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Nazir S, Sadhu S. Effect of pilates on regulating menstrual cycle in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2024; 21:100271. [PMID: 38179109 PMCID: PMC10765007 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common genetic disorder of the endocrine gland among females during the age of reproduction with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2.2 % to 26 %. It is a typical reason for ovulatory infertility, menstrual dysfunction, and hirsutism. It is a condition in which ovarian cysts develop with a diameter of between two and nine millimeters on one or each ovaries and therefore there is an increase in the volume of one is larger than ten millimeters. Objective To analyze the effect of pilates on pain and regulation of the menstrual cycle in females with PCOS. Research methodology A single centered, quasi-experimental study, performed in Lovely Professional University, India on a total of 26 participants suffering from PCOS, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a detailed assessment, the Pilates exercise protocol was given for 3 months i.e. 3 times per week. The readings for pain and regulation were taken at baseline, at the end of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month using visual analog scale (VAS)and verbal multidimensional score sysem (VMSS). Results The result findings indicates suggested that there is significant change in the pain (Wilk's Lambda =.117, F(3,23) = 58.109, P < 0.05), variable during the menstruation in PCOS over the time of three months. The menstrual cycles were regularised and the cycle was shifted towards the normal parameters. The VMSS also shows changes that signify that Pilates is effective in PCOS complications. Conclusion This study concluded that Pilates is effective in reducing the pain in PCOS cases which improves the working ability of the females and also regulates the menstrual cycles which were irregular at the beginning of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiya Nazir
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab
| | - Sakshi Sadhu
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab
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Singh A, Gainder S, Banerjee P, Goel A, Kumar P, Mondal B, Banik SP, Bagchi D. Efficacy of a Proprietary Fenugreek Seed Extract ( Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst®) in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:651-659. [PMID: 36219198 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2126410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, a quite common heterogenous endocrine/hormonal disorder, and accompanied by elevated androgen level, menstrual irregularity, and hirsutism. The consequences include infertility or miscarriage. It is a challenging problem to the physicians. In a one-arm, non-randomized preliminary investigation in fifty premenopausal women, we demonstrated the efficacy of Furocyst®, a patented, standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum extract, in ameliorating the symptoms of PCOS over a period of 90 consecutive days. OBJECTIVE In the present study, a double-blind, two-arm, single-center, randomized, comparative study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Furocyst® (2 capsules of 500 mg/day) in 208 pre-menopausal women diagnosed with PCOS. METHODS Ethical committee approval was obtained. A total of 208 subjects (placebo = 95; Furocyst® = 113; age:18-45 years, BMI < 42 kg/m2) completed the investigation. The comparative efficacy of placebo and Furocyst® was assessed on the number of cysts, ovarian volume, hirsutism, LH:FSH ratio, titer of TSH, SHBG, prolactin and free testosterone. Key clinical parameters such as fasting blood glucose levels, HOMA Index, cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels, as well as total blood chemistry were also investigated. RESULTS Furocyst® supplementation significantly reduced the number of cysts, ovarian volume, and hirsutism levels, as well as normalized the menstrual cycle in Furocyst®-treated subjects as compared to placebo group. Furocyst® significantly reduced luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and reduced the prolactin and SHBG levels. Furocyst® significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels, HOMA Index, cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels as compared to the placebo group, while the free testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the Furocyst® group. CONCLUSION The studies collectively demonstrated the efficacy of Furocyst® as a safe, natural phytochemical-based formulation to alleviate the symptoms of PCOS. No significant adverse events were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Panjab, India
| | - Shalini Gainder
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Panjab, India
| | - Pradipta Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Research and Development Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Banashree Mondal
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li M, Tang Y, Lin C, Huang Q, Lei D, Hu Y. Serum Macroelement and Microelement Concentrations in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Cross-Sectional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:73-80. [PMID: 27502954 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases. However, its pathogenesis is unclear. We aim to explore the potential relationships between serum macroelements/microelements and PCOS. A total of 1137 women were involved in the current study. PCOS was defined according to ESHRE/ASRM, and complete blood samples were collected. Serum macroelements (calcium and magnesium) and microelements (copper, zinc, and iron) were assayed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PCOS patients had significantly higher copper concentrations than patients without PCOS (P < 0.001). By contrast, PCOS patients had lower serum calcium levels than patients without PCOS (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the levels of serum zinc, magnesium, and iron between PCOS and non-PCOS patients. PCOS patients with acne had higher magnesium levels than those without acne (P = 0.020), and PCOS patients with hirsutism had lower magnesium levels than those without hirsutism (P = 0.037). High serum copper and low calcium levels may be correlated with PCOS. Magnesium concentrations are correlated with acne and hirsutism in PCOS patients. These results provide clues to explore the mechanism of PCOS and guidance for element treatments in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyan Li
- Experimental Centre of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- Guangxi Reproductive Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunlei Lin
- Experimental Centre of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Experimental Centre of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China
| | - Danqing Lei
- Experimental Centre of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China.
