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Manning JC, Boza JM, Cesarman E, Erickson D. Rapid, equipment-free extraction of DNA from skin biopsies for point-of-care diagnostics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13782. [PMID: 38877073 PMCID: PMC11178891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a cancer affecting skin and internal organs for which the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a necessary cause. Previous work has pursued KS diagnosis by quantifying KSHV DNA in skin biopsies using a point-of-care (POC) device which performs quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). These previous studies revealed that extracting DNA from patient biopsies was the rate limiting step in an otherwise rapid process. In this study, a simplified, POC-compatible alkaline DNA extraction, ColdSHOT, was optimized for 0.75 mm human skin punch biopsies. The optimized ColdSHOT extraction consistently produced 40,000+ copies of DNA per 5 µl reaction from 3 mg samples-a yield comparable to standard spin column extractions-within 1 h without significant equipment. The DNA yield was estimated sufficient for KSHV detection from KS-positive patient biopsies, and the LAMP assay was not affected by non-target tissue in the unpurified samples. Furthermore, the yields achieved via ColdSHOT were robust to sample storage in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer prior to DNA extraction, and the DNA sample was stable after extraction. The results presented in this study indicate that the ColdSHOT DNA extraction could be implemented to simplify and accelerate the LAMP-based diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma using submillimeter biopsy samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Cade Manning
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Boza
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
- Cornell University, 369 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Handous I, Hannachi N, Achour B, Marzouk M, Hazgui O, Yacoub S, Khelif A, Boukadida J. Human herpesvirus-8 infection in Tunisian adult acute leukemia patients. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:504-510. [PMID: 37545962 PMCID: PMC10398449 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)and multiple other hematologic malignant disorders. However, the role of HHV-8 in acute leukemia patients is unknown. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HHV-8 in Tunisian acute leukemia patients and in healthy blood donors. Methods An indirect immunofluorescence test was used to detect the presence of anti-HHV8 antibodies. Nested PCR was used for the detection of HHV-8 DNAemia in samples of plasma. Results The seroprevalence of HHV-8 was significantly higher in acute leukemia patients (21,4% ,15/70) than in healthy blood donors (7,1%, 5/70), (p= 0.02). Gender, type of disease, status of disease, prior blood transfusion, and outcome were not associated with HHV-8 seroprevalence. However, among acute leukemia patients, HHV-8 seroprevalence was statistically associated with older age > 40 years of age, (p=0.002). HHV-8 DNAemia was detected (1,4%) in only one patient of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and none of the healthy blood donors. Conclusions The seroprevalence of HHV-8 infection in Tunisian adult acute leukemia patients was three times as high compared to healthy blood donors, suggesting that patients with acute leukemia might be at increased risk of HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Handous
- Université de Sfax, Ecole nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisie
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UR12SP34, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
| | - Naila Hannachi
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UR12SP34, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
| | - Bechir Achour
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Farhat Hached, 4000, Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Manel Marzouk
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UR12SP34, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
| | - Olfa Hazgui
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UR12SP34, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
| | - Saloua Yacoub
- Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
| | - Abderrahim Khelif
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Farhat Hached, 4000, Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, UR12SP34, Hôpital Farhat Hached,4000, Sousse,Tunisie
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Lyapichev KA, Medeiros LJ, Clemens MW, Ferrufino-Schmidt MC, Marques-Piubelli ML, Chai SM, Evans MG, Khoury JD, Miranda RN. Reconsideration of the first recognition of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A critical review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 45:151474. [PMID: 32028122 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current literature credits Keech and Creech with the first report of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in 1997. Here we discuss what we consider is the first ever description of BIA-ALCL, a recently recognized entity by the WHO. We unearthed the description of a patient that was diagnosed with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), surrounding a breast implant in 1996. In light of the current state of knowledge, we evaluated the evidence presented in 1996 and consider that BIA-ALCL is a more appropriate diagnosis rather than PEL. We base our proposal on the following features: 1). clinical presentation of effusion around a breast implant, 2). occurring in an HIV negative patient, 3). absence of EBV co-infection, and 4). a historically questionable demonstration of HHV8. In effect we further support that HHV8 is not related with BIA-ALCL based on the following facts: 1). An extensive review of the literature did not disclose a similar case in the next 24 years, 2). Use of state of the art HHV8 by immunohistochemistry did not disclose any positive case among 30 randomly tested cases. We believe this matter is of importance because in the current WHO, the assertion that PEL is a possible complication of breast implants may lead to a diagnosis with poor prognosis and susceptible of morbidity related with aggressive therapy, in contrast with BIA-ALCL that can be cured with surgery alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Lyapichev
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark W Clemens
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria C Ferrufino-Schmidt
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Siaw Ming Chai
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Center, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark G Evans
- Mark G. Evans, M.D.: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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Kopacz Ż, Kváč M, Karpiński P, Hendrich AB, Sąsiadek MM, Leszczyński P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Kicia M. The First Evidence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis Infection in a Colon Adenocarcinoma From an Immunocompetent Patient. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:35. [PMID: 30886833 PMCID: PMC6409345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The potential linkage between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and colorectal human cancer was suggested by limited reports showing higher prevalence of C. parvum and C. hominis in patients with colon cancer. Here we conducted research concerning presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in malignant tissue collected from patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Cancerous colon tissue samples collected from 145 non-HIV infected patients with colorectal cancer were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by immunofluorescence antibody test and genus-specific nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing. Results: Screened pathogen was found in cancerous tissue originating from immunocompetent man with colon adenocarcinoma. Genotyping revealed presence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. The presence of Cryptosporidium life cycle stages (oocysts and endogenous stages) in colon carcinoma tissue was confirmed by genus-specific FITC-labeling. Conclusions: Herein, we report on a C. meleagridis infection of a colon adenocarcinoma in an immunocompetent patient. This is the first report of C. meleagridis infection in the human colon and first evidence of active development of this species in cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Kopacz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Hendrich
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Leszczyński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Hulaniuk ML, Torres O, Bartoli S, Fortuny L, Burgos Pratx L, Nuñez F, Salamone H, Corach D, Trinks J, Caputo M. Increased prevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) genome among blood donors from North-Western Argentina. J Med Virol 2016; 89:518-527. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Hulaniuk
- Basic Science and Experimental Medicine Institute (ICBME); University Institute of the Italian Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Oscar Torres
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; “Ramón Sardá” Maternity Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sonia Bartoli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; “Pablo Soria” Hospital; San Salvador de Jujuy Jujuy Argentina
