophil respiratory burst. ADRB was shown to measure protective immunity against malaria in endemic areas, but the assay needed further improvement to ensure better sensitivity and reproducibility. Here, we adjusted parameters such as the freezing-thawing procedure of merozoites, merozoites's concentration and the buffer solution's pH, and we used the improved assay to measure ADRB activity of 207 sera from 97 and 110 individuals living, respectively, in Dielmo and Ndiop villages with differing malaria endemicity. The improvement led to increased CL intensity and assay sensitivity, and a higher reproducibility. In both areas, ADRB activity correlated with malaria endemicity and individual's age discriminated groups with and without clinical malaria episodes, and significantly correlated with in vivo clinical protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Our results demonstrate that the improved ADRB assay can be valuably used to assess acquired immunity during monitoring by control programmes and/or clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Joos
- Unité Immunologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumy Niass
- Unité Immunologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Unité Immunologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Adama Tall
- Unité Epidémiologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ronald Perraut
- Unité Immunologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Makhtar Niang
- Unité Immunologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, 220 Dakar, Sénégal
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Awono-Ambene HP, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate. Malar J 2021; 20:364. [PMID: 34493280 PMCID: PMC8424958 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H P Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - C S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - F Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Relitti N, Federico S, Pozzetti L, Butini S, Lamponi S, Taramelli D, D'Alessandro S, Martin RE, Shafik SH, Summers RL, Babij SK, Habluetzel A, Tapanelli S, Caldelari R, Gemma S, Campiani G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzhydryl-based antiplasmodial agents possessing Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) inhibitory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113227. [PMID: 33601312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the surge in resistance to common therapies, malaria remains a significant concern to human health worldwide. In chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (CQ-R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, CQ and related drugs are effluxed from the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV). This process is mediated by mutant isoforms of a protein called CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT). CQ-R strains can be partially re-sensitized to CQ by verapamil (VP), primaquine (PQ) and other compounds, and this has been shown to be due to the ability of these molecules to inhibit drug transport via PfCRT. We have previously developed a series of clotrimazole (CLT)-based antimalarial agents that possess inhibitory activity against PfCRT (4a,b). In our endeavor to develop novel PfCRT inhibitors, and to perform a structure-activity relationship analysis, we synthesized a new library of analogues. When the benzhydryl system was linked to a 4-aminoquinoline group (5a-f) the resulting compounds exhibited good cytotoxicity against both CQ-R and CQ-S strains of P. falciparum. The most potent inhibitory activity against the PfCRT-mediated transport of CQ was obtained with compound 5k. When compared to the reference compound, benzhydryl analogues of PQ (5i,j) showed a similar activity against blood-stage parasites, and a stronger in vitro potency against liver-stage parasites. Unfortunately, in the in vivo transmission blocking assays, 5i,j were inactive against gametocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Rowena E Martin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Sarah H Shafik
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Robert L Summers
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Simone K Babij
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza Cavour 19F, 62032, Camerino, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Reto Caldelari
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (DoE 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche Sulla Malaria (CIRM), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kojom Foko LP, Eya'ane Meva F, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Ntoumba AA, Ngaha Njila MI, Belle Ebanda Kedi P, Ayong L, Lehman LG. A systematic review on anti-malarial drug discovery and antiplasmodial potential of green synthesis mediated metal nanoparticles: overview, challenges and future perspectives. Malar J 2019; 18:337. [PMID: 31581943 PMCID: PMC6775654 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent emergence in Southeast Asia of artemisinin resistance poses major threats to malaria control and elimination globally. Green nanotechnologies can constitute interesting tools for discovering anti-malarial medicines. This systematic review focused on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles as potential source of new antiplasmodial drugs. METHODS Seven electronic database were used following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS A total of 17 papers were included in the systematic review. 82.4% of the studies used plant leaves to produce nanoparticles (NPs) while three studies used microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Silver was the main metal precursor for the synthesis of NPs. The majority of studies obtained nanoparticles spherical in shape, with sizes ranging between 4 and 65 nm, and reported no or little cytotoxic effect of the NPs. Results based on 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) varied between studies but, in general, could be divided into three NP categories; (i) those more effective than positive controls, (ii) those more effective than corresponding plant extracts and, (iii) those less effective than the positive controls or plant extracts. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the high antiplasmodial potential of green-synthesized metal nanoparticles thereby underscoring the possibility to find and develop new anti-malarial drugs based on green synthesis approaches. However, the review also highlights the need for extensive in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm their safety in humans and the elucidation of the mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loick P Kojom Foko
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Francois Eya'ane Meva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Carole E Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Agnes A Ntoumba
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Marie I Ngaha Njila
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Belle Ebanda Kedi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leopold G Lehman
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Huang F, Nsango SE, Kojom Foko LP, Ebong SB, Epee Eboumbou P, Yan H, Sitchueng L, Garke B, Ayong L. K-13 propeller gene polymorphisms isolated between 2014 and 2017 from Cameroonian Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221895. [PMID: 31479501 PMCID: PMC6719859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites since the late 2000s at the border of Cambodia and Thailand poses serious threats to malaria control globally, particularly in Africa which bears the highest malaria transmission burden. This study aimed to obtain reliable data on the current state of the kelch13 molecular marker for artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Cameroon. DNA was extracted from the dried blood spots collected from epidemiologically distinct endemic areas in the Center, Littoral and North regions of Cameroon. Nested PCR products from the Kelch13-propeller gene were sequenced and analyzed on an ABI 3730XL automatic sequencer. Of 219 dried blood spots, 175 were sequenced successfully. We identified six K13 mutations in 2.9% (5/175) of samples, including 2 non-synonymous, the V589I allele had been reported in Africa already and one new allele E612K had not been reported yet. These two non-synonymous mutations were uniquely found in parasites from the Littoral region. One sample showed two synonymous mutations within the kelch13 gene. We also observed two infected samples with mixed K13 mutant and K13 wild-type infection. Taken together, our data suggested the circulation of the non-synonymous K13 mutations in Cameroon. Albeit no mutations known to be associated with parasite clearance delays in the study population, there is need for continuous surveillance for earlier detection of resistance as long as ACTs are used and scaled up in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: , (CEEM); (FH)
| | - Fang Huang
- Malarial Department, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: , (CEEM); (FH)
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Loic Pradel Kojom Foko
- Parasitology and Entomology Research Unit, Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Serge Bruno Ebong
- Animal Organisms Biology and Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - He Yan
- Malarial Department, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Livia Sitchueng
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bouba Garke
- Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Garoua Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The paper is a compilation of the studies reported in the literature concerning non-nitrogenous natural constituents that have shown antiplasmodial activity and aims to provide a basis for further in vivo studies as well as for clinical trials to develop new antimalarial agents. Due to the increasingly unsatisfactory outcomes for N-heterocyclic drugs, coupled with the rising incidence of the deadly falciparum malaria, the advent of non-nitrogenous lead compounds is timely, signaling a new era of antimalarial chemotherapy. Currently a few non-nitrogenous molecules are used in therapy, but many promising molecules of plant origin are under study, such as peroxide sesquiterpenes, quinoid triterpenes, quassinoids, gallic acid derivatives, lignans, flavonoids and biflavonoids, xanthones, naphthoquinones and phenylanthraquinones. Many of these constituents are isolated from plants used traditionally to treat malaria and fever. Ethnopharmacology can still be considered as a rich source of lead molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff, 6, Sesto Fiorentino-50019-Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular investigation of the Pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Henan Province imported from Africa. Parasitology 2018; 146:372-379. [PMID: 30259821 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious antimalarial drugs are important for malaria control and elimination, and continuous monitoring of their efficacy is essential. The prevalence and distribution of Pfmdr1 were evaluated in African migrant workers in Henan Province. Among 632 isolates, 13 haplotypes were identified, NYSND (39.87%, 252/632), YYSND (2.85%, 18/632), NFSND (31.01%, 196/632), NYSNY (0.47%, 3/632), YFSND (13.77%, 87/632), NFSNY (0.32%, 2/632), YYSNY (2.06%, 13/632), YFSNY (0.16%, 1/632), N/Y YSND (1.90%, 12/632), N Y/F SND (6.17%, 39/632), N/Y Y/F SND (0.47%, 3/632), YYSN D/Y (0.16%, 1/632) and N/Y FSND (0.79%, 5/632). The highest frequency of NYSND was observed in individuals from North Africa (63.64%, 7/11), followed by South Africa (61.33%, 111/181), Central Africa (33.33%, 56/168), West Africa (28.94%, 68/235) and East Africa (27.03%, 10/37) (χ2 = 54.605, P < 0.05). The highest frequency of NFSND was observed in East Africa (48.65%, 18/37), followed by West Africa (39.14%, 92/235), Central Africa (26.79%, 45/168), South Africa (22.65%, 41/181) and North Africa (9.09%, 1/11) (χ2 = 22.368 P < 0.05). The mutant prevalence of codons 86 and 184 decreased. These data may provide complementary information on antimalarial resistance that may be utilized in the development of a treatment regimen for Henan Province.
