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Dumas CE, Rousset C, De Bono C, Cortés C, Jullian E, Lescroart F, Zaffran S, Adachi N, Kelly RG. Retinoic acid signalling regulates branchiomeric neck muscle development at the head/trunk interface. Development 2024; 151:dev202905. [PMID: 39082789 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles of the head and trunk originate in distinct lineages with divergent regulatory programmes converging on activation of myogenic determination factors. Branchiomeric head and neck muscles share a common origin with cardiac progenitor cells in cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM). The retinoic acid (RA) signalling pathway is required during a defined early time window for normal deployment of cells from posterior CPM to the heart. Here, we show that blocking RA signalling in the early mouse embryo also results in selective loss of the trapezius neck muscle, without affecting other skeletal muscles. RA signalling is required for robust expression of myogenic determination factors in posterior CPM and subsequent expansion of the trapezius primordium. Lineage-specific activation of a dominant-negative RA receptor reveals that trapezius development is not regulated by direct RA signalling to myogenic progenitor cells in CPM, or through neural crest cells, but indirectly through the somitic lineage, closely apposed with posterior CPM in the early embryo. These findings suggest that trapezius development is dependent on precise spatiotemporal interactions between cranial and somitic mesoderm at the head/trunk interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Dumas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Célia Rousset
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Claudio Cortés
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Jullian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG U1251, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
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2
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Dawson T, Iwanaga J, Zou B, Anbalagan M, Dumont AS, Loukas M, Rowan BG, Tubbs RS. Transcription factor support for the dual embryological origin of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Clin Anat 2024; 37:147-152. [PMID: 38057962 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The embryological origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles has been debated for over a century. To shed light on this issue, the present anatomical study was performed. Five fresh frozen human cadavers, three males and two females, were used for this study. Samples from each specimen's trapezius and sternocleidomastoid were fixed in 10% formalin and placed in paraffin blocks. As Paired like homeodomain 2 (Pitx2) and T-box factor 1(Tbx1) have been implicated in the region and muscle type regulation, we performed Tbx1 and Pitx2 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on these muscle tissue samples to identify the origin of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. We have used the latest version of QuPath, v0.4.3, software to quantify the Tbx and Pitx2 staining. For the sternocleidomastoid muscle, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 was 25% (range 16%-30%) and 18% (range 12%-23%), respectively. For the trapezius muscles, for evaluated samples, the average amount of positively stained Tbx1 and Pitx2 parts of the samples was 17% (range 15%-20%) and 15% (14%-17%), respectively. Our anatomical findings suggest dual origins of both the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Additionally, as neither Pitx2 nor Tbx1 made up all the staining observed for each muscle, other contributions to these structures are likely. Future studies with larger samples are now necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Dawson
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Binghao Zou
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Brian G Rowan
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Haque MA, Alam MZ, Iqbal A, Lee YM, Dang CG, Kim JJ. Genome-Wide Association Studies for Body Conformation Traits in Korean Holstein Population. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2964. [PMID: 37760364 PMCID: PMC10526087 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and nearby candidate genes that influence body conformation traits. Phenotypic data for 24 body conformation traits were collected from a population of 2329 Korean Holstein cattle, and all animals were genotyped using the 50 K Illumina bovine SNP chip. A total of 24 genome-wide significant SNPs associated with 24 body conformation traits were identified by genome-wide association analysis. The selection of the most promising candidate genes was based on gene ontology (GO) terms and the previously identified functions that influence various body conformation traits as determined in our study. These genes include KCNA1, RYBP, PTH1R, TMIE, and GNAI3 for body traits; ANGPT1 for rump traits; MALRD1, INHBA, and HOXA13 for feet and leg traits; and CDK1, RHOBTB1, and SLC17A1 for udder traits, respectively. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of body conformation traits in this population and pave the way for future breeding strategies aimed at enhancing desirable traits in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azizul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (M.A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (A.I.); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Mohammad Zahangir Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (M.A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (A.I.); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (M.A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (A.I.); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Yun-Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (M.A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (A.I.); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Chang-Gwon Dang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (M.A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (A.I.); (Y.-M.L.)
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Homma S, Shimada T, Wada I, Kumaki K, Sato N, Yaginuma H. A three-component model of the spinal nerve ramification: Bringing together the human gross anatomy and modern Embryology. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1009542. [PMID: 36726852 PMCID: PMC9884977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1009542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its long history, the study of human gross anatomy has not adequately incorporated modern embryological findings; consequently, the current understanding has often been incompatible with recent discoveries from molecular studies. Notably, the traditional epaxial and hypaxial muscle distinction, and their corresponding innervation by the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerve, do not correspond to the primaxial and abaxial muscle distinction, defined by the mesodermal lineages of target tissues. To resolve the disagreement between adult anatomy and embryology, we here propose a novel hypothetical model of spinal nerve ramification. Our model is based on the previously unknown developmental process of the intercostal nerves. Observations of these nerves in the mouse embryos revealed that the intercostal nerves initially had superficial and deep ventral branches, which is contrary to the general perception of a single ventral branch. The initial dual innervation pattern later changes into an adult-like single branch pattern following the retraction of the superficial branch. The modified intercostal nerves consist of the canonical ventral branches and novel branches that run on the muscular surface of the thorax, which sprout from the lateral cutaneous branches. We formulated the embryonic branching pattern into the hypothetical ramification model of the human spinal nerve so that the branching pattern is compatible with the developmental context of the target muscles. In our model, every spinal nerve consists of three components: (1) segmental branches that innervate the primaxial muscles, including the dorsal rami, and short branches and long superficial anterior branches from the ventral rami; (2) plexus-forming intramural branches, the serial homolog of the canonical intercostal nerves, which innervate the abaxial portion of the body wall; and (3) plexus-forming extramural branches, the series of novel branches located outside of the body wall, which innervate the girdle and limb muscles. The selective elaboration or deletion of each component successfully explains the reasoning for the standard morphology and variability of the spinal nerve. Therefore, our model brings a novel understanding of spinal nerve development and valuable information for basic and clinical sciences regarding the diverse branching patterns of the spinal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsaku Homma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takako Shimada
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ikuo Wada
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuji Kumaki
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Jo YW, Park I, Yoo K, Woo HY, Kim YL, Kim YE, Kim JH, Kong YY. Notch1 and Notch2 Signaling Exclusively but Cooperatively Maintain Fetal Myogenic Progenitors. Stem Cells 2022; 40:1031-1042. [PMID: 35922037 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic progenitors (MPs) generate myocytes that fuse to form myofibers during skeletal muscle development while maintaining the progenitor pool, which is crucial for generating sufficient muscle. Notch signaling has been known to reserve a population of embryonic MPs during primary myogenesis by promoting cell cycle exit and suppressing premature differentiation. However, the roles of individual Notch receptors (Notch1-4) during embryonic/fetal myogenesis are still elusive. In this study, we found that Notch1 and Notch2, which exhibit the highest structural similarity among Notch receptors, maintain the MP population by distinct mechanisms: Notch1 induces cell cycle exit and Notch2 suppresses premature differentiation. Moreover, genetic and cell culture studies showed that Notch1 and Notch2 signaling in MPs are distinctively activated by interacting with Notch ligand-expressing myofibers and MP-lineage cells, respectively. These results suggest that through different activation modes, Notch1 and Notch2 distinctively and cooperatively maintain MP population during fetal myogenesis for proper muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Woo Jo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkuk Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusang Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Woo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Lynne Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea-Eun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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A prevalence study of the atlantomastoid muscle. Surg Radiol Anat 2022; 44:1349-1353. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-03022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Yahya I, Hockman D, Brand-Saberi B, Morosan-Puopolo G. New Insights into the Diversity of Branchiomeric Muscle Development: Genetic Programs and Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081245. [PMID: 36009872 PMCID: PMC9404950 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We review the transcription factors and signaling molecules driving differentiation of a subset of head muscles known as the branchiomeric muscles due to their origin in the pharyngeal arches. We provide novel data on the distinct myogenic programs within these muscles and explore how the cranial neural crest cell regulates branchiomeric muscle patterning and differentiation. Abstract Branchiomeric skeletal muscles are a subset of head muscles originating from skeletal muscle progenitor cells in the mesodermal core of pharyngeal arches. These muscles are involved in facial expression, mastication, and function of the larynx and pharynx. Branchiomeric muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years due to their distinct developmental programs and common origin with the heart muscle. A prerequisite for investigating these muscles’ properties and therapeutic potential is understanding their genetic program and differentiation. In contrast to our understanding of how branchiomeric muscles are formed, less is known about their differentiation. This review focuses on the differentiation of branchiomeric muscles in mouse embryos. Furthermore, the relationship between branchiomeric muscle progenitor and neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches of chicken embryos is also discussed. Additionally, we summarize recent studies into the genetic networks that distinguish between first arch-derived muscles and other pharyngeal arch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Yahya
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Correspondence: (I.Y.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Y.); (G.M.-P.)