| | - Yanling Hu
- Experimental Centre of Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, China.
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Kyritsi EM, Dimitriadis GK, Kyrou I, Kaltsas G, Randeva HS. PCOS remains a diagnosis of exclusion: a concise review of key endocrinopathies to exclude. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:1-6. [PMID: 27664414 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous disorder associated with clinical, endocrine and ultrasonographic features that can also be encountered in a number of other diseases. It has traditionally been suggested that prolactin excess, enzymatic steroidogenic abnormalities and thyroid disorders need to be excluded before a diagnosis of PCOS is made. However, there is paucity of data regarding the prevalence of PCOS phenotype in some of these disorders, whereas other endocrine diseases that exhibit PCOS-like features may elude diagnosis and proper management if not considered. This article reviews the data of currently included entities that exhibit a PCOS phenotype and those that potentially need to be looked for, and attempts to identify specific features that distinguish them from idiopathic PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Magdalini Kyritsi
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - George K Dimitriadis
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Division of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Division of Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Sharif E, Rahman S, Zia Y, Rizk NM. The frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome in young reproductive females in Qatar. Int J Womens Health 2016; 9:1-10. [PMID: 28031728 PMCID: PMC5179205 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 126 female students between the ages of 18 and 30 years were evaluated for the frequency of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through clinical interview, questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The diagnostic criteria of the US National Institutes of Health criteria were used. Menstrual irregularities (MI) were identified, and clinical hyperandrogenism was evaluated by self-assessment of hirsutism using modified Ferriman-Gallwey score. Blood analysis was done for measurement of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and the androgen hormones. Of all the students, 37 (30.8%) had MI, 38 (31.7%) had clinical hirsutism, 37 (30.8%) had acne, and 76 (63.3%) had a family history of type 2 diabetes. The estimated frequency of PCOS was 18.33% according to the US National Institutes of Health definition. Hormonal analysis demonstrated a significant increase in androgens (total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and free testosterone), and a significant decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin in our PCOS group, with a P-value <0.05. This study revealed a higher level of the androgen hormones among PCOS subjects with a frequency of PCOS (18.33%) similar to the global estimates of 10%-20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sharif
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sumaya Rahman
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yumna Zia
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser M Rizk
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Physiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrinological problem in women of reproductive age. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogenous disorder and patients may attend different clinics depending on the main complaint. The exact pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome remains obscure, although there have been insights that have thrown light on this condition. Consensus on the definition of the syndrome has only been recently achieved. The management of polycystic ovary syndrome poses a challenge to the physician as responses to the different treatment regimes have proved to be inconsistent. Diet and lifestyle advice, restoration of menstrual cycle regularity, treatment of hyperandrogenism, treatment of infertility and prevention of long-term consequences form the basis of polycystic ovary syndrome management. This review aims to provide the reader with the latest evidence in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, as well as focus on some of the controversies surrounding its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephia Yasmin
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS2 9NS, UK, Tel.: +44 113 392 6136; Fax: +44 113 392 6662
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El Hayek S, Bitar L, Hamdar LH, Mirza FG, Daoud G. Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Updated Overview. Front Physiol 2016; 7:124. [PMID: 27092084 PMCID: PMC4820451 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common metabolic and reproductive disorders among women of reproductive age. Women suffering from PCOS present with a constellation of symptoms associated with menstrual dysfunction and androgen excess, which significantly impacts their quality of life. They may be at increased risk of multiple morbidities, including obesity, insulin resistance, type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), infertility, cancer, and psychological disorders. This review summarizes what the literature has so far provided from guidelines to diagnosis of PCOS. It will also present a general overview about the morbidities associated with this disease, specifically with its more severe classic form. Finally, the review will stress on the various aspects of treatment and screening recommendations currently used in the management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer El Hayek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lynn Bitar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal H Hamdar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi G Mirza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Georges Daoud