| | - Lisandro Fortuny
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leandro Burgos Pratx
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Félix Nuñez
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Horacio Salamone
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Corach
- Universidad de Buenos Aires; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología; Inmunología y Biotecnología; Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Trinks
- Basic Science and Experimental Medicine Institute (ICBME); University Institute of the Italian Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariela Caputo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología; Inmunología y Biotecnología; Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Suppression of lytic replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by autophagy during initial infection in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Arch Virol 2015; 161:595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Okada S, Goto H, Yotsumoto M. Current status of treatment for primary effusion lymphoma. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:65-74. [PMID: 25364646 PMCID: PMC4214239 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that usually presents with malignant effusions without tumor masses. An extracavitary or solid variant of PEL has also been described. Human herpes virus 8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (HHV-8/KSHV) is universally associated with the pathogenesis of PEL. More than 70% of cases occur with concurrent Epstein-Barr virus infection, but its relation to the pathogenesis is unknown. Patients are found in the context of immunosuppressive states (HIV-1 infection, post-organ transplantation). PEL is usually treated with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone)-like chemotherapy with antiretroviral therapy if HIV-1 is positive. However, it is generally resistant to chemotherapy with a short median survival of less than 6 months. The optimal treatment for PEL has not been established yet. More intensive chemotherapy, such as dose-adjusted EPOCH (DA-EPOCH; etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin) and CDE (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide) are expected to show a favorable prognosis. Recently, the molecular steps in KSHV/HHV-8-driven oncogenesis have begun to be revealed, and molecular targeting therapies such as proteasome, NF-κB, cytokines and surface antigens would provide evidence for their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Seiji Okada, Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Japan 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yotsumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takahashi T, Koizumi Y, Fujimoto N, Nakanishi G, Manabe T, Tanaka T. Histopathological evaluation of paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Dermatol 2014; 41:564-5. [PMID: 24909223 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paradžik M, Bučević-Popović V, Šitum M, Jaing CJ, Degoricija M, McLoughlin KS, Ismail SI, Punda-Polić V, Terzić J. Association of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) with bladder cancer in Croatian patients. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:567-72. [PMID: 23959475 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the seventh most common human malignancy, bladder cancer represents a global health problem. In addition to well-recognized risk factors such as smoking and exposure to chemicals, various infectious agents have been implicated as cofactors in the pathogenesis of urothelial malignancies. The aim of the present study was to assess the possible association of viral infection and bladder cancer in Croatian patients. Biopsy specimens were collected from a total of 55 patients diagnosed with different stages of bladder cancer. Initial screening of DNA extracts for the presence of viruses on Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array revealed Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in each of three randomly chosen biopsy specimens. The prevalence of infection with KSHV among study population was then examined by KSHV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblotting. By nested PCR, KSHV DNA was detected in 55% of patients. KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, is an infectious agent known to cause cancer. Its oncogenic potential is primarily recognized from its role in Kaposi’s sarcoma, but it has also been involved in pathogenesis of two lymphoproliferative disorders. A high prevalence of KSHV infection in our study indicates that KSHV may play a role in tumorigenesis of bladder cancer and warrants further studies.
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Chadburn A, Wilson J, Wang YL. Molecular and immunohistochemical detection of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 999:245-256. [PMID: 23666704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-357-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV-8) is etiologically related to the development of several human diseases, including Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL)/extra-cavitary (EC) PEL, multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), and large B-cell lymphoma arising in KSHV/HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Although serologic studies can identify persons infected with this virus, molecular genetics, specifically PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and immunohistochemical techniques, are rapid, sensitive, and specific, and are able to more closely link KSHV/HHV-8 to a given disease process. As these KSHV/HHV-8-related diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality in affected individuals, the identification of the virus within lesional tissue will allow for more targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Tong LC, Ko HM, Saieg MA, Boerner S, Geddie WR, da Cunha Santos G. Subclassification of lymphoproliferative disorders in serous effusions. Cancer Cytopathol 2012; 121:261-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leung Chu Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hyang-Mi Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mauro Ajaj Saieg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology; Santa Casa Medical School; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Scott Boerner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - William R. Geddie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gilda da Cunha Santos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Azadmanesh K, Norouzfar ZS, Sohrabi A, Safaie-Naraghi Z, Moradi A, Yaghmaei P, Naraghi MM, Arashkia A, Eslamifar A. Characterization of human herpes virus 8 genotypes in Kaposi's sarcoma patients in Tehran, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2012; 3:144-152. [PMID: 22724051 PMCID: PMC3376924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) associated with HHV8 is one of the common connective tissue malignancies especially in immunocompromised patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the common HHV8 genotypes in hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. A total of 36 archival paraffin-embedded KS tissue samples of patients with common characterization of KS were collected between 1999 to 2010 from hospitals in Tehran, Iran. After identifying the presence of HHV8 by amplification of its ORF 26 region, the ORF K1 region was amplified, sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. Among 30 ORF 26 positive cases, ORF K1 was amplified successfully in 14 cases. Consistent with other studies in Asia, subtype A (9 cases; 64.28%) and subtype C (5 cases; 35.71%) were detected by phylogenetic analysis. This result is in concordance with results from other countries of the region, however the ratio of genotype A to C is higher in our study compared to another study in the country.
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Ozbudak IH, Guney K, Mutlu D, Gelen T, Ozbilim G. Bilateral tonsillar and esophageal Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2012; 90:E23-6. [PMID: 21792787 DOI: 10.1177/014556131109000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonsillar involvement in Kaposi sarcoma is extremely rare, as only a few such cases have been reported; all but 1 of these previously reported cases occurred in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We describe what to the best of our knowledge is the first reported case of concurrent bilateral tonsillar and esophageal Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient. A 68-year-old man presented with sore throat and dysphagia. Clinical examination revealed the presence of bilateral and asymmetrical tonsillar masses, as well as generalized lymphadenopathy in the cervical chain. The masses were resected, and findings on histopathologic analysis were consistent with Kaposi sarcoma. In addition, human herpesvirus 8 was demonstrated on a tonsil specimen by polymerase chain reaction, and microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma was also detected. Later, another Kaposi sarcoma lesion was detected in the lower third of the esophagus. We recommend that clinicians not discount the possibility of oral classic Kaposi sarcoma in the workup of an immunocompetent patient with oral vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Hicran Ozbudak
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Tip Fakultesi Patoloji AD, Antalya, Turkey.