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8
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Pechriggl E, Blumer M, Tubbs RS, Olewnik Ł, Konschake M, Fortélny R, Stofferin H, Honis HR, Quinones S, Maranillo E, Sanudo J. Embryology of the Abdominal Wall and Associated Malformations—A Review. Front Surg 2022; 9:891896. [PMID: 35874129 PMCID: PMC9300894 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.891896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incidence of congenital defects of the intraembryonic celom and its associated structures has increased over recent decades. Surgical treatment of abdominal and diaphragmatic malformations resulting in congenital hernia requires deep knowledge of ventral body closure and the separation of the primary body cavities during embryogenesis. The correct development of both structures requires the coordinated and fine-tuned synergy of different anlagen, including a set of molecules governing those processes. They have mainly been investigated in a range of vertebrate species (e.g., mouse, birds, and fish), but studies of embryogenesis in humans are rather rare because samples are seldom available. Therefore, we have to deal with a large body of conflicting data concerning the formation of the abdominal wall and the etiology of diaphragmatic defects. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and focuses on the histological and molecular events leading to the establishment of the abdominal and thoracic cavities in several vertebrate species. In chronological order, we start with the onset of gastrulation, continue with the establishment of the three-dimensional body shape, and end with the partition of body cavities. We also discuss well-known human etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Blumer
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, United States
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marko Konschake
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: Marko Konschake
| | - René Fortélny
- Department of General, Visceral, and Oncological Surgery, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stofferin
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanne Rose Honis
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Quinones
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Maranillo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sanudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mitchel K, Bergmann JM, Brent AE, Finkelstein TM, Schindler KA, Holzman MA, Jeannotte L, Mansfield JH. Hoxa5 Activity Across the Lateral Somitic Frontier Regulates Development of the Mouse Sternum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:806545. [PMID: 35557949 PMCID: PMC9086245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.806545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal system derives from multiple embryonic sources whose derivatives must develop in coordination to produce an integrated whole. In particular, interactions across the lateral somitic frontier, where derivatives of the somites and lateral plate mesoderm come into contact, are important for proper development. Many questions remain about genetic control of this coordination, and embryological information is incomplete for some structures that incorporate the frontier, including the sternum. Hox genes act in both tissues as regulators of skeletal pattern. Here, we used conditional deletion to characterize the tissue-specific contributions of Hoxa5 to skeletal patterning. We found that most aspects of the Hoxa5 skeletal phenotype are attributable to its activity in one or the other tissue, indicating largely additive roles. However, multiple roles are identified at the junction of the T1 ribs and the anterior portion of the sternum, or presternum. The embryology of the presternum has not been well described in mouse. We present a model for presternum development, and show that it arises from multiple, paired LPM-derived primordia. We show evidence that HOXA5 expression marks the embryonic precursor of a recently identified lateral presternum structure that is variably present in therians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Mitchel
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna M. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ava E. Brent
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ava E. Brent, ; Jennifer H. Mansfield,
| | - Tova M. Finkelstein
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kyra A. Schindler
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miriam A. Holzman
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec‐Université, Laval (Oncology Axis), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer H. Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ava E. Brent, ; Jennifer H. Mansfield,
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10
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Grimaldi A, Comai G, Mella S, Tajbakhsh S. Identification of bipotent progenitors that give rise to myogenic and connective tissues in mouse. eLife 2022; 11:70235. [PMID: 35225230 PMCID: PMC9020825 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How distinct cell fates are manifested by direct lineage ancestry from bipotent progenitors, or by specification of individual cell types is a key question for understanding the emergence of tissues. The interplay between skeletal muscle progenitors and associated connective tissue cells provides a model for examining how muscle functional units are established. Most craniofacial structures originate from the vertebrate-specific neural crest cells except in the dorsal portion of the head, where they arise from cranial mesoderm. Here, using multiple lineage-tracing strategies combined with single cell RNAseq and in situ analyses, we identify bipotent progenitors expressing Myf5 (an upstream regulator of myogenic fate) that give rise to both muscle and juxtaposed connective tissue. Following this bifurcation, muscle and connective tissue cells retain complementary signalling features and maintain spatial proximity. Disrupting myogenic identity shifts muscle progenitors to a connective tissue fate. The emergence of Myf5-derived connective tissue is associated with the activity of several transcription factors, including Foxp2. Interestingly, this unexpected bifurcation in cell fate was not observed in craniofacial regions that are colonised by neural crest cells. Therefore, we propose that an ancestral bi-fated program gives rise to muscle and connective tissue cells in skeletal muscles that are deprived of neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenda Comai
- UMR 3738, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Mella
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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11
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Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during chicken body wall development revealed with local fluorescent tissue labeling. Anat Sci Int 2022; 97:380-390. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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12
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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13
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Kusakabe R, Tanaka M, Kuratani S. Developmental Evolution of Hypaxial Muscles: Insights From Cyclostomes and Chondrichthyans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760366. [PMID: 34650989 PMCID: PMC8505881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates possess two distinct groups of muscles in the trunk (epaxial and hypaxial muscles) primarily defined by the pattern of motor innervation from the spinal cord. Of these, the hypaxial group includes muscles with highly differentiated morphology and function, such as the muscles associated with paired limbs, shoulder girdles and tongue/infrahyoid (hypobranchial) muscles. Here we summarize the latest findings on the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the morphological variety of hypaxial musculature, with special reference to the molecular insights obtained from several living species that diverged early in vertebrate evolution. Lampreys, extant jawless vertebrates, lack many of derived traits characteristic of the gnathostomes, such as jaws, paired fins and epaxial/hypaxial distinction of the trunk skeletal musculatures. However, these animals possess the primitive form of the hypobranchial muscle. Of the gnathostomes, the elasmobranchs exhibit developmental mode of hypaxial muscles that is not identical to that of other gnathostomes in that the muscle primordia relocate as coherent cell aggregates. Comparison of expression of developmental genes, including Lbx genes, has delineated the temporal order of differentiation of various skeletal muscles, such as the hypobranchial, posterior pharyngeal and cucullaris (trapezius) muscles. We have proposed that the sequential addition of distal muscles, associated with expression of duplicated Lbx genes, promoted the elaboration of skeletal musculature. These analyses have revealed the framework of an evolutionary pathway that gave rise to the morphological complexity and diversity of vertebrate body patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan.,Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, Japan
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14
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Grimaldi A, Tajbakhsh S. Diversity in cranial muscles: Origins and developmental programs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:110-116. [PMID: 34500235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cranial muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years because of their unique developmental programs and relative resistance to illnesses. In addition, head muscles possess clonal relationships with heart muscles and have been highly remodeled during vertebrate evolution. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that have helped to redefine the boundaries and lineages of cranial mesoderm. These studies have important implications regarding the emergence of muscle connective tissues, which can share a common origin with skeletal muscle. We also highlight new regulatory networks of various muscle subgroups, particularly those derived from the most caudal arches, which remain poorly defined. Finally, we suggest future research avenues to characterize the nature of their intrinsic specificities and their emergence during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Grimaldi