Collapse
|
14
|
Soma DD, Kassié D, Sanou S, Karama FB, Ouari A, Mamai W, Ouédraogo GA, Salem G, Dabiré RK, Fournet F. Uneven malaria transmission in geographically distinct districts of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:296. [PMID: 29751825 PMCID: PMC5948787 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urbanization is a main trend in developing countries and leads to health transition. Although non-communicable diseases are increasing in cities of low-income countries, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, are still present. In the case of malaria, transmission is lower than in rural areas, but is uneven and not well documented. In this study, we wanted to evaluate intra-urban malaria transmission in a West African country (Burkina Faso). Methods A cross-sectional study on 847 adults (35 to 59 year-old) and 881 children (6 months to 5 year-old) living in 1045 households of four districts (Dogona, Yeguere, Tounouma and Secteur 25) of Bobo-Dioulasso was performed between October and November 2013. The districts were selected according to a geographical approach that took into account the city heterogeneity. Malaria prevalence was evaluated using thick and thin blood smears. Human exposure to Anopheles bites was measured by assessing the level of IgG against the Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC traps and indoor insecticide spraying in some houses of the four neighbourhoods. The Anopheles species and Plasmodium falciparum infection rate were determined using PCR assays. Results In this study, 98.5% of the malaria infections were due to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria transmission occurred in the four districts. Malaria prevalence was higher in children than in adults (19.2 vs 4.4%), and higher in the central districts than in the peripheral ones (P = 0.001). The median IgG level was more elevated in P. falciparum-infected than in non-infected individuals (P < 0.001). Anopheles arabiensis was the main vector identified (83.2%; 227 of the 273 tested mosquito specimens). Five P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes were caught, and they were all caught in the central district of Tounouma where 28.6% (14/49) of the tested blood-fed mosquito specimens had a human blood meal. Conclusions This study showed that urban malaria transmission occurred in Bobo-Dioulasso, in all the four studied areas, but mainly in central districts. Environmental determinants primarily explain this situation, which calls for better urban management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, BP 545, Burkina Faso. .,Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, BP 109, Burkina Faso.
| | - Daouda Kassié
- Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000, Nanterre, France.,UMR MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, CIRAD TA C-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Seydou Sanou
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Fatou Biribama Karama
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ali Ouari
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Gérard Salem
- Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000, Nanterre, France.,CEPED, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, BP 545, Burkina Faso
| | - Florence Fournet
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, BP 545, Burkina Faso. .,UMR MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perraut R, Varela ML, Joos C, Diouf B, Sokhna C, Mbengue B, Tall A, Loucoubar C, Touré A, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Association of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-4 with protection against clinical malaria. Vaccine 2017; 35:6720-6726. [PMID: 29042203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of parasite antigens targeted by immune effector mechanisms that confer protection against malaria is important for the design of a multi-component malaria vaccine. Here, the association of antibodies reacting with the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-4 (MSP4) with protection against clinical malaria was investigated in a Senegalese community living in an area of moderate, seasonal malaria transmission. Blood samples were collected at the end of an 8-month long dry season without any recorded parasite transmission from 206 residents enrolled in a prospective follow-up study. Active daily clinical monitoring was implemented during the subsequent five months. Entomologic monitoring documented parasite transmission during the first three months of follow-up. Serum IgG levels were determined by ELISA against three MSP4 baculovirus-encoded recombinant protein constructs, namely the full-length MSP4p40, MSP4p30 devoid of a highly polymorphic sequence stretch and the conserved C-terminal EGF-containing MSP4p20, as well as against a merozoite crude extract. Community seroprevalence against all three constructs was quite high, the lowest being against MSP4p30. Seroprevalence and antibody levels against the three MSP4 constructs were age-dependent. IgG1 dominated the anti-MSP4p20 responses, while both IgG1 and IgG3 were observed against MSP4p40. Anti-MSP4 antibodies were associated with the antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) activity in a functional assay of merozoite phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells. Importantly, high antibody levels against each of the three MSP4 constructs at the end of the dry season were associated with reduced morbidity during the subsequent transmission season in an age-adjusted Poisson regression model (IRR = 0.65 [0.50-0.83], P<0.001 for responses over the median values). These data are consistent with a protective role for the naturally acquired anti-MSP4 antibodies and support further development of MSP4 as a candidate component of malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Perraut
- Unité d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | | | - Babacar Diouf
- Unité d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URMITE, UMR 198, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Adama Tall
- Unité d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, G4 Biostatistiques Bioinformatique et Modélisation, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Odile Mercereau-Puijalon
- Institut Pasteur, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Niass O, Saint-Pierre P, Niang M, Diop F, Diouf B, Faye MM, Sarr FD, Faye J, Diagne N, Sokhna C, Trape JF, Perraut R, Tall A, Diongue AK, Toure Balde A. Modelling dynamic change of malaria transmission in holoendemic setting (Dielmo, Senegal) using longitudinal measures of antibody prevalence to Plasmodium falciparum crude schizonts extract. Malar J 2017; 16:409. [PMID: 29020949 PMCID: PMC5637097 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of local Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission has been investigated previously using the reversible catalytic model based on prevalence of antibody responses to single antigen to estimate seroconversion rates. High correlations were observed between seroconversion rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIR). However, in this model, the effects of malaria control interventions and clinical episodes on serological measurements were not assessed. This study monitors the use of antibody responses to P. falciparum crude extracts for assessing malaria transmission, compares seroconversion rates estimated from longitudinal data to those derived from cross-sectional surveys and investigates the effects of malaria control interventions on these measures in an area of declining malaria transmission. In addition, the validity of this model was evaluated by comparison with the alternative model. Methods Five cross-sectional surveys were carried out at the end of the wet season in Dielmo, a malaria-endemic Senegalese rural area in 2000, 2002, 2008, 2010 and 2012. Antibodies against schizonts crude extract of a local P. falciparum strain adapted to culture (Pf 07/03) were measured by ELISA. Age-specific seroprevalence model was used both for cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal data (combined data of all surveys). Results A total of 1504 plasma samples obtained through several years follow-up of 350 subjects was used in this study. Seroconversion rates based on P. falciparum schizonts crude extract were estimated for each cross-sectional survey and were found strongly correlated with EIR. High variability between SCRs from cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys was observed. In longitudinal studies, the alternative catalytic reversible model adjusted better with serological data than the catalytic model. Clinical malaria attacks and malaria control interventions were found to have significant effect on seroconversion. Discussion The results of the study suggested that crude extract was a good serological tool that could be used to assess the level of malaria exposure in areas where malaria transmission is declining. However, additional parameters such as clinical malaria and malaria control interventions must be taken into account for determining serological measurements for more accuracy in transmission assessment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2052-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oumy Niass
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratoire d'étude et de Recherche en Statistique et Développement, Université Gaston Berger, BP 237, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | | | - Makhtar Niang
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fode Diop
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Michel Matar Faye
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diène Sarr
- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joseph Faye
- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ronald Perraut
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Tall
- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdou Kâ Diongue
- Laboratoire d'étude et de Recherche en Statistique et Développement, Université Gaston Berger, BP 237, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Aïssatou Toure Balde