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Kaklikkaya I, Kaklikkaya N, Birincioglu I, Buruk K, Turan N. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA but not human herpesvirus 7 or 8 DNA in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic vascular tissues. Heart Surg Forum 2011; 13:E345-9. [PMID: 20961841 DOI: 10.1532/hsf98.20101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various viral infections are thought to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. A number of studies suggest that certain viruses from the Herpesviridae family in particular may lead to atherosclerosis. METHODS We investigated the presence of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA in carotid, iliac, and coronary artery specimens obtained from a group of adult autopsy cases by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and nested PCR techniques. A 28-subject study group with at least type IV atherosclerosis and a 25-subject control group with no visible atherosclerosis were enrolled. RESULTS HHV-6 DNA was found in the carotid artery specimen of 1 subject with atherosclerosis, in an iliac artery specimen of another subject, and in the iliac artery specimen of one of the control subjects. HHV-7 or HHV-8 DNA was not found in either the atherosclerosis or control cases. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of HHV-6 in atherosclerotic vascular tissues. HHV-7 and HHV-8 were not found in atherosclerotic tissues; however, further research on broader study groups and with different protocols is needed to determine whether these viruses play a role in the formation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Kaklikkaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Karpinski P, Myszka A, Ramsey D, Kielan W, Sasiadek MM. Detection of viral DNA sequences in sporadic colorectal cancers in relation to CpG island methylation and methylator phenotype. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:653-9. [PMID: 21625944 PMCID: PMC3131518 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that insertion of viral DNA into a mammalian genome can lead to alterations of methylation patterns. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of DNA sequences of five human DNA viruses (assessed by PCR): JC polyoma virus (JCV), human adenovirus (AdV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in a cohort of 186 sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) and related these data with the methylation status of six CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific genes (MLH1, CACNA1G, NEUROG1, IGF2, SOCS1, RUNX3) and seven cancer-related genes markers (p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, EN1, SCTR and INHBB) assessed by methylation-specific PCR in 186 and 134 CRC cases, respectively. The AdV, KSHV and HPV were detected in four (2%), two (1%) and zero CRC cases, respectively, and thus were excluded from further analyses. Although 19% and 9% of the CRCs were positive for EBV and JCV, respectively, no associations between virus presence and CpG island methylation were found after correction for multiple testing. Our results demonstrate that the presence of DNA sequences of JCV and EBV in CRC is unrelated to the methylation of the 13 cancer-related CpG islands and CIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Cho HH, Kim SH, Seo SH, Jung DS, Ko HC, Kim MB, Kwon KS. Oral hairy leukoplakia which occurred as a presenting sign of acute myeloid leukemia in a child. Ann Dermatol 2010; 22:73-6. [PMID: 20548888 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2010.22.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is caused by the reactivation of a previous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the epithelium of the tongue. Most lesions are characterized by corrugated whitish patches on the lateral border of the tongue. It is frequently associated with AIDS, but cases in patients with other immunosuppressed states have also been reported. In leukemia patients, OHL is rarely encountered, and appears only after chemotherapy. We report a case of OHL which occurred as a presenting sign of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a previously healthy 15-year-old child. A 15-year-old boy presented with a whitish patch on the left lateral border of the tongue. The biopsy specimen revealed papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and ballooning degeneration in the stratum spinosum. The patient was EBV seropositive, and PCR analysis of EBV DNA in the lesional tissue was positive. After the diagnosis of OHL in dermatologic department, the patient was referred to pediatrics due to the abnormal peripheral blood smear, and was diagnosed with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ho Cho
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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18
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Honda M, Morikawa T, Yamaguchi Y, Tani M, Yamaguchi K, Iijima K, Akishita M, Fukayama M, Ouchi Y. [A case of a primary effusion lymphoma in the elderly]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2010; 46:551-6. [PMID: 20139653 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.46.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a 90-year-old man who was given a diagnosis of pleural effusion lymphoma (PEL) based on the detailed immunochemical and DNA analyses of the pleural effusion. He was bed-ridden and on enteral nutrition due to severe Alzheimer's disease, and also had diabetes mellitus. He was transferred to our hospital with fever and massive pleural effusion. A cytological examination of the pleural effusion revealed class 5 atypical lymphocytes with a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. The origin of the atypical cells could not be determined by flow cytometry of the pleural effusion, which only suggested the existence of inflammatory changes. Considering his general physical status, further investigations were not performed. The respiratory failure progressed, and he died on the 45(th) hospital day. At autopsy, no atypical cells were identified in his organs other than in the right thoracic space. We conducted immunochemical staining after making a cell block from the effusion sample. Most of the atypical cells were CD30 positive, with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)-associated protein. A PCR analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene detected monoclonal rearrangement, thus indicating the atypical cells to be involved in the B-cell lineage. These findings led to a final diagnosis of PEL. PEL is a rare type of lymphoma confined to the body cavities without any prominent tumor mass, and its pathogenesis is related to HHV-8 infection. PEL develops mostly in immunocompromised patients, such as those with AIDS. However, it may also occur in elderly patients as well. We should therefore also consider the possibility of PEL in elderly patients presenting with pleural effusion of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Honda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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19
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Chen W, Huang Q, Zuppan CW, Rowsell EH, Cao JD, Weiss LM, Wang J. Complete absence of KSHV/HHV-8 in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: an immunohistochemical and molecular study of 52 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131:632-9. [PMID: 19369621 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp2t4iiizkbhmi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs), a heterogeneous group of monoclonal or polyclonal lesions, occur in immunosuppressed patients after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. Although most PTLDs are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ and seem to represent EBV-induced proliferations of monoclonal (or less often polyclonal) B, T, or plasma cells, a subset of PTLDs is EBV-. Because Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV-8) has been described in association with the development of hematolymphoid and nonhematolymphoid neoplasms in HIV+ patients, we investigated whether there is an association between KSHV/HHV-8 and PTLDs. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 52 confirmed PTLD cases were analyzed immunohistochemically for expression of KSHV/HHV-8 latent nuclear antigen (LNA)-1 protein and by polymerase chain reaction-hybridization analysis for the KSHV/HHV-8 genome. The PTLD subtypes included 12 with early lesions (1 plasmacytic hyperplasia and 11 infectious mononucleosis-like), 10 polymorphic, 23 monomorphic (5 Burkitt, 14 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 1 plasmacytoma, 1 multiple myeloma, and 2 T-cell), 1 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 5 HL-like lesions, and 1 unclassified or other. None of the 51 tested specimens showed expression of KSHV/HHV-8 LNA-1. Furthermore, all 46 specimens tested demonstrated complete absence of the KSHV/HHV-8 genome. Our data clearly indicated that KSHV/HHV-8 is not associated with PTLDs.