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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15
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Smith‐Paredes D, Griffith O, Fabbri M, Yohe L, Blackburn DG, Siler CD, Bhullar BS, Wagner GP. Hidden limbs in the "limbless skink" Brachymeles lukbani: Developmental observations. J Anat 2021; 239:693-703. [PMID: 33870497 PMCID: PMC8349411 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced limbs and limblessness have evolved independently in many lizard clades. Scincidae exhibit a wide range of limb-reduced morphologies, but only some species have been used to study the embryology of limb reduction (e.g., digit reduction in Chalcides and limb reduction in Scelotes). The genus Brachymeles, a Southeast Asian clade of skinks, includes species with a range of limb morphologies, from pentadactyl to functionally and structurally limbless species. Adults of the small, snake-like species Brachymeles lukbani show no sign of external limbs in the adult except for small depressions where they might be expected to occur. Here, we show that embryos of B. lukbani in early stages of development, on the other hand, show a truncated but well-developed limb with a stylopod and a zeugopod, but no signs of an autopod. As development proceeds, the limb's small size persists even while the embryo elongates. These observations are made based on external morphology. We used florescent whole-mount immunofluorescence to visualize the morphology of skeletal elements and muscles within the embryonic limb of B. lukabni. Early stages have a humerus and separated ulna and radius cartilages; associated with these structures are dorsal and ventral muscle masses as those found in the embryos of other limbed species. While the limb remains small, the pectoral girdle grows in proportion to the rest of the body, with well-developed skeletal elements and their associated muscles. In later stages of development, we find the small limb is still present under the skin, but there are few indications of its presence, save for the morphology of the scale covering it. By use of CT scanning, we find that the adult morphology consists of a well-developed pectoral girdle, small humerus, extremely reduced ulna and radius, and well-developed limb musculature connected to the pectoral girdle. These muscles form in association with a developing limb during embryonic stages, a hint that "limbless" lizards that possess these muscles may have or have had at least transient developing limbs, as we find in B. lukbani. Overall, this newly observed pattern of ontogenetic reduction leads to an externally limbless adult in which a limb rudiment is hidden and covered under the trunk skin, a situation called cryptomelia. The results of this work add to our growing understanding of clade-specific patterns of limb reduction and the convergent evolution of limbless phenotypes through different developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smith‐Paredes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Oliver Griffith
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Matteo Fabbri
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Laurel Yohe
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology, and Electron Microscopy CenterTrinity CollegeHartfordCTUSA
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
| | - Bhart‐Anjan S. Bhullar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Günter P. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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16
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Nagashima H, Koga D, Kusumi S, Mukaigasa K, Yaginuma H, Ushiki T, Sato N. Novel concept for the epaxial/hypaxial boundary based on neuronal development. J Anat 2020; 237:427-438. [PMID: 32786168 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk muscles in vertebrates are classified as either dorsal epaxial or ventral hypaxial muscles. Epaxial and hypaxial muscles are defined as muscles innervated by the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves, respectively. Each cluster of spinal motor neurons passing through dorsal rami innervates epaxial muscles, whereas clusters traveling on the ventral rami innervate hypaxial muscles. Herein, we show that some motor neurons exhibiting molecular profiles for epaxial muscles follow a path in the ventral rami. Dorsal deep-shoulder muscles and some body wall muscles are defined as hypaxial due to innervation via the ventral rami, but a part of these ventral rami has the molecular profile of motor neurons that innervate epaxial muscles. Thus, the epaxial and hypaxial boundary cannot be determined simply by the ramification pattern of spinal nerves. We propose that, although muscle innervation occurs via the ventral rami, dorsal deep-shoulder muscles and some body wall muscles represent an intermediate group that lies between epaxial and hypaxial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagashima
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kusumi
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuki Mukaigasa
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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17
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Buchholtz EA, Yozgyur ZM, Feldman A, Weaver AA, Gaudin TJ. The therian sternum at the lateral somitic frontier: Evolution of a composite structure. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Buchholtz
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - Z. M. Yozgyur
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - A. Feldman
- Department of Biological Sciences Wellesley College Wellesley MA USA
| | - A. A. Weaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - T. J. Gaudin
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science University of Tennessee Chattanooga Chattanooga TN USA
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18
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Scaal M. Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:39-59. [PMID: 32406962 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scaal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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19
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Kuriki M, Sato F, Arai HN, Sogabe M, Kaneko M, Kiyonari H, Kawakami K, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Sehara-Fujisawa A. Transient and lineage-restricted requirement of Ebf3 for sternum ossification. Development 2020; 147:147/9/dev186239. [PMID: 32398354 PMCID: PMC7240299 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts arise from bone-surrounding connective tissue containing tenocytes and fibroblasts. Lineages of these cell populations and mechanisms of their differentiation are not well understood. Screening enhancer-trap lines of zebrafish allowed us to identify Ebf3 as a transcription factor marking tenocytes and connective tissue cells in skeletal muscle of embryos. Knockout of Ebf3 in mice had no effect on chondrogenesis but led to sternum ossification defects as a result of defective generation of Runx2+ pre-osteoblasts. Conditional and temporal Ebf3 knockout mice revealed requirements of Ebf3 in the lateral plate mesenchyme cells (LPMs), especially in tendon/muscle connective tissue cells, and a stage-specific Ebf3 requirement at embryonic day 9.5-10.5. Upregulated expression of connective tissue markers, such as Egr1/2 and Osr1, increased number of Islet1+ mesenchyme cells, and downregulation of gene expression of the Runx2 regulator Shox2 in Ebf3-deleted thoracic LPMs suggest crucial roles of Ebf3 in the onset of lateral plate mesoderm differentiation towards osteoblasts forming sternum tissues. Highlighted Article: Analysis of conditional and temporal knockout mice reveals roles of Ebf3 in the differentiation of lateral plate mesenchymal cells towards pre-osteoblasts during sternum ossification at the boundary of the lateral and somitic mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Kuriki
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki N Arai
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Maina Sogabe
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.,Department of Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Research Team for Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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20
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Matsutani K, Ikegami K, Aoyama H. An in vitro model of region-specific rib formation in chick axial skeleton: Intercellular interaction between somite and lateral plate cells. Mech Dev 2019; 159:103568. [PMID: 31493459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The axial skeleton is divided into different regions based on its morphological features. In particular, in birds and mammals, ribs are present only in the thoracic region. The axial skeleton is derived from a series of somites. In the thoracic region of the axial skeleton, descendants of somites coherently penetrate into the somatic mesoderm to form ribs. In regions other than the thoracic, descendants of somites do not penetrate the somatic lateral plate mesoderm. We performed live-cell time-lapse imaging to investigate the difference in the migration of a somite cell after contact with the somatic lateral plate mesoderm obtained from different regions of anterior-posterior axis in vitro on cytophilic narrow paths. We found that a thoracic somite cell continues to migrate after contact with the thoracic somatic lateral plate mesoderm, whereas it ceases migration after contact with the lumbar somatic lateral plate mesoderm. This suggests that cell-cell interaction works as an important guidance cue that regulates migration of somite cells. We surmise that the thoracic somatic lateral plate mesoderm exhibits region-specific competence to allow penetration of somite cells, whereas the lumbosacral somatic lateral plate mesoderm repels somite cells by contact inhibition of locomotion. The differences in the behavior of the somatic lateral plate mesoderm toward somite cells may confirm the distinction between different regions of the axial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Matsutani
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Aoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurosegakuendai, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan.