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nash SD, Prevots DR, Kabyemela E, Khasa YP, Lee KL, Fried M, Duffy PE. A Malaria-Resistant Phenotype with Immunological Correlates in a Tanzanian Birth Cohort Exposed to Intense Malaria Transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1190-1196. [PMID: 28500801 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMalaria incidence is highly heterogeneous even in areas of high transmission, although no conclusive evidence exists that innate or naturally acquired resistance can prevent infection over an extended period of time. This longitudinal study examined immunoparasitological evidence for a malaria-resistant phenotype in which children do not develop malaria despite an extended period of exposure to parasites. Within a birth cohort followed from 2002 to 2006 in Muheza, Tanzania, an area of intense transmission, children (N = 687) provided blood smears biweekly during infancy and monthly thereafter. Maternal and childhood characteristics were obtained, cord-blood cytokines were measured, and antibody responses were assayed as measures of stage-specific exposure. Sixty-three (9.2%) children had no blood smear-positive slides over 2 years of follow-up (range: 1-3.5 years) and were identified as malaria resistant. Malaria-resistant children were similar to other children with respect to completeness of follow-up and all maternal and childhood characteristics except residence area. Antibody seroprevalence was similar for two sporozoite antigens, but malaria-resistant children had a lower antibody seroprevalence to merozoite antigens merozoite surface protein 1 (5.4% versus 30.2%; P < 0.0001) and apical membrane antigen 1 (7.2% versus 33.3%; P < 0.0001). Malaria-resistant children had higher cytokine levels in cord blood, particularly interleukin-1β. In summary, a subset of children living in an area of intense transmission was exposed to malaria parasites, but never developed patent parasitemia; this phenotype was associated with a distinct cytokine profile at birth and antibody profile during infancy. Further research with malaria-resistant children may identify mechanisms for naturally acquired immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Nash
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - D Rebecca Prevots
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Yogender P Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Kun-Lin Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perraut R, Varela ML, Loucoubar C, Niass O, Sidibé A, Tall A, Trape JF, Wotodjo AN, Mbengue B, Sokhna C, Vigan-Womas I, Touré A, Richard V, Mercereau-Puijalon O. Serological signatures of declining exposure following intensification of integrated malaria control in two rural Senegalese communities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179146. [PMID: 28609450 PMCID: PMC5469466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent control scale-up has reduced malaria in many areas but new tools are needed to monitor further progress, including indicators of decreasing exposure to parasite infection. Although serology is considered a promising approach in this regard, the serological impact of control interventions has been so far studied using indirect quantification of exposure. Cohort surveys concomitantly recording entomological and malariometric indices have been conducted in two Senegalese settings where supervised control intensification implemented in 2006 shifted malaria from historically holoendemic in Dielmo and mesoendemic in Ndiop to hypoendemic in both settings by 2013. We analyse here serological signatures of declining transmission using archived blood samples. Responses against ten pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic antigens from Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae alongside an Anopheles gambiae salivary gland antigen were analysed. Cross-sectional surveys conducted before (2002) and after (2013) control intensification showed a major impact of control intensification in both settings. The age-associated prevalence, magnitude and breadth of the IgG responses to all antigens were village-specific in 2002. In 2013, remarkably similar patterns were observed in both villages, with marginal responses against all parasite antigens in the 0-5y children and reduced responses in all previously seropositive age groups. Waning of humoral responses of individuals who were immune at the time of control intensification was studied from 2006 to 2013 using yearly samplings. Longitudinal data were analysed using the Cochran-Armittage trend test and an age-related reversible catalytic conversion model. This showed that the antigen-specific antibody declines were more rapid in older children than adults. There was a strong association of antibody decline with the declining entomological inoculation rate. We thus identified serological markers of declining exposure to malaria parasites that should help future monitoring of progress towards malaria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Perraut
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Immunologie, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie-Louise Varela
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, G4 Biostatistiques Bioinformatique et Modélisation, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, G4 Biostatistiques Bioinformatique et Modélisation, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumy Niass
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Immunologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Awa Sidibé
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Immunologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Adama Tall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | | | - Babacar Mbengue
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Immunogénétique, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URMITE, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d’Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Antanarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| | - Aissatou Touré
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Immunologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Vincent Richard
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Odile Mercereau-Puijalon
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ménard D, Khim N, Beghain J, Adegnika AA, Shafiul-Alam M, Amodu O, Rahim-Awab G, Barnadas C, Berry A, Boum Y, Bustos MD, Cao J, Chen JH, Collet L, Cui L, Thakur GD, Dieye A, Djallé D, Dorkenoo MA, Eboumbou-Moukoko CE, Espino FECJ, Fandeur T, Ferreira-da-Cruz MF, Fola AA, Fuehrer HP, Hassan AM, Herrera S, Hongvanthong B, Houzé S, Ibrahim ML, Jahirul-Karim M, Jiang L, Kano S, Ali-Khan W, Khanthavong M, Kremsner PG, Lacerda M, Leang R, Leelawong M, Li M, Lin K, Mazarati JB, Ménard S, Morlais I, Muhindo-Mavoko H, Musset L, Na-Bangchang K, Nambozi M, Niaré K, Noedl H, Ouédraogo JB, Pillai DR, Pradines B, Quang-Phuc B, Ramharter M, Randrianarivelojosia M, Sattabongkot J, Sheikh-Omar A, Silué KD, Sirima SB, Sutherland C, Syafruddin D, Tahar R, Tang LH, Touré OA, Tshibangu-wa-Tshibangu P, Vigan-Womas I, Warsame M, Wini L, Zakeri S, Kim S, Eam R, Berne L, Khean C, Chy S, Ken M, Loch K, Canier L, Duru V, Legrand E, Barale JC, Stokes B, Straimer J, Witkowski B, Fidock DA, Rogier C, Ringwald P, Ariey F, Mercereau-Puijalon O. A Worldwide Map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-Propeller Polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2453-64. [PMID: 27332904 PMCID: PMC4955562 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1513137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent gains in reducing the global burden of malaria are threatened by the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinins. The discovery that mutations in portions of a P. falciparum gene encoding kelch (K13)-propeller domains are the major determinant of resistance has provided opportunities for monitoring such resistance on a global scale. METHODS We analyzed the K13-propeller sequence polymorphism in 14,037 samples collected in 59 countries in which malaria is endemic. Most of the samples (84.5%) were obtained from patients who were treated at sentinel sites used for nationwide surveillance of antimalarial resistance. We evaluated the emergence and dissemination of mutations by haplotyping neighboring loci. RESULTS We identified 108 nonsynonymous K13 mutations, which showed marked geographic disparity in their frequency and distribution. In Asia, 36.5% of the K13 mutations were distributed within two areas--one in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos and the other in western Thailand, Myanmar, and China--with no overlap. In Africa, we observed a broad array of rare nonsynonymous mutations that were not associated with delayed parasite clearance. The gene-edited Dd2 transgenic line with the A578S mutation, which expresses the most frequently observed African allele, was found to be susceptible to artemisinin in vitro on a ring-stage survival assay. CONCLUSIONS No evidence of artemisinin resistance was found outside Southeast Asia and China, where resistance-associated K13 mutations were confined. The common African A578S allele was not associated with clinical or in vitro resistance to artemisinin, and many African mutations appear to be neutral. (Funded by Institut Pasteur Paris and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ménard
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Nimol Khim
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Johann Beghain
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Mohammad Shafiul-Alam
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Olukemi Amodu
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Ghulam Rahim-Awab
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Céline Barnadas
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Antoine Berry
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Yap Boum
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Maria D Bustos
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Jun Cao
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Louis Collet
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Liwang Cui
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Garib-Das Thakur
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Alioune Dieye
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Djibrine Djallé
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Monique A Dorkenoo
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | | | | - Thierry Fandeur
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | | - Abebe A Fola
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Abdillahi M Hassan
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Socrates Herrera
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Maman L Ibrahim
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Mohammad Jahirul-Karim
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Lubin Jiang
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Wasif Ali-Khan
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Maniphone Khanthavong