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Guler I, Himmetoglu O, Turp A, Erdem A, Erdem M, Onan MA, Taskiran C, Taslipinar MY, Guner H. Zinc and homocysteine levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:297-304. [PMID: 24664271 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to evaluating the value of serum zinc levels as an etiologic and prognostic marker in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. We conducted a prospective study, including 53 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and 33 healthy controls. We compared serum zinc levels, as well as clinical and metabolic features, of the cases. We also compared serum zinc levels between patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with insulin resistance. Mean zinc levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome than healthy controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis of significant metabolic variables between polycystic ovarian syndrome and control groups (serum zinc level, body mass index, the ratio of triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine) revealed that zinc level was the most significant variable to predict polycystic ovarian syndrome. Mean serum zinc levels tended to be lower in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with impaired glucose tolerance than patients with normal glucose tolerance, but the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, zinc deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome and may be related with its long-term metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Guler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey,
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Celik O, Acbay O. Effects of metformin plus rosuvastatin on hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:905-10. [PMID: 22522778 DOI: 10.3275/8371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to compare the effects of metformin and metformin-rosuvastatin combination therapies on hyperandrogenism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight PCOS patients with hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance, who were followed at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism out-patient clinic of Cerrahpasa Medical School were included in the study. Twenty patients had lifestyle changes and metformin (2000 mg/day) therapy (M group) and 18 had statin (rosuvastatin 10 mg/day) in addition to this therapy (MR group). Total and free testosterone, DHEAS, FSH, LH, estrodiol, fasting glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, lipid parameters and homeostasis model assesment index (HOMAIR) were evaluated for each patient before and 12 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment body mass index (BMI), insulin and glucose levels, HOMA-IR had similar decreaments in both groups, whereas there was a greater decline of the total and free testosterone levels in MR group (p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively). DHEAS levels did not change in M group, however, significantly decreased in MR group after treatment (p=0.8, p=0.002, respectively). As expected hsCRP, triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol levels decreased more in MR group. CONCLUSION Metformin and rosuvastatin combination therapy could lead to a better reduction on hyperandrogenism and on atherosclerosis-related factors in PCOS, in addition to improving lipid parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Celik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Herlihy AC, Kelly RE, Hogan JL, O'Connor N, Farah N, Turner MJ. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the peripheral blood white cell count. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2011; 31:242-4. [PMID: 21417649 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2011.553693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective cross-sectional study examined if the white cell count (WCC) is increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and if so, is it due to PCOS or to the associated obesity? Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Of the 113 women studied, 36 had PCOS and 77 did not. The mean WCC was higher in the PCOS group compared with the non-PCOS group (8.9 × 10(9)/l vs 7.4 × 10(9)/l p = 0.002). This increase was due to a higher neutrophil count (5.6 × 10(9)/l vs 4.3 × 10(9)/l; p = 0.003). There was a leucocytosis (WCC >11 × 10(9)/l) present in 19% of the PCOS group compared with 1% in the non-PCOS group (p < 0.001). The neutrophil count was abnormally high (>7.7 × 10(9)/l) in 14% of the PCOS group compared with 4% in the non-PCOS group (p < 0.001). On regression analysis, however, the only independent variable which explained both the increased WCC and the increased neutrophil count was PCOS. We found that PCOS is associated with an increased WCC due to increased neutrophils, which supports the evidence that PCOS is associated with low-grade inflammation. The increase appears to be due to the underlying PCOS, and not to the increased adiposity associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Herlihy
- UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Cakal E, Ustun Y, Engin-Ustun Y, Ozkaya M, Kilinç M. Serum vaspin and C-reactive protein levels in women with polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:491-5. [PMID: 20626239 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.501874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum vaspin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or polycystic ovaries (PCO). DESIGN Twenty-four women with PCOS and 23 women with PCO constituted the study groups. The control group comprised 24 healthy women. METHODS Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), CRP and serum vaspin levels were measured. The receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) of vaspin for prediction of women with increased diabetogenic risk was constructed. RESULTS The three groups did not significantly differ in age and body mass index. HOMA-IR was significantly higher in the PCOS and PCO groups than in control group. Median CRP levels in the control, PCO and PCOS groups were 0.66, 1.28 and 3.2 mg/l, respectively (p = 0.0001). Women with PCOS had significantly higher serum vaspin levels than the healthy controls [3.52 ± 1.38 vs. 0.36 ± 0.19 ng/ml, p = 0.0001]. Serum vaspin could differentiate between women with and without increased diabetogenic risk at a cut-off value of 1.82 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 66.1%. CONCLUSION The results of our study showed that the presence of the increased vaspin, CRP and higher HOMA-IR levels in women with PCOS and PCO could contribute to increased diabetogenic and atherogenic risk in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Cakal
- Endocrinology Department, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Kauffman RP, Baker TE, Baker VM, DiMarino P, Castracane VD. Endocrine and metabolic differences among phenotypic expressions of polycystic ovary syndrome according to the 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:670.e1-7; discussion 670.e7-10. [PMID: 18355776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Rotterdam criteria extend the phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We characterized endocrine and metabolic differences among women meeting the National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition for PCOS vs two novel phenotypes established by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine definition. STUDY DESIGN Endocrine and metabolic data from a retrospective analysis of 160 age- and weight-matched women with PCOS and 23 controls were compared. Insulin sensitivity indices were correlated with androgens, gonadotropins, and lipids within each phenotype. RESULTS Ovarian and adrenal androgens were highest in the NIH-defined PCOS group, lowest in the nonhyperandrogenic PCOS group, and intermediate in the hyperandrogenic ovulatory PCOS population. Insulin sensitivity indices, gonadotropins, and lipids were similar across all PCOS phenotypes. The magnitude of insulin resistance correlated with free testosterone only in the NIH-defined group. CONCLUSION Androgen levels are the major distinguishing endocrine feature differentiating phenotypic expressions of PCOS. Hyperinsulinemia correlates with free testosterone levels only in traditional NIH-defined women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Kauffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Azevedo GD, Duarte JMBP, Souza MO, Costa-E-Silva TDN, Soares EMM, Maranhão TMO. [Menstrual cycle irregularity as a marker of cardiovascular risk factors at postmenopausal years]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:876-83. [PMID: 17160211 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) during postmenopausal years and previous menstrual irregularity during reproductive years, we performed a case-control study in 414 postmenopausal women (mean age 60.4 +/- 5.5 years; BMI 25.3 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2)). The variables assessed were: menstrual cycle characteristics at age 2035y (independent) and records of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease (dependent). Statistical analysis used the chi-square test and logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders for cardiovascular risk, with significance set at 5%. Women reporting previous menstrual irregularity were associated with increased risk for some CVRF [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.14; CI-95%=1,024.48], when compared with those reporting regular menstrual cycles. Stratified analysis demonstrated significant associations of previous menstrual irregularity with: arterial hypertension (OR= 2.74; CI-95%=1,395.41), hypercholesterolemia (OR= 2.32; CI-95%=1,174.59)), hypertriglyceridemia (OR= 2.09; CI-95%=1,104.33), and coronary angioplasty (OR= 6.82; CI-95%=1,4432.18). These data suggest that a prior history of menstrual irregularity, as indicative of polycystic ovary syndrome, may be related to increased risk for CVD during postmenopausal years.