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21
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Matsubayashi J, Okuno K, Fujii S, Ishizu K, Yamada S, Yoneyama A, Takakuwa T. Human embryonic ribs all progress through common morphological forms irrespective of their position on the axis. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:1257-1263. [PMID: 31454117 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze the morphogenesis of all ribs from 1st to 12th rib pairs plus vertebrae to compare their differences and features according to the position along the cranial-caudal axis during the human embryonic period. RESULTS Rib pair formation was analyzed using high-resolution digitalized imaging data (n = 29) between Carnegie stage (CS) 18 and CS23 (corresponding to ED13-14 in mouse; HH29-35 in chick). A total of 348 rib pairs, from 1st to 12th rib pairs of each sample were subjected to Procrustes and principal component (PC) analyses. PC1 and PC2 accounted for 76.3% and 16.4% (total 92.7%) of the total variance, respectively, indicating that two components mainly accounted for the change in shape. The distribution of PC1 and PC2 values for each rib showed a "fishhook-like shape" upon fitting to a quartic equation. PC1 and PC2 value position for each rib pair moved along the fitted curve according to the development. Thus, the change in PC1 and PC2 could be expressed by a single parameter using a fitted curve as a linear scale for shape. CONCLUSION Human embryonic ribs all progress through common morphological forms irrespective of their position on the axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Matsubayashi
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kasumi Okuno
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sena Fujii
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishizu
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Sagarin KA, Redgrave AC, Mosimann C, Burke AC, Devoto SH. Anterior trunk muscle shows mix of axial and appendicular developmental patterns. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:961-968. [PMID: 31386244 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle in the trunk derives from the somites, paired segments of paraxial mesoderm. Whereas axial musculature develops within the somite, appendicular muscle develops following migration of muscle precursors into lateral plate mesoderm. The development of muscles bridging axial and appendicular systems appears mixed. RESULTS We examine development of three migratory muscle precursor-derived muscles in zebrafish: the sternohyoideus (SH), pectoral fin (PF), and posterior hypaxial (PHM) muscles. We show there is an anterior to posterior gradient to the developmental gene expression and maturation of these three muscles. SH muscle precursors exhibit a long delay between migration and differentiation, PF muscle precursors exhibit a moderate delay in differentiation, and PHM muscle precursors show virtually no delay between migration and differentiation. Using lineage tracing, we show that lateral plate contribution to the PHM muscle is minor, unlike its known extensive contribution to the PF muscle and absence in the ventral extension of axial musculature. CONCLUSIONS We propose that PHM development is intermediate between a migratory muscle mode and an axial muscle mode of development, wherein the PHM differentiates after a very short migration of its precursors and becomes more anterior primarily by elongation of differentiated muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C Redgrave
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut.,Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ann C Burke
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Stephen H Devoto
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cundall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 1 W. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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24
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López-Aguirre C, Hand SJ, Koyabu D, Son NT, Wilson LAB. Postcranial heterochrony, modularity, integration and disparity in the prenatal ossification in bats (Chiroptera). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:75. [PMID: 30866800 PMCID: PMC6417144 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-powered flight is one of the most energy-intensive types of locomotion found in vertebrates. It is also associated with a range of extreme morpho-physiological adaptations that evolved independently in three different vertebrate groups. Considering that development acts as a bridge between the genotype and phenotype on which selection acts, studying the ossification of the postcranium can potentially illuminate our understanding of bat flight evolution. However, the ontogenetic basis of vertebrate flight remains largely understudied. Advances in quantitative analysis of sequence heterochrony and morphogenetic growth have created novel approaches to study the developmental basis of diversification and the evolvability of skeletal morphogenesis. Assessing the presence of ontogenetic disparity, integration and modularity from an evolutionary approach allows assessing whether flight may have resulted in evolutionary differences in the magnitude and mode of development in bats. RESULTS We quantitatively compared the prenatal ossification of the postcranium (24 bones) between bats (14 species), non-volant mammals (11 species) and birds (14 species), combining for the first time prenatal sequence heterochrony and developmental growth data. Sequence heterochrony was found across groups, showing that bat postcranial development shares patterns found in other flying vertebrates but also those in non-volant mammals. In bats, modularity was found as an axial-appendicular partition, resembling a mammalian pattern of developmental modularity and suggesting flight did not repattern prenatal postcranial covariance in bats. CONCLUSIONS Combining prenatal data from 14 bat species, this study represents the most comprehensive quantitative analysis of chiropteran ossification to date. Heterochrony between the wing and leg in bats could reflect functional needs of the newborn, rather than ecological aspects of the adult. Bats share similarities with birds in the development of structures involved in flight (i.e. handwing and sternum), suggesting that flight altriciality and early ossification of pedal phalanges and sternum are common across flying vertebrates. These results indicate that the developmental modularity found in bats facilitates intramodular phenotypic diversification of the skeleton. Integration and disparity increased across developmental time in bats. We also found a delay in the ossification of highly adaptable and evolvable regions (e.g. handwing and sternum) that are directly associated with flight performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López-Aguirre
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Suzanne J. Hand
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- University Museum, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Humanities and Sciences, Musashino Art University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nguyen Truong Son
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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25
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Westphal N, Mahlow K, Head JJ, Müller J. Pectoral myology of limb-reduced worm lizards (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) suggests decoupling of the musculoskeletal system during the evolution of body elongation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:16. [PMID: 30630409 PMCID: PMC6329177 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of elongated body forms in tetrapods has a strong influence on the musculoskeletal system, including the reduction of pelvic and pectoral girdles, as well as the limbs. However, despite extensive research in this area it still remains unknown how muscles within and around bony girdles are affected by these reductions. Here we investigate this issue using fossorial amphisbaenian reptiles, or worm lizards, as a model system, which show substantial variation in the degree of reductions of girdles and limbs. Using iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT), we analyze the composition of the shoulder muscles of the main clades of Amphisbaenia and their outgroups relative to the pectoral skeleton. Results All investigated amphisbaenian taxa retain the full set of 17 shoulder muscles, independent of the degree of limb and girdle reductions, whereas in some cases muscles are fused to complexes or changed in morphology relative to the ancestral condition. Bipes is the only taxon that retains forelimbs and an almost complete pectoral girdle. All other amphisbaenian families show more variation concerning the completeness of the pectoral girdle having reduced or absent girdle elements. Rhineura, which undergoes the most severe bone reductions, differs from all other taxa in possessing elongated muscle strands instead of discrete shoulder muscles. In all investigated amphisbaenians, the shoulder muscle agglomerate is shortened and shifted anteriorly relative to the ancestral position as seen in the outgroups. Conclusions Our results show that pectoral muscle anatomy does not necessarily correspond to the loss or reduction of bones, indicating a decoupling of the musculoskeletal system. Muscle attachment sites change from bones to non-skeletal areas, such as surrounding muscles, skin or connective tissue, whereas muscle origins themselves remain in the same region where the pectoral bones were ancestrally located. Our findings indicate a high degree of developmental autonomy within the musculoskeletal system, we predict that the observed evolutionary rearrangements of amphisbaenian shoulder muscles were driven by functional demands rather than by developmental constraints. Nevertheless, worm lizards display a spatial offset of both pectoral bones and muscles relative to the ancestral position, indicating severe developmental modifications of the amphisbaenian body axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Westphal
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason James Head