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Güvenç MG, Midilli K, Özdoğan A, İnci E, Tahamiler R, Enver Ö, Şirin G, Ergin S, Kuşkucu M, Divanoğlu EÖ, Yılmaz G, Altas K. Detection of HHV-8 and HPV in laryngeal carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008; 35:357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Immunohistochemical study association between human herpesvirus 8 and multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:283-286. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Human herpesvirus 8 infections in patients with immunodeficiencies. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:983-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Abstract
This review looks at the current state of knowledge on primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and other Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-associated lymphomas. In 1995, KSHV DNA sequences were identified within a distinct subgroup of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas localized in body cavities and presenting as pleural, peritoneal and pericardial lymphomatous effusions. Subsequently, the spectrum of KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphomas has been expanded by the identification of cases of extracavitary solid lymphomas without serous effusions. Despite the diversification in the clinical presentation of KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphomas, the majority of the cases reported demonstrated similar morphology, immunophenotype and KSHV/HHV8 viral status. KSHV/HHV8 infection is also in multicentric Castleman disease-associated plasmablastic lymphoma. The exact oncogenic mechanisms of KSHV/HHV8 are not clearly defined. The prognosis for KSHV/HHV8-associated lymphomas is poor. Novel approaches for therapy, outside traditional chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, prednisone, vincristine), have been suggested. These include the addition of antiviral therapy as well as inhibition of specific cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Tavora F, Shilo K, Ozbudak IH, Przybocki JM, Wang G, Travis WD, Franks TJ. Absence of human herpesvirus-8 in pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of 20 cases. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:995-9. [PMID: 17643094 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are uncommon lesions composed of spindled myofibroblasts within a variable background of collagen and inflammatory cells. Although the true nature of these lesions is not fully elucidated, identification of consistent cytogenetic alterations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene suggests that they may be neoplastic. A small number of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors have been reported to harbor human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), implicating the virus in its pathogenesis. In this study, 20 cases of pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor were analyzed for the presence of HHV-8 with immunohistochemical and molecular methods. In all cases, antibodies to the latent nuclear antigen of the virus were applied. Four open reading frames (ORFs), including ORFs K2, 16, 26, and 72, were targeted utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cohort included 9 men and 11 women with a mean age of 37 years (range, 1-81). Microscopically, the tumors were composed of cytologically bland spindle cells with myofibroblastic differentiation. On immunohistochemical studies, 20% of cases (4/20) demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic positivity with ALK. Immunohistochemical staining for the latent nuclear protein of the virus was negative in all cases (0/20). All tumors (100%, 20/20) tested with real-time PCR were negative for all four ORFs, whereas 100% (10/10) of positive control Kaposi sarcoma cases were positive. Her2 gene expression was present in all (20/20) inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors confirming the presence of amplifiable deoxyribonucleic acid in the tissue lysate. This study documents the absence of HHV-8 in pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, suggesting that further investigation is required to clarify the pathogenesis of this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tavora
- Department of Pulmonary and Mediastinal Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, USA
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28
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Zong JC, Arav-Boger R, Alcendor DJ, Hayward GS. Reflections on the interpretation of heterogeneity and strain differences based on very limited PCR sequence data from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:1-8. [PMID: 17698410 PMCID: PMC2084348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the original identification of fragments of KSHV DNA in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissue by Chang et al. in 1994, PCR has been used successfully and extensively to detect the virus in clinical samples from the accepted etiological diseases of KS, PEL and MCD. However, a number of other clinical and epidemiological studies claiming evidence for KSHV in multiple myeloma or sarcoid and more recently in primary pulmonary hypertension, as well as claims about the biological significance of DNA sequence polymorphisms based just on small ORF26 PCR DNA fragments have not been convincing. Here, we evaluate the validity and interpretations of previous results in the context of both the observed rates and global patterns of sequence variability within an extended ORF26 locus, as well as from the perspective of the overall levels of KSHV variability found after sampling multiple loci across the complete KSHV genome. The results cast doubts on most claims for biological significance for these polymorphisms, which instead correlate with viral subtype clustering arising from geographic and ethnic divergence of the ancestral human hosts. In addition, we describe several observations that help to explain likely sources of the often either unexpectedly high or unexpectedly low levels of sporadic variability seen in the PCR DNA sequence data reported in some of those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chao Zong
- Viral Oncology Program, Department of Oncology, Blunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, United States
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29
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection. Clinically, lesions commence as blue-red macules that may develop into plaques and eventually into nodules. The histologic appearance spans a broad spectrum and varies with the stage of the lesion. At each stage, KS has significant morphologic overlap with other vasoproliferative lesions. Recently, we encountered 6 KS tumors that histologically mimicked pyogenic granuloma (PG), a common benign vascular tumor of the skin that usually does not figure in the histologic differential diagnosis of KS. We stained 6 PG-like KS and 28 PGs with a mouse monoclonal antibody (13B10) against HHV-8 latent nuclear antigen-1 (LNA-1) to determine the utility of immunoperoxidase staining in distinguishing KS from PG. All 6 PG-like KS demonstrated nuclear staining for HHV-8 LNA-1. No staining was identified in any of the 28 PGs. Histologic criteria often used to differentiate between these two entities were not helpful in our cases. The only distinguishing feature was the presence or absence of HHV-8 LNA-1 staining. The presence of HHV-8 LNA-1 nuclear staining seems to be a specific marker for KS when comparing PGs and PG-like KS. Immunoperoxidase staining for HHV-8 LNA-1 is a useful diagnostic tool in this setting.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Granuloma, Pyogenic/diagnosis
- Granuloma, Pyogenic/pathology
- Granuloma, Pyogenic/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Urquhart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, USA
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30
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Ramos-da-Silva S, Elgui-de-Oliveira D, Borges L, Bacchi CE. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and Kaposi's sarcoma in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:573-80. [PMID: 16648893 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) became a critical health issue with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the 1980s. Four clinical-epidemiological forms of KS have been described: classical KS, endemic KS, iatrogenic KS, and AIDS-associated KS. In 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus type 8 was identified by Chang and colleagues, and has been detected worldwide at frequencies ranging from 80 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of KSHV infection in KS lesions from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in Brazil, as well as to review the current knowledge about KS transmission and detection. For these purposes, DNA from 51 cases of KS was assessed by PCR: 20 (39.2%) cases of classical KS, 29 (56.9%) of AIDS-associated KS and 2 (3.9%) of iatrogenic KS. Most patients were males (7.5:1, M/F), and mean age was 47.9 years (SD = +/- 18.7 years). As expected, HIV-positive KS patients were younger than patients with classical KS. On the other hand, patients with AIDS-associated KS have early lesions (patch and plaque) compared to classical KS patients (predominantly nodular lesions). This is assumed to be the result of the early diagnose of KS in the HIV-positive setting. KSHV infection was detected by PCR in almost all cases (48/51; 94.1%), irrespectively of the clinical-epidemiological form of KS. These results show that KSHV is associated with all forms of KS in Brazilian patients, a fact that supports the role of this virus in KS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramos-da-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estatual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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31
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Marchetti G, Gaidano G, Tirelli U. KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymph node based lymphomas in HIV seronegative subjects. Report of two cases with anaplastic large cell morphology and plasmablastic immunophenotype. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1039-45. [PMID: 16189148 PMCID: PMC1770735 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) associated lymphomas, which often develop in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with advanced AIDS, present predominantly as primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) or, less frequently, as "solid" extracavitary based lymphomas, associated with serous effusions. These last lymphomas, also called "solid PEL", have been reported before the development of an effusion lymphoma and after resolution of PEL. Interestingly, KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphomas that present as solid or extracavitary based lesions in HIV seropositive patients without serous effusions have been reported recently. METHODS/RESULTS This paper provides evidence for the existence of a previously undescribed KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphoma in HIV seronegative patients without serous effusions. These lymphomas exhibit a predilection for the lymph nodes and display anaplastic large cell morphology. These tumours were completely devoid of common cell type specific antigens, including epithelial and melanocytic cell markers. B and T cell associated antigens and other commonly used lymphoid markers were absent or weakly demonstrable in a fraction of the tumour cells. Conversely, immunohistochemical studies showed strong immunostaining with plasma cell reactive antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of viral infection and immunohistological studies are of primary importance to define this lymph node based KSHV/HHV-8 associated lymphoma with anaplastic large cell morphology and plasmablastic immunophenotype occurring in HIV seronegative patients without serous effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, via Venezian 1, Milano I-20133, Italy.