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Rithea Leang
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Mindy Leelawong
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Mei Li
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Khin Lin
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Jean-Baptiste Mazarati
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Sandie Ménard
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | | - Lise Musset
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Michael Nambozi
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Karamoko Niaré
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Harald Noedl
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Bruno Pradines
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Bui Quang-Phuc
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Michael Ramharter
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Abdiqani Sheikh-Omar
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Kigbafori D Silué
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Colin Sutherland
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Din Syafruddin
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Rachida Tahar
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Lin-Hua Tang
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Offianan A Touré
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Marian Warsame
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Lyndes Wini
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Saorin Kim
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Rotha Eam
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Laura Berne
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Chanra Khean
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Sophy Chy
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Malen Ken
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Kaknika Loch
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Lydie Canier
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Valentine Duru
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Eric Legrand
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Jean-Christophe Barale
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Barbara Stokes
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Judith Straimer
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - David A Fidock
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Christophe Rogier
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | - Frederic Ariey
- The authors' affiliations are listed in the Supplementary Appendix , available at NEJM.org
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bankole AE, Adekunle AA, Sowemimo AA, Umebese CE, Abiodun O, Gbotosho GO. Phytochemical screening and in vivo antimalarial activity of extracts from three medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:299-305. [PMID: 26391173 PMCID: PMC4700078 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of plant to meet health-care needs has greatly increased worldwide in the recent times. The search for new plant-derived bioactive agents that can be explored for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria infection is urgently needed. Thus, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of three medicinal plants used in Nigerian folklore for the treatment of malaria infection. A modified Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the plant extracts in a mouse model of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Animals were treated with 250, 500, or 800 mg/kg of aqueous extract. It was observed that of all the three plants studied, Markhamia tomentosa showed the highest chemosuppression of parasites of 73 % followed by Polyalthia longifolia (53 %) at day 4. All the doses tested were well tolerated. Percentage suppression of parasite growth on day 4 post-infection ranged from 1 to 73 % in mice infected with P. berghei and treated with extracts when compared with chloroquine diphosphate, the standard reference drug which had a chemosuppression of 90 %. The percentage survival of mice that received extract ranged from 0 to 60 % (increased as the dose increases to 800 mg/kg). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in all the three plants tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Bankole
- Bankole A. E., Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 1029 Unilag Post office Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - A A Adekunle
- Bankole A. E., Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 1029 Unilag Post office Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A A Sowemimo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - C E Umebese
- Bankole A. E., Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, P. M. B. 1029 Unilag Post office Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O Abiodun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - G O Gbotosho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Joos C, Varela ML, Mbengue B, Mansourou A, Marrama L, Sokhna C, Tall A, Trape JF, Touré A, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Perraut R. Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1p19 malaria vaccine candidate induce antibody-dependent respiratory burst in human neutrophils. Malar J 2015; 14:409. [PMID: 26471813 PMCID: PMC4608189 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of plasmodial antigens targeted by protective immune mechanisms is important for malaria vaccine development. Among functional assays, the neutrophil antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) induced by opsonized Plasmodium falciparum merozoites has been correlated with acquired immunity to clinical malaria in endemic areas, but the target merozoite antigens are unknown. Here, the contribution of antibodies to the conserved C-terminal domain of the P. falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (PfMSP1p19) in mediating ADRB was investigated in sera from individuals living in two Senegalese villages with differing malaria endemicity. Methods Anti-PfMSP1p19 antibody levels in sera from 233 villagers were investigated and the involvement of anti-PfMSP1p19 antibodies in ADRB was explored in a subset of samples using (1) isogenic P. falciparum parasite clones expressing P. falciparum or Plasmodium chabaudi MSP1p19; (2) PfMSP1p19-coated plaque ADRB; and, (3) ADRB triggering using sera depleted from PfMSP1p19 antibodies by absorption onto the baculovirus recombinant antigen. Results ADRB activity correlated with anti-PfMSP1p19 IgG levels (P < 10−3). A substantial contribution of PfMSP1p19 antibody responses to ADRB was confirmed (P < 10−4) in an age-adjusted linear regression model. PfMSP1p19 antibodies accounted for 33.1 % (range 7–54 %) and 33.2 % (range 0–70 %) of ADRB activity evaluated using isogenic merozoites (P < 10−3) and depleted sera (P = 0.0017), respectively. Coating of PfMSP1p19 on plates induced strong ADRB in anti-PfMSP1p19-positive sera. Conclusion These data show that naturally acquired P. falciparum MSP1p19 antibodies are potent inducers of neutrophil ADRB and support the development of PfMSP1p19-based malaria vaccine using ADRB assay as a functional surrogate for protection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0935-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Joos
- Unité d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. .,Unité d'Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | - Babacar Mbengue
- Unité d'Immunogénétique/UCAD, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | - Laurence Marrama
- Unité d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URMITE, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Adama Tall
- Unité d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | - Aissatou Touré
- Unité d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | - Ronald Perraut
- Unité d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ndungu FM, Marsh K, Fegan G, Wambua J, Nyangweso G, Ogada E, Mwangi T, Nyundo C, Macharia A, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Bejon P. Identifying children with excess malaria episodes after adjusting for variation in exposure: identification from a longitudinal study using statistical count models. BMC Med 2015; 13:183. [PMID: 26248615 PMCID: PMC4527301 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria episodes is over-dispersed among children in endemic areas, with more children experiencing multiple clinical episodes than would be expected based on a Poisson distribution. There is consistent evidence for micro-epidemiological variation in exposure to P. falciparum. The aim of the current study was to identify children with excess malaria episodes after controlling for malaria exposure. METHODS We selected the model that best fit the data out of the models examined and included the following covariates: age, a weighted local prevalence of infection as an index of exposure, and calendar time to predict episodes of malaria on active surveillance malaria data from 2,463 children of under 15 years of age followed for between 5 and 15 years each. Using parameters from the zero-inflated negative binomial model which best fitted our data, we ran 100 simulations of the model based on our population to determine the variation that might be seen due to chance. RESULTS We identified 212 out of 2,463 children who had a number of clinical episodes above the 95(th) percentile of the simulations run from the model, hereafter referred to as "excess malaria (EM)". We then identified exposure-matched controls with "average numbers of malaria" episodes, and found that the EM group had higher parasite densities when asymptomatically infected or during clinical malaria, and were less likely to be of haemoglobin AS genotype. CONCLUSIONS Of the models tested, the negative zero-inflated negative binomial distribution with exposure, calendar year, and age acting as independent predictors, fitted the distribution of clinical malaria the best. Despite accounting for these factors, a group of children suffer excess malaria episodes beyond those predicted by the model. An epidemiological framework for identifying these children will allow us to study factors that may explain excess malaria episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Maina Ndungu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gregory Fegan
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Edna Ogada