- Department of Zoology and University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Young M, Selleri L, Capellini TD. Genetics of scapula and pelvis development: An evolutionary perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:311-349. [PMID: 30797513 PMCID: PMC6430119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In tetrapods, the scapular and pelvic girdles perform the important function of anchoring the limbs to the trunk of the body and facilitating the movement of each appendage. This shared function, however, is one of relatively few similarities between the scapula and pelvis, which have significantly different morphologies, evolutionary histories, embryonic origins, and underlying genetic pathways. The scapula evolved in jawless fish prior to the pelvis, and its embryonic development is unique among bones in that it is derived from multiple progenitor cell populations, including the dermomyotome, somatopleure, and neural crest. Conversely, the pelvis evolved several million years later in jawed fish, and it develops from an embryonic somatopleuric cell population. The genetic networks controlling the formation of the pelvis and scapula also share similarities and differences, with a number of genes shaping only one or the other, while other gene products such as PBX transcription factors act as hierarchical developmental regulators of both girdle structures. Here, we provide a detailed review of the cellular processes and genetic networks underlying pelvis and scapula formation in tetrapods, while also highlighting unanswered questions about girdle evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Young
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Institute of Human Genetics, San Francisco, CA, United States; Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Institute of Human Genetics, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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27
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Sefton EM, Kardon G. Connecting muscle development, birth defects, and evolution: An essential role for muscle connective tissue. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 132:137-176. [PMID: 30797508 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle powers all movement of the vertebrate body and is distributed in multiple regions that have evolved distinct functions. Axial muscles are ancestral muscles essential for support and locomotion of the whole body. The evolution of the head was accompanied by development of cranial muscles essential for eye movement, feeding, vocalization, and facial expression. With the evolution of paired fins and limbs and their associated muscles, vertebrates gained increased locomotor agility, populated the land, and acquired fine motor skills. Finally, unique muscles with specialized functions have evolved in some groups, and the diaphragm which solely evolved in mammals to increase respiratory capacity is one such example. The function of all these muscles requires their integration with the other components of the musculoskeletal system: muscle connective tissue (MCT), tendons, bones as well as nerves and vasculature. MCT is muscle's closest anatomical and functional partner. Not only is MCT critical in the adult for muscle structure and function, but recently MCT in the embryo has been found to be crucial for muscle development. In this review, we examine the important role of the MCT in axial, head, limb, and diaphragm muscles for regulating normal muscle development, discuss how defects in MCT-muscle interactions during development underlie the etiology of a range of birth defects, and explore how changes in MCT development or communication with muscle may have led to the modification and acquisition of new muscles during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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28
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Szczygielski T, Słowiak J, Dróżdż D. Shell variability in the stem turtles Proterochersis spp. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6134. [PMID: 30595986 PMCID: PMC6305121 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Turtle shells tend to exhibit frequent and substantial variability, both in bone and scute layout. Aside from secondary changes, caused by diseases, parasites, and trauma, this variability appears to be inherent and result from stochastic or externally induced flaws of developmental programs. It is, thus, expected to be present in fossil turtle species at least as prominently, as in modern populations. Descriptions of variability and ontogeny are, however, rare for fossil turtles, mainly due to rarity, incompleteness, damage, and post-mortem deformation of their remains. This paper is an attempt at description and interpretation of external shell variability in representatives of the oldest true turtles, Proterochersis robusta and Proterochersis porebensis (Proterochersidae, the sister group to all other known testudinatans) from the Late Triassic (Norian) of Germany and Poland. Methods All the available shell remains of Proterochersis robusta (13 specimens) and Proterochersis porebensis (275 specimens) were studied morphologically in order to identify any ontogenetic changes, intraspecific variability, sexual dimorphism, and shell abnormalities. To test the inferred sexual dimorphism, shape analyses were performed for two regions (gular and anal) of the plastron. Results Proterochersis spp. exhibits large shell variability, and at least some of the observed changes seem to be correlated with ontogeny (growth of gulars, extragulars, caudals, and marginals, disappearance of middorsal keel on the carapace). Several specimens show abnormal layout of scute sulci, several others unusual morphologies of vertebral scute areas, one has an additional pair of plastral scutes, and one extraordinarily pronounced, likely pathological, growth rings on the carapace. Both species are represented in a wide spectrum of sizes, from hatchlings to old, mature individuals. The largest fragmentary specimens of Proterochersis porebensis allow estimation of its maximal carapace length at approximately 80 cm, while Proterochersis robusta appears to have reached lower maximal sizes. Discussion This is the second contribution describing variability among numerous specimens of Triassic turtles, and the first to show evidence of unambiguous shell abnormalities. Presented data supplement the sparse knowledge of shell scute development in the earliest turtles and suggest that at least some aspects of the developmental programs governing scute development were already similar in the Late Triassic to these of modern forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygielski
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Paleobiology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Słowiak
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Dróżdż
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Heude E, Tesarova M, Sefton EM, Jullian E, Adachi N, Grimaldi A, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Kardon G, Kelly RG, Tajbakhsh S. Unique morphogenetic signatures define mammalian neck muscles and associated connective tissues. eLife 2018; 7:40179. [PMID: 30451684 PMCID: PMC6310459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, head and trunk muscles develop from different mesodermal populations and are regulated by distinct genetic networks. Neck muscles at the head-trunk interface remain poorly defined due to their complex morphogenesis and dual mesodermal origins. Here, we use genetically modified mice to establish a 3D model that integrates regulatory genes, cell populations and morphogenetic events that define this transition zone. We show that the evolutionary conserved cucullaris-derived muscles originate from posterior cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, not lateral plate mesoderm, and we define new boundaries for neural crest and mesodermal contributions to neck connective tissue. Furthermore, lineage studies and functional analysis of Tbx1- and Pax3-null mice reveal a unique developmental program for somitic neck muscles that is distinct from that of somitic trunk muscles. Our findings unveil the embryological and developmental requirements underlying tetrapod neck myogenesis and provide a blueprint to investigate how muscle subsets are selectively affected in some human myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Heude
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Estelle Jullian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Grimaldi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
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30
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Böhmer C, Amson E, Arnold P, van Heteren AH, Nyakatura JA. Homeotic transformations reflect departure from the mammalian 'rule of seven' cervical vertebrae in sloths: inferences on the Hox code and morphological modularity of the mammalian neck. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:84. [PMID: 29879896 PMCID: PMC5992679 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sloths are one of only two exceptions to the mammalian ‘rule of seven’ vertebrae in the neck. As a striking case of breaking the evolutionary constraint, the explanation for the exceptional number of cervical vertebrae in sloths is still under debate. Two diverging hypotheses, both ultimately linked to the low metabolic rate of sloths, have been proposed: hypothesis 1 involves morphological transformation of vertebrae due to changes in the Hox gene expression pattern and hypothesis 2 assumes that the Hox gene expression pattern is not altered and the identity of the vertebrae is not changed. Direct evidence supporting either hypothesis would involve knowledge of the vertebral Hox code in sloths, but the realization of such studies is extremely limited. Here, on the basis of the previously established correlation between anterior Hox gene expression and the quantifiable vertebral shape, we present the morphological regionalization of the neck in three different species of sloths with aberrant cervical count providing indirect insight into the vertebral Hox code. Results Shape differences within the cervical vertebral column suggest a mouse-like Hox code in the neck of sloths. We infer an anterior shift of HoxC-6 expression in association with the first thoracic vertebra in short-necked sloths with decreased cervical count, and a posterior shift of HoxC-5 and HoxC-6 expression in long-necked sloths with increased cervical count. Conclusion Although only future developmental analyses in non-model organisms, such as sloths, will yield direct evidence for the evolutionary mechanism responsible for the aberrant number of cervical vertebrae, our observations lend support to hypothesis 1 indicating that the number of modules is retained but their boundaries are displaced. Our approach based on quantified morphological differences also provides a reliable basis for further research including fossil taxa such as extinct ‘ground sloths’ in order to trace the pattern and the underlying genetic mechanisms in the evolution of the vertebral column in mammals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1202-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP-55, Paris, France.