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14
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Teede HJ, Hutchison SK, Zoungas S. The management of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:273-9. [PMID: 17698366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has reproductive and metabolic implications. Insulin resistance (IR), secondary to genetic and lifestyle factors, is integral in the pathogenesis, metabolic, clinical features and the long-term sequelae in the majority of people with PCOS. Therapeutic strategies targeting IR in PCOS ameliorate clinical features and might reduce long-term sequelae including diabetes. The mainstay for improving IR is lifestyle change; however, feasibility and sustainability remain concerns. In PCOS, metformin reduces IR, improves ovarian function, regulates cycles, lowers androgens, improves clinical hyperandrogenism and potentially improves fertility. Metformin is also likely to delay diabetes onset and has a role in PCOS in those at high risk of diabetes; however, further research is needed to clarify specific target subgroups and clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Teede
- Jean Hailes Research Unit, Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Bonini S, Mantelli F, Moretti C, Lambiase A, Bonini S, Micera A. Itchy-dry eye associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143:763-771. [PMID: 17362862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors aimed to define the ocular symptomatology of women with polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism. DESIGN Prospective, observational case series. METHODS Of the 62 consecutive patients with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of polycystic ovary (PCO), 16 were identified as having clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism. All women with a history of ocular symptoms (20/62 total patients [32.3%], 15/16 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients [93.7%], and 5/46 PCO patients [10.8%]) underwent a complete eye examination with conjunctival impression cytologic sampling. Clinical measurements of tear function (tear film break-up time [BUT], Schirmer I test) were completed along with analysis of conjunctival goblet cell number, conjunctival immunostaining, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the mucins MUC1 and MUC5AC. Clinical, histologic, and biochemical data of patients with PCOS were compared statistically with that of patients with PCO and with eight age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Eight of the most severely affected patients received systemic antiandrogen therapy and underwent further ocular evaluation four months after systemic therapy. RESULTS Women with PCOS had greater conjunctival hyperemia (P < .001), dryness (P < .001), itching (P < .001), mucous discharge (P < .001), and contact lens intolerance (P < .001) than patients with PCO. Patients with PCOS had a significant reduction of the tear film BUT accompanied by a significant increase in goblet cell number and conjunctival MUC5AC messenger ribonucleic acid expression compared with both PCO patients and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the ocular surface should be considered in patients with PCO or PCOS. Women with PCOS were more likely to have itchy-dry eyes, decreased tear film BUT, and increased goblet cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonini
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biomedical Research (CIR), Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Harris F, Biswas S, Singh J, Dennison S, Phoenix DA. Calpains and their multiple roles in diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1084:452-80. [PMID: 17151322 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1372.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to death without treatment and it has been predicted that the condition will affect 215 million people worldwide by 2010. T2DM is a multifactorial disorder whose precise genetic causes and biochemical defects have not been fully elucidated, but at both levels, calpains appear to play a role. Positional cloning studies mapped T2DM susceptibility to CAPN10, the gene encoding the intracellular cysteine protease, calpain 10. Further studies have shown a number of noncoding polymorphisms in CAPN10 to be functionally associated with T2DM while the identification of coding polymorphisms, suggested that mutant calpain 10 proteins may also contribute to the disease. Here we review recent studies, which in addition to the latter enzyme, have linked calpain 5, calpain 3, and its splice variants, calpain 2 and calpain 1 to T2DM-related metabolic pathways along with T2DM-associated phenotypes, such as obesity and impaired insulin secretion, and T2DM-related complications, such as epithelial dysfunction and diabetic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Harris