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | | | - Chris Nyundo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Alex Macharia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rono J, Färnert A, Murungi L, Ojal J, Kamuyu G, Guleid F, Nyangweso G, Wambua J, Kitsao B, Olotu A, Marsh K, Osier FH. Multiple clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a low transmission intensity setting: exposure versus immunity. BMC Med 2015; 13:114. [PMID: 25967134 PMCID: PMC4445794 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate that some children experience many more episodes of clinical malaria than their age mates in a given location. Whether this is as a result of the micro-heterogeneity of malaria transmission with some children effectively getting more exposure to infectious mosquitoes than others, or reflects a failure in the acquisition of immunity needs to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the determinants of increased susceptibility to clinical malaria by comparing the intensity of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum and the acquisition of immunity in children at the extreme ends of the over-dispersed distribution of the incidence of clinical malaria. METHODS The study was nested within a larger cohort in an area where the intensity of malaria transmission was low. We identified children who over a five-year period experienced 5 to 16 clinical malaria episodes (children at the tail-end of the over-dispersed distribution, n = 35), remained malaria-free (n = 12) or had a single episode (n = 26). We quantified antibodies against seven Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in plasma obtained at six cross-sectional surveys spanning these five years. We analyzed the antibody responses to identify temporal dynamics that associate with disease susceptibility. RESULTS Children experiencing multiple episodes of malaria were more likely to be parasite positive by microscopy at cross-sectional surveys (X (2) test for trend 14.72 P = 0.001) and had a significantly higher malaria exposure index, than those in the malaria-free or single episode groups (Kruskal-Wallis test P = 0.009). In contrast, the five-year temporal dynamics of anti-merozoite antibodies were similar in the three groups. Importantly in all groups, antibody levels were below the threshold concentrations previously observed to be correlated with protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in the context of a low malaria transmission setting, susceptibility to clinical malaria is not accounted for by anti-merozoite antibodies but appears to be a consequence of increased parasite exposure. We hypothesize that intensive exposure is a prerequisite for protective antibody concentrations, while little to modest exposure may manifest as multiple clinical infections with low levels of antibodies. These findings have implications for interventions that effectively lower malaria transmission intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josea Rono
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Färnert
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Murungi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - John Ojal
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Gathoni Kamuyu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Fatuma Guleid
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - George Nyangweso
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Juliana Wambua
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Barnes Kitsao
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Ally Olotu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Faith Ha Osier
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter is a H+-coupled polyspecific nutrient and drug exporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3356-61. [PMID: 25733858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion of chloroquine (CQ) from digestive vacuoles through the Plasmodium falciparum CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT) is essential to establish CQ resistance of the malaria parasite. However, the physiological relevance of PfCRT and how CQ-resistant PfCRT gains the ability to transport CQ remain unknown. We prepared proteoliposomes containing purified CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant PfCRTs and measured their transport activities. All PfCRTs tested actively took up tetraethylammonium, verapamil, CQ, basic amino acids, polypeptides, and polyamines at the expense of an electrochemical proton gradient. CQ-resistant PfCRT exhibited decreased affinity for CQ, resulting in increased CQ uptake. Furthermore, CQ competitively inhibited amino acid transport. Thus, PfCRT is a H(+)-coupled polyspecific nutrient and drug exporter.
Collapse
|
25
|
Griffin JT, Hollingsworth TD, Reyburn H, Drakeley CJ, Riley EM, Ghani AC. Gradual acquisition of immunity to severe malaria with increasing exposure. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142657. [PMID: 25567652 PMCID: PMC4309004 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous analyses have suggested that immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is acquired after only a few infections, whereas longitudinal studies show that some children experience multiple episodes of severe disease, suggesting that immunity may not be acquired so quickly. We fitted a mathematical model for the acquisition and loss of immunity to severe disease to the age distribution of severe malaria cases stratified by symptoms from a range of transmission settings in Tanzania, combined with data from several African countries on the age distribution and overall incidence of severe malaria. We found that immunity to severe disease was acquired more gradually with exposure than previously thought. The model also suggests that physiological changes, rather than exposure, may alter the symptoms of disease with increasing age, suggesting that a later age at infection would be associated with a higher proportion of cases presenting with cerebral malaria regardless of exposure. This has consequences for the expected pattern of severe disease as transmission changes. Careful monitoring of the decline in immunity associated with reduced transmission will therefore be needed to ensure rebound epidemics of severe and fatal malaria are avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Griffin
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Hugh Reyburn
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Menard D, Ariey F. Towards real-time monitoring of artemisinin resistance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:367-8. [PMID: 25704895 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Menard
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Frédéric Ariey
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaddumukasa M, Buwembo W, Sekikubo M, Naiwumbwe H, Namusoke F, Kiwuwa S, Oketch B, Noor R, Chilengi R, Mworozi E, Kironde F. Malariometric indices from Iganga, Uganda: baseline characterization in preparation of GMZ2 vaccine trial. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:793. [PMID: 25380673 PMCID: PMC4232662 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria still remains the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Uganda. Interventions like malaria vaccines which reduce the malaria burden are needed in malaria endemic communities. There is need to establish baseline characteristics in vaccine trial study sites. This study determined the following baseline malariometric indices: spleen rates, bed net use, malaria parasitaemia and malaria episodes in an inception cohort of children aged 12 - 60 months in Iganga district, Uganda. METHODS In a longitudinal cohort study, 748 children were enrolled with 397 in an active follow up arm and 351 in a passive arm. The children in the two arms were followed for 6 months to determine the incidence of malaria episodes. RESULTS The overall baseline spleen rate was 8.2% (61/748) among the study participants. Of the households surveyed, about 36% reported using bed nets and almost 30% of the users had insecticide-treated nets. 274 (36.6%) of the study participants had a history of fever in the past 24 hrs at the time of the baseline survey. All participants had a peripheral blood smear for malaria parasites done at enrollment with 76.8% having the asexual form of malaria parasites. The malaria episodes per child per year were 1.5 and 0.79 in the active and passive follow up arms respectively. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of malaria asexual parasitaemia in children below five years. The bed net usage still remains low among this population. These baseline malariometric indices have important implication for malaria control interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Buwembo
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evaluation of antimalarial resistance marker polymorphism in returned migrant workers in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:326-30. [PMID: 25348538 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04144-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Imported malaria has been a great challenge for public health in China due to decreased locally transmitted cases and frequent exchange worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum has been mainly responsible for the increasing impact. Currently, artesunate plus amodiaquine, one of the artemisinin combination therapies recommended by the World Health Organization, has been mainly used against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in China. However, drug resistance marker polymorphism in returning migrant workers has not been demonstrated. Here, we have evaluated the prevalence of pfmdr1 and pfcrt polymorphisms, as well as the K13 propeller gene, a molecular marker of artemisinin resistance, in migrant workers returned from Ghana to Shanglin County, Guangxi Province, China, in 2013. A total of 118 blood samples were randomly selected and used for the assay. Mutations of the pfmdr1 gene that covered codons 86, 184, 1034, and 1246 were found in 11 isolates. Mutations at codon N86Y (9.7%) were more frequent than at others, and Y(86)Y(184)S(1034)D(1246) was the most prevalent (63.6%) of the four haplotypes. Mutations of the pfcrt gene that covered codons 74, 75, and 76 were observed in 17 isolates, and M(74)N(75)T(76) was common (70.6%) in three haplotypes. Eight different genotypes of the K13 propeller were first observed in 10 samples in China, 2 synonymous mutations (V487V and A627A) and 6 nonsynonymous mutations. C580Y was the most prevalent (2.7%) in all the samples. The data presented might be helpful for enrichment of molecular surveillance of antimalarial resistance and will be useful for developing and updating antimalarial guidance in China.