| | - Eli Amson
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Image Knowledge Gestaltung: An Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Arnold
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anneke H van Heteren
- Sektion Mammalogie, SNSB - Zoologische Staatssammlung, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247, München, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany.,Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - John A Nyakatura
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Image Knowledge Gestaltung: An Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Humboldt University, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Chang CN, Kioussi C. Location, Location, Location: Signals in Muscle Specification. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E11. [PMID: 29783715 PMCID: PMC6027348 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles control body movement and locomotion, posture and body position and soft tissue support. Mesoderm derived cells gives rise to 700 unique muscles in humans as a result of well-orchestrated signaling and transcriptional networks in specific time and space. Although the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles is similar, their functions and locations are specialized. This is the result of specific signaling as the embryo grows and cells migrate to form different structures and organs. As cells progress to their next state, they suppress current sequence specific transcription factors (SSTF) and construct new networks to establish new myogenic features. In this review, we provide an overview of signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks during formation of the craniofacial, cardiac, vascular, trunk, and limb skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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32
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Singh AJ, Chang CN, Ma HY, Ramsey SA, Filtz TM, Kioussi C. FACS-Seq analysis of Pax3-derived cells identifies non-myogenic lineages in the embryonic forelimb. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7670. [PMID: 29769607 PMCID: PMC5956100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle in the forelimb develops during embryonic and fetal development and perinatally. While much is known regarding the molecules involved in forelimb myogenesis, little is known about the specific mechanisms and interactions. Migrating skeletal muscle precursor cells express Pax3 as they migrate into the forelimb from the dermomyotome. To compare gene expression profiles of the same cell population over time, we isolated lineage-traced Pax3+ cells (Pax3EGFP) from forelimbs at different embryonic days. We performed whole transcriptome profiling via RNA-Seq of Pax3+ cells to construct gene networks involved in different stages of embryonic and fetal development. With this, we identified genes involved in the skeletal, muscular, vascular, nervous and immune systems. Expression of genes related to the immune, skeletal and vascular systems showed prominent increases over time, suggesting a non-skeletal myogenic context of Pax3-derived cells. Using co-expression analysis, we observed an immune-related gene subnetwork active during fetal myogenesis, further implying that Pax3-derived cells are not a strictly myogenic lineage, and are involved in patterning and three-dimensional formation of the forelimb through multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Theresa M Filtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
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33
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Ziermann JM, Diogo R, Noden DM. Neural crest and the patterning of vertebrate craniofacial muscles. Genesis 2018; 56:e23097. [PMID: 29659153 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of craniofacial muscles overtly begins with the activation of lineage-specific markers at precise, evolutionarily conserved locations within prechordal, lateral, and both unsegmented and somitic paraxial mesoderm populations. Although these initial programming events occur without influence of neural crest cells, the subsequent movements and differentiation stages of most head muscles are neural crest-dependent. Incorporating both descriptive and experimental studies, this review examines each stage of myogenesis up through the formation of attachments to their skeletal partners. We present the similarities among developing muscle groups, including comparisons with trunk myogenesis, but emphasize the morphogenetic processes that are unique to each group and sometimes subsets of muscles within a group. These groups include branchial (pharyngeal) arches, which encompass both those with clear homologues in all vertebrate classes and those unique to one, for example, mammalian facial muscles, and also extraocular, laryngeal, tongue, and neck muscles. The presence of several distinct processes underlying neural crest:myoblast/myocyte interactions and behaviors is not surprising, given the wide range of both quantitative and qualitative variations in craniofacial muscle organization achieved during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Drew M Noden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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34
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TiO 2 nanoparticles induce omphalocele in chicken embryo by disrupting Wnt signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4756. [PMID: 29555972 PMCID: PMC5859020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are among abundantly used metal oxide NPs but their interactions with biomolecules and subsequent embryonic toxicity in higher vertebrates is not extensively reported. Physicochemical interactions of TiO2 NPs with egg albumen reveals that lower doses of TiO2 NPs (10 and 25 µg/ml) accounted for higher friccohesity and activation energy but an increment in molecular radii was recorded at higher doses (50 and 100 µg/ml). FTIR analysis revealed conformational changes in secondary structure of egg albumen as a result of electrostratic interactions between egg albumen and TiO2 NPs. The morphometric data of chicken embryo recorded a reduction at all the doses of TiO2 NPs, but toxicity and developmental deformity (omphalocele and flexed limbs) were recorded at lower doses only. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) confirmed presence of Ti in chicken embryos. mRNA levels of genes involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling were lowered following TiO2 NPs treatment resulting in free radical mediated disruption of lateral plate mesoderm and somite myogenesis. Conformational changes in egg albumen and subsequent developmental deformity in chicken embryo following TiO2 NPs treatment warrants detailed studies of NP toxicity at lower doses prior to their biomedical applications.
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35
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Arnold P, Esteve-Altava B, Fischer MS. Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:251. [PMID: 29237396 PMCID: PMC5729486 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in locomotor and metabolic performance during mammalian evolution was accompanied by the limitation of the number of cervical vertebrae to only seven. In turn, nuchal muscles underwent a reorganization while forelimb muscles expanded into the neck region. As variation in the cervical spine is low, the variation in the arrangement of the neck muscles and their attachment sites (i.e., the variability of the neck's musculoskeletal organization) is thus proposed to be an important source of neck disparity across mammals. Anatomical network analysis provides a novel framework to study the organization of the anatomical arrangement, or connectivity pattern, of the bones and muscles that constitute the mammalian neck in an evolutionary context. RESULTS Neck organization in mammals is characterized by a combination of conserved and highly variable network properties. We uncovered a conserved regionalization of the musculoskeletal organization of the neck into upper, mid and lower cervical modules. In contrast, there is a varying degree of complexity or specialization and of the integration of the pectoral elements. The musculoskeletal organization of the monotreme neck is distinctively different from that of therian mammals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the limited number of vertebrae in the mammalian neck does not result in a low musculoskeletal disparity when examined in an evolutionary context. However, this disparity evolved late in mammalian history in parallel with the radiation of certain lineages (e.g., cetartiodactyls, xenarthrans). Disparity is further facilitated by the enhanced incorporation of forelimb muscles into the neck and their variability in attachment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arnold
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Structure & Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Martin S. Fischer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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36
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Hautier L, Oliver JD, Pierce SE. An Overview of Xenarthran Developmental Studies with a Focus on the Development of the Xenarthrous Vertebrae. J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Reorganization of mammalian body wall patterning with cloacal septation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9182. [PMID: 28835612 PMCID: PMC5569103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Septation of the cloaca is a unique mammalian adaptation that required a novel reorganization of the perineum–the caudal portion of the trunk body wall not associated with the hindlimb. Fish, the basal vertebrates, separate ventrolateral body wall musculature of the trunk into two discrete layers, while most tetrapods expand this pattern in the thorax and abdomen into four. Mammals, the only vertebrate group to divide the cloaca into urogenital and anorectal portions, exhibit complex muscle morphology in the perineum. Here we describe how perineal morphology in a broad sample of mammals fits into patterning of trunk musculature as an extension of the four-layer ventrolateral muscular patterning of the thorax and abdomen. We show that each perineal muscle layer has a specific function related to structures formed by cloacal septation. From superficial to deep, there is the subcutaneous layer, which regulates orifice closure, the external layer, which supplements both erectile and micturition function, the internal layer, which provides primary micturition and defecation regulation, and the transversus layer, which provides structural support for pelvic organs. We elucidate how the four-layer body wall pattern, restricted to the non-mammal tetrapod thorax and abdomen, is observed in the mammalian perineum to regulate function of unique perineal structures derived from cloacal septation.