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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Engin-Ustün Y, Ustün Y, Meydanli MM, Kafkasli A, Yetkin G. Are polycystic ovaries associated with cardiovascular disease risk as polycystic ovary syndrome? Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22:324-8. [PMID: 16785157 DOI: 10.1080/09513590600630447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to assess C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or polycystic ovaries (PCO). METHODS The study population included 30 women with PCOS, 30 with PCO and 30 healthy controls. CRP and insulin resistance index (IRI) (fasting glucose/insulin) were measured. A receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the cut-off value of CRP to predict increased cardiovascular risk. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups with regard to age and body mass index. IRI was significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the PCO and control groups. No difference existed between the PCO and control groups. Median CRP levels in the control, PCO and PCOS groups were 0.75, 1.3 and 1.5 mg/l, respectively (p = 0.005). CRP could differentiate between women with and without increased cardiovascular risk at a cut-off value of 2.42 mg/l, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 81%. CONCLUSION As in PCOS patients, women with PCO have higher serum CRP levels than healthy control women. This may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk in patients with PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Engin-Ustün
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Kizkin S, Engin-Ustun Y, Ustun Y, Ozcan C, Serbest S, Ozisik HI. Cerebral artery hemodynamics in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005; 21:287-91. [PMID: 16373248 DOI: 10.1080/09513590500402848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate hemodynamic changes in the medial cerebral artery and also the internal carotid artery in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and polycystic ovaries (PCO). METHODS Twenty-eight patients with PCOS, 16 patients with PCO and 24 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Blood flow rate, pulsatility index and back pressure of both the medial cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery were determined by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and the results compared between groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in bilateral medial cerebral artery and internal carotid artery blood flow rate, pulsatility index and back pressure. CONCLUSION Our results do not indicate whether the risk of cerebrovascular events will increase for PCOS patients in middle and advanced age, but do show that changes in cerebral hemodynamics are not likely in PCOS at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kizkin
- Inonu University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Malatya, Turkey.
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Gadducci A, Gargini A, Palla E, Fanucchi A, Genazzani AR. Polycystic ovary syndrome and gynecological cancers: is there a link? Gynecol Endocrinol 2005; 20:200-8. [PMID: 16019362 DOI: 10.1080/09513590400021201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is the most common endocrinopathy of women in reproductive age. An association between PCOS and type-1 endometrial cancer has often been reported in the literature. The prolonged anovulation with consequent continued secretion of estrogen unopposed by progesterone may enhance the development and growth of this malignancy, particularly in young women. Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone [LH], chronic hyperinsulinemia and increased serum insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-I levels may represent risk factors for endometrial cancer. However, data available in the literature do not allow a meta-analysis to be carried out to calculate an estimate of the relative risk of endometrial cancer in women with PCOS. Anecdotal cases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma and carcinosarcoma have been reported in association with prolonged unopposed estrogen stimulation, and in particular with PCOS. A few studies have addressed the possibility of an association between PCOS and epithelial ovarian cancer risk, and the results are conflicting but generally reassuring, and similarly the few available data appear to exclude a strong association between PCOS and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Gadducci
- Department of Procreative Medicine and Child Development, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
Hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation are the most common endocrine disorders of premenopausal women. Most patients have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is essentially benign, but might be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity; PCOS is associated with specific endocrine and ultrasonographic features. Some patients exhibiting similar features to PCOS might have other underlying diagnoses, such as adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic deficiencies, adrenal and ovarian androgen-secreting tumours, other medical or endocrine disorders, and/or be on medications thought to cause PCOS, such as anti-epileptics. Unlike PCOS, some of these conditions can occasionally be life threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Here, we focus on these disorders, including their pathogenesis, and attempt to define the clinical and biochemical features that distinguish them from PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Kaltsas
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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