Collapse
|
29
|
Khim N, Witkowski B, Duru V, Ariey F, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Ménard D. La résistance de P. falciparumà l’artémisinine. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:727-9. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143008004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
30
|
Double mutation in the pfmdr1 gene is associated with emergence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5909-15. [PMID: 25070111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02762-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, including India. This study elucidates the cause of chloroquine treatment failure (for Plasmodium falciparum infection) before the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy. One hundred twenty-six patients were randomized to chloroquine treatment, and the therapeutic efficacy was monitored from days 1 to 28. An in vitro susceptibility test was performed with all isolates. Parasitic DNA was isolated, followed by PCR and restriction digestion of different codons of the pfcrt gene (codons 72 to 76) and the pfmdr1 gene (N86Y, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, and D1246Y). Finally, sequencing was done to confirm the mutations. Forty-three (34.13%) early treatment failure cases and 16 (12.69%) late treatment failure cases were observed after chloroquine treatment. In vitro chloroquine resistance was found in 103 isolates (81.75%). Twenty-six (60.47%) early treatment failure cases and 6 (37.5%) late treatment failure cases were associated with the CVMNK-YYSNY allele (the underlined amino acids are those that were mutated). Moreover, the CVIEK-YYSNY allele was found in 8 early treatment failure (18.60%) and 2 late treatment failure (12.5%) cases. The presence of the wild-type pfcrt (CVMNK) and pfmdr1 (YYSNY) double mutant allele in chloroquine-nonresponsive cases was quite uncommon. In vivo chloroquine treatment failure and in vitro chloroquine resistance were strongly correlated with the CVMNK-YYSNY and CVIEK-YYSNY haplotypes (P < 0.01).
Collapse
|
31
|
Fadare DA, Abiodun OO, Ajaiyeoba EO. In vivo antimalarial activity of Trichilia megalantha harms extracts and fractions in animal models. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2991-5. [PMID: 23801363 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Kaushik NK, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Mohanakrishnan D, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Sahal D. Antiplasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants from eastern Ghats of South India. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:26-32. [PMID: 23399920 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a major health problem of the developing world. In the present study medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats of South India have been extracted with ethyl acetate and assayed for growth inhibition of asexual erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) and (CQ)-resistant (INDO) strains of P. falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Studied extracts showed a spectrum of antiplasmodial activities ranging from (a) very good (IC(50)<10-10 μg/mL: Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber officinale); (b) good (IC(50), >10-15 μg/mL: Ficus religiosa and Murraya koenigii); (c) moderate (IC(50)>15-25 μg/mL: Ficus benghalensis); (d) poor activity (IC(50)>25-60 μg/mL) and (e) inactive (IC(50)>60 μg/mL). Resistance indices ranging from 0.78 to 1.28 suggest that some of these extracts had equal promise against the CQ resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum. Cytotoxicity assessment of the extracts against HeLa cell line using MTT assay revealed that the selectivity indices in the range of 3-15 suggesting a good margin of safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Loucoubar C, Grange L, Paul R, Huret A, Tall A, Telle O, Roussilhon C, Faye J, Diene-Sarr F, Trape JF, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Sakuntabhai A, Bureau JF. High number of previous Plasmodium falciparum clinical episodes increases risk of future episodes in a sub-group of individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55666. [PMID: 23405191 PMCID: PMC3566008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists great disparity in the number of clinical P. falciparum episodes among children of the same age and living in similar conditions. The epidemiological determinants of such disparity are unclear. We used a data-mining approach to explore a nineteen-year longitudinal malaria cohort study dataset from Senegal and identify variables associated with increased risk of malaria episodes. These were then verified using classical statistics and replicated in a second cohort. In addition to age, we identified a novel high-risk group of children in whom the history of P. falciparum clinical episodes greatly increased risk of further episodes. Age and a high number of previous falciparum clinical episodes not only play major roles in explaining the risk of P. falciparum episodes but also are risk factors for different groups of people. Combined, they explain the majority of falciparum clinical attacks. Contrary to what is widely believed, clinical immunity to P. falciparum does not de facto occur following many P. falciparum clinical episodes. There exist a sub-group of children who suffer repeated clinical episodes. In addition to posing an important challenge for population stratification during clinical trials, this sub-group disproportionally contributes to the disease burden and may necessitate specific prevention and control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
- Université Paris Descartes, Mathématiques Appliquées Paris 5- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8145, Paris, France
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Grange
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Richard Paul
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | | | - Adama Tall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Olivier Telle
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Christian Roussilhon
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diene-Sarr
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité d’Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Unité de Pathogénie Afro-Tropicale (Unité Mixte de Recherche 198), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Odile Mercereau-Puijalon
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology, Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
- Mahidol University, Systems Biology of Diseases Unit, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-François Bureau
- Institut Pasteur, Department Genome and Genetics, Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Annan K, Sarpong K, Asare C, Dickson R, Amponsah K, Gyan B, Ofori M, Gbedema S. In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of three herbal remedies for malaria in Ghana: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch.) Harms., Termina liaivorensis A. Chev, and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Pharmacognosy Res 2012; 4:225-9. [PMID: 23225967 PMCID: PMC3510876 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herbal remedies of Adenia cissampeloides, Terminalia ivorensis, and Elaeis guineensis among others have been used in Ghana for the treatment of various ailments including malaria. However, most of these remedies have not been scientifically investigated. Objective: This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the anti-plasmodial activity of these plants. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of A. cissampeloides stem, T. ivorensis stem bark, and E. guineensis leaves were tested for in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Thin blood films were used to assess the level of parasitemia and growth inhibition of the extracts. Results: The IC 50 of A. cissampeloides, T. ivorensis, and E. guineensis were 8.521, 6.949, and 1.195 μg/ml, respectively, compared to artesunate with IC50 of 0.031 μg/ml. Conclusion: The result of this study appears to confirm the folkloric anti-malarial use these plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Annan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Silva LFRE, Magalhães PMD, Costa MRF, Alecrim MDGC, Chaves FCM, Hidalgo ADF, Pohlit AM, Vieira PPR. In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Welch field isolates to infusions prepared from Artemisia annua L. cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:859-66. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Francisco Rocha e Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brasil; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Brasil; Centro Universitário do Norte, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Afrane YA, Lawson BW, Brenya R, Kruppa T, Yan G. The ecology of mosquitoes in an irrigated vegetable farm in Kumasi, Ghana: abundance, productivity and survivorship. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:233. [PMID: 23069265 PMCID: PMC3485118 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irrigated vegetable farms within the city of Kumasi, Ghana, create hotspots for the breeding of malaria vectors, which could lead to high transmission of malaria. This study investigated the abundance and productivity of mosquitoes in an irrigated vegetable farm in Kumasi, Ghana. Methods Adult mosquito productivity was estimated five days in a week in different irrigated scheme types (dug-out wells, furrows and footprints) for 12 weeks using emergence traps. Larval sampling was done five days a week to estimate the abundance of larvae from the different irrigated schemes types. Results Mosquito breeding in the irrigated vegetable field was confined to dug-out wells, furrows and human footprints. Mosquito productivity (m2/week) was highest in the dugout wells followed by the human footprints and the least was in the furrows (11.23, 5.07 and 4.34 An. gambiae/m2/week). Larval abundance for the late instars (3rd, 4th and pupae) also followed the same trend, with the dug-out wells having the highest larval abundance followed by the human footprints and then the furrows (13.24, 6.81, 5.87 larvae/week). Mosquito productivity and abundance was negatively correlated with rainfall (R2 = 0.209; P< 0.01). Conclusion This study showed that adult and larval mosquito abundance and larval survival were high in the irrigated fields in the irrigated vegetable farm. This therefore, contributed significantly to adult mosquito populations and hence malaria transmission in the city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw A Afrane
- School of Health Sciences, Bondo University College, Bondo, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
PfCRT and its role in antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:504-14. [PMID: 23020971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine, the former gold standard antimalarial drug, is mediated primarily by mutant forms of the chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT). These mutations impart upon PfCRT the ability to efflux chloroquine from the intracellular digestive vacuole, the site of drug action. Recent studies reveal that PfCRT variants can also affect parasite fitness, protect immature gametocytes against chloroquine action, and alter P. falciparum susceptibility to current first-line therapies. These results highlight the need to be vigilant in screening for the appearance of novel pfcrt alleles that could contribute to new multi-drug resistance phenotypes.