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38
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Abe G, Ota KG. Evolutionary developmental transition from median to paired morphology of vertebrate fins: Perspectives from twin-tail goldfish. Dev Biol 2017; 427:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle performs an essential function in human physiology with defects in genes encoding a variety of cellular components resulting in various types of inherited muscle disorders. Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a severe and heterogeneous type of human muscle disease, manifested by progressive muscle wasting and degeneration. The disease pathogenesis and therapeutic options for MDs have been investigated for decades using rodent models, and considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the cause and pathogenetic mechanisms of this group of human disorders. However, due to some differences between disease severity and progression, what is learned in mammalian models does not always transfer to humans, prompting the desire for additional and alternative models. More recently, zebrafish have emerged as a novel and robust animal model for the study of human muscle disease. Zebrafish MD models possess a number of distinct advantages for modeling human muscle disorders, including the availability and ease of generating mutations in homologous disease-causing genes, the ability to image living muscle tissue in an intact animal, and the suitability of zebrafish larvae for large-scale chemical screens. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in MDs, the process of myogenesis in zebrafish, and the structural and functional characteristics of zebrafish larval muscles. We further discuss the insights gained from the key zebrafish MD models that have been so far generated, and we summarize the attempts that have been made to screen for small molecules inhibitors of the dystrophic phenotypes using these models. Overall, these studies demonstrate that zebrafish is a useful in vivo system for modeling aspects of human skeletal muscle disorders. Studies using these models have contributed both to the understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle wasting disorders and demonstrated their utility as highly relevant models to implement therapeutic screening regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - K J Hromowyk
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - S L Amacher
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - P D Currie
- Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Nagashima H, Sugahara F, Watanabe K, Shibata M, Chiba A, Sato N. Developmental origin of the clavicle, and its implications for the evolution of the neck and the paired appendages in vertebrates. J Anat 2016; 229:536-48. [PMID: 27279028 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In fish, the pectoral appendage is adjacent to the head, but during vertebrate evolution a long neck region emerged via caudal relocation of the pectoral appendage. The pectoral appendage is comprised of endochondral portions, such as the humerus and the scapula, and a dermal portion, such as the clavicle, that contributes to the shoulder girdle. In the search for clues to the mechanism of the caudal relocation of the pectoral appendage, the cell lineage of the rostral lateral plate mesoderm was analyzed in chickens. It was found that, despite the long neck region in chickens, the origin of the clavicle attached to the head mesoderm ranged between 1 and 14 somite levels. Because the pectoral limb bud and the endochondral pectoral appendage developed on 15-20 and 15-24 somite levels, respectively, the clavicle-forming region corresponds to the embryonic neck, which suggests that the relocation would have been executed by the expansion of the source of the clavicle. The rostral portion of the clavicle-forming region overlaps the source of the cucullaris muscle, embraces the pharyngeal arches caudally, and can be experimentally replaced with the head mesoderm to form the cucullaris muscle, which implies that the mesodermal portion could have been the head mesoderm and that the clavicle would have developed at the head/trunk boundary. The link between the head mesoderm and the presumptive clavicle appears to have been the developmental constraint needed to create the evolutionarily conserved musculoskeletal connectivities characterizing the gnathostome neck. In this sense, the dermal girdle of the ganathostomes would represent the wall of the branchial chamber into which the endochondral pectoral appendage appears to have attached since its appearance in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagashima
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sugahara
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akina Chiba
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Gunji M, Endo H. Functional cervicothoracic boundary modified by anatomical shifts in the neck of giraffes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150604. [PMID: 26998330 PMCID: PMC4785981 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we examined the kinematic function of the morpho- logically unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. The first thoracic vertebra of the giraffe displayed similar shape to the seventh cervical vertebra in general ruminants. The flexion experiment using giraffe carcasses demonstrated that the first thoracic vertebra exhibited a higher dorsoventral mobility than other thoracic vertebrae. Despite the presence of costovertebral joints, restriction in the intervertebral movement imposed by ribs is minimized around the first thoracic vertebra by subtle changes of the articular system between the vertebra and ribs. The attachment area of musculus longus colli, mainly responsible for ventral flexion of the neck, is partly shifted posteriorly in the giraffe so that the force generated by muscles is exerted on the cervical vertebrae and on the first thoracic vertebra. These anatomical modifications allow the first thoracic vertebra to adopt the kinematic function of a cervical vertebra in giraffes. The novel movable articulation in the thorax functions as a fulcrum of neck movement and results in a large displacement of reachable space in the cranial end of the neck. The unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes provides higher flexibility to the neck and may provide advantages for high browsing and/or male competition behaviours specific to giraffes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megu Gunji
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Kappen C. Developmental Patterning as a Quantitative Trait: Genetic Modulation of the Hoxb6 Mutant Skeletal Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146019. [PMID: 26800342 PMCID: PMC4723086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of patterning along the anterior-posterior axis in vertebrates is highly conserved. The function of Hox genes in the axis patterning process is particularly well documented for bone development in the vertebral column and the limbs. We here show that Hoxb6, in skeletal elements at the cervico-thoracic junction, controls multiple independent aspects of skeletal pattern, implicating discrete developmental pathways as substrates for this transcription factor. In addition, we demonstrate that Hoxb6 function is subject to modulation by genetic factors. These results establish Hox-controlled skeletal pattern as a quantitative trait modulated by gene-gene interactions, and provide evidence that distinct modifiers influence the function of conserved developmental genes in fundamental patterning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center/Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70808, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pu Q, Huang R, Brand-Saberi B. Development of the shoulder girdle musculature. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:342-50. [PMID: 26676088 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscles of the shoulder region are important for movements of the upper limbs and for stabilizing the girdle elements by connecting them to the trunk. They have a triple embryonic origin. First, the branchiomeric shoulder girdle muscles (sternocleidomastoideus and trapezius muscles) develop from the occipital lateral plate mesoderm using Tbx1 over the course of this development. The second population of cells constitutes the superficial shoulder girdle muscles (pectoral and latissimus dorsi muscles), which are derived from the wing premuscle mass. This muscle group undergoes a two-step development, referred to as the "in-out" mechanism. Myogenic precursor cells first migrate anterogradely into the wing bud. Subsequently, they migrate in a retrograde manner from the wing premuscle mass to the trunk. SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling is involved in this outward migration. A third group of shoulder muscles are the rhomboidei and serratus anterior muscles, which are referred to as deep shoulder girdle muscles; they are thought to be derived from the myotomes. It is, however, not clear how myotome cells make contact to the scapula to form these two muscles. In this review, we discuss the development of the shoulder girdle muscle in relation to the different muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pu
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruijin Huang
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Impaired cytoskeletal arrangements and failure of ventral body wall closure in chick embryos treated with rock inhibitor (Y-27632). Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:45-58. [PMID: 26563157 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling regulates numerous fundamental developmental processes during embryogenesis, primarily by controlling actin-cytoskeleton assembly and cell contractility. ROCK knockout mice exhibit a ventral body wall defect (VBWD) phenotype due to disorganization of actin filaments at the umbilical ring. However, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to VBWD still remain unclear. Improper somitogenesis has been hypothesized to contribute to failure of VBW closure. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that administration of ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) disrupts cytoskeletal arrangements in morphology during early chick embryogenesis, which may contribute to the development of VBWD. METHODS At 60 h incubation, chick embryos were explanted into shell-less culture and treated with 50 µL of vehicle for controls (n = 33) or 50 µL of 500 µM of Y-27632 for the experimental group (Y-27, n = 56). At 8 h post-treatment, RT-PCR was performed to evaluate mRNA levels of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and connexin43. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed to analyze the expression and distribution of actin, vinculin and microtubules in the neural tube and somites. A further cohort of embryos was treated in ovo by dropping 50 µL of vehicle or 50 µL of different concentrations of Y-27632 onto the embryo and allowing development to 12 and 14 days for further assessment. RESULTS Gene expression levels of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and connexin43 were significantly decreased in treated embryos compared with controls (p < 0.05). Thickened actin filament bundles were recorded in the neural tube of Y-27 embryos. In somites, cells were dissociated with reduced actin distribution in affected embryos. Clumping of vinculin expression was found in the neural tube and somites, whereas reduced expression of microtubules was observed in Y-27 embryos compared with controls. At 12 and 14 days of development, affected embryos presented with an enlarged umbilical ring and herniation of abdominal contents through the defect. CONCLUSION ROCK inhibition alters cytoskeletal arrangement during early chick embryogenesis, which may contribute to failure of anterior body wall closure causing VBWD at later stages of development.