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32
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Wheat WH, Cool CD, Morimoto Y, Rai PR, Kirkpatrick CH, Lindenbaum BA, Bates CA, Ellison MC, Serls AE, Brown KK, Routes JM. Possible role of human herpesvirus 8 in the lymphoproliferative disorders in common variable immunodeficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:479-84. [PMID: 16103407 PMCID: PMC2212861 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients who have common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and granulomatous/lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) are at high risk for early mortality and B cell lymphomas. Infection with human herpes virus type 8 (HHV8), a B cell lymphotrophic virus, is linked to lymphoproliferative disorders in people who have secondary immunodeficiencies. Therefore, we determined the prevalence of HHV8 infection in CVID patients with GLILD. Genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was screened by nested- and real time-quantitative PCR (QRT-PCR) for the presence of HHV8 genome. It was positive in 6/9 CVID patients with GLILD (CVID-GLILD), 1/21 CVID patients without GLILD (CVID-control), and no patients receiving intravenous gamma globulin (n = 13) or normal blood donors (n = 20). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen-1 (LANA-1) in the biopsies of the lung, liver, and bone marrow of four patients with CVID-GLILD. One CVID-GLILD patient developed a B cell lymphoma during the course of the study. QRT-PCR demonstrated high copy number of HHV8 genome and IHC showed diffuse staining for LANA-1 in the malignant lymph node. HHV8 infection may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the interstitial lung disease and lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with CVID.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency/blood
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency/mortality
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency/therapy
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency/virology
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesviridae Infections/blood
- Herpesviridae Infections/mortality
- Herpesviridae Infections/therapy
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/administration & dosage
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/blood
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/mortality
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/therapy
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/virology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Wheat
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lymphomas include: (1) lymphomas also occurring, although sporadically, in the absence of HIV infection. The vast majority of these lymphomas are high-grade B-cell lymphomas: Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with centroblastic (CB) features and DLBCL with immunoblastic (IBL) features; (2) unusual lymphomas occurring more specifically in HIV-positive patients and include two rare entities, namely 'primary effusion lymphoma' (PEL) and 'plasmablastic lymphoma' of the oral cavity. The pathological heterogeneity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) reflects the heterogeneity of their associated molecular lesions. In AIDS-BL, the molecular lesions involve activation of cMYC, inactivation of P53, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). AIDS-IBL infected with EBV are characterised by frequent expression of latent membrane protein 1--an EBV oncoprotein. The biological heterogeneity of AIDS-NHL is highlighted by their histogenetic differences. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8)-associated lymphomas, which often develop in persons with advanced AIDS, present predominantly as PEL. KSHV/HHV8 has also been recently detected in solid extracavitary-based lymphomas. The KSHV/HHV8-associated solid lymphomas are (1) unusual lymphomas that occur more specifically in HIV-positive patients; (2) extracavitary and arise in nodal and/or extranodal sites; and (3) histologically, they usually display a PEL-like morphology and plasma cell-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy.
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34
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Opsahl ML, Kennedy PGE. Investigating the presence of human herpesvirus 7 and 8 in multiple sclerosis and normal control brain tissue. J Neurol Sci 2005; 240:37-44. [PMID: 16242723 PMCID: PMC7172428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the aetiology of which is thought to have a possible viral component. In this study we investigated the possible involvement in MS of two herpes viruses: the neurotropic human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) and the related human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Utilising fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) techniques, we examined human post mortem tissues for the presence of immediate early and late viral gene or protein expression in MS patient normal appearing white matter (NAWM), lesional tissue and normal control brain samples. HHV-7 and/or HHV-8 mRNA or protein was detected in some individuals in all three sample categories and was restricted to oligodendrocytes, as determined by double mRNA FISH analysis or immuno fluorescence (IF). No samples showed evidence of viral mRNA when subjected to RT-PCR on extracted ribonucleic acid. We therefore conclude that there is little evidence in our particular sample cohort to suggest involvement of either HHV-7 or HHV-8 in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Opsahl
- University of Glasgow Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, Scotland, UK
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35
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Henke-Gendo C, Mengel M, Hoeper MM, Alkharsah K, Schulz TF. Absence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1581-5. [PMID: 16192453 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200504-546oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE In addition to Kaposi's sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8) has been associated with two other diseases: primary effusion lymphoma and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman's disease. Recently, evidence of KSHV infection was reported in plexiform lesions of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) as well as in adjacent parenchyma and bronchial epithelial cells. OBJECTIVES To further investigate a possible association of KSHV and pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS Twenty-six lungs explanted from German patients suffering from IPAH were tested for the presence of KSHV antigen and genomes by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MAIN RESULTS When stained with a commercial monoclonal antibody directed against the latency-associated nuclear antigen of KSHV, LANA-1, a positive signal reminiscent of the "speckled" nuclear pattern typical of latently KSHV-infected cells was found in 16 (61.5%) cases. Alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells in areas of unremarkable lung tissue, but not cells within the plexiform lesions, were the predominantly stained cell types. Different KSHV-PCR assays (based on orf26, orfK6, and orf72) performed on samples that had tested positively in IHC, however, could not confirm KSHV infection, indicating that the IHC signal was not due to KSHV infection. One IHC-negative patient tested positive by PCR. A PCR based on consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers (CODEHOP) to detect yet unknown gamma-herpesviruses did not reveal any specific sequences. CONCLUSIONS KSHV is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Henke-Gendo
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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36