Collapse
|
38
|
Maranz S. An alternative paradigm for the role of antimalarial plants in Africa. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:978913. [PMID: 22593717 PMCID: PMC3346345 DOI: 10.1100/2012/978913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most investigations into the antimalarial activity of African plants are centered on finding an indigenous equivalent to artemisinin, the compound from which current frontline antimalarial drugs are synthesized. As a consequence, the standard practice in ethnopharmacological research is to use in vitro assays to identify compounds that inhibit parasites at nanomolar concentrations. This approach fails to take into consideration the high probability of acquisition of resistance to parasiticidal compounds since parasite populations are placed under direct selection for genetic that confers a survival advantage. Bearing in mind Africa's long exposure to malaria and extensive ethnobotanical experimentation with both therapies and diet, it is more likely that compounds not readily overcome by Plasmodium parasites would have been retained in the pharmacopeia and cuisine. Such compounds are characterized by acting primarily on the host rather than directly targeting the parasite and thus cannot be adequately explored in vitro. If Africa's long history with malaria has in fact produced effective plant therapies, their scientific elucidation will require a major emphasis on in vivo investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maranz
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2012; 379:413-31. [PMID: 22305225 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decade, renewed global and national efforts to combat malaria have led to ambitious goals. We aimed to provide an accurate assessment of the levels and time trends in malaria mortality to aid assessment of progress towards these goals and the focusing of future efforts. METHODS We systematically collected all available data for malaria mortality for the period 1980-2010, correcting for misclassification bias. We developed a range of predictive models, including ensemble models, to estimate malaria mortality with uncertainty by age, sex, country, and year. We used key predictors of malaria mortality such as Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence, first-line antimalarial drug resistance, and vector control. We used out-of-sample predictive validity to select the final model. FINDINGS Global malaria deaths increased from 995,000 (95% uncertainty interval 711,000-1,412,000) in 1980 to a peak of 1,817,000 (1,430,000-2,366,000) in 2004, decreasing to 1,238,000 (929,000-1,685,000) in 2010. In Africa, malaria deaths increased from 493,000 (290,000-747,000) in 1980 to 1,613,000 (1,243,000-2,145,000) in 2004, decreasing by about 30% to 1,133,000 (848,000-1,591,000) in 2010. Outside of Africa, malaria deaths have steadily decreased from 502,000 (322,000-833,000) in 1980 to 104,000 (45,000-191,000) in 2010. We estimated more deaths in individuals aged 5 years or older than has been estimated in previous studies: 435,000 (307,000-658,000) deaths in Africa and 89,000 (33,000-177,000) deaths outside of Africa in 2010. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that the malaria mortality burden is larger than previously estimated, especially in adults. There has been a rapid decrease in malaria mortality in Africa because of the scaling up of control activities supported by international donors. Donor support, however, needs to be increased if malaria elimination and eradication and broader health and development goals are to be met. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koudouvo K, Karou SD, Ilboudo DP, Kokou K, Essien K, Aklikokou K, de Souza C, Simpore J, Gbéassor M. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts from Togolese medicinal plants. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:129-32. [PMID: 21771436 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimalarial effect of a few plants in Togo folk medicine. METHODS After ethnobotanical survey, Opilia celtidifolia, Pavetta corymbosa (P. corymbosa) and Tamarindus indica (T. indica) were selected for screening. In vitro antimalarial tests were performed on crude extracts against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum using the semi microtest. RESULTS Different IC(50) values of the extracts ranged from 2.042 to 100.000 μg/mL. According to the results, the methanol extract of aerial part of P. corymbosa followed by aqueous extract of fruit of T. indica were the most active (IC(50) of 2.042 and 4.786 μg/mL, respectively). Qualitative test revealed the presence of alkaloids in the leaves of P. corymbosa that may be responsible for the activity of the plant. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides scientific evidence for usage of plant in the folk medicine, and further studies are needed for identification and purification of the active principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Koudouvo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001165. [PMID: 22303287 PMCID: PMC3269430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Teun Bousema and colleagues argue that targeting malaria “hotspots” is a highly efficient way to reduce malaria transmission at all levels of transmission intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Robert V, Trape JF, Rogier C. Malaria parasites: elimination is not eradication. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1597-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
43
|
Nguta JM, Mbaria JM, Gathumbi PK, Gakuya D, Kabasa JD, Kiama SG. Ethnodiagnostic skills of the digo community for malaria: a lead to traditional bioprospecting. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:30. [PMID: 21738507 PMCID: PMC3125516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem that is presently complicated by the development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum to the mainstay drugs. Thus, new drugs with unique structures and mechanism of action are required to treat drug-resistant strains of malaria. Historically, compounds containing a novel structure from natural origin represent a major source for the discovery and development of new drugs for several diseases. This paper presents ethnophytotherapeutic remedies, ethnodiagnostic skills, and related traditional knowledge utilized by the Digo community of the Kenyan Coast to diagnose malaria as a lead to traditional bioprospecting. The current study was carried out in three Digo villages of Diani sub-location between May 2009 and December 2009. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and open and close-ended questionnaires. A total of 60 respondents (34 men and 26 women) provided the targeted information. The results show that the indigenous knowledge of Digo community on malaria encompasses not only the symptoms of malaria but also the factors that are responsible for causing malaria, attributes favoring the breeding of mosquitoes and practices employed to guard against mosquito bites or to protect households against malaria. This knowledge is closely in harmony with scientific approaches to the treatment and control of the disease. The Digo community uses 60 medicinal plants distributed in 52 genera and 27 families to treat malaria. The most frequently mentioned symptoms were fever, joint pains, and vomiting while the most frequently mentioned practices employed to guard against mosquito bites and/or to protect households against malaria was burning of herbal plants such as Ocimum suave and ingestion of herbal decoctions and concoctions. The Digo community has abundant ethnodiagnostic skills for malaria which forms the basis of their traditional bioprospecting techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mwanzia Nguta
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| | - James M. Mbaria
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter K. Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Gakuya
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| | - John David Kabasa