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Randolph ME, Pavlath GK. A muscle stem cell for every muscle: variability of satellite cell biology among different muscle groups. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:190. [PMID: 26500547 PMCID: PMC4595652 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body contains approximately 640 individual skeletal muscles. Despite the fact that all of these muscles are composed of striated muscle tissue, the biology of these muscles and their associated muscle stem cell populations are quite diverse. Skeletal muscles are affected differentially by various muscular dystrophies (MDs), such that certain genetic mutations specifically alter muscle function in only a subset of muscles. Additionally, defective muscle stem cells have been implicated in the pathology of some MDs. The biology of muscle stem cells varies depending on the muscles with which they are associated. Here we review the biology of skeletal muscle stem cell populations of eight different muscle groups. Understanding the biological variation of skeletal muscles and their resident stem cells could provide valuable insight into mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of certain muscles to myopathic disease.
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Coleman R, Szychlinska MA, Salvatorelli L, Parenti R, Magro G, Imbesi R. Somitogenesis: From somite to skeletal muscle. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:313-28. [PMID: 25850375 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis is controlled by an elaborate system of extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms in all development stages. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the different stages of myogenesis and muscle differentiation in mammals, starting from somitogenesis and analysis of the different portions that constitute the mature somite. Particular attention was paid to regulatory genes, in addition to mesodermal stem cells, which represent the earliest elements of myogenesis. Finally, the crucial role of growth factors, molecules of vital importance in contractile regulation, hormones and their function in skeletal muscle differentiation, growth and metabolism, and the role played by central nervous system, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raymond Coleman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Abstract
The developmental paths that lead to the formation of skeletal muscles in the head are distinct from those operating in the trunk. Craniofacial muscles are associated with head and neck structures. In the embryo, these structures derive from distinct mesoderm populations. Distinct genetic programs regulate different groups of muscles within the head to generate diverse muscle specifications. Developmental and lineage studies in vertebrates and invertebrates demonstrated an overlap in progenitor populations derived from the pharyngeal mesoderm that contribute to certain head muscles and the heart. These studies reveal that the genetic program controlling pharyngeal muscles overlaps with that of the heart. Indeed cardiac and craniofacial birth defects are often linked. Recent studies suggest that early chordates, the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, had an ancestral pharyngeal mesoderm lineage that later during evolution gave rise to both heart and craniofacial structures. This chapter summarizes studies related to the origins, signaling, genetics, and evolution of the head musculature, highlighting its heterogeneous characteristics in all these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel,
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Rice R, Riccio P, Gilbert SF, Cebra-Thomas J. Emerging from the rib: resolving the turtle controversies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:208-20. [PMID: 25675951 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two of the major controversies in the present study of turtle shell development involve the mechanism by which the carapacial ridge initiates shell formation and the mechanism by which each rib forms the costal bones adjacent to it. This paper claims that both sides of each debate might be correct-but within the species examined. Mechanism is more properly "mechanisms," and there is more than one single way to initiate carapace formation and to form the costal bones. In the initiation of the shell, the rib precursors may be kept dorsal by either "axial displacement" (in the hard-shell turtles) or "axial arrest" (in the soft-shell turtle Pelodiscus), or by a combination of these. The former process would deflect the rib into the dorsal dermis and allow it to continue its growth there, while the latter process would truncate rib growth. In both instances, though, the result is to keep the ribs from extending into the ventral body wall. Our recent work has shown that the properties of the carapacial ridge, a key evolutionary innovation of turtles, differ greatly between these two groups. Similarly, the mechanism of costal bone formation may differ between soft-shell and hard-shell turtles, in that the hard-shell species may have both periosteal flattening as well as dermal bone induction, while the soft-shelled turtles may have only the first of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Rice
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Oisi Y, Fujimoto S, Ota KG, Kuratani S. On the peculiar morphology and development of the hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and hypobranchial muscles in the hagfish. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:6. [PMID: 26605051 PMCID: PMC4604111 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vertebrate body is characterized by its dual segmental organization: pharyngeal arches in the head and somites in the trunk. Muscular and nervous system morphologies are also organized following these metameric patterns, with distinct differences between head and trunk; branchiomeric nerves innervating pharyngeal arches are superficial to spinal nerves innervating somite derivatives. Hypobranchial muscles originate from rostral somites and occupy the "neck" at the head-trunk interface. Hypobranchial muscles, unlike ventral trunk muscles in the lateral body wall, develop from myocytes that migrate ventrally to occupy a space that is ventrolateral to the pharynx and unassociated with coelomic cavities. Occipitospinal nerves innervating these muscles also extend ventrally, thereby crossing the vagus nerve laterally. RESULTS In hagfishes, the basic morphological pattern of vertebrates is obliterated by the extreme caudal shift of the posterior part of the pharynx. The vagus nerve is found unusually medially, and occipitospinal nerves remain unfasciculated, appearing as metameric spinal nerves as in the posterior trunk region. Moreover, the hagfish exhibits an undifferentiated body plan, with the hypobranchial muscles not well dissociated from the abaxial muscles in the trunk. Comparative embryological observation showed that this hagfish-specific morphology is established by secondary modification of the common vertebrate embryonic pattern, and the hypobranchial muscle homologue can be found in the rostral part of the oblique muscle with pars decussata. CONCLUSION The morphological pattern of the hagfish represents an extreme case of heterotopy that led to the formation of the typical hypoglossal nerve, and can be regarded as an autapomorphic trait of the hagfish lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oisi
- />Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Satoko Fujimoto
- />Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- />Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 23-10, Dawen Road, Jiaoxi, Yilan 26242 Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- />Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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Head JJ, Polly PD. Evolution of the snake body form reveals homoplasy in amniote Hox gene function. Nature 2015; 520:86-9. [PMID: 25539083 DOI: 10.1038/nature14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes regulate regionalization of the axial skeleton in vertebrates, and changes in their expression have been proposed to be a fundamental mechanism driving the evolution of new body forms. The origin of the snake-like body form, with its deregionalized pre-cloacal axial skeleton, has been explained as either homogenization of Hox gene expression domains, or retention of standard vertebrate Hox domains with alteration of downstream expression that suppresses development of distinct regions. Both models assume a highly regionalized ancestor, but the extent of deregionalization of the primaxial domain (vertebrae, dorsal ribs) of the skeleton in snake-like body forms has never been analysed. Here we combine geometric morphometrics and maximum-likelihood analysis to show that the pre-cloacal primaxial domain of elongate, limb-reduced lizards and snakes is not deregionalized compared with limbed taxa, and that the phylogenetic structure of primaxial morphology in reptiles does not support a loss of regionalization in the evolution of snakes. We demonstrate that morphometric regional boundaries correspond to mapped gene expression domains in snakes, suggesting that their primaxial domain is patterned by a normally functional Hox code. Comparison of primaxial osteology in fossil and modern amniotes with Hox gene distributions within Amniota indicates that a functional, sequentially expressed Hox code patterned a subtle morphological gradient along the anterior-posterior axis in stem members of amniote clades and extant lizards, including snakes. The highly regionalized skeletons of extant archosaurs and mammals result from independent evolution in the Hox code and do not represent ancestral conditions for clades with snake-like body forms. The developmental origin of snakes is best explained by decoupling of the primaxial and abaxial domains and by increases in somite number, not by changes in the function of primaxial Hox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Head
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Nebraska State Museum of Natural History, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0340, USA
| | - P David Polly
- Departments of Geological Sciences, Biology and Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-1405, USA
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