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Cohen A, Wolf DG, Guttman-Yassky E, Sarid R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2005; 42:101-53. [PMID: 15941082 DOI: 10.1080/10408360590913524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHI) is one of the few viruses proven to be associated with tumorigenesis in humans. Its causal association with all clinical and epidemiological variants of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is well established. KSHV is also involved in the pathogenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Possible associations of KSHV with other clinical settings have been extensively examined. The findings from several of these studies are contradictory and are yet to be resolved. Concentrated effort over the last decade, since the initial discovery of KSHV, led to the development of several experimental systems that resulted in a better comprehension of the biological characteristics of KSHV and set the stage for the understanding of mechainisms by which diseases are induced by the virus. The development of molecular, histological, and serological tools for KSHV diagnosis allowed researchers to track the transmission and to study the epidemiology of KSHV. These assays have been applied, in particular in ambiguous cases, in order to confirm clinically and pathologically based diagnoses. Here, we review the advances in the clinical, experimental, diagnostic, and epidemiological research of KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Universiy, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Vaccher E, Cerri M, Gaidano G, Dalla-Favera R, Tirelli U. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8-positive solid lymphomas: a tissue-based variant of primary effusion lymphoma. J Mol Diagn 2005; 7:17-27. [PMID: 15681470 PMCID: PMC1876263 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also termed human herpesvirus type 8, is consistently identified in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease. Here we report four cases of KSHV-bearing solid lymphomas that occurred in AIDS patients (cases 1 to 3) and in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative person (case 4). The patients presented extranodal masses in the abdomen (cases 1, 3, and 4) or skin (case 2), and nodal involvement, together with Kaposi's sarcoma (case 3). The gastrointestinal tract was involved in two patients (cases 1 and 3). The patients did not develop a lymphomatous effusion. KSHV was detected in the tumor cells of all cases by immunohistochemistry and by polymerase chain reaction. Epstein-Barr virus was detected in two of the HIV-related cases. All KSHV-positive solid lymphomas exhibited PEL-like cell morphology. To investigate the relationship of these disorders to PEL and to other AIDS-associated diffuse large cell lymphomas, KSHV-positive solid lymphomas were tested for the expression of a set of genes that were previously shown by gene profiling analysis to define PEL tumor cells. The results showed that expression of this set of genes in KSHV-positive lymphomas is similar to that of PEL but distinct from KSHV-negative AIDS-associated diffuse large cell lymphomas. Because pathobiological features of KSHV-positive solid lymphomas closely mimic those of PEL, our results suggest that KSHV-positive solid lymphomas should be considered as a tissue-based variant of classical PEL, irrespective of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Division of Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, via Pedemontana Occidentale, Aviano I-33081, Italy.
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38
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Pak F, Pyakural P, Kokhaei P, Kaaya E, Pourfathollah AA, Selivanova G, Biberfeld P. HHV-8/KSHV during the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: evaluation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:21-7. [PMID: 15660651 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human gamma-herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) was first described in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tumour samples. In this study, we report comparative studies on paraffin-embedded biopsies of AIDS-related KS (AKS) and endemic KS (EKS) with regard to HHV-8 content as evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted either using Chelex-100 or using Qia-gene kit and was evaluated with the help of a semiquantitative PCR assay. The PCR detection of HHV-8 was more sensitive to the Chelex method than to Qia-gene. The threshold for PCR test sensitivity with the help of serial dilution of DNA was at the level of five plasmid ORF-26 regions, and DNA from 25 body cavity-based lymphoma-1 cells. The results expressed as virus load/actin unit showed progressively higher HHV-8 levels in late (nodular) cases, compared to those in early (patch/plaque) stages. Evaluation of HHV-8 DNA levels in tumour tissues, thus, indicates a correlation between virus load and KS stage. Double immunostaining of spindle cells (SC) in KS biopsies for CD34 and HHV-8/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) showed an increase in double-positive SC in the lesions of nodular AKS and EKS cases, compared to that in plaque and patch stages. However, 10-15% of CD34+/LANA- SC cells were observed during the development from patch to nodular cases of AKS and EKS. Our results indicate that PCR analysis is a simple and sensitive diagnostic method for HHV-8 evaluation in KS tissues, processed for conventional histopathology.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Cell Count
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pak
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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39
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Simonelli C, Tedeschi R, Gloghini A, Bortolin MT, Spina M, Bidoli E, Cinelli R, De Paoli P, Carbone A, Tirelli U. Characterization of Immunologic and Virological Parameters in HIV‐Infected Patients with Primary Effusion Lymphoma during Antiblastic Therapy and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1022-7. [PMID: 15824995 DOI: 10.1086/428615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) represents a peculiar lymphoma infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and occurs predominantly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunologic and virological parameters, including HHV-8 viremia, of 5 HIV-infected patients with PEL whose disease was diagnosed and treated at our institute. METHODS Five patients were enrolled in the study. Biological parameters, such as latent and lytic HHV-8 antigen levels, plasma HHV-8 load, Epstein-Barr virus plasma DNA load, HIV-1 load, and CD4 cell count, were assessed before treatment, during therapy, and at follow-up. RESULTS Four patients were treated with chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and 1 was treated with HAART alone; 3 of 5 patients reached complete remission. HHV-8 could be detected before the initiation of therapy in plasma from all patients analyzed. HHV-8 levels decreased after therapy in 4 patients. During the whole observation period, plasma HHV-8 load showed a statistically significant inverse correlation with CD4 cell count but no significant correlation with HIV load and response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis demonstrates that HHV-8 can be detected in the plasma at the onset of PEL; its prognostic role needs to be explored. CD4 cell count seems to be the most important indicator of progression of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Simonelli
- Division of Medical Oncology A, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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40
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Chadburn A, Hyjek E, Mathew S, Cesarman E, Said J, Knowles DM. KSHV-Positive Solid Lymphomas Represent an Extra-Cavitary Variant of Primary Effusion Lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28:1401-16. [PMID: 15489644 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000138177.10829.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a unique form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; HHV-8) that displays a distinct constellation of clinical, morphologic, immunologic, and molecular characteristics. Rare KSHV-containing immunoblastic lymphomas occurring in solid tissues have been described. Whether they represent part of the spectrum of PEL has not been determined. The morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features of KSHV-positive solid lymphomas occurring in 8 HIV+/AIDS patients were systematically investigated and compared with those of 29 similarly analyzed PELs. The 8 KSHV-positive solid lymphomas were virtually indistinguishable from the 29 PELs based on morphology (immunoblastic/anaplastic), immunophenotype (CD45 positive; T cell antigen negative; CD30, EMA, CD138 positive; CD10, CD15, BCL6 negative) and genotype (100% immunoglobulin genes rearranged; no identifiable abnormalities in C-MYC, BCL6, BCL1, BCL2; and uniformly EBV positive). The only identifiable phenotypic difference was that the KSHV-positive solid lymphomas appeared to express B cell-associated antigens (25%) and immunoglobulin (25%) slightly more often than the PELs (<5% and 15%, respectively; P = 0.11 and P = 0.08, respectively). The clinical presentation and course of the patients who develop KSHV-positive solid lymphomas were also similar, except for the lack of an effusion and somewhat better survival (median 11 months vs. 3 months). However, the 3 KSHV-positive solid lymphoma patients alive without disease 11, 25, and 44 months following initial presentation were recently diagnosed patients and, unlike the other patients with KSHV-positive solid lymphomas, received anti-retroviral therapy. These findings strongly suggest that these decidedly rare KSHV-positive solid lymphomas belong to the spectrum of PEL. Therefore, we propose that the KSHV-positive solid lymphomas be designated extra-cavitary PELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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41
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Abstract