- Department of Physiology, Makerere UniversityKampala, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacology, Makerere UniversityKampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Gitahi Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Al-Mekhlafi AM, Mahdy MAK, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azazy AA, Fong MY. High frequency of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt T76 mutation) in Yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:94. [PMID: 21619624 PMCID: PMC3125383 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a significant health problem in Yemen with Plasmodium falciparum being the predominant species which is responsible for 90% of the malaria cases. Despite serious concerns regarding increasing drug resistance, chloroquine is still used for the prevention and treatment of malaria in Yemen. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of choloroquine resistance (CQR) of P. falciparum isolated from Yemen based on the pfcrt T76 mutation. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 511 participants from four governorates in Yemen. Blood samples were screened using microscopic and species-specific nested PCR based on the 18S rRNA gene to detect and identify Plasmodium species. Blood samples positive for P. falciparum were used for detecting the pfcrt T76 mutation using nested-PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of pfcrt T76 mutation was 81.5% (66 of 81 isolates). Coastal areas/foothills had higher prevalence of pfcrt T76 mutation compared to highland areas (90.5% vs 71.8%) (p = 0.031). The pfcrt T76 mutation had a significant association with parasitaemia (p = 0.045). Univariate analysis shows a significant association of pfcrt T76 mutation with people aged > 10 years (OR = 9, 95% CI = 2.3 - 36.2, p = 0.001), low household income (OR = 5, 95% CI = 1.3 - 19.5, p = 0.027), no insecticide spray (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.16 - 11.86, p = 0.025) and not sleeping under insecticide treated nets (ITNs) (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.38 - 16.78, p = 0.01). Logistic regression model confirmed age > 10 years and low household income as predictors of pfcrt T76 mutation in Yemen P. falciparum isolates. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of pfcrt T76 mutation in Yemen could be a predictive marker for the prevalence of P. falciparum CQR. This finding shows the necessity for an in-vivo therapeutic efficacy test for CQ. P. falciparum CQR should be addressed in the national strategy to control malaria.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sarr SO, Perrotey S, Fall I, Ennahar S, Zhao M, Diop YM, Candolfi E, Marchioni E. Icacina senegalensis (Icacinaceae), traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, inhibits in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth without host cell toxicity. Malar J 2011; 10:85. [PMID: 21481272 PMCID: PMC3090372 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the aim of discovering new natural active extracts against malaria parasites, Icacina senegalensis was selected after an ethnopharmacological survey conducted on plants used in traditional malaria treatment in Senegal. Methods Different concentrations of the plant extract and fractions were tested on synchronized Plasmodium falciparum cultures at the ring stage using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Their haemolytic activity and in vitro cytoxicity were evaluated. The chromatographic profiles of active fractions were also established. Results The plant extract and fractions revealed anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 < 5 μg/mL) with no toxicity (Selectivity indexes >10). The dichloromethane fraction showed stronger anti-plasmodial activity than the total extract. Conclusion Anti-plasmodial activity and toxicity of I. senegalensis are reported for the first time and showed promising results in malaria field research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serigne O Sarr
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules BioActives IPHC-LC4, UMR 7178, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Investigation of some medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Kenya as potential sources of antimalarial drugs. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:609-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
47
|
Nguta JM, Mbaria JM, Gakuya DW, Gathumbi PK, Kiama SG. Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the South Coast community, Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:256-267. [PMID: 20600756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of malaria as well as the existing knowledge, attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. METHODS Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. RESULTS The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided mosquito bites by using mosquito nets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts to generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. CONCLUSIONS The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Nguta
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Duthé G, Faye SHD, Guyavarch E, Arduin P, Kanté AM, Diallo A, Laurent R, Marra A, Pison G. [Change of protocol in the verbal autopsy method and measure of malaria mortality in rural areas in Senegal]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 103:327-32. [PMID: 20821179 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-010-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In rural Senegal, three populations have been followed up since several decades and the malaria mortality trend has been observed since the mid-1980s. However, limits are associated with the verbal autopsy method used to determine causes of death, especially deaths due to malaria. A change in protocol occurred in recent years in two of these three sites with the involvement of two physicians (instead of only one) in the diagnosis. The objective is here to measure its potential impact on diagnosis of malaria deaths. Five hundred and fifteen diagnoses reported on child deaths occurred from 2000 to 2005 have been analysed. We have identified, on the basis of a multinomial logistic regression model, factors affecting the determination of malaria deaths among the characteristics of the child, the death, the illness and its symptoms, and we also took into account method factors. Factors related to the method do not play on the malaria diagnosis. This result insures the continuity of the series on malaria mortality statistics since 2000 in the two sites despite changes in the method. However, the new protocol leads to vanish possibility of having deaths among ill-defined or unknown causes. In the African context of absence of health statistics, data obtained through the verbal autopsy method in demographic surveillance system can provide accurate information in the epidemiological field, even regarding malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Duthé
- Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED, Paris), 133 Boulevard Davout, F-75980, Paris Cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ohba SY, Kawada H, Dida GO, Juma D, Sonye G, Minakawa N, Takagi M. Predators of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in wetlands, western Kenya: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction method. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 47:783-7. [PMID: 20939371 PMCID: PMC2980855 DOI: 10.1603/me10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. Aquatic mosquito predators were collected from six wetlands near Lake Victoria in Mbita, Western Kenya. This study revealed that the whole positive rate of An. gambiae s.l. from 330 predators was 54.2%. The order of positive rate was the highest in Odonata (70.2%), followed by Hemiptera (62.8%), Amphibia (41.7%), and Coleoptera (18%). This study demonstrates that the polymerase chain reaction method can determine whether aquatic mosquito predators feed on An. gambiae s.l. larvae if the predators have undigested An. gambiae s.l. in their midgut or stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Ohba
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine and the Global Center of Excellence Program, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Valdés AFC, Martínez JM, Lizama RS, Gaitén YG, Rodríguez DA, Payrol JA. In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of some selected cuban medicinal plants. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:197-201. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants have been demonstrated to be sources of antimalarial compounds. In Cuba, little is known about antimalarial potentials of plant species used as medicinals. For that reason, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of 14 plant species used in Cuba as antimalarial, antipyretic and/or antiparasitic. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared and tested in vitro for the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum Ghana strain and over human cell line MRC-5 to determine cytotoxicity. Parasite multiplication was determined microscopically by the direct count of Giemsa stained parasites. A colorimetric assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity. Nine extracts showed IC50 values lower than 100 µg/mL against P. falciparum, four extracts were classified as marginally active (SI < 4), one as partially active (Parthenium hysterophorus) exhibiting SI equal to 6.2 and two extracts as active (Bambusa vulgaris and Punica granatum), showing SI > 10. B. vulgaris showed the most potent and specific antiplasmodial action (IC50 = 4.7 µg/mL, SI = 28.9). Phytochemical characterization of active extracts confirmed the presence of triterpenoids in B. vulgaris and polar compounds with phenol free groups and fluorescent metabolites in both extracts as major phytocompounds, by thin layer chromatography. In conclusion, antimalarial use of B. vulgaris and P. hysterophorus was validated. B. vulgaris and P. granatum extracts were selected for follow-up because of their strong antimalarial activity.
Collapse
|