This article discusses the molecular targets and the methods for identification of human papillomavirus and the human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus type 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Henry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Wittson Hall, Room 4039, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
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42
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Sarmati L, Carlo T, Rossella S, Montano M, Adalgisa P, Rezza G, Andreoni M. Human herpesvirus-8 infection in pregnancy and labor: Lack of evidence of vertical transmission. J Med Virol 2004; 72:462-6. [PMID: 14748070 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether vertical transmission of the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) may occur during pregnancy or at delivery, we enrolled 295 women recruited attending the Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology of a University Teaching of Rome Tor Vergata, S. Eugenio Hospital. The study population was divided in two groups: 245 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis for genetic screening at 16-18 weeks gestation (group 1) and 50 women at the childbirth (group 2). Maternal blood was obtained from all women. Amniotic fluid (group 1) and cord blood (group 2) were obtained at midtrimester and at delivery, respectively. The presence of anti-HHV-8 antibodies in serum samples was investigated by an immunfluorescence assay. All amniotic fluids, maternal blood, and cord blood samples from HHV-8 seropositive women were tested for the presence of HHV-8 DNA sequences by the polymerase chain reaction. Thirty women, 27 of the group 1 and three of the group 2, were found to have anti-HHV-8 antibodies. Two neonates of the three seropositive mothers of the group 2 had anti-HHV-8 antibodies in cord blood. HHV-8 DNA sequences were detected in the blood of one woman of the group 2. None of the amniotic fluid and cord blood samples had detectable HHV-8 DNA sequences. This study suggests that vertical transmission of HHV-8 is unlikely or, at least, very rare.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amniotic Fluid/virology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections/transmission
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Labor, Obstetric
- Middle Aged
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Sarmati
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, University 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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43
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Cool CD, Rai PR, Yeager ME, Hernandez-Saavedra D, Serls AE, Bull TM, Geraci MW, Brown KK, Routes JM, Tuder RM, Voelkel NF. Expression of human herpesvirus 8 in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1113-22. [PMID: 13679525 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa035115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe pulmonary hypertension constitutes a group of diseases characterized by complex, lumen-occluding vascular lesions that develop in genetically susceptible persons. The only viral infection associated with severe pulmonary hypertension has been that due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, but neither the viral genome nor viral antigens have been demonstrated in pathologic lesions. METHODS We examined lung-tissue samples from 16 patients with sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension and 14 patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension for evidence of infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). HHV-8 infection was ascertained immunohistochemically with use of an antibody directed against latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA-1), and a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay was performed on lung DNA to detect the viral cyclin gene of HHV-8. Sequence analysis was also performed. RESULTS In lung tissue from 10 of 16 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (62 percent), cells within the plexiform lesions as well as cells outside the lesions were positive for LANA-1 on immunohistochemical analysis. Tissue from the same 10 patients contained viral cyclin on PCR analysis. No LANA-1 was detected in lung tissue from patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension, although one such patient had PCR evidence of viral cyclin. Plexiform lesions from patients with primary pulmonary hypertension had a histologic and immunohistochemical resemblance to cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of trigger factors and molecular mechanisms leading to severe pulmonary hypertension and the formation of plexiform lesions is apparently wide, including both genetic and epigenetic factors. Our data suggest that infection with the vasculotropic virus HHV-8 may have a pathogenetic role in primary pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyne D Cool
- Pulmonary Hypertension Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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44
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a disease characterized by proliferative vascular lesions, which almost invariably contain the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8. KSHV is a lymphotrophic and angiotrophic herpesvirus, whose genome encodes several proteins involved in proliferation, antiapoptotic functions, and inflammation. Most KS spindle cells express latent KSHV genes, but a few express lytic genes, which might be involved in angiogenic and paracrine mechanisms that contribute to KS pathogenesis. A number of tissue culture and mouse models have been established, but a comprehensive system that accurately portrays KS pathogenesis still does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Bubman
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Room C406, New York, NY 10021, USA
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45
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Hermouet S, Sutton CA, Rose TM, Greenblatt RJ, Corre I, Garand R, Neves AM, Bataille R, Casey JW. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of human herpesviruses in chronic and acute B cell lymphocytic leukemia and in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2003; 17:185-95. [PMID: 12529677 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify viral loads of human herpesviruses (HHVs) at diagnosis in 61 samples of malignant B cells: 21 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), 29 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and 11 multiple myeloma (MM); control samples were blasts from 16 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 24 blood or bone marrow samples from healthy donors. The majority of samples from healthy donors and patients (B-ALL, B-CLL or AML, but not MM) was positive for EBV and contained <100 ebv copies/100 ng dna. ebv loads were occasionally high (>500 copies/100 ng DNA) in B-ALL (2/16) and in B-CLL (2/21) samples. The fractions of samples positive for HHV-8 and HHV-6A, less than 10% for MM patients, were high for adults with B-ALL (18.8% HHV-8+, 43.8% HHV-6A+) or B-CLL (28.6% HHV-8+, 52.4% HHV-6A+). B-ALL, B-CLL and MM samples were rarely positive for HHV-6B and HHV-7. Lastly, 75% of B-ALL samples were positive for CMV, and CMV loads were significantly higher in B-ALL samples than in MM, B-CLL or AML samples. We also used PCR with consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers (CODEHOP) to look for novel HHVs in B cell samples: no sequence indicative of a new HHV was detected. Altogether, the data indicate that the presence of multiple HHVs, including EBV and CMV at high loads, is not rare in B-ALL and B-CLL cell samples. Future prospective studies should determine whether patients with high EBV/CMV loads at diagnosis in tumor samples face a higher risk of delayed hematological recovery, virus-related complications or relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Myeloma/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/statistics & numerical data
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hermouet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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46
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Tedeschi R, Dillner J, De Paoli P. Laboratory diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection in humans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21:831-44. [PMID: 12525917 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-002-0836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is causally associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. Serological and molecular biology assays are used to investigate the biology of this virus in different populations and diseases. Serological assays are mainly used to study the prevalence of the viral infection and to predict the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and other HHV-8-associated cancers. The appearance of antibodies against lytic antigens precedes the appearance of antibodies against latent antigens, probably explaining the lower sensitivity of assays based on latent HHV-8 antigens. The lack of international reference serum panels is presently the major bottleneck for further progress in the field of HHV-8 serology. Molecular biological assays are an absolute requirement for both the diagnosis and the follow-up of HHV-8 infection. Qualitative methods have been particularly useful to elucidate the mode of transmission and the causal association between HHV-8 and HHV-8-associated diseases. Quantitative methods have become an essential tool to monitor the progression of the infection and the effects of antiviral therapies. This review analyzes the performance of the different serological and molecular biological assays available at present. The main conclusion is that more research is needed to define the most useful laboratory tests for the diagnosis of HHV-8 infection and to establish the clinical role of such tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tedeschi
- Microbiology-Immunology and Virology Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, via Pedemontana Occ 12, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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47
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Santón Roldán A, De San José S, Gómez Sanz E, Fernández Muñoz R, Herrera P, Bellas Menéndez C. [Human herpesvirus-8 detection in Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, and lymphoproliferative syndromes occurring in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119:241-4. [PMID: 12236982 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)73375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were: to study the presence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in different Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) epidemiological groups, multiple myeloma (MM), and immunodeficiency-associated lymphoid proliferations; to investigate the potential sexual transmission of HHV-8 by analyzing its presence in women from the general population, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive women, and prostitutes; and to establish a reliable and efficient PCR strategy for the detection of HHV-8. PATIENTS AND METHODS HHV-8 detection was performed by PCR and positive cases were confirmed by automatic bi-directional sequencing. We selected 25 KS, 70 immunodeficiency associated non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), 30 HIV-positive Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL), and 2 primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). Bone marrow aspirates were available from 41 MM, 9 monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance and 24 patients with other disorders. Bone marrow dendritic cell cultures from 12 MM patients were also performed. Cells from cervical, anal, and oral cavity scrapes were examined for the presence of HHV-8 in 40 control women, 10 HIV-seropositive women, and 20 HIV-seronegative prostitutes. Serologic tests were also performed. RESULTS HHV-8 was specifically detected in 100% KS and PEL, and in 5.7% immunodeficiency associated NHL. All cases of HIV-HL and MM were HHV-8 negative. Antibodies against HHV-8 were found in 10% of control women, 10% HIV-positive women, and 25% prostitutes. Only 1 sample was positive for HHV-8 by PCR. CONCLUSIONS HHV-8 is associated with all epidemiological forms of KS; HHV-8 does not contribute to the pathogenesis of MM, and this virus is not ubiquitous in the human population. Seroprevalence of HHV-8 is increased in prostitutes, although this may partially be attributed to the geographical origin. For a reliable PCR detection of HHV-8, it is necessary to target different regions of the viral genome and to sequence amplification products.
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48
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Ryan P, Aarons S, Murray D, Markham T, O'Sullivan S, Lyons F, Lee G, Fitzgibbon J. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) detected in two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma-like pyogenic granuloma. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:619-22. [PMID: 12147659 PMCID: PMC1769721 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.8.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To report the finding of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in two patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-like pyogenic granuloma. This form of pyogenic granuloma closely resembles KS histologically and it has been reported that immunohistochemistry in such lesions may be positive for smooth muscle actin and factor VIII related antigen, which are typically negative in KS. In both patients the lesions were positive for CD31, CD34, smooth muscle actin, and factor VIII related antigen, a profile typical of KS-like pyogenic granuloma. The lesions were tested for the presence of HHV-8 DNA, which to date has been consistently found in all types of KS. METHODS The lesions were tested for the presence of HHV-8 DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A known HHV-8 positive KS specimen was used as the positive control. Six samples of non-KS vascular skin lesions were used as negative controls for the PCR reaction. RESULTS Both lesions were positive on PCR for HHV-8 and the specificity of product was confirmed by direct sequencing. None of the six control vascular skin lesions was positive for HHV-8. These results strongly indicate KS as the true diagnosis and are supported by the reported clinical course in both cases. CONCLUSIONS Techniques targeting HHV-8 DNA for detection to confirm a diagnosis of KS are both sensitive and specific. In cases where the differential diagnosis includes KS-like pyogenic granuloma, caution should be taken not to diagnose solely on the basis of immunohistochemistry phenotype. In such cases, PCR targeting HHV-8 DNA sequences is a better diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ryan
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Ablashi DV, Chatlynne LG, Whitman JE, Cesarman E. Spectrum of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, or human herpesvirus 8, diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:439-64. [PMID: 12097251 PMCID: PMC118087 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.3.439-464.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), discovered in 1994, is a human rhadinovirus (gamma-2 herpesvirus). Unlike other human herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, HHV-6, and HHV-7), it is not widespread in the general population and has many unique proteins. HHV-8 is strongly associated with all subtypes of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease, and a rare form of B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma. In addition, HHV-8 DNA sequences have been found in association with other diseases, but the role of the virus in these diseases is largely unconfirmed and remains controversial. The seroprevalence of HHV-8, based on detection of latent and lytic proteins, is 2 to 5% in healthy donors except in certain geographic areas where the virus is endemic, 80 to 95% in classic KS patients, and 40 to 50% in HIV-1 patients without KS. This virus can be transmitted both sexually and through body fluids (e.g., saliva and blood). HHV-8 is a transforming virus, as evidenced by its presence in human malignancies, by the in vitro transforming properties of several of its viral genes, and by its ability to transform some primary cells in culture. It is not, however, sufficient for transformation, and other cofactors such as immunosuppressive cytokines are involved in the development of HHV-8-associated malignancies. In this article, we review the biology, molecular virology, epidemiology, transmission, detection methods, pathogenesis, and antiviral therapy of this newly discovered human herpesvirus.
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50
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Zumo L, Grewal RP. Castleman's disease-associated neuropathy: no evidence of human herpesvirus type 8 infection. J Neurol Sci 2002; 195:47-50. [PMID: 11867073 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that may be associated with a neuropathy. In a recent report, the presence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) DNA sequences were detected in an HIV-negative patient with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein and skin changes (POEMS) associated with the multicentric hyaline vascular variant of CD. It was proposed that the presence of these sequences may have a role in the pathophysiology of the neuropathy. We describe an HIV-negative woman with the multicentric plasma cell form of CD who presented with a disabling neuropathy. In addition to a severe demyelinating polyneuropathy, she had some of the other features of POEMS including an IgA lambda gammopathy and lymphadenopathy. We were unable to detect the presence of either HHV-8 DNA or proteins in this patient. The significance of our results and the relationship between CD, POEMS and neuropathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zumo
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Hospital, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08818, USA
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